Methods Of Cooling Of Rotating Electrical Machines - Presentation Transcript

1. 2. METHODS OF COOLING OF ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES Why is cooling needed ? o Energy transfer and energy conversion in rotating machines manifest losses. o These losses appear as heat and increase temperature of the machine beyond its optimum level. o Heat is dissipated to surroundings by conduction and convection assisted by radiation from outer surfaces. What is cooling ? o Process by which heat resulting from losses occurring in a machine is given up to a primary coolant by increasing its temperature. o Heated primary coolant may be replaced by a new coolant at lower temperature or may be cooled by a secondary coolant in some form of heat exchanger. COOLANTS AND HEAT EXCHANGERS o Primary Coolant : lower temperature than machine part o Secondary Coolant : lower temperature than primary coolant o Heat Exchanger : Component that keeps two coolants separate but allows transfer of heat energy between them Methods of cooling o Size of a machine of a given duty depends on heat losses in its various parts. o Small machines ( fractional H.P.) cooled by natural means. o Modern machines require cooling. o Cooling by air stream ventilation COOLING SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION o Based on origin of cooling : o Natural cooling o Self cooling o Separate cooling o Based on manner of cooling : o Open circuit ventilation o Surface ventilation o Closed circuit ventilation o Liquid cooling Enclosures for machines o Open machine o Protected machine o Drip proof machine o Pipe/duct ventilated machine o Totally enclosed machine o Watertight machine o Weather proof machine o Submersible machine o Flame proof machine o Totally enclosed gas circuit machine o Open pedestal machine o Open end bracket machine o Screen protected machine o Splash proof machine o Hose proof machine o Totally enclosed fan cooled o Totally enclosed separately air cooled machine o Totally enclosed liquid cooled machine o Totally enclosed closed air circuit machine TYPES OF VENTILATION o INDUCED o Fan decrease in air pressure inside machine air sucked in pushed out by fan o Small, medium machines o FORCED o Fan sucks air from atmosphere forces it into machine air pushed out o Temperature of cooling air rises due to heat loss o More amount of air required

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RADIAL VENTILATION Most common, up to 20 kW rating Large machines large core lengths core subdivided to provide radial ventilating ducts Advantages : min. energy loss for ventilation, almost uniform temp. rise in axial direction Disadvantages : makes machine length larger, cooling might be unstable with amount of cooling air flowing 10. AXIAL VENTILATION o Used in induction machines (medium o/p, high speed machines) o Solid rotor restricts radial ventilation o Holes punched where heat loss is more o Disadvantages : non-uniform heat transfer, increased iron loss (ducts in slots of rotor reduce amount of iron inc flux density in core increase in iron loss) 11. AXIAL-RADIAL VENTILATION o For Large motors, small turbo-alternators o axial system large iron loss so mixed system is used o Rotor mounted fan forces out the air. o As a rule, induction motors having radial ducts in stator & rotor use forced self ventilation. 12. COOLING OF TOTALLY ENCLOSED MACHINE o Totally enclosed machines heavy, expensive, hence uneconomical o Air impurities destroy insulation o Natural cooling ineffective rating reduces o Cooled by : o Self ventilated frame, Ventilated radiator machines 13. VENTILATED FRAME MACHINES o Self ventilated frame, fan enclosed on shaft outside working part of machine o Fan enclosed by cover to secure direction of air flow for machine rating < 25 kW o For rating > 25 kW, internal fan( primary coolant)+ external fan( secondary coolant) o Internal fan inside machine ,avoids temp. gradient across air gap 14. VENTILATED RADIATOR MACHINES o Internal fan circulates air inside machine o External fan sucks hot air from inside pushes it back to radiators (heat exchangers) on frame of machine o Totally enclosed machine upto 5 MW o At higher ratings, air may be cooled by water if convenient 15. COOLING CIRCUIT o OPEN CIRCUIT VENTILATION : o Cold air drawn in, forced out after passing over heated machine parts o filters required to clean air, driers to remove moisture o Unsuitable for large machines o CLOSED CIRCUIT VENTILATION : o Same volume of air passes through a closed ckt path has fans,coolers, drying agents hot air from outlets is cooled cool air enters through the inlets 16. COOLING OF TURBO-ALTERNATOR o Closed circuit ventilation o Long core length, small diameter o Methods : o air cooled (one side axial, two side axial , multiple inlet system) o hydrogen cooled o Direct cooled 17. AIR COOLED TURBO-ALTERNATORS o For small units used as auxilliaries in large power stations o 1 side axial ventilation : upto 3MW o Air supply by propeller fan air enters at an end, leaves by the other o In long machines, temperature rise is high along the length 18. AIR COOLED TURBO-ALTERNATORS o 2 sided axial ventilation : o Air forced from both sides, both windings have same temperature rise o Used for machine rating up to 12MW o Multiple inlet system : larger machines o Outer stator many chambers alternate inlets and outlets up to rating 60MW 19. HYDROGEN COOLING OF TURBO-ALTERNATORS o For machines > 50MW, air cooling unsuitable o No requisite amount of air, higher fan power

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Advantages of hydrogen cooling : Increased efficiency Increase in rating Increase in life span Elimination of fire hazard Smaller size of cooler Less noise 20. HYDROGEN COOLING SYSTEM o Hydrogen(4-76 %)+air explosive mixture o Frame strong enough, all joints gas tight o Hydrogen above atmospheric pressure, so leakage is from machine to atmosphere o Gas pressure maintained o Explosive mix avoided o Purity of hydrogen checked by measuring its thermal conductivity 21. DIRECT COOLING OF TURBO-ALTERNATOR o Conventional cooling o Direct cooling : Losses dissipated to medium circulating in windings o Called supercharged/conductor cooled/ inner cooled machines o Advantages : increase in rating,winding temperature goes down and higher output o Coolants used : hydrogen, water, oil 22. Coolants in direct cooling o Hydrogen : o Stator, rotor made hollow o Hydrogen pumped from one end to other o Used for machines with rating up to 300MW o Oil : o High grade transformer oil o Used in US-direct cooling of stator conductors o Flash point, can be reached in fault conditions, damages insulation 23. Water as coolant in direct cooling o Higher rating mechanical limitations for hydrogen cooling o Water : superior heat transfer property, low viscosity, no high pressure heads required for circulation o Advantages : smaller pumping power o Higher load is possible as no temperature difference between conductors and water o For rating up to 600 MW 24. Thank You ! Anwesa Nanda Reg. No. 0711014018 Branch EEE 25. Q&A Session

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