cwiek Rwic 2010

RMbv_ wekwe`vjqi Aaxb AbywZ 2008 mvji weGmwm kl

eli eenvwiK cvVm~Pxi AvswkK cwic~iK MelYv cwZe`b |



RwicKvj t 14 gvP,2010





Dcvcbvq
gv. gn`x nvmvb
ivj bs 16603
iwRt bs 1921504
wkvel 2004-2005

.Av m g ndRyj Kexi
mnKvix AavcK,
f~Mvj I cwiek wefvM
RMbv_ wekwe`vjq, XvKv|



f~Mvj I cwiek wefvM
RMbv_ wekwe`vjq, XvKv



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Kvb welq c~Yvfve Rvbvi Rb Z xq wkvi cvkvcvwk eenvwiK wkvI
cqvRb | cwiek Rwic Ggb GK cwZ hvi gvag Qv-Qvxiv cwieki
mv_ Rxebi Zvrch weklY KiZ cvi| GB Rwici gvag hgb vbi
fvvi mg Kiv hvq, Zgwb Kvb vbi cwiek mK mwVK fve Rvbv hvq|

RMbv_ wek we`vjqi weGmwm kl eli f~Mvj welqi cvVm~Pxi mv_ eenvwiK
cvVgi Ask wnme cv_wgK Z_ wbfi MelYv cwZe`b Dcvcbi weavb
Af~ iqQ| GiB cwZ RMbv_ wek we`vjqi f~Mvj I cwiek wefvMi
2008 mvji weGmwm kl eli cixv_x`i eenvwiK cixvi Ask wnme
cwiek welqK MelYvi Dk 14.03.10ZvwiL Rwic Kvh cwiPvjbv Kiv
nqQ|

cwiek GKwU gwjK aviYv| h Kvb `ki A_bwZK Kg Kvi g~j m~ nQ
f~wg eenvi| Lv` , evmvb, wkv I wPwKrmvmn Abvb gwjK Pvwn`v c~iY
gvbylK GKv cwiek Ici wbfikxj| gvbyl Zvi Pvwn`v gUvZ cwiekK
bvbvfve eenvi Ki| ZvB cwiek wewfb aiYi eenvi cwijwZ nq| GB
eenvii h_v_Zvi Ici wbfi Ki GKwU `ki AMMwZ |

cwiek Rwic miRwgb cheYmn eZgvb wegvbwP ev mvUjvBUi
mvnvhI Kiv nQ| KevRvi gRvi cwiek Rwic c wZe`bwU iPbv Avgiv
PviwU Aavqi gvag mb Kwi| Gi cZKwU Aavq h_vh_ wePvi weklY
Ki c~Yv c wZe`b Zwi Ki cZKwU w`K I i wbq AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|



Dcvcbvq
gv. gn`x nvmvb
ivj bs 16603
iwRt bs 1921504
wkvel 2004-2005
gyLe


KZZv ^xKvi



me c _gB KZZv ^xKvi Kwi gnvb Avjvn Zvqvjvi `ievi whwb AvgvK c~Y
myZvi mv_ GB Rwic KvR I cwZe`b iPbvi mgZv `vb KiQb| cwiek
Rwic wkivbvgi cwZe`bwU iPbvq Avgiv wewfb ew I c wZvbi wbKU nZ
mnhvwMZv MnY KiwQ|



Rwic Kvh GKwU mgq mvc I KwVb KvR | Avi GB KwVb KvRwU mb Kiv
me nqQ Avgv`i mvi`i myz cwiKbv I h_vh_ wb`kbv `vbi gvag|
miRwgb GB Rwic KvR AvgvK g~jevb mnhvwMZv KiQb k q wkK
AavcK Rbve W. gvt Avyi ikx` , Rbve Av m g ndRyj Kexi Ges mnhvMx
AavcK Rbve mq` kvnRvnvb Avng`| cwZe`bwU iPbvq wefvMxq wkK
AavcK wgmm kvgmyb bvnvi, mnhvMx AavcK Rbve KvRx AvwZKyvgvb,
mnhvMx AavcK Rbve gwjK Mvjvg imyj , Avgv`iK AvwiKZvi mv_
mnhvwMZv KiQb| G`i mevi KvQ Avwg weklfve KZ|Avgvi hme
mncvVxiv AvgvK AvjvKwP I wewfb Z_ mieivn KiQ Zv`i KvQI Avwg
KZ |


weklfve KZZv vcb KiwQ KevRvi DcRjv cwil` I evMLvwj b`xi
ZxieZx Awaevmx`i cwZ hviv bvbvfve Avgv`i mnhvwMZv KiQb | GQvov
hv`i KvQ _K wewfb mgq mvnvh cv nqwQ Zv`i mevBK Aii A
j _K K ZZv RvbvB |

Dcvcbvq
gv. gn`x nvmvb
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wkvel 2004-2005
m~Pxc

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KZZv ^xKvi

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1.1 . cwiek............................................
1.2 cwiek Rwic.....................................
1.3 eZgvb cwiek Rwici Dk..............
1.4 cwiek Rwici cqvRbxqZv.................

<|< > t"||-+ <|8
2.1 f~ZvwK ewk ....................................
2.2 cvKwZK ewk ...................................
2.3 gvbexq ewk .....................................

<|< . |#+||+| |<
3.1 b`x....................................................
3.2 b`xi iyZ ..........................................
3.3 evsjv`ki b`x eev ...........................
3.3 PMvg cveZ PMvgi b`x eev..............
3.4 evMLvjx b`x .........................................
3.5 AeevwnKvq b`x webvmi bv...................
3.6 evMLvjx b`xi wbvkb bv.......................
3.7 b`x AeevwnKvi f~wgicwgwZ weklY...........
3.8 evMLvjx b`xi f~wgicwgwZ weklY.............
3.9 b`x chvqg........................................
3.10 wfvRb AbycvZ....................................
3.11 b`xi `N AbycvZ................................
3.11 b`x AeevwnKvi AvqZwbK weklY.............
3.12 b`x LvZ ..............................................
3.13 b`x LvZi ewk ................................


3.12 b`xi MfxiZv........................................
3.13 evMLvjx b`xi MfxiZv ............................
3.14 evMLvjx b`x Zxii cveb mgf~wg ..............
3.15 evMLvjx b`x DcZKvi cvk wP .................
3.16 evMLvjx b`xi MwZeM wbYq .....................
3.17 evMLvjx b`xi wbM gb ..............................



Aavq 4. + |+| |<
4.1 g wKv ..........................................
4.2g wKvi Dcv`vb................................
4.3 gwKvi Av`Zv .........................................
4.4 gwKvi Abycek gZv .............................
4.5 gwKvi Abycek nvi .................................
4.6 gwKvi eybb ............................................
4.7 gwKv kbvKiY ......................................
4.8 gwKvi cvk wP ........................................
4.9 Av`k gwKvi cvk wP ................................
4.10 gwKvi cvk wPi gweKvk ......................
4.11 evMLvjx ZxieZx vbi gwKvi cvk wP ........
4.12 gwKvi wbvkb kbvKiY .........................

<|< c. +|- |<
5.1 Dw` .....................................................
5.2 Dw`i kYxwebvm ...................................
5.3 Dw` Rwic cwZ ...................................
5.4 Dw` Rwici Zvrch ................................
5.5 cqvRbxq DcKiY ....................................
5.6 Dw` Rwici Dk ................................
5.7 RwicKZ GjvKvi Dw wbqYKvix wbqvgK....
5.8 RwicKZ GjvKvi Xvj ................................
5.9 c RvwZMZ Z_ .........................................




5.10 evMLvjx b`x Zxi Dw` Rwic MnxZ cwZ ......
5.11 RwicKZ GjvKvq Dw`i k Yxwebvm...............


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|<<< | -t
evMLvjx b`xZxii f~wgi~c ..............................
cwieki wewfb Dcv`vb ................................
evsjv`ki b`x eev ..................................
PMvg - cveZ PMvg b`x eev .....................
evMLvjx b`x .................................................
evMLvjx b`xi wbvkb bv ............................
b`x ch vq g ...............................................
evMLvjx b`x LvZ ..........................................
b`x LvZi ewk ..........................................
evMLvjx b`xi MfxiZv wbYq ...........................
c- veb mgf~wg ................................................
cvr Rjvf~wg...............................................
gwKv mbvKiY............................................
gvwUi `vbv ....................................................
gwKvi cvkwP .............................................
evMLvjx b`x Zxii gwKvi cvkwP ..................
KvqvWU cwZZ Dw Rwici .....................
iLv U vbR cwZZ Dw Rwici ................
Rxegj I Dw `i gaKvi mK ..........






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gvwUi KYv........................................................
gvwUi cekZv ................................................
gwKvi cvkwP ..............................................
RwicKZ GjvKvi Dw`i kYxwebvm ....................

































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Aavq 1. |++|

Rxe I cwieki mK AweQ`| cwZwU RxeB wbw` Kvb cwiek emevm
Ki| Rxei Rxebaviv cwiek viv cZ I civfve wbqwZ nq| Aciw`K
cwZwU RxeB Zvi evmvbRwbZ cwieki YMZ ewki Dci c fve wevi
Ki| Rxe cavbZ Zvi gwjK Pvwn`vjvi GK weivU Ask cwiek _K c~iY
Ki| cwieki h mKj fZ I ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb Rxei Rxeb-cYvjxZ
cfve wevi Ki Zvi ga Mvmxq Dcv`vb (AwRb, bvBUvRb, nvBWvRb
BZvw`), LwbR Dcv`vb (avZz, AavZz), wewfb Re I ARe gj cfwZ cfve
wevi Ki| GQvov cwiewZZ cwieki mv_ Lvc LvIqvbvi Rb Rxei MVb,
AvKwZ, ^fve cfwZ ewki evcK cwieZ b cwijwZ nq| RxeKzji ga
Dw`B cwieki Dci mePq ekx cfve wevi Ki, Abw`K cwiekxq
wewfb cfveK viv RxeKzji RxebavivI evcKfve cfvweZ I wbqw Z nq|
RxeKzji Drcw, wewZ I weKvk cwieki mvgwMK Aevi Dci ejvsk
wbfikxj| cwieki viv RxeK~ji NbZ, AwZ I wejyw wbf ikxj| Avevi,
cwieki fZ I ivmvqwbK ewea ewk Dw` viv ejvsk wbqw Z nq|

eZgvb mgq cwiek Rwic GKwU iZ c~Y welq| mgmvgwqK Kvj
cwiekMZ wewfb cwieZbi KviY LyeB c qvRbxq | cwiek wbq gvbyli wP
v fvebvi kl bB| wek i cwZwU `kB cwiek welq mPZb| cwiek wbq
GZ ewk MelYv Ges cwigvY wbixv PjQ h GwU ^Z welq wnme cwZv
jvf KiQ| cwiek wevbi AbZg GKwU AvjvP welq nQ cwiek Rwic|
G Rwici gvag Kvb GKwU vbi cwiek mK mK mwVK aviYv cvIqv
hvq| mB mv_ mLvbKvi cwieki Zzjbvg~jK AvjvPbv ev cv_ K Lye mnR
`w MvPi nq Ges GB cwiek weivRgvb cwZK~jZv iva Ki GKwU DbZZi
cwiek cwiKbv evevqb nvZ `Iqv hvq| ZvB cwiek Rwic eZgvb
c vcU AZxe Riix|

GLvb MelYvi gvag GB mgmvi KviY I cKwZ Ges cwieki Dci Gi
cfve mK RvbZ Pv Kiv nqQ | MelYv nZ cv djvdj weklYi
gvag D~Z mgmvi mgvavbi Rb mycvwik Kiv nqQ | Avgv`i cwikg `k
I RvwZi KjvY Avmj Avgiv wbR`i ab gb Kiev |


cwiek t
mvaviY A_ ejv hvq h Avgv`i Pvicvk hv wKQy AvQ ZvK cwiek ej|
A_ vr cwiek ejZ eySvq gvbyli Pvwiw`K h me mRxe I wbRxe Dcv`vb AvQ
Ges mjv gvbylK wKfve cfvweZ Ki, Zv`i mvwe K mgevq| mnR K_vq
Avgv`i Pvwicvki AvKvk evZvm, cvwb, gvwU, cvnvo ceZ, b`-b`x, mgy`, Dw`,
cvYx cf wZK wbqB nj cwiek| wK cwiek wevbi fvlvq Kvb Rxei
Pvicvk AewZ mKj Ro I mRxe Dcv`vb viv m mvgwMK AevKB GK K_vq
cwiek ej|

: |.|.|+ (C.C. Park, :o) =< ++, Kvb wbw` mgq I wbw`
vb gvbylK wNi _vKv mvgwMK AevK cwiek ej|

> +. = +||<|< +. =,| ||<<|< ++, Kvb Rxei Pvicvki
RxewUi Dci wqv cwZwqvKvix Ges cfveK weviKvix mg mRxe I Ro
c`v_ i gvU hvMdjK H Rxeei cwiek ej|

+. +|<+-| | =< ++, cwiek nQ Kvb Rxei PZzvk AevbKvix
mg RxweZ I ARxweZDcv`vbmg~n, mwwjZ me c Kvi cfve Ges NUbv cevni
mvgwMK mgw|


wb wPi mvnvh cwieki wewfb Dcv`vb jv `Lvbv nj










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cwiekK mvaviYZ `yfvM fvM Kiv nq| h_v- fZ cwiek (Physical
environment) Ges mvgvwRK cwiek (Social environment)| fZ
cwiek K Avevi `ByfvM fvM Kiv nq| h_v- Re cwiek (Biotic
environment) Ges ARe cwiek (A biotic environment)| Dw`, cvYx,
AYyRxe, QvK BZvw` mRxe c`v_ wbq h cwiek MwVZ nq ZvK Re cwiek
Ges mikw evqyi Zvc, Pvc, Av`Zv, evqyc evn, ewcvZ, cvwb, gvwU, LwbR
m`, cvnvo, ceZ, b`-b`x, mgy` BZvw` wbq h cwiek MwVZ nq ZvK
ARe cwiek ej|
AZe cwiek g~jZ Re I ARe Dcv`vb wbq Mo IV|


cwiek Rwic
mvaviYfve Kvb wbw` mgq I wbw` vb gvbylK wNi _vKv mvgwMK
AvekKZvK cwiek ej| Avi cwiek Dcv`vb gvwU, evqy, cvwb, Rjevqy,
D`, cvYx, f~-cK wZ BZvw`i Yvejx I cwigvY mK mwVK aviYv jvfi Rb
h Rwic KvR cwiPvjbv Kiv nq ZvK cwiek Rwic ej|
hgb gvwUi cKwZ, i, eybU
H
P cfwZ welq mK gwKv Rwici gvag
AeMZ nIqv hvq| Abyicfve evqy, cvwb, Rjevqy, Dw`, cvYx, f~-c K wZ mK
AeMZ nq cwiek Kgb Zv eySv hvq|

eZgvb cwiek Rwici Dk
1| RwicKZ evMLvwj b`x f~wgic gvbwP AsKb Kiv|
2| evMLvwj b`xi MwZeM, MfxiZv, c , wbMgb wbYq |
3| gwKvi KYv weklY Kiv|
4| b`xi Zj _K Zxi _K Zjf` Dw cRvwZ wbYq|
5| Zjf` cRvwZmg~ni ga cv_ K Ges Gi KviY wbYq|
6| Dw mc`vqi Rvwbs Kiv|
8| gwKvi cvk wP wbYq Kiv |





cwiek Rwici cqvRbxqZv
cwiek Rwici cqvRbxqZv cwieki wewfb Dcv`vb wekl Ki Dw,
b`x, gvwUi eY, gvwUi KYv weklY, gvwUi
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P wbYq gvwUi cvk wP wbY q| Kvb
GjvKvi f~ZvwK MVb ch eYi Rb cwiek MVb cheYi Rb cwiek
Rwic AZ Zvrch c~Y| GK_v mZ h, Kvb ei h_vh_ Rwic bv nj Zvi
Avmjic I Z_ Rvbv me nq bv| Zgwb cwiek Rwic Qvov Kvb GjvKvi f~-
cKwZK MVb, b`xi MwZeM, `yhvM, gvwU I cvwbi
H
P , gvwUi KYvi cKwZ,
cvk wP cfwZ welq jv Rvbv m e nq bv| aygv cwiek Rwici gvag G
welq Rvbv me| wbg cwiek Rwici cqvRbxqZv DjL Kiv nj-
1| cwiek Rwici gvag Kvb GjvKvi f~ZvwK MVb I mgy` mgZj _K
H GjvKvwU KZ DPZvq AewZ Zv Rvbv hvq|
2| cwiek Rwici mvnvh Kvb GjvKvi b`xmg~ni MwZeM, MfxiZv,
b`xi c cfwZ welqjv ch eY Kiv hvq|
3| cwiek Rwici mvnvh Kvb GjvKvi cvKwZK `yhvM jv mK we
vwiZ Z_ Rvbv me nq|
4| cwiek Rwici mvnvh Kvb GjvKvi c vKwZK `yhvMjv gvKvejvq
wK wK c`c MnY Kiv nq Zv mK Rvbv hvq|
5| cwiek Rwici mvnvh Kvb GjvKvi gvwUi cvk wP I gvwUi
mshyw/eybb mK wevwiZ Rvbv hvq|
6| cwiek Rwici mvnvh Kvb GjvKvi cvwbi
H
P mK Z_ Rvbv hvh|
7| cwiek Rwici mvnvh Kvb GjvKvi Dwi cRvwZ mK Rvbv
hvq|









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cw_exi en&g AatfuvRjvi AbZg njv e AeevwnKv | GwU Di
wkjs ev gNvjq gvjf~wg I c~e wngvjqi cv``k , cwg ivRgnj
cvnvo Ges bvMv jymvB cvnvo viv cwiewZ & evsjv`k e AeevwnKvi
cavb Ask wbq MwVZ | c~e I `wY c~ei cv cvnvw Ask ev` w`j
evsjv`ki AwaKvsk vb cv , ecy , gNbv Ges Abvb m vZ KZK
AewcZ KvqvU vbvwi hyMi cjj viv AvQvw`Z | Uviwkqvix gnvKvj
_K mvcwZK Kvj ch ch gvMZ f~MVbKvh Pjvi dj G mKj
cjj wewfb gvvq PywZ ,fvuR , DPz I wbPy nqQ | A - KUwkqvm
Ges Bqvwmb Kvj AvivKvb Bqvgv ceZgvjv Dw_Z nevi dj evgv
AeevwnKv _K e AeevwnKv wewQb nq c Ges iyZ Avjvobi dj
cveZ PMvgmn evsjv`ki Abvb Uviwkqvwi hyMi cvnvo mg~n Drcw
nq |GB DrcwKvh PjvKvj b`xevwnZ cjj viv e AeevwnKvi c~iYKvh
`Z mgvav nq AvmwQj | Bqvwmb Kvji ci mgy`i cv`cmiY Avi
nq |


Avgv`i RwicKZ evMLvjx b`xwU DcKyjxq mgf~wgi ga w`q cevwnZ
nqQ Ges `xNw`b hver cjj mqY Ki AvmQ | evsjv`ki DcK~jxq
mgf~wg Di dbx b`x _K Avi Ki DcK~j eivei UKbvd ch
weZZ | Mo Gi c 8-10 wKjvwgUvi , Kej KYdyjx b`xi gvnbvq
cvq 26 wKjvwgUvi | DcKzjxq mgf~wgi cwg KZKjv xc iqQ|
DcK~jxq mgf~wgi AwaKvsk AecB KYdyjx , nvj`v , mvy , gvZvgyn~ix ,
evMLvjx I Abvb b`x viv MwVZ | mgy`vcK~j Kv`vi Aecb `Lv
hvq Ges Kv`vi is a~mi _K Nb Kvjv | mgf~wgi AwaKvskB cvnvo
weaZ cjj viv MwVZ | GB cjj gwKv `vAvk aibi |







+||+ +|-|


| -t

<||| --|+|<< |+|++ <|8:
gwKv t evMLvjx b`xZxii gwKv wewfb Zj wewfb aibi | Ze DcK~jxq
mgf~wg nevi KviY GLvb evwj gvwUi cwigvY ewk| gwKvZ Av` Zv AvQ
h_ | wb evMLvjx b`x Zxii gwKvi wewfb ii ewkmg~n DjL
Kiv njv |
+ "< : evMLvjx b`x ZxieZx vbi gwKvi c_g ii gvwU ej `vAvk
| gvwUi KvwVb gvSvwi gvbi | gvwUZ h_ cwigvY Av`Zv AvQ| gvwUi is
a~mii ga Lqix |
|+|< "<: wZxq ii gvwU ej gvwU | gwKvi is Kvjv dvUv dvUv |
gvwUi KvwVb nvjKv gvbi | gvwUZ h_ cwigvY Av`Zv AvQ|

++|< "< : gwKvi ZZxq ii gvwU GUj | gvwUi KvwVb gvSvwi gvbi |
gvwUZ h_ cwigvY Av`Zv AvQ| gvwUi is ev`vgx|


<||| --| +|<
+ "< : g wKvi G ii gvwU GUj | gvwUi KvwVb k gvbi | gvwUZ
h_ cwigvY Av`Zv AvQ| gvwUi is a~mi |

++ "< : gwKvi cg ii gvwU `vAvk | gvwUi KvwVb k gvbi |
gvwUZ h_ cwigvY Av`Zv AvQ| gvwUi is a~mi |

< "< : gwKvi l ii gvwU GUj gvwU | gvwUi KvwVb k gvbi |
gvwUZ h_ cwigvY Av`Zv AvQ| gvwUi is Lqix a~mi|

+ "< : gwKvi mg ii gvwU GUj | gvwUi KvwVb k gvbi |
gvwUZ h_ cwigvY Av`Zv AvQ| gvwUi is a~mi |

8+ "< : gwKvi Ag ii gvwU GUj | gvwUi KvwVb gvSvwi gvbi |
gvwUZ h_ cwigvY Av`Zv AvQ| gvwUi is ev`vgx|

-<+ "< : gwKvi beg ii gvwU `vAvk gvwU | gvwUi KvwVb k gvbi |
gvwUZ h_ cwigvY Av`Zv AvQ| gvwUi is Kjv|

+| t evMLvjx b`x ZxieZx vb wewfb Xvj wewfb Dw` cwijwZ nq |
<|- | t mewb Xvj cavbZ `yB c RvwZi Dw h_v exir I Dcj
cRvwZi Dw `Lv hvq | exir cRvwZi ga `yev MvQ I jZv Avi Dcj
cRvwZi ga KvUvhy MvQ , we`vNvm ,Qb , Kqv cfwZ Dw` `Lv hvq | GB
Aj Av`Zv AwaK Ges ej gwKv | ZvB GLvb Dw`i NbZ Kg|

+<+ |: gag Xvj exir , Dcj, j c RvwZi Dw `Lv hvq | GLvb
Dw`i NbZ gvSvwi aibi | gwKv ej `vAvk | GB Aj Av` Zv cwiwgZ
_vK |

<| | t mevP Xvj ei AvwaK ewk `Lv hvq | ei ga Avg ,
Rvg , LRyi, bvwiKj, SvD, BwcjBwcj ,wk, KoB c f wZ c avb | G Aj
Dw `i NbZ ewk ,Av` Zv gag |





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<|+ t evMLvjx b`xi Zxi emwZ wew aibi | `~i `~i evwo Ni AewZ |
Ze Kvb Kvb RvqMvq `yB wZbwU evwo wgj Q emwZi m w nqQ|

KwlKvR t evMLvjx b`xZxi KwlKvR cPz i cwigvY nq | Ze DjLhvM njv
jeY Pvl | Rvqvii mgqi cvwb ai iL jeY Drcv`b Kiv nq | GQvov avb
PvlI Kiv nq |






<|< 2. |#+ ||+| |<

b`x kwU gvbe mfZvi gZB cvPxb| cw_exi wewfb fvlvq b`x kwUi eenvi
iqQ| evsjvq b`x eySvZ wewfb aibi k eenvi Kiv nq| Mvs, Qiv, Lvj,
b`,`wiqv BZvw` k b`x A_ eenvi Kiv nq|

b`x ejZ mvaviY fve Kvb ^v`y cvwbi cevn hv Ab Kvb eo cvwb cevn, n`,
Rjvavi , b`x ev mvMi wgwjZ nq ZvK eySvq| b`xi cevn weiwZnxb, weiwZhy,
ev gmygx nZ cvi| b`xi `Ni AvK wZ Abymvi QvU, eo, gvSvix wewfb
aibi b`x nZ cvi| b`xi kvLv-ckvLv, ch vq, f~wgi cK wZi Dci wfw 1g
ch vqi, 2q chvqi, 3q chvqi BZvw` b`x nZ cvi|

wbg wewfb f~Mvjwe``i `qv KqKwU msv DjL Kiv njv-
River is any natural stream of water that flows in a channel with
defined banks
- George Harry Dury

River, any body of fresh water flowing from an upland source to
a large lake or to the sea, fed by such sources as springs and
tributary streams. The main parts of a river include a channel, in
which the water flows, and a floodplaina flat region of a
valley on either side of the channel.
Leal A. K. Mertes California University.


A stream is a flow of running water, large or small, and a river is
a large stream of water. -Marie Morisawa(Streams).


Rbve Gg GBP Payix Zvui |+ |++ | cyK b`xi msvq ejQb-DPuy
ceZ ev gvjf~wg _K ew, cmeY, wngevn ev eid Mjv cvwbZ m Kvb cvwb
viv hLb gavKlb kwi cfve f~wgi Xvj eivei cevwnZ nq mgf~wg I
wbgf~wgi Dci w`q eq wMq Aekl Kvb wekvj Rjvkq ev n` A_ev mgy`
cwZZ nq ZLb ZvK b`x ejv nq|


--|< <+ ( Importance of rivers) :
1. cvPxb mfZvi jvjb -
Nile b`i evwl K ebv (annual inundation) Gi Dci wbfi Ki AvwdKvi
Dei Aj Kwl wfwK Egypt G cvPxb bxj mfZv Mo DV| De i Kwl Rwgi
AwaKvsk bxj exc Aj AewZ wQj| GB Kwl RwgB wgmixq mfZvi cavb
evnb| wgmixq mfZvq Kwli Drcv`b wbfi KiZ bxj b`i inundation Gi
Dci| b`xi cvwb AvMgb, cwigvY I vwqZ i Dci Drcv`bi cwigvY wbfi
KiZ| mewKQz ^vfvweK _vKj Drcv`bi cwigvb ekx nZ| weic nj
Drcv`bi cwigvb Kg hZ| gmvcUwgqv (Mesopotamian) mfZv,
fviZi wmz I Mv DcZKv , Pxb qvs DcZKvq GB aibi mfZv Mo
DV|

2. eemv evwbR - cvPxb Kvj _K b`x c_ eemv evwbR Pj AvmQ| eZgvb
mgq cwienb I eemv evwbR b`x AZ iZ c~Y| eemv evwbR ay cb
cwienb KvRB bq; eis cY wKwbs, cvKwUs, gwkb, hvb-evnb eenvii RbI
cvwbi eenvi Acwinvh |



3. Kwl- f~wgi De iZv, mP, Kwl cY cwienb I evwbRi Rb b`x mivmwi
f~wgKv cvjb Ki| cw_exi AwaKvsk mP c K b`x wfwK| hgb- fviZ-
cvwKvbi wmz mP cK, evsjv`ki wRK, wZv, gby, gix BZvw` mP
cK K wl Drcv`b iZ c~Y f~wgKv cvjb KiQ|

4. wk- wki Rb cvwb, wk cY, h cvwZ I KvuPvgvj cwienb Ges evwbRi
Rb b`x mivmwi f~wgKv cvjb Ki| m KvibB wek i cvq mKj eo wkKviLvbv
b`xi ZxiB Mo DVQ|

5. Mnvwj- Mnvwj KvRi cZK gvbyl AveRbv cwivi, gj-gy wbvkb Rb,
ivbv-evbv Ki c Pzi cvwb eenvi Ki _vK| hvi Drm nQ b`x| Dbqbkxj
`ki kni GKRb ew cwZw`b Mo cvq 135 wjUvi cvwb eenvi Ki _vK|
b`xi cvwb AwZ eenvi, h_vh_ msib bv Kivi Rb AbK kni ev Aj
Mnvwj KvR cvwb msKU `Lv w`qQ|

6. chUb I webv`b- b`xi m`h gvbylK AvKlb Ki| wek i c vq mKj eo
kni b`xi Zxi Mo DVQ| hgb XvKvi eywoMv, KjKvZvi Mwj, w`jxi
hgybv, Kvqivi bxj, ivgi wZei BZvw` b`x ch Ub I webv`bi Rb gvb~lK
AvKlb Ki|

7. we`yr Drcv`b- b`xi cvwb eenvi Ki cw_exi AbK `k we`yr Drcv`b Ki
_vK| cevngvb cvwbi kw eenvi Ki e`ywZK kw Drcv`b Kiv nq| wek i
AbK `k e`ywZK kwi cavb Drm nQ cvwb| evsjv`ki Kbdzjx b`xZ
evau w`q e`ywZK kw Drcv`b Kiv nq|


8. cwZiv I mxgvbvt- b`x kevwnbxi PjvPji cwZKZv m w Ki| b`x fvix
hcvwZ cwieb mnvqZv Ki| cw_exi AbK `ki mxgvbv wnmve b`xK
eenvi Kiv nq| evsjv`k I gvqvbgvi mxgvbv wb`kK b`x nQ bvd b`x|
evsjv`k I fviZi mxgvbv wb`kK AbZg b`x nQ cMoi gnvb`v b`x|

G Qvov b`xi wqvi dj bZzb f~wg mw I f~wgi cwieZ b nq wewfb aibi
f~wgic MwVZ nq|


<|t|-< --| <<"|:

evsjv`kK b`xi `k wnmve AwfwnZ Kiv nq| wek i eng Mv-e cy exc
Aji AwaKvsk Ryo iqQ Mv-ecy excxq AeevwnKv, hv e AeevwnKv
bvgI cwiwPZ| GwU evsjv`k QvovI cwg fviZi cwg e I c~e wcyiv
ivR wbq MwVZ| evsjv`ki f~ZvwK weeZb g~jZ wngvjq ceZgvjvi Dvb I
wngvjqi Mf _K ewiq Avmv enr b`x eev DyZ excxq j fvM mwK Z|
GB cwqvi evcK cyiZi excxq Aec DcjwcZ nq `wY w`K eivei
wekvj excxq Aj Mo DV| evcmvMi excxq MVb cwqv GLbI mwq
Ges Mv-ecy-gNbv b`x eevi GKwU weZ cevn avivi gvag GB
cwqv cy nQ| DjwLZ hveZxq f~-MvVwbK wqv-Kgi dj evsjv`k
AmsL b`-b`x Rvji bvq wevi jvf KiQ|




<|t|-< --| <<"|


| -t c

evsjv`ki b`x eevK PviwU AvwjK kYxZ fvM Kiv nq| hgb-
1. Mv-cv b`x eev;
2. ecy-hgybv b`x eev;
3. gNbv b`x eev I
4. PMvg-cveZPMvgi b`x eev|


1|+ - |<+ 1|+ --| <<"|: PMvg cveZ PMvgi b`x cwievn eevq
wngvjq ceZi `wYi AvivKvi Bqvgv ceZ kYxZ Uviwkqvwi hyMi AbyP Nb
ebf~wgZ AveZ AwewQb jymvB , wgRv I AvivKvb cvnvv _K AmsLv b`xi
Drcw nqQ | b`xMyjv c_g Di `wY cevwnZ njI ci mMyjv
AeevwnKvi Xvj AbymiY Ki cwg w`K cevwnZ nqQ| c _g I wZxq ch vqi
b`xjv emv`k wbvkb eev njI cieZx chvqjvZ mgvivj b`x bv
j Kiv hvq | gvqvbgvi mxgv _K AmsLv b`xi wgjb PMvg cveZ
PMvg b`x cwievn eev MwVZ njI bvd b`x Qvv Ab Kvb DjLhvM b`x
mxgvbv AwZg Ki Avmwb | evsjv`k fviZ I gvqvbgvi mxgv bvMv jymvB
cvnv _K ek KqKwU mvZaviv Di I cwg w`K cevwnZ nqQ|


+|- <|<<
h
g
yb
v
b
`
x

|
|

<

|
M

v

b
`
x
Mv b`x

c
v
e
Z
x

<
+

<
|

+
- |-
<
|
<
<
|

+
|
| --
+

|
-

+
|

< --
<

-
-
(|-|)
<

-
-
(
|
+

t
)
<
<
|
+

+
<
-
|
<
+
-
|

|
<||<
| < +
- | | -
|+ < +
| < +
+
|
<
|
-
+
|
<
<|t|-< --| <<||+|(|+|++)
100 0 100 wKwg
1|+ - |<+ 1|+ --| <<"|


| -t e





<||| --| :
-| --|
-| --|
+ | --|
|t --|
+|+|+<| --|
<||| --|
-
|

-
-
|

-
|

-
-
|
1|+
-|--< |+< --| <|
+|+- |
+|<|-+|<
|<+
PMvg cveZ PMvgi b`x cwievn eevq C`MvI b`x hLvb wZbi `yBfvM
cvnvwo Aji Dci w`q cevwnZ nq mLvb evMLvjx b`x gvZvgyix cvnvo kYx
I UKbvd cvnvo k Yxi msKxY wefvwRKvi gaw`q AZ GuK-eu K
gaMwZZ cevwnZ nq| bvBLsQwo DcRjvi Di-c~e cvi dvwmqvLvwj,
evMLvwj Ges KevRvii MRwbqv-LyvLvwj I LikKvj i _K Drcw
nq bwbscvov evBkvox, _vsjvscvov, bvBLsQwo nq MRwbqvZ ivgy DcRjvq
cek Ki evMLvjx b`x cwg cevwnZ nq KevRvi knii Di w`q
gnkLvjx Pvbj cwZZ nqQ| evMLvjx b`x 64 wKjvwgUvi j^ v| 16
wKjvwgUvi cvnvox Aji Dci w`q Ges 48 wKjvwgUvi gvZvgix cvnvo kbx
I UKbvd cvnvo kbxi msKxY wefvwRKvi gaw`q Mfxi LvZ mw Ki mwcj
c_ AMmi nq| AvjxwLqvs-evMLvjx I MRwbqv ii g`w`q evMLvjx b`x
`wb cevwnZ nq Ges ci MRwbqv ii cvnvox evMLvjx Qovi mv_ wgwjZ
nq cwg, Di-cwg w`K AMmi nj Dfq w`K _K ek KqKwU Rjaviv
evMLvjx b`xi mv_ wgwjZ nq|


<||| --|

| -t
<<||+|< --| |<-|< -|:

b`x viv MwVZ ev b`x cfvweZ f~wgicK b`x AeevwnKv (drainage basin)
ej| `yBwU AeevwnKvi c_KKvix f~wgicK RjwefvwRKv ej| RjwefvwRKv ev
b`x wefvwRKv b`x AeevwnKvi mxgvbv wb`k Ki| mvavibZ ewi cvwb Kvb
b`xZ cevwnZ nQ Zvi wfwZB b`x AeevwnKvi mxgvbv wb`k Kiv nq| QvU
b`x, eo b`x, Dcb`x, kvLv b`x Ges Zv`i mf~wgic wbq GKwU b`xi
AeevwnKv MwVZ nq|

cw_ex mwi ci _KB cwZwbqZ Gi f~wgi~ci cwieZb mvwaZ nQ| cwieZb
cwqvi ga b`xLvZ cvwb cevn AbZg | cvwb wewfb fve f~ci Dci w`q
cevwnZ nq| b`x Zvi i _K gvnbv ch cvwbi AvNvZ h c_i mw Ki
ZvK b`x LvZ ej| mvavib fve b`xi h vbw`q cvwb cevwnZ nq ZvK b`x
LvZ ej| Kvb Drm _K AvMZ cvwb my`xN LvZi gaw`q Dcb`x, kvLv b`x
mw Ki wbqZ cevwnZ nj ZvK b`x ej | iZ b`xLvZ msKxY I AMfxi
nq ci wbqvgKi aibi Dci wfwKi Gi AvKvi AvKwZ I MfxiZv wbavwiZ
nq| b`x cevn c_ c_g q, ci enb I cwikl mq KvRi gvag f~ci
cwieZb c wqvq mivmwi f~wgKv ivLQ|


AvKwZ I ewki Dci wfw Ki b`x LvZ bv K KqK fve fvM Kiv hvq|

1| emv`k wbvkb bv
2| Rvdix mv`k wbvkb
3| mgvivj wbvkb bv
4| AvqZKvi wbvkb bv
5| K` wegyL wbvkb bv
6| K` gyLx wbvkb bv
7| Ayix mv`k wbvkb bv
8| wekLj wbvkb bv|




<||| --|< |-|- -|: evMLvjx b`xi wbvkb bv cPwjZ bv _K GKUz
wfb cKwZi | GB b`xi wbvkb bv njv KQc AvKwZi |




<||| --|< |-|- -|



| -t











|||
#-|-|
<||
<||| --|
b
v
d
b
`
x
+-|
DwLqv

<

|
$
+<||<
|+v|$
-
|

-
-
|
--| <<||+|< |+<|+|+ (Morphometric Analysis)t

b`xgvjv AeevwnKv ejZ eySvq GKwU mvgwMK GjvKv h H vbi cavb Ges
Dcb`x mg~ni cvwb cevn mieivn Ki Ges H cvwb cevn K aviY Ki|

b`xgvjv AeevwnKvi Aaqbi MyiZ Acwimxg | Gi dj b`xi cKwZ wbYq
Ges b`xi eve c qvM mK cqvRbxq myhvMi mw Ki| b`xgvjv
AeevwnKv mK aviYv bqv wekl cqvRb| KviY-
K) b`x wbqbi Rb
L) cvwb mieivni Rb
M) cvwb Pi Aev Rvbvi Rb|

cvwbi AvjvPbv bvbv Kvib f~cvKwZK we`vi GKwU iZc~Y Ask wnmve
weewPZ| cvwb mK eZgvb AvjvPbv I Melbv GZ ekx wevi jvf
KiQ h, GUv f~-we`vi GKwU c_K I iZc~Y welq wnmve AwaZ nQ| hv
cvwb wevb ev Hydrology bvg cwiwPZ| mgM wek i cvwb mieivni meenr
I vqx Avavi nQ mgy`| evxfeb cwqvi gvag mgy`, b`x, wewfb Rjvkqi
cvwb Dvc evwf~Z nq evqygj hvq, MvQcvjv wKQz cvwb c^`bi gvag
evqygj Qo `q| evqygj _K evwicvZi f~c cvwb Avm| ci cvwb
f~ci Dci w`q cevwnZ nq b`xi gvag mvMi cwZZ nq| evxfeb,
Nbxfeb, ck`b, elY, cevn, cwiPjb I Abycek wqvi gvag cvwb me mgq
AvewZZ nQ | GB cwqv jv chvqg Pj GKwU c wqv Ab cwqvq mv_
mK hynq| GB cwqv jv mwwjZ fve cvwb P mb Ki| b`xgvjv
AeevwnKv mK aviYv jvfi gvag cvwb P ^vfvweK ivLvi eev Kiv hvq|


wewfb b`x wevbx AeevwnKvi ewkK wewfb fve weklb KiQb| Zv`i
ga DjLhvM njb Horton, jvseb, Djgvb, Rbb, m, jvi, M
I Pvwj|


--| <<||+|< |+<|+|+ |<+<:
^vfvweK fve f~wgici ev Zvi RvwgwZK ewki h cK wZ j Kiv hvq Ges
Zv cwigvci Rb h cwZ Aej^b Kiv nq ZvKB Morphometric
Analysis ejv nq|

--| |+< |<+<:
1| b`x AeevwnKvi mij iwLK c KwZt AZ mnR fve b`x AeevwnKvi mij
iwLK cKwZ wbaviY Kiv hvq| GLvb `yBwU `wKvY _K b`x AeevwnKvi mij
iwLK c KwZ weklY Kiv nq|
h_v-
A) UcvjwRKj `wKvY-- b`x ch vq g mwKZ welq wj GLvb AvjvPbv
Kiv nq| hgb-
K) b`x chvq g (Order)
L) wfvRb AbycvZ

Av) RvwgwZK `wKvY -b`xi `N I b`x h GjvKvi Dci w`q cevwnZ nq
Zvi iwLK webvm GLvb AvjvPbv Kiv nq|

K) b`x ch vq g(Order)t b`x AeevwnKv weklYi Rb b`x ch vq gi
K_v DjL Kiv nq| Horton (1945 mvj) hyivi GKwU b`x AeevwnKv
mK AvjvPbv Kib| wZwb ejb b`x AeevwnKv KZKjv wbqg AbymiY Ki
Mo DV| GKwU c~Y `Ni b`x MVbMZ fve KqKwU chvq fvM Kiv nq|
GKwU fvMK b`xg ejv nq| Zvui gZ GKwU wbw` AeevwnKvq h b`xi Kvb
Dcb`x bvB mB b`xwUKB c _g chvqi b`x ej| `yBwU c_g chvqi b`x wgwjZ
nq 2q ch vqi b`xi mw Ki| Kgc `yBwU c~e ch vqi b`x wgwjZ bv nj
cieZx DP ch vqi m w nq bv| hgb 2 wU wZxq ch vqi b`x wgwjZ nq 3q
ch vqi b`x , 2wU 3q ch vqi b`x wgwjZ nq 4_ ch vqi b`x, 2wU 4_ chvqi
b`x wgwjZ nq 5g ch vqi b`xi mw nq|




mvs b ` x
ev` i evb
c _ g c hvq
2 q c hvq
3 q c hvq
4 _ c hvq

| -t o
nU bi b`x chvq g
Nu= Rb




Strahler 1965 mvj Horton
Gi gZi wKQz Uv cwieZb Kib|
Zvui gZ Kgc `yBwU c _g
ch vqi b`x wgwjZ nq 2q
ch vqi b`xi mw Ki| Gfve
`yBwU 2q chvqi b`x wgwjZ nq
cieZx 3q ch vqi b`xi mw
Ki| GB c wqvq cieZxZ 4_ ,
5g , 6 BZvw` ch vqi b`x mw
nq| mevP ch vqi b`xK cavb
b`x ejv nq| | -t :


kf(Shreve 1967) b`x ch vq g wbY qi
Rb GKwU wbw` AeevwnKvq h b`xi Kvb
Dcb`x bvB mB b`xwUKB c_g chvqi b`x
ejQb| wK cieZx DP ch vqi `yBwU b`x
wgwjZ nq 2q ch vqi, `yBwU 2q chvqi
wgwjZ nq 4_ ch vqi b`xi mw Ki|

| -t ::

L) w-fvRb AbycvZ (Bifurcation Ratio) t Kvb chvqi b`x LvZi gvU
msLv Ges cieZx ch vqi b`x LvZi gvU msLvi AbycvZK w-fvRb
AbycvZ(Bifurcation Ratio) ejv nq|


GLvb,
Rb= w-fvRb AbycvZ
Nu= Kvb chvqi b`x LvZi gvU msLv
Nu+1= cieZx chvqi b`x LvZi gvU msLv|

(k-u)
mvs b ` x
ev` i e vb
c _ g c hvq
2 q c hvq
3 q c hvq
4 _ c hvq

mvs b ` x
ev` i evb
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
12
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
14
18
28
19
5
9

Rb=
Nu
Nu+1

Kvb ch vqi b`x LvZi gvU msLv (Nu) wbYqi Rb wbgv my eenvi
Kib -

GLvb,
k= AeevwnKvi DPZg ch vq msLv
u= b`x avc ev ch vq|



Av) RvwgwZK `wKvYt
1| b`xi `N (Stream Length) t Kvb GKK b`x LvZi `yiZ K b`xi `N
ej| evMLvjx b`x LvZi `N 64 wKjvwgUvi |

2| b`xi Mo `N ( Average Stream Length) t Kvb chvqi b`x mg~ni
gvU `N K b`x msLv viv fvM Kij b`xi Mo `N cvIqv hvq|


3| b`xi `N AbycvZ(Stream -Length Ratio) t Kvb ch vqi b`x LvZi
gvU `N Ges cieZx ch vqi b`x LvZi gvU `N AbycvZK b`xi `N
AbycvZ(Stream -Length Ratio) ejv nq|


4| AeevwnKvi AwfKl K` _K `yiZ(The Distance to the centre of
Gravity of the Drainage Basin)t g~j mvZavivi gyL _K AeevwnKvi
Aavsk ch `yiZ K AeevwnKvi AwfKl K` _K `yiZ ejv nq|



5| `xN Zg AeevwnKvi evmi `Nt AeevwnKvi gyL _K AeevwnKvi cwiwai
kxl we`y ch `yiZ K `xN Zg AeevwnKvi evmi `N ej|


6| b`xi `N I DcZKv `Ni AbycvZt b`xi DcZKvi `N K thalweg
(thalweg is a line connecting the lowest points of successive
cross sections through a river channel or valley) < b`xi `N I
DcZKv `Ni AbycvZ wbYqi gvag b`xi eZv Rvbv hvq|
(k-u)
Nu= Rb






GQvov cavb b`xi `N, Dcb`x kvLvb`xi Abycek KvY, wewfb ch vqi
DcZKvi `N GLvb weklY Kiv nq|

2| b`x AeevwnKvi AvqZwbK weklY t b`x AeevwnKvi AvqZwbK weklb
LyeB iZ c~Y | Kvi ebv cvwb QK I cvwb miY mivmwi b`x AeevwnKvi
AvqZwbK MVbi Dci wbfi Ki| cwZ GKK AvqZb cevn mB AvqZbi mv_
wecixZ fve mK hy|



--||+ (Stream Channel):

cvwb mvavibZ gavKl b kwi cfve f~wgi Xvj eq wbg w`K c evwnZ nq|
b`xi cvwbi cavb Drm nQ ewcvZ ev elb| Kvb DP cvnvwoqv Ai elb
nj f~wgi Xvj eq h c_ wbPi w`K cevwnZ nq ZvK b`xLvZ ejv nq|
cvwbi mieivn Ges Xvj ewk nj Zv `Z wbg w`K cevwnZ nq| b`xLvZ
mvavibZ GKwU wbw`w GjvKvi mywbw` c_ c evwnZ nq| elY ev cvwbi cvcZvi
Dci wfw Ki b`xLvZ mi, PIov Ges MwZeMi Dci wfwKi Mfxi ev
AMfxi nq _vK|



<||| --| |+

b`xi eZv =
b`xi `N
DcZKvi `N



| -t :>





A_ vr mi ev PIov, Mfxi ev AMfxi h Kvb c_ ai hLb vqxfve cevwnZ
nq ZLb ZvK b`xLvZ ej|




--||+< <|8:
cvwb wevbxMY ew`b ai KVvi c Pv, Abymvb I ch eY Ki b`xLvZi
AvKvi Ges cvwb cevni ga mK ei Ki KZKjv m~PKi mvnvh my
cYqb Kib| GB cvivwiK mKK Leopold, Miller, Wolman Ges
Moddock cfwZ f~wgic Zwe` b`xLvZ RvwgwZ (Channel Geometry)
bvg AwfwnZ KiQb| GB jvK evLv Kivi Rb KZKjv cwifvlv eenvi
Kib| cwifvlvjv jv AvjvPbv Kiv nj-



--| |+< <|8


| -t :
Drmt jvii Physical Geography( se.ed.) _K|



K. |<+|(Depth):
b`xi Kvb GKwU wbw` we`yZ cvwbi DcwifvM _K Zj`k ch Dj^ `yiZ
K MfxiZv(Depth) ej| MfxiZvK dzU ev wgUvi cwigvc Kiv nq| mvaviYZ
MfxiZv(Depth) K d viv cKvk Kiv nq|



- |<- +|+ :
c- veb mgf~wg ev Floodplain, cvwbwevbi GKwU iZ c~Y welq| wekevcx
b`x AeevwnKvq cveb mgf~wg `Lv hvq| b`x cevni wbg I ga MwZZ
cvebmgf~wg cwj mqi dj MwVZ nq| h mKj Aj b`xZ ebv nq ev
b`xi cvwb h Aji Dci w`q cevwnZ nq mB mKj wbg f~wgZI cwj mwZ
nq cveb f~wgi mw nq| AbK mgq b`x Zvi cyivZb MwZc_ cwieZb, Pi ev
xci mw,

Rjvfywg fivU I wbg f~wg cvweZ nq cveb mgf~wgi mw Ki| cveb f~wg
cwj MwVZ nevi Kvib GB f~wg AZ De i I Kwl KvRi DchvMx|

c- veb mgf~wg


| -t :


F. J. Monkhouse(1954) Gi gZ cveb mgf~wg
A plain boundering a river, Which has been formed from
deposits of sediment carried down by the river.

M. G. Wolman and L.B. Leopold(1968) Gi gZ cveb mgf~wg
Active Floodplain is that region where in every year or at
regular interval flood occurs and sediments deposited.

cwZ eQi ebvi cvwbZ cvweZ nvK ev bv nvK, b`xi cjj viv MwVZ
mgf~wgKB cveb f~wg (Floodplain) ejv nq| hgb evsjv`ki cvnvo I
cyivZb cjj PZi ev` mgM `kB cveb mgf~wg|



+|<- +|+< +|< -t-
W. V. Lewis Stresm trough Experiments and Terrace
Formation (1944)` cyK mwZ cwji c KwZ Ges b`xLvZi vb
cwieZ bi Dci wfw Ki cveb mgf~wgK wZb fvM fvM KiQb-
K) b`x LvZi cwieZb RwbZ cveb mgf~wg,
L) ebvi cvwbi cwj viv mq RvZ c- veb mgf~wg,
M) GKvwaK b`xi cwj viv MwVZ c- veb mgf~wg |

W D Thornbury Principles of Geomorphology ` (:oc) cy
K cveb mgf~wgi m f~wgicK mvZ fvM fvM Kib-
1. mwcj evuKi mq-K) LvZ mqt cwiZLvZ I we`gvb LvZ, L)
Akz ivK wZi n`, M) K`g wQwc I N) cvKwZK evua;
2. cvr Rjvf~wg mq;
3. webywb b`xi mq;
4. e-xci mq;
5. b`xi wfZii xc mq;
6. cjj cvLv I evRv`v I
7. cvPxb cjj mgf~wg|


<||| --|< +|<- |+< |+<:

+ |+ |++ <|<:
ebvi mgq hLb cvwb b`xi `yB K~j cvweZ Ki ZLb evwnZ cwji fvwi I
en`vKwZi Ask jv b`xi Zxi eZx Aj Rgv nq| axi axi AbK mgq ai
cwj Rgvi dj

b`xi `yB Zxi evuai gZ f~cKwZi mw nq| GB aibi f~cK wZi KviY b`xi
Zxi DPf~wg Zvi ci wbg mgf~wg `Lv hvq| b`x Zxii DPf~wgK evuai gZ
`Lv hvq ej GK cvKwZK evua ej| Avgv`i RwicKZ evMLvjx b`xZ GB
aibi f~wgic `Lv hvq|

L| <|+|+< -:
mwcj b`x hLb q I mq wqvi dj Ggb fve eK hvh h evuK Zii
`yBwU Ask cii wgwjZ nq ZLb m cyivZb LvZ cwiZvM Ki mvRv c_
cevwnZ nq| cyivZb LvZi gyL cwj mwZ nq Nvovi cvqi gZ AvKwZi
Rjvf~wg mw Ki| GKB Ak zivKwZi n` ej|

Avgv`i RwicKZ evMLvjx b`xZ GB aibi Ak zivK wZi n` `Lv hvq|


M| <|+< +|++ t: Avgv`i RwicKZ evMLvjx b`xZ g~j b`x LvZi cvk
wewfb aibi evu Ki KwZZ Ask `Lv hvq|

s +| ||+:
ebvi mgq hLb cvwb b`xi `~K~j cvweZ Ki ZLb evwnZ cwji fvix I
en`vKwZi Ask jv b`xi Zxi eZx Aj Rgvnq b`xi `yB Zxi evuai gZ
f~cKwZi mw nq| b`xi Zxi DPf~wg Zvi ci wbg Rjvf~wg `Lv hvq| b`x
Zxii Rjvf~wgK cvr Rjvf~wg ej |
+| ||+




| -t :c



Avgv`i RwicKZ evMLvjx b`xZ cvr Rjvf~wg `Lv hvq|



P| --| ++: b`xZ g ev wmwvi gZv avcwewk f~wgicK b`x g ej|


--| ++
c vr R j vf ~wg
g ~j b ` x L vZ




















| -t :e

Avgv`i RwicK Z evMLvjx b`xZ GB aibi b`x g `Lv hvq|






<||| --|< |+<:

b`xi cvwb Kvb wbw` GKK mgq h `~iZ AwZg Ki ZvK b`xi MwZeM
ej| mvaviYZ Kvb b`x eevq Gi MwZeM ejZ Gi Mo MwZeMK `Lvbv
nq| cevni MwZeM cwigvci Rb wewfb cwZ eenvi Kiv nq _vK| GLvb
cevni MwZeM wbYqi wbgwjwLZ cwZmg~n mK AvjvPbv Kiv nj-


1| KviU wgUvi cwZ
b ` x g
b ` x L vZ

b ` x g
b ` x L vZ

1.1| GK we`y cwZ
1.2| `yB we`y cwZ
1.3| wZb we`y cwZ
2| fjv cwZ
3| iK eenvi cwZ
4| mgxKiY eenvi cwZ|



<||| --|< |+< |-< :


+|+ t evMLvjx b`xZ Avgiv mbvZb cwZZ b`xi MwZeM wbYq Kwi | wZbwU
vb nZ b`xi `N cwigvc Ki b`xi mvZ Kgjv Qo w`q c IqvPi
mvnvh mgq MYbv Kiv nq | wb MvwYwZK hywi mvnvh Zv Dcvcb Kiv njv


1g MwZeM `N 660 dyU mgq 17.11 wgwbU
2q MwZeM `N 577 dzU mgq 10.6 wgwbU
3q MwZeM `N 550 dzU mgq 10.22 wgwbU







1g MwZeM V1 = D/ T
= 660/ 17.11
=.64 dz U/ mK




2q MwZeM V2 = D/ T
= 577/10.6
= .95 dyU/mK

3q MwZeM V2 = D/ T
= 550/10.22
= 0.88 dzU/ mK

1g , 2q I 3q MwZeMi mgw = (.64 +.95+.88) dzU / mK
= 2.47 dzU / mK
Mo MwZeM = 2.47/3 dzU/ mK
= 0.82 dzU/ mK


| t evMLvjx b`xi MwZeM 0.82 dzU / mK

<||| --|< |<+|
b`xi Kvb GKwU wbw` we`yZ cvwbi DcwifvM _K Zj`k ch Dj^ `yiZ
K MfxiZv(Depth) ej| MfxiZvK dzU ev wgUvi cwigvc Kiv nq| mvaviYZ
MfxiZv(Depth) K d viv cKvk Kiv nq| MfxiZv cwigvci GKK FPS
cwZZ dzU Ges C.G.S cwZZ wgUvi|


+|+ t Avgiv evMLvjx b`xZ mbvZb cwZZ c eivei 2 wU Ae vb _K
MfxiZv cwigvc Kwi| ci G`i Mo Ki Mo MfxiZv wbYq Kwi|



<||| --|< |<+| |-<



| -t :


A -< |<+| :

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
a 0 14.8 15.7 12 11.8 14 10.9 12 9.7 3.3 0
+ : |<< |<, +| >:
A kb b`xi ckZv t 509 dzU |

cvwbR cwimxgv







wP bs 18



B kbi MfxiZv

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1.8 8 9.11 11.2 11.3 10.9 0
Drm t cwiek Rwic, gvP 2010
B kb b`xi ckZv t 367 dzU |
cvwbR cwimxgv






| -t :o

A kb c Q`i AvqZb A= d X w = 11.58 X 509 eM dzU
= 5894.2 eMdzU

GLvb d = (14.8+15.7+12+11.8+14+10.9+12+9.7+3.3) dyU
= 104.2/9
MfxiZv = 11.58 dzU
ckZv = 509 dzU


B - "v-< |<+-
A= d X w = 8.72 367 eMdzU
= 3200.24 eMdzU
GLvb d = (1.8 +8+9.11+11.2+11.3+10.9) dzU
= 52.31/ 6
MfxiZv = 8.72 dzU
ckZv = 3.67 dz U




--|< |- +-
Kvb b`xi GKwU wbw` vb Kvb GKK mgq h cwigvY cvwb cQ`
GjvKvi ga w`q cevwnZ nq ZvK cvwb wbMgb ej| BsiRx Ai w`q
wbMgbK evSvbv nq|
mvaviYfve ejv hvq b`xi vb GKwU cQ` w`q cwZ GKK mgq h
cwigvY cvwb wbMZ nq ZvK wbMgb (Discharge) ej|
Abfve ejv hvq, Kvb b`xi GKwU wbw` vb Kvb GKK mgq h cwigvY
cvwb cQ` GjvKv w`q cevwnZ nq ZvK wbMgb ej| GK NbdyU/mK ev
NbwgUvi/mK GKK cwigvc Kiv nq | b`xi wZbwU Cross Section Gi
cQ`| Mo MfxiZv I Mo MwZeMi Ybi gvag cvwbi wbMg ei Kiv
hvq|
wbMgbi m~ nQ
Q= A X V
GLvb
Q = wbMgb
A = dj (W X D)
W =c kZv
D = MfxiZv
V = MwZeM





<||| --|< |-+- |-<:
A kbi MfxiZv t

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
a 0 14.8 15.7 12 11.8 14 10.9 12 9.7 3.3 0
Drm t cwiek Rwic, gvP 2010
A kb b`xi ckZv t 509 dzU |



B kbi MfxiZv

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1.8 8 9.11 11.2 11.3 10.9 0
Drm t cwiek Rwic, gvP 2010
B kb b`xi ckZv t 367 dzU |


A kb c Q`i AvqZb A= d X w = 11.58 X 509 eM dzU
= 5894.2 eMdzU

GLvb d = (14.8+15.7+12+11.8+14+10.9+12+9.7+3.3) dyU
= 104.2/9
MfxiZv = 11.58 dzU
ckZv = 509 dzU

B - "v-< |<+-
A= d X w = 8.72 367 eMdzU
= 3200.24 eMdzU
GLvb d = (1.8 +8+9.11+11.2+11.3+10.9) dzU
= 52.31/ 6
MfxiZv = 8.72 dzU
ckZv = 3.67 dz U
A I B kbi c Q`i mgw = (5894.2+ 3200.24) eMdzU
= 9094.44 eMdzU


A I B kbi cQ`i Mo =(9094.44/2) eMdzU
= 4547.22 eMdyU


1g MwZeM `N 660 dyU mgq 17.11 wgwbU
2q MwZeM `N 577 dzU mgq 10.6 wgwbU
3q MwZeM `N 550 dzU mgq 10.22 wgwbU


1g MwZeM V1 = D/ T
= 660/ 17.11
=.64 dz U/ mK

2q MwZeM V2 = D/ T
= 577/10.6
= .95 dyU/mK

3q MwZeM V2 = D/ T
= 550/10.22
= 0.88 dzU/ mK

1g , 2q I 3q MwZeMi mgw = (.64 +.95+.88) dzU / mK
= 2.47 dzU / mK
Mo MwZeM = 2.47/3 dzU/ mK
= 0.8 dzU/ mK

wbMgb Q = A X V
= 4547.2 X .8
= 3637.8 wKDweK wdU / mK

| t evMLvjx b`xi wbMgb 3637.8 wKDweK wdU / mK

















<|< . + |+| |<

f~ -ci Dcwi i ev gvwUi Dcii AskK cvjwjK i ev cwjgvwUi i ejv
nq| cvjwjK i ev cwjgvwUi ii Aev mK Rvbvi Rb h Rwic ZvK
mvaviYfve gwKv Rwic ejv nq _vK|

KevRvi Rjvi evMLvwj b`xi Zxi Avgiv g wKv Rwic Kivi mgq
wbg wjwLZ Dk jvK mvgb iL Rwic KvR cwiPvjbv Kwi|
Dk jv nQ-
1| b`xi ZxieZ x g wKvi Dcv`vbjvi gvb Rvbv;
2| gvwUi Lv` mieivni Aev wbY q;
3| gwKv `~lY cwiwwZ Rvbv;
4| g wKvi aiY wbY q Kiv;
5| gvwUi A- Zv wbY q Kiv I
6| gvwUi qcebZv wbYq Kiv|

+|+|< +|-|-
gwKv GKwU RwUj c`v_| Gi wewfb Askwj wbP ewYZ nj|
: |- -| t gvZ ciLi wePzYxfebi dj m wewfb KYv hvi g~j
Dcv`vb wewfb LwbR c`v_|
> < -| <| |++| t Dw`, cvYx I AvYyexwYK Rxe`i gZ ev
Aekl Ask|
||- t gwKvq AewZ wewfb c Kvii cvwb Ges ZvZ `exf~Z wewfb
KwVb, Zij I Mvmxq c`v_| gwKvq Rj mvaviYZt KwkK ej (Capillary
force) Ges Avmb (Absorption) ejv viv AvUK _vK|
<|<<|< t t gwKvi KYvwji AeZx vb AwRb, Kveb WvB
AvBW mn wewfb evqexq c`v_ _vK|
c |<+ t me gwKvq wbR^ wKQz Dw` I cvYxK~j `Lv hvq| Gi ga
cavbZt evKUwiqv, QvK, kevj, Av` cvYx, bgvUvW, mxc` cvYx cfwZ
DjLhvM|





+|+|< |-+|:

cvwbi Aevbi Dci wfw Ki f~Mf iK `yBwU i fvM Kiv nq|

1. Av` Aj (Soil Moisture Zone)
2. f~Mfcvwb Aj(Groundwater Zone) |
3. KwkK Aj( Capillary Zone)

1.Av` Ajt f~ci wVK wbPi iwUK Av` Aj ejv nq| mvavibZ GB
ii gwKvi MVbMZ KviY gvwUZ `xN mgq ai cvwb avib Ki ivLZ cvi bv
| gavKlb kw I gwKvi AvjMv Aevi KviY GB ii cvwb wbPi i
Pj hvq| GB i K Pendulate zone ej|
K. gwKv Aj,
L.gaeZx Aj I
M. KwkK Aj GB wZbwU Aj fvM Kiv nq|
K. gwKv Ajt f~ci wVK wbPi iwUK gwKv Aj ejv nq|
L.gaeZx Ajt g wKv Aj I KwkK Aji gvSLvbi AjK gaeZx
Aj ej|
M. KwkK Ajt Av` Aji cieZx Aj ev i hv cvwb mxgvi Dci Aevb
Ki ZvK KwkK Aj ejv nq| gavKlb kw Acv KwkK kw ekx KvR
Ki| dj cvwbi Abycek c wqv AevnZ _vKjI GB iwU m~Y m
bq| GB Aji cvwbi ga mvgvb cwigvY evqy _vK ej BnvK evqyexq Aj
ej|
avib gZv t
Kvb vb gwKv mevwaK h cwigvb cvwb _vKZ cvi ZvK gvwUi avib
gZv ej|

mZvt
gvwUi `vbv wji ga h dvKv RvhMv _vK Zv hLb m~Y cvwbZ c~Y _vK
ZLb ZvK mZv ej |

KwkK kwt
gvwU `vbv KZK wj Kvli m^^ q MwVZ| Gwj AwbwnZ kwi cfve GK
AciK AvKlY Ki _vK| GB AvKlY kwB KwkK kw|


-< ++| :
gvwUZ cvwb aibi cwigvb wbfi Ki f~Afii gvwUi ga wK cwigvb k~b
vb AvQ Zvi Dci| gvwUi `vbvi AvKvi, AvKwZ, Dcv`vb, webvm I mgveki
NbZi DciI gvwUZ cvwb aibi cwigvb wbfi Ki| dj mKj gvwUZ cvwb
aibi cwigvb GKB iKg nq bv| GKwU wbw` Aevq gvwUZ mevP h cwigvb
cvwb avib KiZ cvi ZvK mB gvwUi Abycek gZv ej|

-< |<:
Abycek gZvi Pq ewcvZi nvi ewk nj gvwUi gaw`q mevP gvvq
cvwb Abycek Ki| Abycek gZvi Pq ewcvZi nvi Kg Mj nj gvwUi
gaw`q Abycek nvi ewcvZi mgvbycvwZK nvi nq _vK| cKZc
Abycek nvi nQ GKwU wbw` mgq gvwUi gaw`q h cwigvb cvwb ceg Ki
Zvi cwigvb KB eySvq|
gwKv mbvKiY



wP bs 20



+||< <--
gvwUi eybb wbfi Ki gvwU wK aibi KYv viv Zix Zvi Dci| gvwUi KYvwj
wewfb cKvii nq| gvwUi KYvi Gic AvKvii wfwZ gvwUi c KwZ Abyhvqx
gvwUi KjvK wewfb fvM fvM Kiv nq| hgb
mviYx bs 39t +||< +|
+||< +|< -|+ +||< +|< <||<
Kv`v (Clay) 0.002 wgwjwgUvi ev Zvi Pq
QvU|
cwj (Silt) 0.002 nZ 0.02 wgwjwgUvi|
my evwjKYv (Fine sand) 0.02 nZ 0.2 wgwjwgUvi|
gvUv evwj KYv 0.2 nZ 2 wgwjwgUvi|
my cv_yi KYv (Fine gravel) 2 nZ 5 wgwjwgUvi
mvaviY cv_yi KYv (Gravel
soil)
5 wgwjwgUvii AwaK|

gvwUi eybb me mgvb bq| GUv wbfi Ki wbqbKvix Dcv`vb jvi ewki
Dci| wbqbKvix wbqvgK mg~nt -

1) wQ`gqZv ev mwQ`Zv(porosity)t
wQ`gqZv ev mwQ`Zv ejZ Avgiv gwKv ev wkjvi Afi k~b vb ev dvKv
RvqMvK eywS| GB wQ` gqZv ev mwQ`Zv gvwU MVbKvix wkjvi wewfb Aevi Dci
wbfi Ki
`vbvi AvKvi(shape)
`vbvi AvqZb(size)
`vbvi webvm(arrangement)
`vbvi `pZv(compaction)
`vbvi mshvRbZv(cementation)
`vbvi fyiZv(fracturing). Gi Dci|

gvwUi `vbv mg~n eo I MvjvKvi Ges mvwie fve web nj wQ`gqZv ekx
ne; wK `vbv wj hw` AmgvbZj wewk nq Ges GKvi fve web _vK
Zvnj wQ`gqZv AbKUv nvm cvq|
+||< -|-|

wP bs 21



Kvb vbi gwKvi wQ` gqZvK wbgi m~i mvnvh cKvk Kiv hvq-

wQ`gqZv =
SA
S
100

GLvb
S = gwKvi ga k~b vbi AvqZb
SA =gwKvi AvqZb|
Kvb GKwU vbi wkjvi gvU AvqZbi GK PZz_vsk k~b vb _vKj Gi
wQ`gqZv ne 25% fvM| wewfb f~ZvwK Dcv`vbi wQ`gqZv wewfb aibi|

2) cekZv (permeability)t
gvwUi eybbi GKwU DjLhvM wbqvgK nQ cekZv| cekZv ejZ eyywS
GKK mgq Kvb wbw` cwigvY gvwUZ h cwigvY cvwb cek KiZ cvi| GB
cekZv wbfi Ki gvwUi `vbvi AvKvi AvKwZ Ges msKvPbkxjZvi Dci | hw`
w`b GK eMwgUvi gvwUZ GK wjUvi cvwb cek Ki Ze H gvwUi c ekZv ne
GK wjUvi/w`b/eMwgUvi| cekZv I wQ`gqZv cii mK hy| A_vr
wQ`gqZv ekx nj cekZv ewk ne| Avevi wQ`gqZv Kg nj cekZv Kg
ne| AbK mgq Gi ewZg `Lv hvq | hgb Kv`vgvwUi wQ` gqZv ewk
njI, cekZvi cwigvY Kg nq| evwj gvwUi wQ`gqZv Kg njI, Gi cekZv
ewk nq _vK| dj Kv`v gvwU cvwb avib KiZ cvijI, evwj gvwU Zv cvi
bv|


mviYx bs 40t gvwUi c ekZv
Dcv`vb wQ`gqZv %
wnmve
cekZv Mvjb/w`b/eMdzU
Kv`v 50-60 0.00001-0.001
wm 20-40 0.001-10
evwj 30-40 10-10,000
Mvfj 25-35 10,000-1,00,000
m~t Water, Earth and Man by R J Chorley.



3) f~ci Dcwiii Aev t
f~ci Dcwiii Aev _K eySv hvq gvwUi eybb Kgb? f~ci DcwifvM
cvwb aviKi MfxiZv Ges m ii gavKlb kwi cfve cvwb gwKvi
dvK w`q wbgvwfgyL c ek Ki Ges GB cevnK L viv c Kvk Kiv nq| GB
cevn gvvi kxl Pvc f~ci cwZeKZv D Gi Dci wbf i Ki Ges mvgwM K
kxl Pvc wbMgb(D+L) gvvi Dci wbfi Ki| hw` e wcvZi iZ D Ges
L Gi gvv mgvb _vK Ze cevn kw c wZeKZvi Zzjbvq kwkvjx _vK
ZLb cvwb gw&Kvi Afi AwZ` Z c ek Ki|





6) m~ gwKv KYvi aZKib t
m~ gwKv KYvi aZKib gvwUi eybb cwieZb Ki| cvwb Abycek Kvjxb mgq
AwZ m~ `vbv cvwbi mwnZ gvwUi Afi c ek Ki Ges QvKbv wnmve KvR
Ki| GB m~ KYv mg~n gvwUi `vbvi b vb mg~n Rgv nq| hvi KviY
Abycek gZv nvm cvq|




+|+|< <-- -|++<

gwKv ewk
1| ej gvwU (Sandy Soil)t k Kij evjyKvgq ej gb ne Ges Avyj
Kvb gvwU jM _vKe bv| fvjfve wfRvj Bnv AvVvjv Abyf~Z bv nq
ANbxf~Z ej gb ne| DcwZ KwYKvi AvK wZ Abymvi Bnv m~, gag ev
gvUv nZ cvi|

2| ej `v-Auvk (Sandy Loam) evjyKvgq wK fRv Aevq Avyji
mvT jM _vKe| fRvj GK GKwU mshvMkxj `jv ev ej
cwiYZ Kiv hvq| Bnv m~ gag ev gvUv nZ cvi|
3| cwj `v-Avuk (Silty loam) evjyKvgq bq, cvi cwic~Y gb ne|
`jv ev ej cwiYZ Kiv nj Zv mnR weKZ ne bv wK DcwifvM
gmY Kivi Pv Kij Zv AwZ mnRB weKZ nq
hve|

4| GuUj `v-Avuk (Clay loam) h_ Av` nj AvVvjv nq| AcvKZ Kg
Av` nj Ges eji AvKwZ `vb Kij Gi DcwifvM gmY nq
Ges weKwZi Bnv h_ cwZeKZvi mw Ki|











+|+|< | |

gwKv j^Q` Kij Dci _K i Ki gv^q wbPi w`K bvbv ewk I
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wbw` j bKkv Ki KvhweeiYx LvZvq `Lvbv nq, cvUvMvd
(Pantograph) h i mvnvh G bKkv Zwi Kiv nq| bKkvZ cwZwU Dw`i
`LjKZ vb Zv`i MY I cRvwZMZ bvgi Av`i jLv nq| hgb-avbi
evwbK bvg Oryzxa sativea G Os jLv nq|
c |+ +|<|+ t G cwZZ KvqvWUi Af~ cwZwU cRvwZi weUc
wKsev GKwU wbw` DPZvq weUci Ask KU c_Kfve wKq Kbv IRb I
mejvi gvU IRb wbYq Kiv nq| G aibi cwZ ZYf~wgi eenvi Kiv
nq|
e |<- +|<|+ t G cwZZ KvqvWU mg`~iZ KqKwU mi I Lvov
` eenvi Kiv nq| AZtci Dj^fve vwcZ `i mv_ cwZwU Dw `i ki
msLv iKW Kiv nq|
"|<| +|<|+ : G cwZZ KvqvW U c _g Rwici ci mwU b bv
Ki cieZx Rwici Rb wPwZ Ki ivLv nq| Gme KvqvWUwU eov ev
Rvj w`q wNi ivLv nq Ges wbw` mgqi ci Avevi Rwic Kiv nq| G
cwZZ c wZ eQi GKB KvqvW U Rwic Kiv nq ej GK vqx KvqvWU ejv
nq|


. |-# +|+
U vbR ki A_ mshy I msKxY j^v dvwj| G cwZZ GKwU AwewQb
msKxY j^v dvwji bvq vb we`gvb Dw` mc`vq Rwic Kiv nq| DPz wUjv ev
cvnvoi Xvj A_ev wfb `ywU Dw`Mvxi wgjbj Drcb Dw`MvxK Rwic
Kivi Rb G cwZ Dchy| wbg KqK cKvi U vbR cwZ AvjvPbv Kiv nj-
: <| |-# (Line transect) t mvaviYZ DPz -wbPz GjvKv, b`xi ZxieZx
GjvKv I cvnvox GjvKvi Rwic KvR G cwZi eenvi Kiv nq| G cwZZ
GKwU wbw` vbi wKQz Ask GKwU mijiLv w`q Av`k vb wbevPb Ki H iLv
eivei wbw` `~iZ ch cqvRbxq Dcv msMn Kiv nq|



iLv UvbR cwZZ Dw Rwici bgybv



wP bs 25

> |+| |-# (Belt/strip transect) t G cwZZ GKwU ck
GjvKvq mijiLv eivei Dw`K wPwZ Ki Rwic KvR Pvjvbv nq|
+|+< |-# (Isolation Transect) t G cwZZ wZbwU dvwji
bvq ck GjvKvq Dw` mc`vqi Rwic Pvjvbv nq| Rwici Rb wbevwPZ
vbi `N c wewfb wewfb nq _vK| Mevw` ci PviY GKwU Dg
cwZ| G cwZZ c_g gaeZx j^v AskwU Mevw` ci Pivbv _K gy iL
`ycvki wKQz Ask eenvi Kiv nq| wbw` mgqci eeZ AskwU ev` w`q Ab
Ask Mevw` c Pivbv nq| Mevw` c Pivbvi dj wK cwgivY Ask wZM nq
Zv mnR Gi viv cwigvc Kiv nq|
. <|## +|+ (Bisect Method)
G cwZZ mc`vqf~ Dw`i AvcwK DPZv, `LjKZ vb, AewwZ,
g~jwebvm, g~ji MfxiZv cfwZ wbYq Kiv nq| hvi dj Avjv cvwb, LwbR `e
I vbi Rb GK Acii mv_ wKfve mnvevb KiQ m mK GKwU
Zzjbvg~jK aviYv cvIqv hvq|
<. <| #|< +|+ (Line intercept method)
G cwZZ GKwU iLv U vbR eivei c wZwU Dw` evqygj wK cwigvY RvqMv
`Lj Ki iqQ Zv wbY q Kiv nq|



s. +|+<| +|+ (Camera Method)
G cwZZ Kvb GKwU wKvbvKvi g _K GKwU wbw` Kvgivi mvnvh
wewfb mgq Kvb GK ev GKvwaK eMi Qwe Zvjv nq cieZxZ cwZ eQii
wewfb FZz Z Dw` mc`vqi e w H Qwe _K wbYq Kiv nq| DjL h GKB
Kvgivq GKB `~iZ, DPZv I w`K _K Qwe ZzjZ nq|
. <<<< -| +|+ (Annual count Method)
mvaviYZ GB cwZ Dw`i eqm wbYq I Rxevkwe`vi eenvi Kiv
nq| G cwZZ Dw`i `n Q`b Ki el ejq Mbbv Kiv nq Ges Dw`i
AvbygvwbK eqm wbYq Kiv nq| GKwU GjvKvq cvPxb Kvj Kvb aibi Dw` wQj
ZvI Rxevki elejq Mbbv Ki wbicY Kiv nq _vK |


+| |<< +|< :

Dw` mc`vq mK Z_ I vb jvfi Rb Dw Rwic Acwinvh| Kvb
ei h_vh_ Rwic bv nj Zvi Avmj ic I Z_ Rvbv m e nq bv| Dw Rwic
Qvov GKwU `ki Kv_vq, wKfve, Kvb cwiek Kvb cRvwZi Dw` RbvQ
Zv Rvbv me bq| ay Rwici gvagB G welq Rvbv m e| cw_exi me `kB
Dw Rwici gvag Dw` m`i mwVK wP Zz j aiv nq| evsjv`k G
KvRwU cyivcywi GLbv mb nqwb Ze wewQbfve KvR PjQ| Avkv Kiv hvq
c~Yv Rwic KvR mb njB G`k KZ cRvwZi Dw` iqQ I Zvi mwVK wP
cvIqv hve| Dw Rwici iZ ej kl Kiv hve bv| cw_exi Kv_vq
Dw`i ^Zv, Kv_vq AvwaK iqQ Zvi mwVK Z_ ei KiZ Dw Rwic Lye
Riix|


+<||< |< <||| --|< +|<<+| =|+|< +| |<

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wbf i Ki| Aek GKB Rjevqy c~Y GjvKvq Zvi f~-c K wZ I g wKvi
cv_ K Dw i vbxq cv_ Ki Rb `vqx| ZvB evsjv`ki Dw `ivwR
mK AvjvPbv KiZ Mj Zvi fMwjK Ae vb, cwiek, b`x -
bvjv BZvw` mK I vbjvf Kiv Acwinvh | hw`I Avgv`i `kUv
QvU Zey I Dw `i w`K _K G`ki ewP bnvr Kg bq| GKw`K



jR Dw `i hgb c vPz h Abw`K evsjv`kK RjR Dw `i
^ M ivR ejv Pj|

mgy` c nZ f~wgi Kg DPZv, AwaK e wcvZ, evcmvMii bKU,
Di wngvjq ce Zi Ae vb c f wZ KviY mgM evsjv`ki Rjevqy
wbixq gmygx (Tropical monsoon) Ges g `y fvcb |

`wY-cwg w`K _K M x Kvj gmy gx evqy c evni dj evsjv`ki
c Pz i e wcvZ nq Ges AvevnIqv Vvv ivL| Avevi kxZKvj Di-c~e
gmy gx evqy wngvjq ce Z evav cq Ici DV hvq ej kxZKvj
Zgb kxZi Zxe Zv _vK bv| evsjv`k kxZKvjxb Mo Zvcgvv 15
0

mjwmqvm Ges M x Kvjxb Mo Zvcgvv 30
0
mjwmqvm|


`wY-c~e Av` gmy gx evqy c evn M x I el vKvj evsjv`k c Pz i
e wcvZ nq _vK| wK kxZKvj AcvK Z Di-c~e gmy gx
evqy i Rb e wcvZ nq bv ejjB Pj| G`k evwl K Mo e wcvZ c vq
2000 wgwjwgUvi|


<|-|< ++< t Uc, LvZv, Kjm, wK c evW c f wZ |

+| |<< |<< ++:

Avgiv evMLvjx b`xi Zxi Dw Rwic Kivi mgq wbg wjwLZ Dk
jvK mvgb iL Rwic KvR cwiPvjbv Kwi| Dkjv nQ-
1| b`xi Zxi _K Zjf` Dw c RvwZi msLv wbY q|
2| Zjf` c RvwZ mg~ni ga cv_ K Ges Gi KviY wbY q|
3| Dw mc `v qi RvwbsKiY Ges gvbwP Dc vcb|
4| Dw ` Rwici cvkvcvwk mLvbKvi g wKvi aib wbY q|
5| wewfb Zji ga mvavib (Common) Dw` R c RvwZ wbY q|
6| evMLvjx b`xi ZxieZ x GjvKvi Dw i k YxwebvmKiY|





|<+ + =|+|< +| |-< -+|<| |-<|++:

RwicK Z evMLvjx b`x ZxieZ x GjvKvwU +<||< | kni _K 3
wKjvwgUvi `~i Aew Z| G GjvKvwU f~MvVwbKfve AjwU gnxLvZxq
AeevwnKvq AewZ || mgy ` c _K Gi DPZv mvgvbB 2-3 wgUvi|
Avgv`i RwicK Z GjvKvi wZbwU Zji ga me wbg Zj el vKvj
cvweZ nq| wK me vP Zj cvweZ nq bv|
Avgv`i RwicK Z GjvKvZ Dw ` m wZ h mKj wbqvgK c ZK
wKsev civ f~wgKv cvjb Ki mjv wbg i c-
: |<|<| <|< t RwicK Z GjvKvwU mgy`vcK~jxq Rjevqy
Aji AM Z|

|<++ +| -< +<+|< -1+


| -t >e


> +|+|| t KevRvi wWm^i I Rvbyqvwi gvm Zvcgvv mePq Kg, 78.8
wWwM dvibnvBU| Gwc j gvm Zvcgvv mePq ewk| evwlK Zvcgvv I ewcvZ
h_vg 74 wWwM dvibnvBU I 144 Bw|

.<|8|+ t G Aj mvaviYZ Gwcj _K Avei ch ewcvZ msNwUZ nq
|
G Aj ewcvZi cwigvb 320-360 mwUwgUvi|
+|+| t Avgv`i RwicKZ GjvKvq mvavibZ cvP aibi gvwU `Lv hvq| h_v-
ej gvwU, ej `vAvu k gvwU, cwj `vAuvk gvwU, GUj `vAvk gvwU , Kv`v
`vAvk gvwU (miRwgb cheY, gvP - 2010

|<++ =|+|< |
Avgv`i RwicKZ RwicK Z evMLvjx b`x ZxieZ x GjvKvwU wQj Xvj
wewk|GLvb wewfb c Kvi Xvj wewfb c Kvi Dw` cwijwZ nq |

<|- | t mewb XvjwU 0-10 Bw aiv nqQ| GLvb cavbZ `yB c RvwZi
Dw h_v exir I Dcj cRvwZi Dw `Lv hvq | exir cRvwZi ga
`yev MvQ I jZv Avi Dcj cRvwZi ga KvUvhy MvQ , we`vNvm ,Qb ,Kqv
cfwZ Dw` `Lv hvq | GB Aj Av`Zv AwaK Ges ej gwKv | ZvB GLvb
Dw`i NbZ Kg|


+<+ |: gag Xvj 10-100 Bw aiv nqQ| GLvb exir , Dcj, j
cRvwZi Dw `Lv hvq | GLvb Dw`i NbZ gvSvwi aibi | gwKv ej
`vAvk | GB Aj Av`Zv cwiwgZ _vK |

<| | t mevP Xvj 100-300 Bw ch aiv nqQ | GLvb ei
AvwaK ewk `Lv hvq | ei ga Avg , Rvg , LRyi, bvwiKj, SvD,
BwcjBwcj ,wk, KoB c f wZ c avb | G Aj Dw `i NbZ ewk
,Av` Zv gag |


+| :
Dw` Rwici Data nQ Dcv| Kvb Rwici mwVK msLv ei KivB nQ
Dcv| Gjv wbg & AvjvPbv Kiv nj-



+) |+|++ <|8
cvKwZK ewk AbKjv welqi Dci wbfikxj,Gjv nQ
: | (Slope) t Avgv`i RwicKZ GjvKvq Xvj mvgvb
cKwZi| Ze ewi cvwb mnRB wbvwkZ nZ cvi|
> |-+ (Aspect) t RwicKZ GjvKvi w`K wbaviYK Aspect ej|
Avgv`i RwicKZ GjvKvwUi w`K wQj `wY |
+|+| (Soil) t Avgv`i RwicKZ GjvKv gwKv cvP aibi hv-ej
gvwU, ej `vAvuk gvwU, cwj `vAuvk gvwU, GUj `vAvk gvwU , Kv`v `vAvk
gvwU (mi Rwgb ch eY, gvP - 2010| Ze GLvb ej gvwUi cwigvY ewk|
< -| t Avgv`i RwicKZ GjvKvi me wbg I gag Zj gvwUZ Re
c`v_ i cwigvb Kg wQj| Ze mevP jvi gvwUZ Re c`v_ i cwigvb ewk
wQj|
c |-|- <<"| t Avgv`i RwicKZ GjvKvwU gvUvgywU Xvj wewk nIqvq
wbvkb gvUvgywU Dg cKwZi|
) ||++ +
: <|- | ||+< t|
Avgv`i RwicKZ GjvKvi
mewb Xvj aygv 10 wU exir cRvwZ Ges 1 wU Dcj cRvwZiDw`
cqwQ|
> +<+ | ||+< t|
Avgv`i RwicKZ GjvKvq gag Zj aygv 10wU exir cRvwZ,8wU Dcj
cRvwZ Ges 2wU j c RvwZ Dw` cqwQ|
<| | ||+< t|
Avgv`i RwicKZ GjvKvq mevP Zj aygv 9wU exir, 9wU Dcj,
5wU j I 38 wU e RvZxq Dw` cRvwZ cqwQ|


+| |< +| |+ +|+
cwiek wevbx, Dw ` wevbx I f~Mvjwe`iv Kvb GjvKvi Dw`
mc`vqji MVb, ewk, cRvwZi msLv wewfb i, cRvwZi Aevb, wewZi
aiY, cvPz h AvqZb cf wZ welqjv mK mwVK aviYv cvIqvi Rb Rwic KvR
cwiPvjbv Kib| G Rwic KvR cwiPvjbvi Zviv wewfb cwZ eenvi Ki
_vKb| Rwic KvR cwiPvjbvi c~e Rwic cwZi msv I Zvi wewfb cwZ
mK aviYv _vKv AvekK| mvaviYfve ejv hvq h, Dcv h Dcvq msMn
Kiv nq ZvK cwZ ej| myZivs ejv hvq Kvb GjvKvi Dw` mc`vqi A
f~ wewfb cRvwZi mwVK Z_vejx msMni c vK Dw Rwic cwZ ej|
Kvb GjvKvq Dw Rwic KvR myzfve cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb wbgwjwLZ cwZ
jv eenvi Kiv nq| h_v-
1| eM cwZ ;
2| U vbR cwZ ;
3| wL cwZ ;
4| jvBb BUvim cwZ ;
5| Kvgiv cwZ ;
6| elejq cwZ ;
Avgiv evMLvjx b`x ZxieZ x GjvKvq Dw Rwic KvR cwiPvjbvi
Linear square cwZ eenvi KiwQ|
RwicKZ GjvKvi AvweZ Dw` cRvwZ

|+|-< |<++ =|+|< |+<| < +|- ||+ -|v | v-
<|< t `~ev Nvm, jZv |
+, t KvUvhy MvQ, we`vNvm, Qb, Kqv |
, t eo KvUv j , Qb |
< t Avg , Rvg , bvwiKj, SvD, BwcjBwcj ,wk, KoB c f wZ |
| t LRyi |


RwicKZ GjvKvi Dw`

| -t >e



|<++ =|+|< +|-< ||<-|

mvaviYZ Dw`i AvKvi, AvK wZ I cK wZMZ wewfb ewkvejxi
cviwiK mv`k I emv`ki Ici wfw Ki G`iK wKsWg, wefvM, kYx,
eM, Mv, MY, cRvwZ cfwZ i G Dcvcb Kivi cwZK k Yxwebvm ej|
Avgv`i RwicKZ evMLvjx b`xi ZxieZx GjvKvK c _g wZbwU f~wg Zj fvM
Kiv nqQ| cieZxZ Linear square cwZZ wewfb Zj Avjv`v Avjv`v
fve Dw`i Record Kiv nqQ| H GjvKvi Record KZ Dw`K MxK
`vk wbK w_Idvvmi k Yxwebvm AbymiY Ki k bxwebvm Kiv nqQ| h_v

: <|< (Herb) t big Kv wewk QvU QvU Dw` jvK weir ej|
Avgv`i RwicKZ wZbwU f~wg Zji ga mejv Zj exir Gi cvavb wQj|
GLvb h mKj exir RvZxq Dw` cvIqv MQ mjvi ga `~ev Nvm, jZv,
DjLhvM|

> +, (Under shrub) t ji Pq QvU AvKvii Kvj RvZxq
Dw`K Dcj ej| Avgv`i RwicKZ GjvKvi mejv ZjB Dcj RvZxq
Dw` cvIqv MQ|

, (Shrub) t h mKj Dw` Kvj, eelRxex, my GKK Kvnxb
Ges Mvov nZ AwaK kvLv c kvLv wevi Ki Svc cwiYZ nqQ Zv`i j
ej| Avgv`i RwicK Z GjvKvZ j RvZxq ei cvavb AvQ |

< (Tree) t my GKK Kv ev wo wewk DPz Kvj RvZxq Dw`K
e ej| Avgv`i RwicKZ GjvKvi mevP Zj e RvZxq Dw`i cvavb
iqQ| Rwic KvRi dj m mKj e cqwQ mjv nQ Avg , Rvg ,
bvwiKj, SvD, BwcjBwcj ,wk, KoB c f wZ |




|<|-c : |<++ =|+|< +|-< ||<-|

f~wgi
Zj
Mc
bs
`yiZ
c`c
Dw`
exir Dcj j e
A 100-
300
Bw
bvB 1,
cvUMvQ
bvB 5, bvwiKj, SvD, wk,Avg, BwcjBwcj
B 100-
300
Bw
2 `yev 1, KvUv
MvQ
1, KvUv
MvQ
KoB, evu k, gv`vi,
bvwiKj,GKvwk,eiB,Rvg,Avg,LRy i
,
mevP
Xvj
C 100-
300
Bw
1.`yev 3.wd`v,
Qb,
KvUvMvQ
10 IB 10, IB
D 100-
300
Bw
2. IB 2. gvUv
Qb
3.eo
Qb
KvUvMvQ
SvD ,GKvwk, evu k,LRy i
E 100-
300
3.
`yev
2. IB bvB bvwiKj,SvD ,GKvwk,Rvg,Avg, KoB,
BDKvwjcUvm cfwZ|

+ : +|- |<- >:

Bw

A

100-
300
Bw
1.`yev
2.KvUvhy
MvQ
bvB bvB
B

100-
300
Bw
2.`ye v 1.KvUvhy
MvQ
1. evv
KvUv
j
bvB
gag
Xvj
C

100-
300
Bw
2.`ye v 2.KvUvhy
MvQ
bvB bvB
D

100-
300
Bw
2.`ye v 2.Qb
KvUvhy
MvQ
KvUvMvQ
evv
bvB
E

100-
300
Bw
3.`ye v Kqv bvB bvB

A

100-
300
Bw
2.`ye v bvB bvB bvB
B

100-
300
Bw
2.`ye v 1.KvUv
MvQ
bvB bvB
me
wbXvj
C

100-
300
Bw
2.`ye v bvB bvB bvB
D

100-
300
Bw
2.`ye v bvB bvB bvB
E

100-
300
Bw
2.`ye v bvB bvB bvB






















Dcmsnvi

f~Mvj vb ARb Kivi Rb ZvwK vbi mv_ eenvwiK vb _vKv cqvRb|
MelYv Qvov f~Mvji cKZ vb ARb Kiv mfe bq| f~Mvj MelYvi Rb
wewfb Rwici gvag Kvb welq ev e mK cqvRbxq Z_ msM n Kiv nq|
cv_wgK Z_ wbfi MelYv cwZe`b Zixi gvag f~Mvji eenvwiK vb ARb
Kiv hvq|
evMLvjx b`xi Dfq Zxii f~c KwZ `ki Abvb mgZj Aji gZv | b`x
Zxi gvSvwi gvbi Xvj hy | evMLvjx b`x PMvg cveZ PMvg b`x eevi
GKwU b`x | Gi Zxi Xvj hy I mgZj f~-cK wZ `Lv hvq| evMLvjx b`x
Zxi cveb f~wgi wewfb f~wgic j Kiv hvq| b`xi `N 64 wKjvwgUvi |
b`x webvm KQc AvKwZi | evMLvjx b`x gnkLvjx Pvbji gvag
evcmvMi cwZZ nqQ|evMLvjx b`xi ZxieZx Aji g wKvZ ecK ewP
j Kiv hvq | GLvbKvi gwKvi cvk wP cvq bq aibi i cwijwZ nq |
Ze GLvb ej gvwUi AvwaK ewk Ges gvwUi KvwVb gvSvwi gvbi | gvwUi
wbvkb eev gvUvgywU aibi |
GKwU `ki cvKwZK cwieki iZ c~Y Dcv`vb nQ m `ki cvKwZK
Dw| GgbwK `ki RvZxq A_ bxwZ cwiek `~lY A_ vr cvKwZK cwieki
fvimvg iv_ Dw` iZ c~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki| RwicK Z GjvKvwU
ch eY Ki Avgiv `LZ cvB hnZz GjvKvwU evMLvjx b`xi ZxieZx Aj
myZivs GLvb wbvkb eev Dg| gwKvZ evwji cwigvY ewk nIqvZ mewb
Zj exir RvZxq Dw` cvavb `Lv hvq wK Abvb Zj gwKvi ej `uv-
Avk weavq mLvb AwZgvv cwigvY j I AwaK cwigvY e RvZxq Dw`i
mgvnvi `Lv hvq| evsjv`k Abvb Aji Zzjbvq KevRvi Rjvi KevRvi
m`ii Rjevqy I c K wZMZ evcK cv_K j Kiv hvq| mB Rb GLvb
Dw`i ga ewPZv j Kiv hvq| GB Aj mgy`vcK~jxq Rjevqy weivR
Kiv b`x mgZj _K jfvMi w`K wewfb aibi Dw` `LZ cvIqv hvq|
ZvB GLvbKvi Dw` c RvwZi msLvI cRvwZ wbaviY Ges Dw` msv hveZxq
Z_ msMn KiZ AviI Dw` Rwic Kvh Pvjvbv Acwinvh|

Mcw

K.
Avyi iDd, KvRx I Avym mvC`, f~wg eenvi Rwic, XvKv t myRbly
cKvkbx, 1989|
A_ gYvjq,2004| evsjv`k A_bwZK mgxv 2004,XvKv tRyb
2004|
Avjg, W. kvgmyj (mv.), 1995| Rvnvb f~wPvejx, Rvnvb wcwUs G
Kvjvi c mm wjwgUW,XvKv|
Bjvnx, W. K, gI`y`; 1987| evsjv`ki esM AeevwnKvi weeZb Ges
b`xi cwievn eev,f~Mvj cwKv,Rvwe,msLv 5 I 6, c. 1-5|
Dwb,wgRv gwdR, 1983|evsjv`ki f~cKwZ GKwU mgxv,f~Mvj
cwKv,Rvwe,msLv2,c.412|
Kexi, Av m g ndRyj . 2009, b`xt f~wgicZvwK weeiY , XvKv :
cZxwZ|
Payix, wmivRyj Bmjvg, 1988|Av_bxwZK f~Mvjt wek I evsjv`k,
XvKv,XvKv wekwe`vjq|
Payix,Avyj gwgb, 2002| cvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm I mswZ, XvKvt
eYvqb|
ev. c. ey.,2003| cwimsLvb el M 2004, XvKv|
evKx,Avyj,1998| MvgxY emwZ|ewk,Dbqb I cwiKbv cm,
XvKvte cKvkbx|
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