. LXXXIV, . 3
523 + 530.12:531.51
. I*)
. . , . .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. | -
15.
16. .
377
378
383
387
388
390
391
393
396
398
400
402
406
407
409
414
416
1.
,
,
. .
,
, 2
< < ,
.
: ( ), ,
, 2 .
.
,
. 10 6 0
.
*)
1965 .
1
, . LXXXIV, . 3
378
. . , . .
,
10 8 @,
*). , , -, , 101G ( ),
10 46 /,
10 11 **).
, ,
2 ,
.
2> s , 30- .
,
. , 2 ?)
, 1,5 ^
0 , 2 2 .
,
0,5 , .
, , ***) . , ,
.
, ,
; -
, .
,
, , 4 .
13 2 2 - 27 - 4 1 .
2
3
. . . . 38
46
> . 1 0 ' 8 1 5 ' 1(i 7 0 .
32
42
48
- .
2. II
, .
,
.
*) ~~ , ~ 2 10 .
**) . . (II 63(3), 549 (1964)).
***) , . , , , II .
379
. , , ,
t
^ - ^ __ _ ^ 3-107 ,
, &
(10 7 ), m , MQ (/,0 = 4- 3 3 /, = 2 10 3 3 ).
0,01<AV/
Ex* , 0,012 . ,
.
.
(2)
, R .
tH, b :
(V-r
\r
_ _
(2,1),
b 1.
tH
.
, (2,2)
1/2
tn. , 3 = (<9/>/(?) .
(2,3),
,
(2,2). ,, 10 . ,
n
<
N Q
, .
_ Q
, ,
(), .
,
1*
380
. . , . .
( ).
, .
5 .
,
GM
(2,3)
= M/(4/3itfl3),
V/3.
(2,4)
,
(2,4),
.
q- = q.
.
,
. 1. .
. () ; q (p)
= ()
, <^ ( )
%. = q.
q,
. ( P > p ^
) (AF ), , ,
.
, , S ( ,
). , () . , , , .
q. . 1,
w
4 q
3 '
= q, (2,5):
dP
<iQ
(2,6)
381
y-j = ;
, .
, > 4 / 3 .
,
= 5/3.
,
, , S = const.
(2,4) , =
= (). (2,4):
din
dp
\(1\UQ
4
3
J.
dM/dg ( 4/3),
. 1. , q,
q (. . > 4 / 3 ) ,
.
: , dM/dq > ,
, dM/dq < 0 . dM/dq , ,
dM. :
, . , , ,
: dMldqc > 0, qc 5 .
?
= 0 QT\
0 . - , ,
= 4,5 (0,9 -- 1,3)-107 .
= 20 = (1,2 -- 1,6) -107 .
*). Q :
D , , 4 . > 4 , ,
, ,
, ,
: . . . ,
*) ,
, .
382
, II. .
.
: > q. .
(2,4) =- / :
, *), , , .
, . ,
, .
,
, .
.
, . , . .
~ Q
.
:
, , .
, ,
(, ), .
.
,
.
, , (2,4);
= const-TQ,
(2,8)
= const e
,
4 3
= const - ' .
(2,8) (2,10) ,
13
(^")
(2,10)
r-conbt- ,
(2,11)
eClS = c o n s t ^ - 1 3 .
(2,12)
(2,9) (2,10)
, (2,11) (2,12) , S.
*)
= /3. ,
.
383
3.
,
.
,
.
, , ,
,
/> = Q .
(3,1)
,
.
= /2. S:
/>=285'3,
(3,2)
Ci, C2 .
, . (3,1)
~ ;
V (
),
. ,
dS = dE IT, , S = const
PL = const 4 / 3 .
(3,26)
384
. . , .
.
.
, ,
, , , .
.
, = , , S = 0 (
),
.
S = 0 .
,
.
102 /3 ,
,
.
? ,
6-
(2?)3, /t ? ,
, . ,
,
,
0 ,
. . 0 :
,
.
: = qZ/AmP, ,
,
/
.
, = /', .
, . , *)
= 9,9-101^'8.
(3,3)
.
6
3
* /-10 / .
5/3 4/3. = 4/3.
= 2-106 /3
, , -*) CGS.
385
, , - :
.
(Z 1 , ) , -:
(-,)-*(,)+-+.
,
, , , .
-
.
. 66~88 . . 1 8 . ,
. .
, ,
( 24).
= 9 10 -~3 *).
, > 4/3.
. > 10 12 /3 ( ) .
ie , ,
, = 5/3 ( > 4 / 3 ) .
, ,
, , - 4/3.
,
, 2 ] 0 1 4 /3 4/3.
. 8 ^ 12 /3
/>=5,3085/3+1,6-10"58'3-,41052.
(3,4)
,
.
, , , (3,4).
15
3
. ( > 10 -~ )
**), , . . '. . 9~", * * * ) .
S8
)
(. 12).
I ^ 3 1014 /9 2--fx .
IX , , ,
,
,
"- .
I ,
: .
386
. , .
( ) ( ,"3)
' = ( ' 3 ), (" 3 ) .
, 2/3 (. 3 8 ) . :
( 2 /3 )
,
.
;
- 2 =
->. , = 2 /3 v3b cl\r'd
, = QC2
, vsb ->-c, .
, ^ 2/3 ; 3 9
, ; .
' 4 3 .
. . . . 4 0 , > >
, ,
,
, .
, : ypai
; , !
,
= () !
/ , > ' = :
3
<~ ~
~ ~ 2
- 2;
= 2.
(. 4), ,
< 10 1 5 /3 ,
. .
. , "
.
. I = 4/3 S
- 4/3 (S 0)
/~3
109 ^
*) , ^ 10
15
/. , . 8.
387
S, . .
.
,
. ,
, .
. ,
, , ,
(S, )
/3s=const = () S, =
= (0, ) . .
4. J!
.
(S = 0) . (2,4)
= (3/4)/2.
,
= kgv, , , (2,3)
12 .
, , 4 4 .
(4,1), , , (4,1) , = () 1 ^ (),
. = 1/( 1).
5/3 4/3, () (5/3) 7,4
b (4/3) --- 4,6.
< 10 6 /3 ,
(3,3). (3,3) (4,1) b (5/3) = 7,4,
3
, , > 10 /
(3,3) , , :
5
( ^
4 3
(4,3)
i-
< Qc ,
. (4,1),
b (4/3) = 4,6 , Z/A
0,5,
388
. . , . .
, , ,
( 1 3 ) , 1,45 =
( 4/3 ). ,
,
, = 4/3 = , 9 1010 -~3.
, 5 s 10 7 /3,
,
4/3.
, 0.
QC 109 /3, .
,
4/3 *). , 14
16
, = 1,2 MQ ~ (. . 4).
(2,3)
. Afmax ( ) (
,
). < 4 / 3
(. . I). (4,1) ,
, (dM/> < 0), , ,
QC > 109 -~3, (. 69).
= 10 13 /3, (3-10 14 -~3)
4/3. ,
10 13 /3. ,
= 10 13 /3 (3,4) (4,1) & 5:
, ,
.
, . (. 8).
. . . . 1 6 .
, = 4/3 > 0 , , dM/dQ > 0 .
. 15 -~3
. ,
.
5.
,
.
*)
,
(. 3)
i7. . 8.
389
( 1 ? 1916 .*))
, . ,
( , ) .
A ^ )
(^)ci!dii,
(5,1)
= /2. ds2 . , .
dl2,
. , ,
,
. dl2 = dx2 + dy2 + dz2.
dz = rdQ, a dy = sin !, dx = dr. , , (5,1),
1
dr.
(5,2a)
Y
v
V
re 2 J
'
dr , ,
. , ,
,
1 12,
(12 )2,
U-h
dx=(
, . . (
) ( ) /S
, a S .
~2 .
, ,
, . , (
) .
(5,1) ( 2) , :
=|/1-^.
(5,26)
> = At. ,
, , . .
At **).
F,
, ( < ). ,
4
*) ., , .
**) .
.
390
. , . .
, F 21/2. d'Hldx1
:
d4
dx-
,/ ,
"\
-I
GM
1GM
, ,
GMm
1
(5,3)
",ZmTTv
^ j
/21 1
'
'
, = 2GM/ . , ,
, 2GM/c2.
>2GMIc2.
rg = 2GM/2 , rg
. ,
.
g
= GM/r
GMm
.
2,96 , 0,443 .
. , ,
. , , , .
6. 1
. 4-
0)
lr)
* dt .
(6,1)
: ') 7 , ev<'), , :
-v= ^ [-
+ ) "" -7fr
\dr.
(,)
, ,
, ( , ). dr2
(5,1) (6,1) . ,
391
(6,2),
R
(6.4)
,
dV 4 (/2) r2 dr 4 2 dr. (6,4) Anr2dr,
J F . ,
. (6,2) (6,3) , > 1,
a ev < 1 ( ),
,
, dV >4nr'2dr, , .
(6,2) , --1, >-0,
. , , ,
, . , -0 ,
. , ~2; ,
, , . ->0
>-1 *).
()
, . CG (. . . 5 4 ,
5 5 )
=^.
(6,5)
, CG.
, , (6,5)
, = 0, .
(6,5) ,
. ,
, .
;
(6,5) .
,
, -
v
, 1 < << 0 < e < 1
7. 13 .
][
, , .
1
, ds =
2
2
2
2
2
= c dt dx dy dz , , () , (; -= ),
*) , 0 = . , ]"^ I. \[
.
392
. ?. , . .
: ds = 0.
, = const = const
dr
(7,1)
< 1 .
-
1 r. , ,
,
,
,
. 2.
. , R -*-rg,
, ,
? , .
. 2.
. e v
, = = - , ,64/"0.
,
R ( = 6,9, ).
. 2.
= / 2 .
(7,2)
, , 1 /, 0 1 /:
/2
=0
(7,3)
( ).
= ft . . , ,
, .
, , , ,
*).
*) , , ,
, / s 10~9, .
393
. ,
. , = , , ~ 1 / . ,
, . .
- . -. -
.
,
.
8.
, , ,
. *)
dP
1 dv .
(8,2)
R . (6,4)
*) (8,1) , /22
. /2 = , ,
2
QC ^> , (2,3).
2
, . LXXXIV, .
394
. , . 01'
R (8,2),
-i
, ,
, (),
.
, (),
,
( , )
,
.
.
din /din . ,
4/3 , Iff
,
75
Iff
!7
. 3. = d In i>/rf In 2 ~ rf In P'rf In
3 ! - 2.
.
, .
,
: -~ , 2 - d In P Id In 4/3 2 - v l .
. I . 386 2 . . 3
YJ 2 . 2 > 4 / 3 2 <<4/3,
4, (). ,
, (Q)
.
. ,
,
. . 4 7 iH (. 2 0 ) .
.
, ,
, ( 10 15 -~3) = () . 2 ,
, 0,72-MQ.
,
3, .
8 , 1 6
M m a x ^ (1,6 : - 2 ) .
395
= ()
S 0. 4
== (QC) . , QC,
; , dMldqc > 0
,
2. (
. 10.)
Id
!3
Igj?
. 4. .
- 1 3 , 1939 .; 2
( Mg ! 1 ) 1 6 , 1961; 3 ,
, ( ) 1 4 , 1958 .; 4
(
)9, 1961 .;
( ) 1 6 , 1964 .; 6
( ) 2 , 193; 7 ( )8, 1959 .
. 4 , (0),
.
( )
, .
,
, .
5 1 6 .
. , , ,
,
, . . . . ,
QC, QC >-
(. . 6).
= , 6,
.
396
. . , .
10 1 5 /9
- (, ) , QC 109 -~3.
= ^ e v
. 1 = 0,5. ,
, ,
1,4.
(8,3)
14
15
11U
R
5
//
R,
/2
ar
/5 .
13,8 11,5.
"^2, , 2
. /2.
, _ V2. 2 _ V/2.
V, -
Rj
. 12 /2
.
, : t ,
; (ev/2)oo = 1, a ev/2
2
(^ ),*,, , .
/2
1 =
= 1,55/.
. 5.
/2
9.
,
: = -{- -\- . =
= Nmc2 , ,
,
. .
+ = - :
= Me* = 4 Q'2 dr ,
(9,1)
= * = * \
(9,2)
397
(9,3)
^-dt \ QdV,
dV -= 4/22 dr. . 6 ,
QC. 2 1 . ,
, ,
, - 0,9 1 3. (
!
, , .)
My,
?-/2> 1,
< Mi.
My
14 15 IS 17 1 19 20 21 22 23 24 1
. : dm = QdV 6 ^
( ) QC - .
,
. ( (9,3),
(9,1)) , ^ > 0 .
c2AiM
= .
+Q3
1==-
~W
,
, , .
Q7
. 7 ,
75
/S
17
79
,, , , 1 6 .
. 7. =
2 = 2/0 Q - QC ,
.
QC -+-0.
cq 0,5.
2 = Nm
() . , 2 .
, .
, 2 > 0 * ) .
*) .
, (. 16). , (., , 4 6 5 0 4 9 )6 .1
/ .
398
, .
22 = ( + ).
2:
2
/
, ,
02 2 (QC), 1G, . 7.
<%2 .
. 11.
.
,
. , ,
, ,
, , ,
)
- ( ,
), -, . 8.
( ).
. ,
)
,
, ) ; ( , ,
) , ,
.
) ,
, ,
, , . . ,
(. 8).
(,
).
10.
2,
dMldQc > 0 5 .
.
. ,
, .
II .
5 , ,
.
,
, , 2 . , dM'dN.
399
, ,
*)
(10,1)
=^~~^.
() (), ()
, , , -.
- - (. (7,3))
= ( - ^ .
(10,2)
, 2 - 1 6
()
const--in
(10,3)
(10,1)-(10,3)
= const.
-.-; =
dIS
i0
- <
( ^
.
= (QC), . (10,4) , QC = '
(QC), TV (Q C ).
, .
(4 QC2, N.
:
Q2(r)=-Qt(r)+f>Q.
(10,5)
= ( - ' .
(10,6)
,
, 2, , ,
. . = 0 * * * ) . , (QC)
= 2 0 .
2
, = 0 < 0, , 2 > 0, . *)
; , ,
up ( ,
).
**) 2 3 . ,
IMIdN , , , (), , . . , 6 = 0,
0, . . 6'1 1 _ , , , = 0. ,
, . . ( ). ,
.
***) , ,
2 4 ; . ".
400
. . , . .
, . , , .
,
,
,
11.
9 , 2 > 0 . .
,
R
2 =-= 4 ( *"'2 - ) dr ,
,
; .
;> , .
. -, ,
: N = 0,
= 0. , 10
, dMIdN < m. , , ,
<.Nm 3 > 0 . .
(QC) ./V (QC)
7 a dMIdN
(. 10). ,
, w qe- ? ,4 /, -
N
,
. 9. N.
N.
. 9
. =.
16
*). dMIdN <Cm, , Nm > M 2 < 0 . ,
.
*) , 8, (,,) ( ( )
QC -* , N ,
= ().
404
, 2 /< 0 .
, 2 < ; 0 , .
,
> .
, , ,
R
*2
Q)r2dr<0.
. 9 271 < 0
.
. 6 , . .
2 < 0 QC3^ 5-1016. , , , .
, 2 < 0
, .
,
-
2 "
, (. 9)
*2 = ~{ + ).
,
2 2 = --*- > 0 .
(11,1)
, 2 < 0.
,
, , , *).
,
. , , ,
. .
, .
( ) 2 ,
.
- 2 < 0 , , , 2 < 0.
, 2, 2
Nmc .
*) ,
,
5 6 . .
-57
, .
402
il
. .
, ,
1/2 , , . , < 0,
.
, . . 2 5 26> 2 7 . , .
25, , .
.
. .
.
& 5-10' -.-.- ) .
\
,
, , , ,
. . .
, ,
.D-, .
, ,
,
, *).
.
,
, ,
. , MIL, L . , , ,
0,1,
- 1,1
10
-- -~ .
(12,1)
*) . "
.
403
\ \
,
, ,
, .
( > $)
,
- 1 2
4 - - C 1 2 + Y.
(12,2)
.
, ,
; ,
.
, ,
2,
, . ( 10) (
const).
<<1,2 71") (Tkfj . 10).
, .
,
,
2 , D^.
, .
, , , , , . .
. . , ).
~ 1 0 . ,
,
.
. ,
404
, . .
,
2 7 . ,
, = 0 (S = 0).
,
,
. ^ 0,3MQ = 7 ,
1 . ,
, :
^ ~ Q2'*. (3,1) (4,1),
, 2 4 / .
28
2 8
lg =- 8,6 f 2 lg -- A lg -4-- ,
(12,3)
. 2 8 ,
, 10 1 4 .
. > ~ 3-108, -
(12,2) 12 ,
12 + 4 > 1 -|-,
16-f He4 - > N e 2 0 + Y,
( 1 2 ) 4 )
Ne 20 -f-He4 > Mg 2 4 +4,
24
4
28
Mg -fHe > Si -f4.
> 0 , 5 M Q
Mg 24 , ,
, . (0,4-v0,45) />
, < 0,4/
*).
1,6 MQ ^ M j
3* 1,2MQ.
2 Cs
2 . 10. 2 .
M(Q),
2
dRIdt ~ YGM (Rc R ) I R .
, 2
,
*) < ,^ (12,1)
. , . , 3 . ,
( S = 0) 3 . , 6 8 , 3
18 . 3 ,
4
. ,
4
. <^ ,/Q .,
. . , ?
1 3 .
405
.
., ,
, ,
.
.
, , , ,
. . < 4 / 3 ,
. ,
, .
. ,
, , , , #.
. ,
.
.
,
. ,
,
.
* , , ,
.
.
.
2 (
. 10)
( D2), ,
( ) D2- ; ,
. , ,
, ( 5 4 S2)
- ,
D3 .
.
: ,
, ; , 0,01 2,
, (
)?
? :
,
; , ,
.
, ,
, .
,
;
.
406
(
fc 13.
D3
. ,
,
. D3, , 4 ,
,
(, ), ,
*).
, .
.
. , ,
. .
" = 0,5 (.
R 10 (. II).
II
7(J,
/ ,
"
>
L
ph
2-10
1-10
5-108
2-10
1,3-107
4-1039
5
8-1033
1-1029
2,3-103?
8-103.
3-103S
3-1035
1 107
8-10
4,5-
10
1033
10
1,5-103
, , ,
. . . . 1 0 . .
, . II,
, .
-- 1,2 10 7
/ v dv ~ 4.
,
, , ,
2-10~ 10 .
? 30
63
4
(. > )
. 3 "
. .
.
, 15-
.
,
*) , , - : * + ~ -* +- .
72 , -
?
( . 3)_
407
, . 18- .
210~9 -'1 "2 " 1 5 3 0 .
2 9 , 6 5 , ,
,
(1100 ),
. R = 9 , 2 5 = 7,6 10 6 .
,
, , ~ 1/5 , . . 0,02 = 6-1016 . , ,
, .
. . 8 2 .
, , , . II .
. II . ,
.
, (. . ).
0,2 2 . ,
, . ,
0,2 2 , .
<1
dt
,
\
. ,-.
JlG2M2Qx
v i
,, ,
.
Qoo 1 0 ' 2 4 /3, 10 /, dM/dt 2-1012 /
4 - 1 0 3 2 /.
50 .
t 10 2 1 ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
(. . II). , ,
, (
, ),
.
.
14. -
( > 1,6 ) ,
S -= 0 ( = 0).
408
, .
, . ,
, 3 2 , ,
,
S = 0. ,
.
( 11).
.
. . > {0.
. ,
. 3 8,
S S = 0. 5 ,
.
, 11, . ,
, ,
dM/dQ < 0 S const.
, . 11, , = const
.
, 1 , 2
. , .
(. 15).
, ,
. 11, .
, ( , , S2, a S3
. 11, ), ( ) -
409
.
, . 11, .
,
, ,
( 12).
Z>j.
( S 0
= 0), Di
. , ,
,
,
,
.
, ^>
, .
15.
Q C (. 12). ,
( ),
. ,
, ,
( ' ).
,
S=co/?$t
, . ,
; . ,
(
, - ) , , . .
, -
1 2
<<
>>
,
, . -
. ,
, .
,
. . 3 3 .
,
= 0.
3 3 4 .
,
, 10%, 99% .
.
, = 0
3
, . LXXXIV, . 3
410
. . ,
. , ,
.
(., , 35 )
1/2
= [
1-
1--
1
.
(15,1)
g , 0 ,
drldt = 0.
(0 > rg) (15,1)
dr
f'IGM
(15,1)
. ,
, (. 5, (5,2)
(5,2))
dx_
dr
~dt
dxldx > .
dxldt t . (15,1),
~dt
dt
>-. , dxldt
rg. = dxldx , . .
= me2/]/ I (v/c)2 . .
, ,
. dxldt,
, . dxldt = dxldx = drldt dxldt
, dxldt , ,
*-rg. , ( , . 136), t
(15,3)
, = rg. , t rg . , -
411
0 (7,1)
At = -^^-4- In
(15,4)
At, rg, ,
.
, g . ,
, rg.
,
? .
, ds = cdT, .
1 (*
AT = \ ds. ds ,
, :
(15,5)
+ {rl-re)e
2'*
(15,8)
412
. . , . .
,
, . rg dxldx = > ,
, , ,
. 1
1
, = const ( 1
V
-
r
(15,9)
(1 rg/r)
, (1 rg/r) , [(1 ?2/2) /(1 + /)2]
-, . (15,2)
,
ci
rorg
r -+rg
(15,10)
. (15,8). ,
, ,
*-rg:
_2, (
_.
/ = const-e rg *
.
(15,11)
, .
.
,
, ,
37
. ,
L , (15,11),
:
4
(.-<*)
L = const-e 3 1/~3Rg
(15,12)
Rg .
, .
, , ,
.
(15,12) (. 6 3 ) .
, . , , Rg, ,
. . . R Rg ~ Rg Rg, ; , ,
Rg
(15,8).
9 116
(15,13)
, , ,
R Rg, .
( ). ,
(15,9) (15,12). RgJc.
. III.
III
0
1,6
10
102
105
108
10"
Rg,
4,8
30
3-102
3-105
3-108
3-10
i = /, CSK
1,6-10-5
" 4
10" 3
1
103
106
, .
, ,
.
. *).
, , .
.
(
!) * * ) .
,
> " ,
,
.
(. . ),
2>3
14
4
(.
).
. ,
>.53> ( !).
?
1 4 , , , ,
*) ,
5 > 3 2
, .
**) , .
.
ti4
. . , . .
.
, , , .
, = 10* MQ*) (15,13) = 2 /3.
,
(. ).
. ,
.
. R -+Rg,
.
16.
, -. 2, . , dM/dQc > 0
.
-,
N < O , 7 5 J V 0 , . . . N, ( ) . ,
: (
), ( )
( , ) ?
, , , , .
, ,
* * ) ,
( ) (
), .
,
,
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
, , , , : = 2-1016 {MQIM)2.
. ,
. ,
,
*) ,
. .
.
**) , .
415
, .
, . , . ,
^ .
,
, .
, , ,
, *); ,
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
, . ,
= 2 10" (^- = 2 10 27 ~3\
, , . ,
.
,
-JV, , . . , , 3 1 .
N.
,
|
(16,1)
N :
= 4 \ Q(r)r2dr,
(16,2)
R
2
(16,3)
n{r)e^r dr.
Q=7>
<
'
16
( > )
(16,1),
(16,2),
*) . ,
, ( 1 4 ) . , G L*= ( -
) =
V /
= 1,6-10- .
. , , rg = L*,
,
rg,
5
. 10~ .
, .
416
. . , II. .
(16,3) (16,4),
3
V^f^Y
/ 3
(16,5)
(16,4) : ~> -,
= R. , ,
(16,5) . , .
(16,5) , N
->(), ->-2/86?2, . , , N. , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
02, 0,01 02.
,
%?% ,
.
, ,
, ,
1,5 MQ, .
, .
0,2 2.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
417