Cisco Press
201 West 103rd Street
Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
Cisco CCNA 1 2
,
2005
32.973.26018.2.75
78
681.3.07
. ..
. , . , .. ,
. .. .. , .. , ..
. .. ..
:
info@williamspublishing.com, http://www.williamspublishing.com
115419, , / 783; 03150, , / 152
Cisco CCNA 1 2. ,
3 ., .: . . .: , 2005. 1168 .: .
. . .
ISBN 5845908426 (.)
, .
, ,
, , IP,
. OSI,
, , . ,
Ethernet Ethernet. ,
IOS, TCP/IP
.
32.973.26
018.2.75
.
, ,
,
Cisco Press.
Authorized translation from the English language edition published by Cisco Press, Copyright 2004 by The
Cisco Systems, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval system,
without permission from the Publisher.
Russian language edition published by Williams Publishing House according to the Agreement with R&I
Enterprises International, Copyright 2005
Cisco, http://www.academy.ciscopress.ru.
ISBN 5845908426 (.)
ISBN 1587131501 (.)
, 2005
by The Cisco Systems, Inc., 2004
27
29
I. CCNA 1:
37
1.
39
2.
79
3.
157
4.
229
5. LAN WAN
259
6. Ethernet
303
7. Ethernet
355
8. Ethernet,
405
9. TCP/IP IP,
437
10.
489
11.
TCP/IP
547
II. CCNA 2:
581
12.
583
13.
631
14.
665
15.
697
6
16. Cisco IOS
723
17.
757
18. ,
797
19.
TCP/IP
845
20.
869
21. TCP/IP
905
22.
933
III.
.
973
975
1095
1109
1145
Cisco Systems
23
23
25
26
27
29
29
29
30
31
35
36
36
I. CCNA 1:
1.
Internet
Internet
TCP/IP
ping
Web)
Internet
,
37
39
41
41
42
47
49
51
51
52
53
55
56
56
56
59
60
( 32(
IP(
62
64
66
66
69
70
71
72
76
2.
OSI
OSI
TCP/IP
79
81
81
85
87
102
110
111
112
114
115
117
119
120
120
122
124
124
126
128
129
130
130
132
132
134
136
138
139
143
146
150
3.
(STP)
,
157
159
160
163
164
165
166
169
172
175
176
177
180
181
183
184
185
187
191
192
194
197
199
208
209
210
213
214
216
217
218
220
223
225
4.
229
230
231
231
233
234
236
236
10
5. LAN WAN
Ethernet
Ethernet
UTP
(
WAN
BRI ISDN
DSL
237
239
240
240
243
244
248
250
251
252
252
253
255
257
259
261
261
263
264
265
268
272
272
274
275
278
279
281
283
286
286
287
289
292
294
295
297
298
299
300
11
6. Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
IEEE Ethernet
Ethernet OSI
MAC(
Ethernet
Ethernet(
Ethernet
MAC(
Ethernet
Ethernet
FCS
Ethernet
303
305
305
307
309
312
313
316
318
320
321
323
327
329
332
334
337
339
341
7. Ethernet
Ethernet 10 100 /
10( Ethernet
10BASE5
10BASE2
10BASE(T
10BASE(T
Ethernet 100 /
100BASE(TX
100BASE(FX
Fast Ethernet
10( Ethernet
Ethernet 1000 /
1000BASE(T
1000BASE(SX 1000BASE(LX
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet 10 /
, 10GbE
Ethernet
355
356
357
361
363
364
367
369
371
374
377
380
380
382
386
389
391
394
398
344
347
348
351
12
399
400
402
8. Ethernet,
Ethernet(
405
407
407
408
411
412
412
414
418
418
420
423
424
428
429
430
432
433
434
9. TCP/IP IP,
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
Internet(
OSI TCP/IP
Internet
Internet
IP(
IPv4
IP(: A, B, C, D E
IP(
IP 4 IP 6
IP(
Internet(
437
438
439
440
442
443
445
446
447
450
450
453
455
458
461
464
466
468
470
470
IP(
IP( RARP
IP( BOOTP
DHCP
(ARP)
10.
IP
IP(
IP(
(
IP(
A B
AND
13
471
472
474
476
478
479
483
484
485
489
491
491
494
495
497
499
500
501
503
507
509
512
514
516
518
521
523
524
524
527
529
533
534
536
539
542
14
11.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
,
TCP
UDP
TCP UDP
DNS
FTP TFTP
HTTP
SMTP
SNMP
Telnet
II. CCNA 2:
12.
,
WAN*
547
548
548
550
551
553
554
556
557
559
559
562
562
566
567
568
570
571
571
572
573
575
581
583
584
584
587
588
591
592
605
607
609
609
614
615
616
617
619
620
15
623
624
625
13.
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS
,
Cisco IOS
show version
631
632
632
632
633
634
638
639
14.
show
Ethernet(
,
665
666
666
674
674
676
678
679
680
681
681
682
682
683
684
684
639
645
646
648
650
652
656
657
659
660
660
661
661
16
685
686
692
693
693
15.
CDP
, CDP
, CDP%
CDP
CDP
Telnet
telnet%
telnet%
Telnet
, IP%
697
698
698
699
702
704
704
705
706
706
707
708
709
710
716
717
717
718
723
724
725
726
727
729
730
733
733
736
737
740
742
744
747
17
749
750
751
752
17.
(
IGP EGP
757
758
758
759
762
766
767
768
769
772
774
18. ,
(
(
(
797
799
799
774
775
775
778
783
786
787
789
790
791
792
793
800
801
803
804
805
806
18
RIP
RIP
RIP
ip classless
RIP
RIP
RIP
RIP
RIP
IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
RIP IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
19.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
Internet (ICMP)
ICMP
ping
(
TCP/IP
ICMP /
807
808
808
810
811
814
816
819
819
821
823
826
826
828
829
830
832
833
835
837
839
840
842
845
846
847
847
848
849
850
853
855
856
857
858
858
859
860
862
20.
show ip route
( (
OSI
ping
telnet
show interfaces
show interfaces
show cdp
traceroute
show ip route show ip protocol
show controllers
debug
19
862
864
865
865
866
867
867
869
870
870
872
873
874
874
875
877
877
879
879
879
880
881
883
884
887
888
888
892
892
893
895
897
898
20
901
901
902
21. TCP/IP
TCP
,
UDP
,
,
MAC(, IP(
905
911
912
913
914
916
919
919
921
921
924
924
925
925
926
928
928
929
22.
any
host
ACL
933
934
936
939
940
943
946
947
947
948
948
952
960
963
965
966
968
969
970
III.
.
,
,
21
973
975
977
977
978
980
981
983
985
989
996
997
1000
1001
1001
1003
1005
1006
1009
1013
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1019
1019
1021
1021
1023
1024
1024
1026
1026
1026
1028
1029
1034
1036
1037
22
:
FARB Software Development
FARB
1037
1037
1038
1039
1042
1044
1047
1051
1052
1055
1056
1062
1063
1064
1068
1070
1070
1072
1074
1074
1074
1076
1077
1077
1078
1080
1080
1082
1082
1083
1084
1084
1087
1088
1088
1088
1090
1095
1109
1145
Cisco Press ,
.
. ,
.
.
,
,
,
networkingacademy@Ciscopress.com. , ,
ISBN.
Cisco .
(Bill Chapman)
(Arcadia). ,
++ Java, ,
CCNA CompTIA A+.
(Academic Mentor Planning Committee),
(Emergency Planning Committee),
(Certified District Technology
Instructor) .
(Pasadena)
,
Cisco CompTIA A+
(Los Angeles County Regional Occupational Program).
Cisco
, .
Cisco CCNA
CompTIA A+, Network+ INet+.
(Allan Johnson)
10 . 1999
.
A&MCorpus Christi :
.
(Mary Carroll High School)
(Del Mar) Corpus Christi . ,
CCNA/CCNP Cisco.
24
(Rick Graziani)
20 .
(Cabrillo)
(Aptos), .
(Loyola Marymount)
(California State University Monterey Bay).
, , OSPF 3, MANET.
CCNP CCAI.
(Mark Boolootian), (Dave Barnett),
(Jim Warner) (Fred Baker)
(Teri)
.
(Elanie Horn) Cisco
(CATC), 1998 .
, .
27 .
TriRivers (
CATC, Cisco Academy Training Centre)
Cisco , , .
CCNA, CCDA CCAI.
(Andrew Large)
1998 . ,
.
13
Cisco .
Cisco
. CCNA, CCNP CCAI.
. (Antoon W. Rufi) ,
2000 . 20
,
II
.
ECPI .
.
,
(Maryland) .
CCNA, CompTIA Network+
, CCNP.
Cisco Systems
Cisco Systems, Inc
.
, .
Catalyst
DSU/CSU
DSU/CSU
ISDN/
Frame Relay
Sun
Macintosh
Web%
Token
Ring
Token Ring
Ethernet
CiscoWorks
IBM
FDDI
FDDI
, IOS
(IOS Command Reference).
:
(|) ,
;
[ ] ;
{ } ;
,
, ;
( )
,
(, show).
Internet
,
.
.
,
, .
, ,
.
. , ,
, , , ,
, ,
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
, Cisco Systems
(Cisco Networking Academy Program CNAP).
,
Internet .
,
Web , ,
, ,
.
Cisco .
,
Web ,
,
. , Cisco
.
, ,
, Cisco
28
Systems .
.
Cisco (Cisco Global Learning Network)
Cisco . :
Internet , ,
. Cisco
.
. Worldwide Education (
) Cisco Press
Cisco, Web.
Cisco Systems ,
,
.
, , ,
Cisco Systems Internet .
,
, . ,
Cisco,
,
, . Cisco,
, (Cisco Learning
Partners)
. ,
(elrarning), (selfpaced)
.
, , Cisco
,
. , ,
Learning & Events ( ) Web
,
.
,
Cisco.
(Kevin Warner)
,
,
Cisco Systems, Inc.
, Cisco.
,
.
, , ,
,
CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate).
, , .
,
(Local Area networks LAN). ,
,
, , IP,
. OSI, ,
, . (
), Ethernet Ethernet.
,
IOS, TCP/IP
(ACL Access Control List).
CCNA, CompTIA Network+.
Cisco
, ,
Cisco.
,
Cisco.
,
.
, ,
.
.
30
.
,
, .
,
. :
... ,
.
;
.
, .
;
, , . ,
,
, ,
. , ,
,
;
.
.
;
. ,
,
;
.
, ,
. ,
, .
:
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
31
, .
:
22 , 3 : CCNA1
CCNA2.
I, CCNA 1:
1, ,
Internet.
.
2, .
, OSI
,
OSI.
.
3, ,
. ,
OSI.
, ;
, ,
, .
4, .
,
(Local Area Networks
LANs).
.
. ,
,
, , , ,
, .
, ,
.
5, LAN WAN,
WAN LAN. LAN
, .
Ethernet,
Ethernet . WAN
:
32
. ,
.
.
6, Ethernet.
Ethernet, Ether
net (framing), Ethernet.
, ,
.
, .
7, Ethernet,
OSI. STP
(SpanningTree Protocol ),
.
Ethernet,
.
10 Ethernet,
, .
8, Ethernet,
Ethernet. ,
,
.
Ethernet.
; ,
,
.
9, TCP/IP IP,
TCP/IP,
, .
TCP/IP OSI;
TCP/IP
.
10, ,
, IP.
,
.
: (distance
vector), (linkstate)
, ,
.
33
11, TCP/IP,
, .
,
OSI, , ,
,
.
,
.
II, CCNA2:
12, ,
, .
.
13, , ,
,
.
(setup dialog),
Cisco IOS.
14, .
; ,
, ,
Cisco IOS.
,
.
15, ,
Cisco (Cisco Discovery Protocol CDP),
, .
16, Cisco IOS,
,
Cisco IOS,
.
.
TFTP
.
17, .
34
(OSI)
.
.
,
, ,
.
18, ,
RIP IGRP;
.
19, TCP/IP.
ICMP, ICMP,
,
ICMP.
ICMP, ,
.
20, ,
.
,
,
.
21, TCP/IP.
TCP/IP
,
TCP/IP: ,
, .
. ARP
RARP.
22, , , ,
(ACL), ,
.
,
.
35
III,
A, ,
, ,
;
,
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
CCNA, ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
CCNA, ,
, ,
.
. Packet
Tracer 3.1, ,
,
CCNA.
,
.
,
.
, ,
3.1 Cisco (Cisco Networking Academy Pro
gram). Cisco Systems ,
.
CCNA; ,
,
:
.
,
. Cisco Systems,
,
, , CCNA.
CCNA Cisco
(Cisco Certified Network Associate). ,
, . ,
,
.
.
, , .
, ,
. ,
.
.
Web
. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
:
Email:
info@williamspublishing.com
WWW:
http://www.williamspublishing.com
:
:
115419, , / 783
03150, , / 152
I
CCNA 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
LAN WAN
6.
Ethernet
7.
Ethernet
8.
Ethernet-
9.
TCP/IP IP-
10.
11.
TCP/IP
...
,
Internet;
,
;
,
;
,
;
, Ethernet
,
;
,
;
(NIC);
,
;
,
;
, ,
;
ping;
IP;
Web;
,
;
,
.
Internet, . 41,
, . 42,
, . 42,
, . 42,
Web, . 42,
, . 42,
40
I. CCNA 1:
, . 42,
/
Internet, . 42,
, . 43,
, . 43,
, . 44,
, . 44,
, . 44,
, . 44,
USB, . 44,
, . 45,
, . 45,
, . 45,
, . 45,
, . 45,
, . 46,
, . 46,
, . 46,
, . 46,
, . 46,
, . 47,
, . 47,
, . 47,
PCMCIA, . 47,
, . 49,
ping, . 52,
, . 43,
, . 43,
, . 53,
, . 53,
, . 56,
, . 57,
, . 57,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 60,
, . 66,
MAC, . 66,
, . 67,
, . 69,
IP, . 70,
, . 70.
1.
41
,
Internet.
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
Internet
Internet ,
,
. ,
Internet, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
.
,
Internet;
Web. ,
.
Internet
, Internet.
Internet
. ,
Internet. Internet,
Internet . ,
.
,
. :
,
.
, ,
Web.
Internet
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line )
, .
Internet ;
42
I. CCNA 1:
,
.
Internet .
,
.
.
Internet :
,
, ,
.
Internet;
, .
, ,
. Internet
. TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
/ Internet) Internet.
TCP/IP ,
. TCP/IP
9, TCP/IP IP;
,
;
.
Internet:
Web (HyperText Markup
Language HTML) Web, (File Trans
fer Protocol FTP)
Internet. Web
, , ,
.
, Internet ,
, ,
, Internet
.
,
.
1.
43
, .
.
, , ,
,
, .
,
.
( ),
.
!
.
,
IT Essentials .
.
, ..
.
,
; .
!
, ,
.
(backplane)
, .
.
(Network Interface Card NIC) ,
.
Ethernet.
.
.
,
.
,
.
, , .
44
I. CCNA 1:
,
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
(Universal Serial Bus port USB
port) , ,
, , , ,
. USB,
, .
1.1.2.
.
, .
. Windows
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
, .
1.
45
, , :
(COM), (LPT), USB (Universal Serial Bus
) .
(Light Emitting Diode LED) ,
, .
.
:
,
.
, , ,
.
.
(Printed circuit board PCB) ,
.
.
- (CD-ROM) ,
-. -
(CD-R, CD-RW) DVD-, .
(Central Processing Unit CPU) ,
(. 1.1).
(Floppy Disk Drive FDD) ,
(. 1.2).
(Hard Disk Drive HDD)
.
. 1.1.
. 1.2.
46
I. CCNA 1:
, .
, .
(. 1.3).
, .. .
; ,
.
,
.
. ,
(Industry-Standard Architecture ISA),
(Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI) .
(Random-Access Memory RAM),
, .
RAM ,
. ,
.
, , ,
, .
.
(Read-Only Memory ROM, )
, .
. ,
, (Electronically Erasable
Programmable Read-Only Memory EEPROM) .
Flash-. - (Basic Input/Output
System BIOS) .
1.3.
1.
47
, ,
(. 1.4).
.
, , , ,
() , , , (
, -, ..) -.
, ,
.
.
() .
,
, ,
, ,
, .
,
(Personal Computer
Memory Card International Association card PCMCIA card), PC card.
, , (
), PCMCIA. . 1.5
(WLAN Wireless LAN) PCMCIA-.
. 1.4.
. 1.5. PCMCIA
. 1.6 Ethernet,
(LAN adapter). ,
.
I. CCNA 1:
48
. 1.6.
!
, IT Essentials
.
, (Interrupt ReQuest IRQ), (I/O),
, .
(
), .
(IRQ) ,
(, Windows Linux), ,
.
, ,
.
.
. ,
, . (I/O)
,
.
:
. ,
, Ethernet
Ethernet. Ethernet, Token Ring Fiber Distributed
Data Interface (FDDI
), Ethernet
;
1.
49
,
, : ,
, .
;
. ,
, PCI ISA. .. PCI ,
ISA, .
: .
.
Internet :
.
,
.
(Public Switched
Telephone Network PSTN). . 1.7 .
. ,
,
.
.
,
.
. 1.7.
,
.
/.
:
50
I. CCNA 1:
USB.
,
Internet (Internet Service Provider ISP).
, 56 /,
53 /. DSL
,
,
.
.
.
PCMCIA.
.
,
, .
.
.
10 /
100 /.
(. . 1.8)
.
,
.
(plugandplay),
.
, .
(
).
,
IRQ, ,
(Direct Memory Address DMA),
.
1.
51
1.8.
1960
.
,
. 300
(/), .. 30 .
1970 ,
(Bulletin Board Systems BBS),
.
300 / ,
.
1980 ,
.
300 / ,
. 1990 .
9600 / 56000 /, 1998 .
,
, , ,
(Digital Subscriber Line DSL)
.
. ,
,
,
.
Internet .
TCP/IP
TCP/IP ,
.
Internet,
52
I. CCNA 1:
, TCP/IP.
TCP/IP
.
IP, ,
(Domain Name Server DNS).
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP). ,
TCP/IP,
Internet.
: Windows,
Apple Macintosh, Unix. TCP/IP, DHCP DNS
.
1.1.6. TCP/IP
.
, , MAC (
) ( ).
ping
Ping ,
TCP/IP. (),
. Ping Packet Internet Groper
Internet.
ping IP
,
. ping
. ,
. ping
,
TCP/IP,
. ping.
ping 127.0.0.1 ( )
TCP/IP
(. 1.9).
ping IP-
TCP/IP .
ping IP-
.
1.
53
Web
Web , ,
:
Web;
;
;
.
(HyperText Markup
Language HTML), ,
Web. , ,
1 (Standard Generalized Markup Language SGML)
(Extensible Markup Language XML),
Web
HTML. HTML
, ,
. ,
1
, ISO. . .
I. CCNA 1:
54
HTML Web
.
Internet Explorer (IE) Netscape Web.
,
. Web ,
.
. 1.1 .
1.1. Internet Explorer Microsoft Netscape Communicator
Internet Explorer
Netscape Communicator
Microsoft
HTML,
,
HTML,
,
Web
.
(plugin).
.
.
Flash Shockwave (Flash player, Shockwave player)
, ,
Macromedia Flash.
Adobe Acrobat Reader ,
PDF (Adobe
Portable Document Format
Adobe).
Windows Media ,
.
Quicktime , Apple,
.
Real Player ,
.
1.
55
1.1.8. Web.
Internet
Internet,
(Uniform Resource Locator URL).
Web ,
Web .
:
.
,
, , Microsoft Office Lotus Smart Suite.
:
,
.
;
,
.
,
;
,
, , , .
,
, , ;
,
,
;
,
, ,
.
Internet
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
I. CCNA 1:
56
1.1.9.
.
, ,
.
, .
, .
,
, .
,
.
, :
( 1 0).
, :
.
( ).
, 0
.
, .
(American standard code for
information interchange ASCII)
.
,
. , ,
: 1 0.
.
,
, 0 1.
(/)
/ , .
0
().
+5 .
1.
57
, 8 .
8 . 1
.
, , ASCII .
256 ( 28).
0 255. ,
(. 1.2).
KB Kb, MB Mb ( , ). ,
. ,
(, 45 /,
45 bps).
. ,
45 /
5,6 /.
,
. , ,
(/) (/).
8,
.
1.2.
(b, )
1/8
(B, )
(KB, )
1024
( 1000 )
8096
( 8000 )
(MB, )
(GB, )
(TB, )
.
.
1 0 ,
, .
,
; , . 1
8 .
58
I. CCNA 1:
() 1024 ,
1000 .
() 1024 ,
1000 .
() 1 .
() 1 048 576 ,
1 .
.
.
.
() 1 .
.
.
() 1 .
.
(/) .
.
(/) .
.
(/) .
. Ethernet
10 /.
(/) .
.
(/) .
. 10 / Ethernet
10 /.
(/) .
.
Internet 1 /.
() .
,
, , 1 ,
().
1.
59
() .
, ,
.
, (, 900 ).
() , (1 000 000 000)
.
, , .
(,
802.11b 2,4 ).
!
.
, 1980 ,
10 ( IBM
4,77 ).
3 . .
.
, .
,
, .
, .
.
, .
.
, ,
10. 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 9.
(. . 1.3).
1.3.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9
103
1000
: 2 134
210
102
101
100
3
110
100
10
2
310
1
1
4100
I. CCNA 1:
60
10.
10 ( ),
( ). , 10,
.
, () 100 (1),
101 (10), 102 (1010 = 100). , ,
106 (101010101010 = 1 000 000), . .,
.
2134:
2134 = (2103) + (1102) + (3101) + (4100).
4 , 3
, 1 2 .
,
, ,
.
, , . IP
, 4 ,
,
, ,
172.16.14.188. ,
IP 32 , .. ,
8
. .
, ,
2. (0 1)
, ( 10).
2 ( ), (
) (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, ..), . 1.4.
1.4.
0,1
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
128
64
32
16
: 10110
1.
61
.
10110 = (124 = 16) + (023 = 0) + (122 = 4) + (121 = 2) + (020 = 0) =
= (16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0) = 22.
(10110) , 1 16,
0 8, 1 4, 2 0
1. , 22. IP
32 (4 ).
:
16 (, hexadecimal, hex)
, ..
. ,
,
.
16 .
. 10
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9),
, : A, B, C, D, E F.
10, B 11, 12, D 13, E 14
F 15 (. . 1.5).
() 16,
. ,
160 ( 1), 161 ( 16), 162 ( 256), ..
,
.
1.5.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
163
162
161
160
65536
256
16
: 1A2C
.
1A2C = (1163 = 65536) + (10(A)162 = 2560) + (2161 = 32) + (12() 160 = 12) =
= (65536 + 2560 + 32 + 12) = 68144.
I. CCNA 1:
62
.
. 1.10.
,
. ,
.
, .
.
168 .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
128 , 168, ,
1. 168128 = 40.
64 , 40, , 0.
32 , 40, , 1.
4032 = 8.
16 , 8, , 0.
8 8 (,
); 1. 88 = 0,
, 0.
10101000
168.
255. 11111111.
, . 1.10,
255 .
, IP.
, 2,
. , 650
29 = 512,
.
1.2.5.
.
.
1.
63
128
64
32
16
. 1.10.
I. CCNA 1:
64
,
. , . 1.11,
.
,
.
!
, . ,
0
, 1, , 2 = 1.
01110000 .
0
02 = 0
+
1
02 = 0
+
2
02 = 0
+
3
02 = 0
+
4
12 = 16
+
5
12 = 32
+
6
12 = 64
+
7
02 = 0
112
( 2, 1.)
, (. . 1.10), . 1.11
255
, .
2. , , 10 ,
512, 9 256, 1.
1.2.6.
.
.
1.
65
128
64
32
16
. 1.11.
I. CCNA 1:
66
32
, Internet
(IP), 32 . 32
, :
8 .
.
,
, 10.15.129.201.
32 .
32 , ,
.
,
, ( ) ,
. 128,
,
.
, , 10.15.129.201
00001010.00001111.10000001.11001001:
10 = 00001010,
15 = 00001111,
129 = 10000001,
201 = 11001001.
. Cisco Systems
16 .
, , 0010000100000010
2102 .
MAC (Media Access Control addresses OSI)
.
!
MAC .
.
1.
67
I. CCNA 1:
68
C 1100 . AC
10101100.
, 4
; ,
4 , .
8 ( :
4 ). ,
, . ,
, 00011111
115. ? 115 115?
115, 10110101,
. 1F,
00011111.
1.6.
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
10
1011
11
1100
12
1101
13
1110
14
1111
15
. 8 ,
, . ,
0x, ,
5D 0x5D.
1.
69
.
1.2.8. .
.
,
.
, , ,
. ,
. ( )
(AND), (OR) (NOT).
, . (0
1)
.
( ),
, .
(. 1.7) .
1, 0, 0
1.
1.7. (NOT)
(. 1.8) .
, ,
.
, .
IP
.
(. 1.9)
. 1,
, . ,
, , ,
, .
I. CCNA 1:
70
1.8. (AND)
1.9. (OR)
,
.
, .
IP
Internet 32 IP (Internet
Protocol address, IPaddress).
IP . 9,
TCP/IP IP.
IP
IP ,
. IP
. , ,
(host). , IP
,
.
IP
, 32 , .
,
. 1;
, , 0.
, 0,
. .
1:
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000,
255.0.0.0.
1.
71
2:
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000,
255.255.0.0.
,
24 . 16
, 16 .
IP 10.34.23.134 ,
00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110.
IP,
IP ,
. IP 0
0. 0 1 0.
.
.
3: (255.0.0.0).
00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 IP.
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 .
00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000 .
10.0.0.0.
4: (255.255.0.0).
00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 IP.
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 .
00001010.00100010.00000000.00000000 .
10.24.0.0.
IP.
IP.
:
.
, ;
;
TCP/IP Internet;
ping
;
I. CCNA 1:
72
. Web
;
;
.
;
.
;
,
. 0 1;
.
: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, F;
, .
, ;
IP 32 , Internet.
.
MAC (Media Access Control address OSI).
,
, .
,
. MAC 6 ,
IEEE.
ping. Packet Internet Groper, Internet.
, IP
.
Web.
, Web
Internet, , Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator.
(American standard code for
information interchange ASCII).
,
, .
1.
73
. ,
, ,
, . 1 8 .
. . 1
0 ,
, .
(/) /
, .
. , .
.
(
) ( ).
, .
, . , ,
.
(). 1 .
.
.
(/). .
.
10G Ethernet 10 /.
. ,
HTML Web .
.
. 0 1,
( ).
. ,
.
(). 1024 ,
1000 .
(/). .
.
(). 1024 ,
1000 .
(/). .
.
. ,
.
74
I. CCNA 1:
. .
(). 1 048 576 ,
1 . .
.
.
(/). .
.
(). 1 .
(/). .
.
Ethernet 10 /.
(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCMCIA).
,
, PCMCIA ( PC). ,
,
.
. , .
(modem). ,
.
, .
.
. ,
, .
(backplane). ,
.
. 8 .
, .. 8 .
(Randomaccess memory RAM).
,
. .
. ,
.
, , .
(Printed circuit board PCB). ,
.
. , Web
.
1.
75
. IP , .
,
,
.
. .
. .
(Universal Serial Bus port USB port).
, , , ,
, ,
.
. ,
, .
(Readonly memory ROM).
, .
(CDROM). ,
.
(Floppy disk drive FDD). ,
.
(Hard disk drive HDD).
,
.
. ,
,
.
Internet.
Internet (Internet Protocol IP).
TCP/IP;
.
(File Transfer Protocol FTP).
, TCP/IP,
.
/ Internet (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol TCP/IP). ,
1970 . TCP IP
.
. ,
, .
. , ,
.
I. CCNA 1:
76
(NIC). ,
.
Internet. ,
. Internet , ,
.
. .
(). 1 .
.
(/). .
.
Internet
1 /.
. 32 ,
8 , ,
8 . IP
Internet, , 192.67.67.20.
.
, ,
, .
(Central processing unit CPU).
, .
(Bus). ,
.
.
.
(HyperText Markup Language HTML).
,
( )
, , Web.
, ,
, .
, .
1. Internet?
a) .
) .
) .
) .
1.
77
2. ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
3. PCMCIA?
) , .
) , .
) .
) .
4. ?
) .
) , .
) , Ethernet.
) OSI.
5.
?
) , .
) .
) .
) .
6. 2?
) .
) .
) .
) ASCII.
7. , .
.
.
/.
.
) .
)
.
) ;
,
.
I. CCNA 1:
78
) , ,
,
.
8. 1 ?
) 254.
) 256.
) 255.
) 257.
9. 151?
) 10100111.
) 10010111.
) 10101011.
) 10010011.
10. 11011010?
) 186.
) 202.
) 218.
) 222.
11.
0010000100000000?
) 0x2100.
) 0x2142.
) 0x0082.
) 0x0012.
12. 0x2101?
) 0010 0001 0000 0001.
) 0001 0000 0001 0010.
) 0100 1000 0000 1000.
) 1000 0000 1000 0100.
13. ping ?
) ping .
) Ping packet Internet groper.
) ping 127.0.0.1
TCP/IP .
) .
...
;
,
OSI
;
,
,
, ,
;
;
;
LAN, WAN, MAN, SAN
;
,
VPN;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
OSI;
OSI;
OSI;
TCP/IP;
;
,
, ,
,
;
, DSLAM,
CMTS
;
,
" VPN";
,
80
I. CCNA 1:
;
;
,
.
,
.
, . 84,
, . 85,
, . 87,
, . 88,
, . 89,
., . 90,
, . 90,
MAC, . 90,
, . 91,
, . 92,
, . 93,
, . 93,
, . 93,
, . 94,
, . 95,
, . 98,
, . 104,
, . 105,
, . 106,
, . 106,
, . 107,
, . 109,
, . 109,
,
, . 109,
, . 110,
, . 110,
, . 115,
, . 116,
, . 117,
Intranet, . 119,
Extranet, . 119,
, . 120,
, . 126,
OSI, . 132,
, . 135,
, . 135,
, . 135,
, . 135,
, . 136,
, . 136,
, . 136,
, . 136,
, . 137,
, . 137,
, . 137,
, . 139,
, . 141.
2.
81
,
. ,
. ,
OSI ,
OSI.
OSI,
,
.
,
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
.
:
(LocalArea Networks LAN);
(WideArea Networks WAN);
(MetropolitanArea Networks MAN);
(StorageArea Networks SAN);
(Data center);
(Intranet);
(Extranet);
(Virtual Private Networks VPN).
,
.
,
,
. . 2.1
, ,
.
82
I. CCNA 1:
. 2.1.
!
, ,
,
; . ,
, ,
, ,
, .
(sneakernet 1). . 2.2.
,
.
.
, .
:
1 Sneakernet ()
. (floppy),
. . .
2.
83
?
?
?
, "
.
, , "
. 80" XX
.
. 2.2.
, 80" ,
. ,
, "
, "
.
. , ,
; , "
.
(LocalArea Network LAN).
"
, "
"
LAN. . 2.3 .
,
, , "
. LAN" "
,
. 2.4.
LAN"
,
I. CCNA 1:
84
.
(MetropolitanArea Network MAN) (WideArea Network
WAN). WAN , "
,
, ,
. 2.5. "
, , , ..
Internet
FDDI
F0
T0
G
E0
1
E1
K
M
N
. 2.3.
. 2.4. (LAN)
Token
Ring
J
2.
85
. 2.5. (WAN)
; 35
.
. 2.1
Internet. "
, "
.
40" XX "
, . 1946 "
. 50" "
", ,
. 50" .
, "
,
. 60" "
, "
.
60" """" 70" "
, (
). 1977 Apple Computer "
, (Personal Computer """" PC).
1981 IBM PC.
86
I. CCNA 1:
Apple Macintosh,
IBM PC
PC , .
2.1.
40" XX .
1947
50"
.
,
( """" )
60"
60" 70" XX .
1977
Apple Computer ,
(Personal Computer """" PC)
1981
IBM
80"
, ,
,
() ,
.
",
80" , "
, () , "
.
, . "
,
. "
2 (bulletin board).
, , "
,
.
2 BBS Bulletin Board System, ,
, (
) Internet. .
. .
2.
87
,
. ,
, .
, , , "
.
, .
, , 500 "
!
60" 90" XX
(U.S. Department of Defense """" DoD) "
WAN" .
", .
"
. , "
.
,
, "
. Internet.
, ,
(device).
:
. , "
, , ,
;
. , "
.
, , "
(host). . 2.6 "
"""" .
, "
.
, "
.
(Network Interface Card NIC),
.
, , ,
. NIC
, ()
I. CCNA 1:
88
"
. NIC
PCMCIA.
. 2.6.
(repeater) , "
() OSI.
, , , "
, "
, .
(signals).
, .
,
.
,
.
2.
89
(repeater)
. "
. OSI "
, "
.
(hub) "
. "
. . 2.7, "
.
LAN.
. , "
"
LAN".
. 2.7.
,
(multiport repeater).
, "
. ,
4 20 , . 2.8.
:
;
;
;
I. CCNA 1:
90
;
.
. 2.8.
, 10BASE"T 100BASE"T
( Ethernet 7, Ethernet). "
.
,
.
,
( ). "
,
( ).
Ethernet "
. , , "
. (collision) ,
. ,
,
(collision domain). "
, "
(bandwidth domain). 6,
Ethernet.
, "
.
, , . , "
, "
.
( ) (Network Interface Card """" NIC), "
, ,
,
(Media Access Control MAC),
MAC".
LAN. NIC
. . 2.9 NIC.
2.
91
. 2.9.
(bridge) ,
LAN, "
. ,
. "
LAN" , "
() LAN" .
NIC" MAC".
, ()
MAC", "
MAC".
MAC" . "
.
,
, , "
MAC" . "
.
, "
. ,
( )
.
LAN"
.
3, "
, .
MAC".
. 2.10 . "
.
3
. . .
I. CCNA 1:
92
. 2.10.
.
MAC", "
,
. .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
,
MAC" "
.
,
MAC" MAC"
, .
, MAC"
, , "
.
(filtering).
,
.
, MAC" ,
, "
.
MAC" ,
, , .
(flooding). "
.
( "
), MAC"
2.
93
. MAC" , , "
,
. , ( "
) ,
, MAC" ,
"
, ,
. ,
.
!
, .
,
.
(broadcast) , "
. (broadcast domain) ,
, , "
" .
(" FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF) "
, . ,
, "
.
, ,
(switch) ,
. "
.
, "
(LAN), ;
. . 2.11 .
, LAN",
MAC" ,
, .
, .
, "
"
. , "
MAC".
I. CCNA 1:
94
. 2.11.
,
, ,
4.
.
. "
.
(microsegmentation) , "
, . "
,
. "
, "
.
, ,
. , ,
.
,
,
. , Cisco 6500 8500
. . 2.12 Cisco Catalyst 8500
ATM"
, ATM" "
, .
Catalyst 8500 "
( , ..)
MAN, "
, Intranet""
, .
ATM" ,
,
Catalyst 8500 ATM Gigabit
Ethernet . "
CCNA,
.
, ,
. . .
2.
95
(router) ,
(. 2.13). "
. ,
MAC"
.
, , Ethernet, Token Ring
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI """" "
" ). "
,
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode """" ATM) . "
,
Internet "
IP.
. 2.13.
I. CCNA 1:
96
( "
, ), "
. "
, .
.
"
.
, DSL-,
"
:
, "
;
DSLAM,
DSL" "
;
(Cable Modem Termination System """"
CMTS),
;
, .
"
.
:
(gateway) ,
.
Cisco AS5400
, , ,
. . 2.14 Cisco AS5400,
,
, .
DSLAM
(Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplexer DSLAM) ,
DSL-. DSLAM
. . 2.15
DSL Cisco 6100.
2.
97
98
I. CCNA 1:
(firewall) ,
, .
. ,
, ,
2.
99
. ,
, .
. 2.18 Cisco PIX 535,
.
I. CCNA 1:
100
(HQ)
(HQ)
AAA
(HQ)
(HQ)
. 2.19.
VPN
(Virtual Private Network VPN)
VPN-,
VPN-. VPN- Cisco 3000
VPN-
,
, ,
, . . 2.20
VPN- Cisco 3000.
2.
101
, .
PC NIC ,
.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect 32-
) ISA (Industry-Standard Architecture ,
)
LAN ,
. . :
PCMCIA , PCI-
. ,
. . 2.21 .
. 2.21.
(Access Point AP), (. 2.22),
LAN,
, .. ,
. AP
(roaming),
,
.
(. 2.23) (11 /)
5 ( 25 ) Ethernet.
Cisco
( ).
. . .
I. CCNA 1:
102
. 2.22.
. 2.23.
: Cisco 1503 Micro Hub.
Cisco 1503 Micro
Hub.
: Cisco Catalyst 1924.
Cisco.
: Cisco 2621.
Cisco 2162.
,
, . ,
, ,
. .
2.
103
, .
"
. :
;
;
;
;
;
.
. 2.24 .
. 2.24.
, "
.
. . 2.25 "
, "
. "
, .
"
.
I. CCNA 1:
104
Internet
FDDI
F0
T0
G
E0
1
E1
K
Token
Ring
J
M
N
. 2.25.
(linear bus) (bus topology)
(. 2.26).
, ,
6.
. 2.26.
2.
105
"
, ,
. , "
, ,
.
(star topology), . 2.27, "
Ethernet"
, . "
.
, "
, , , "
.
, "
, .
"
, "
. ,
, LAN Ethernet
.
"
,
.
, .
. 2.27.
I. CCNA 1:
106
"
, ("
),
(extendedstar topology). . 2.28.
. 2.28.
(ring topology). ,
, . "
,
. "
,
. , "
. " ,
. "
, ,
.
.
2.
107
:
;
.
, . 2.29,
, "
. . "
"
, .
. 2.29.
, . 2.30. "
, .. "
.
(wrap) , ..
.
(hierarchical topology)
.
. (trunk node),
(branches) , . 2.31. "
() : """" "
; """"
", .
108
I. CCNA 1:
. 2.30.
. 2.31.
2.
109
-
(fullmesh topology) () "
, ( """" )
, . 2.32.
. "
, ,
. " , "
,
. , ,
,
. ,
, .
WAN.
. 2.32.
. "
, "
.
, "
"
NIC .
"
. , """"
I. CCNA 1:
110
.2.33.
,
.
, "
. , "
, .
.
.
, , "
.
:
(Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers IEEE);
2.
111
(Local"Area Network """" LAN) ,
(network interface cards), , "
. . 2.34
LAN.
"
,
. ,
.
. 2.34. (LAN)
I. CCNA 1:
112
, :
;
"
;
,
;
.
:
Ethernet;
Token Ring;
FDDI.
(Wide"Area Networks """" WAN) "
LAN, LAN" "
, .
WAN" ,
,
(. 2.35).
"
. 2.35. (WAN)
2.
113
, "
LAN "
. WAN
. "
(Instant Message """" IM)
, "
, .
,
"
. "
"""" (telecommuters), ,
.
WAN :
, ;
"
;
;
, World Wide Web,
Internet.
:
;
(Integrated Services Digital Net"
work ISDN);
(Digital Subscriber Line """" DSL);
, Frame Relay;
T" () E" () """" T1, E1, T3, E3 ..;
(Synchronous Optical Network """" SONET) """"
1" (STS"1) (
[OC]"1), STS"3 (OC"3) ..
:
Internet-,
Ethernet.
, , ,
,
,
.
,
, , , Internet.
(Local Exchange Carrier LEC)
I. CCNA 1:
114
, , DSL ,
.
Internet,
.
Cisco
, DSL.
, ,
,
. ,
Internet,
IP (Voice over IP VoIP),
Internet , ,
.
(Metropolitan"Area Network """" MAN) "
, ,
. MAN LAN, "
, ,
. 2.36. , MAN" ,
. "
LAN",
. MAN"
"
. , "
, MAN"
, . MAN"
LAN" WAN" :
MAN" , "
, LAN", ,
WAN";
MAN" ( "
WAN");
MAN" "
LAN "
.
: ,
, LAN
.
,
. Intranet-
Extranet-, VPN.
.
2.
115
POP 1
POP 2
SAN
. 2.36.
(StorageArea Network SAN) "
,
. "
,
(. 2.37). SAN"
", " ".
,
, . SAN"
.
. SAN" "
"
, "
.
. SAN" "
, SAN
10 7.
. LAN/WAN, SAN "
. "
,
.
6,2 . . .
116
I. CCNA 1:
Internet
IP
. 2.37.
:
. 2.38, (data center)
, ,
Internet. IP-
,
, , .
.
,
.
Web- ,
.
, Internet- (Internet Service Provider ISP)
, ,
, Internet-
,
.
2.
L2/L3
117
Web"
"
"
"
"
, ,
2" 3"
DSL
/ATM/FR
ISDN/
. 2.38.
(Virtual Private Network VPN)
, , , , "
Internet. VPN",
Internet "
VPN" .
Cisco
VPN". "
, "
, , Internet. VPN "
,
. "
"
.
VPN", . 2.39.
VPN (Access VPN)
/ (Small Office/Home Office """" SOHO)
(Intranet Extranet) "
. VPN" "
, ISDN, DSL,
IP"
I. CCNA 1:
118
, "
.
VPN Intranet ( )
"
. "
VPN" (Intranet) VPN" (Extranet) ,
.
VPN Extranet ( ) "
"
. VPN"
(Extranet) VPN" (Intranet) , "
, "
.
,
Cisco
PN
"
VPN"
,
Cisco
N"
VP
POP
PIX
VP
N"
VPN"
PIX"
Cisco
,
VPN"
VPN"
SOHO,
Cisco ISDN/DSL
. 2.39. VPN
VPN" :
VPN" "
TCP/IP. , "
;
2.
119
TCP/IP
VPN.
.
, ;
VPN
.
LAN Intranet (
). Web (Intranet) Web
, Intranet
. (Intranet)
, ,
. Web ,
,
, .
Extranet ( ) (Intranet),
.
(Intranet)
, Extranet
.
(Extranet) ,
;
(Extranet). (Extranet)
, Intranet ,
.
, (ID)
.
, (Extranet)
(Intranet)
(Intranet).
(Extranet) (Intranet)
. ,
, ,
(Intranet)
. . 2.40
(Intranet Extranet).
I. CCNA 1:
120
LAN WAN
""""
(
bandwidth). ,
,
. .
, "
, .
(bandwidth) ,
.
,
. "
?
. , "
, , "
.
, ,
. , "
56 /,
, "
.
2.
121
DSL ,
DSL ,
. ( ),
DSL, ,
( ). ,
DSL .
.
"
, ,
.
. LAN
, "
. WAN"
. "
"
, "
.
.
'
,
Internet. "
.
,
. Internet
, ,
.
, Internet """" .
. "
,
, , "
. ",
" ", "
.
IP", "
.
"
.
122
I. CCNA 1:
() "
,
. "
, .
,
(. 2.41).
.
2 ,
2 . "
. ,
, ,
. ,
(put in bigger pipes), "
.
, ,
. 2.41.
(. 2.42). .
( """" highways) ,
2.
123
.
, .
,
. , "
, ,
. ,
,
, .
;
, .
, ,
( "
).
STOP
, ,
,
. 2.42.
, "
, "
"
.
,
.
124
I. CCNA 1:
"
. ,
"
, .
, . ,
, "
.
"
, . , ,
T3 45 / , "
T1 1,544 /.
,
, , "
, "
. , T3 "
, T1.
. 2.2 .
2.2.
1 / """"
1 / = 1000 / = 103 /
, LAN WAN.
. "
,
, "
. "
,
. , "
, (Unshielded Twisted"
Pair """" UTP), ,
1 /,
2.
125
, , 10BASE"T, 100BASE"TX
1000BASE"TX Ethernet. "
, , ,
, , .. ,
, , "
, , NIC
.
. 2.3 , "
.
2.3.
(/)
()
50
(10BASE2 Ethernet, Thinnet)
10
185
50
(10BASE5 Ethernet, Thicknet)
10
500
UTP 5"
(10BASE"T Ethernet)
10
100
UTP 5"
(100BASE"TX Ethernet)
100
100
UTP 5"
(1000BASE"TX Ethernet)
1000
100
(62.5/125 ) (100BASE"FX
Ethernet)
100
2000
(62.5/125 ) (1000BASE"SX
Ethernet)
1000
220
(50/125 ) (1000BASE"SX
Ethernet)
1000
550
(9/125 ) (1000BASE"
LX Ethernet)
1000
5000
. 2.4 WAN
.
126
I. CCNA 1:
2.4. WAN
WAN'
56 / = 0,056 /
DSL
,
,
12 / 6,1 / =
0,128 / 6,1 /
ISDN
128 / = 0,128 /
Frame Relay
()
56 / 44,736 / ()
34,368 / () = 0,056 /
44,736 / () 34,368 /
()
T1
1,544 /
T3
44,736 /
STS"1 (OC"1)
51,840 /
STS"3 (OC"3)
155,251 /
STS"48 (OC"48)
2,488 /
,
.
"
.
LAN ,
100 /,
, "
100 /. "
. , .
(throughput) "
, "
Internet" .
,
2.
127
,
. ,
:
;
;
;
;
;
, ;
;
.
, , "
,
. . 2.43
, "
.
, "
. , "
.
.
<=
?
(Client PC)
LAN
( )
. 2.43. ,
128
I. CCNA 1:
,
, .
WAN" ,
? LAN
?
,
.
T = S/BW ( = / "
), ,
.
, , ,
,
.
:
, "
,
.
.
;
, , ,
"
(
,
).
"
, , "
. ,
/,
(), ().
,
8.
, T = S/BW,
( "
):
( 1,44 ) ISDN , "
10 "
OC"48?
. 2.44 .
2.
T=S/P
129
T=S/P
BW =
(
)
( )
P=
( )
T=
(
)
S=
. 2.44.
", " "
. "
, ,
, .
, ,
. ,
.
"
, . "
( """" Hz),
. ,
, .
(), () ().
"
( , 900 2,4 ). "
802.11a 802.11b
5 2,4 .
,
. "
,
, . ,
,
. "
, "
, "
.
, .
, "
,
I. CCNA 1:
130
. "
"
, . "
,
, .
. "
. "
,
(bandwidth) .
, , ,
, "
. , "
, ,
, . "
,
.
, "
. """"
OSI TCP/IP, .
"
, .
, , "
, .
?
, ?
?
?
, , "
(flow). "
. , ,
, ,
.
, . 2.5. ?
? "
? ?
2.
131
?
.
2.5.
,
,
,
:
,
,
,
,
(
),
,
,
..
. ,
,
. ,
.
.
,
.
.
132
I. CCNA 1:
, "
. ,
, "
.
, "
. ,
. "
.
, "
, .
. , "
, (Open
System Interconnection """" OSI) TCP/IP.
!
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
(OSI) .
OSI
, ,
.
OSI
LAN, MAN WAN "
. 80" XX "
. , ,
, "
,
, "
.
80"
. , "
,
. , , ,
(proprietary) .
,
, .
2.
133
. , ,
. , ,
.
(International
Organization for Standardization """" ISO) , ,
DECnet, (Systems Network Architecture """" SNA)
TCP/IP.
. "
ISO , "
,
. "
.
, , "
, . , "
, "
: , ,
.
",
" , "
.
OSI (OSI reference model), 1984 ,
, ISO. "
, "
"
, .
OSI ,
.
,
OSI, "
. OSI
"
.
OSI ,
. , , "
. , OSI , "
" (,
)
(, ) ",
,
.
134
I. CCNA 1:
OSI , "
.
7 '''' .
6 '''' .
5 '''' .
4 '''' .
3 '''' .
2 '''' .
1 '''' .
.
:
;
, "
;
;
,
"
;
,
.
"
OSI, ,
.
, "
.
. OSI.
,
,
.
OSI
"
OSI .
OSI.
2.
135
7:
(application layer) "
. ,
;
, OSI. "
(, Excel)
(, Word). "
, "
"
.
Telnet HTTP.
6:
(presentation layer) , "
, (),
(). "
"
, .
. "
PICT, TIFF JPEG.
,
, MIDI MPEG.
5:
, (session layer) "
,
. .
. """" , "
, "
, . "
(Network File
System """" NFS), X"Window AppleTalk (AppleTalk Session
Protocol """" ASP).
4:
(transport layer)
. "
.
, "
, ,
I. CCNA 1:
136
. "
, "
. , "
.
,
. "
. "
(Transmission Control Protocol """"
TCP), (User Datagram Protocol """" UDP)
(Sequenced Packet Exchange """" SPX).
3:
(network layer) ,
,
. ,
.
Internet" (IP), "
(Internetwork Packet Exchange """" IPX) AppleTalk.
2:
(data link layer)
. ( "
) , , ,
, .
1:
(physical layer) ,
, "
. "
, , "
, ,
.
. .
OSI
.
, ,
OSI " "
.
(peertopeer communication).
,
2.
137
. 2.45.
",
. , "
OSI, .
,
PDU "
PDU. ,
. ,
OSI, . "
(PDU) (segment).
.
, (packet), "
PDU . ,
, , ,
. "
. (frame),
PDU . , "
, (trailer) "
(Frame Check Sequence """" FCS),
, "
. , .
. "
,
I. CCNA 1:
138
( ) ( )
.
, , , ,
OSI.
, """" , "
"""" OSI. ,
(end"to"end) ,
().
TCP/IP
OSI "
, Internet
(Transmission Control Protocol """" TCP) Internet"
(IP),
TCP/IP. TCP/IP TCP/IP "
,
, , . TCP/IP
, , ,
, , ,
.
(Department of Defence """" DoD)
TCP/IP, , "
, . "
, "
, , "
, , .
, , ( )
(
). ,
"
.
TCP/IP, , "
Internet. TCP/IP "
, Internet; "
, , .
. 2.46, TCP/IP :
;
;
Internet";
.
2.
OSI
139
TCP/IP
(7" )
(6" )
(5" )
(4" )
(3" )
Internet
(2" )
(1" )
. 2.46. TCP/IP
, TCP/IP "
, OSI. "
.
, .
. OSI TCP/IP
OSI
TCP/IP. TCP/IP ,
.
"
, .. ". , , "
, . ( A) "
( ),
, .
(encapsulation)
. , "
OSI
( )
.
, ,
"
.
. , , ,
.
, , "
OSI, . 2.47.
, "
.
I. CCNA 1:
140
"
.
!
, ,
. ,
.
"
, ,
, .
, "
. ,
, "
"
.
. 2.47.
. 2.48, "
:
1.
2.
.
,
, .
.
. , "
2.
3.
4.
5.
141
.
.
, , "
. "
"
.
. "
. "
"
.
"
.
.
.
. , "
LAN,
WAN,
. "
, "
OSI.
,
. "
:
1.
2.
3.
, MAC"
.
, .
, ; "
.
,
,
,
.
(deencapsulation).
. "
:
, .
I. CCNA 1:
142
(
)
. 2.48.
:
,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
-.
. ,
, .
(Cyclical Redundancy Check CRC), CRC-. CRC-
, ,
, .
, .
,
. ,
.
2.3.7. OSI
, ,
.
2.
143
:
OSI .
, "
:
LAN WAN;
"
. ,
LAN,
MAN WAN.
OSI;
, "
. "
;
"
;
LAN Ethernet "
. "
. "
, , "
;
"
;
;
LAN , NIC, "
, ;
WAN LAN,
;
MAN "
, ;
(SAN) , "
;
(Intranet) ,
.
(Extranet)
144
I. CCNA 1:
, (Intranet) ,
;
, "
. VPN" "
, (Intranet Extranet);
"
, .. ;
/, /, /, /;
, "
LAN WAN
;
"
:
, , , "
;
:
T=S/BW ( = / );
, "
;
;
"
;
, "
, .
;
ISO "
OSI 1984 . OSI "
, "
, ;
OSI "
. OSI
: , ,
, , , ;
() "
;
2.
145
TCP/IP : ,
, Internet ( )
;
" "
".
OSI , ..
;
, "
,
Internet;
,
;
(hub) (repea
ter) , .
( ) "
. , , "
.
, ,
;
LAN "
MAC". Ethernet
LAN";
, "
. "
, "
, , ,
;
"
;
, "
, ;
, AAA" VPN"
;
, .
,
", : "
(e"Lab), ,
146
I. CCNA 1:
(PhotoZoom). "
, .
, MAC (Media Access Control
MAC) """" ,
. .
(firewall) """" ,
.
(Virtual Private Network VPN) """" , "
, , ,
Internet.
(Extranet) """" (Intranet)
,
.
(Intranet) """" LAN. Intranet"
, ,
.
(deencapsulation) """" "
.
(collision domain): Ethernet """" , "
. "
, "
LAN, .
(star topology) """" "
Ethernet.
, , "
; .
(hierarchical topology) """" "
. "
. ,
.
(encapsulation) """" "
.
(data link layer) """" OSI.
. "
, , , "
, .
2.
147
148
I. CCNA 1:
.
(peertopeer communication) """" ,
OSI "
.
(packet) """" ,
, () "
. "
.
(token passing) """" ,
"
, , .
(Network Interface Card NIC) ,
.
.
(repeater) """" ,
() OSI. "
,
.
(fullmesh topology) ,
() ,
.
(throughput) """" ,
.
(protocol) """" ,
.
(WideArea Network WAN) """" , "
, ,
, "
.
(extendedstar topology) ,
"
, .
(MetropolitanArea Network MAN) , "
, . MAN",
, , LAN,
, WAN.
(session layer) OSI. "
, "
.
2.
149
150
I. CCNA 1:
, ,
, . "
, .
1. , ?
) MAN.
) WAN.
) LAN.
) PAN.
2. ,
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
3. ?
) NIC.
) MAC".
) .
) LAN".
4. "
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
2.
151
5. TIA EIA?
) Television Industry Association, Electronic Industries Association (
,
).
) Telecommunications Industry Association, Electronic Industries Alliance (
,
).
) Telecommunications Industry Alliance, Electronic Industries Association (
,
).
) Tlphonique International Association, Elgraphique Industries Alliance
( ,
8).
6.
LAN? ( .)
) .
)
.
) Internet.
) .
7.
WAN?
) LAN,
.
) ,
.
) LAN
.
) ,
, .
8.
MAN?
) MAN ,
, , ,
.
. . .
152
I. CCNA 1:
) MAN , "
. "
, .
) MAN , "
, .
) MAN ,
.
9. SAN?
) SAN
.
) SAN .
) SAN .
) SAN .
10.
?
) Internet.
) .
) .
) WAN.
11. "
, ?
) VPN" .
) VPN" Intranet.
) VPN" Extranet.
) VPN" Internet.
12. ,
, ?
) Internet.
) Extranet.
) Intranet.
) LAN.
2.
153
13. ?
) (wrapping).
) .
) .
) .
14. OSI?
) .
) .
) .
) .
15. OSI?
) OSI ,
.
) OSI
" .
) OSI ,
, .
) .
16. ?
) 1 """" , 2 """" , 3 """" , 4 """" , 5 """"
, 6 """" , 7 """" .
) 1 """" , 2 """" , 3 """" , 4 """" , 5 """"
, 6 """" , 7 """" .
) 1 """" , 2 """" , 3 """" , 4 """" , 5 """"
, 6 """" , 7 """" "
.
) 1 """" , 2 """" , 3 """" , 4 """" , 5 """"
, 6 """" , 7 """"
.
17. OSI , "
, ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
154
I. CCNA 1:
18. ?
) ,
.
) .
) .
) .
19. A
B LAN.
. "
, ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
20. TCP/IP ,
?
) .
) .
) Internet.
) .
21.
?
)
.
) .
) .
) .
22. "
?
) OSI
IP".
) OSI
IP".
) OSI
MAC".
) OSI
MAC".
2.
155
23.
?
) .
) "
, .
) "
, "
.
) .
24. ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
25. ?
) ,
.
) AS5400 "
, , "
.
) DSLAM "
.
) .
...
;
,
;
;
,
;
,
;
,
;
,
;
;
;
;
;
158
I. CCNA 1:
,
:
, . 160,
, . 165,
, . 165,
, . 169,
, . 169,
, . 169,
, . 169,
, . 173,
, . 174,
, . 176,
, . 176,
, . 177,
, . 181,
, . 181,
, . 184,
, . 184,
, . 188,
, . 191,
, . 191,
, . 191,
, . 197,
, . 197,
, . 198,
, . 198,
, . 198,
, . 201,
, . 204,
, . 204,
, . 204,
, . 206,
, . 207,
, . 207,
, . 212,
, . 218.
3.
159
#
, #
. #
,
,
, #
. , , #
, , ,
#
.
, #
OSI. #
, #
, ,
, , , #
.
, #
#, :
(e#Lab), , #
(PhotoZoom). #
, .
,
(.. ) #
OSI.
####
. , #
.
, #
.
. #
. #
.
, , .
. #
; ,
.
. , #
, . , #
1 ,
.
I. CCNA 1:
160
. (
). ,
. ,
.
. 3500 4900
.
400 (F) (204
(C)).
,
.
(TwistedPair).
.
.
(Coaxial cable).
.
,
, , , T3
( E3), .
, ,
. : ,
.
.
. ,
. , . 3.1,
() .
:
, ;
, ;
, .
.
, , , , .
(Niels Bohr), ,
, . 3.2.
, ,
. ,
. ,
3.
161
, ,
.
,
; , .
1A 2A
1
H
3
Li
4
Be
11
Na
19
K
37
Rb
55
Cs
87
Li
12
Mg
20
Ca
38
Sr
56
Ba
88
Ra
8B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
1B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
V
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
Sc Ti
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Y
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag
57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
La Hf Ta
W Re Os Ir
Pt Au
89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Uuu
30
Zn
48
Cd
80
Hg
112
Uub
4A
5A
6A
7A
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
31
Ga
49
In
81
Tl
32
Ge
50
Sn
82
Pb
114
33
As
51
Sb
83
Bi
34
Se
52
Te
84
Po
35
Br
53
I
85
At
36
Kr
54
Xe
86
Rn
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61 62
Pm Sm
63
Eu
65
Td
66
Dy
67
Ho
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
95 96 97
Am Cm Bk
98
Cf
99
Es
94
Pu
64
Gd
2B
3A
8A
2
He
116
68
Er
69
Tm
118
70
Yb
71
Lu
. 3.1.
(n)
(+)
.
+
.
.
()
. 3.2.
I. CCNA 1:
162
#
. , #
.
. ,
, . #
#
. .
# , #
. .
#
. ,
, .
, #
.
,
, . #
, . . 3.1
, .
#### , , #
,
. , , ,
, , ( #
).
3.1.
, , , ,
,
(C), (Ge),
(GaAs) (Si)
#### , , #
#
.
, . #
. 3.1
: (Cu), (Ag)
3.
163
(Au). , #
, (Pb) (Sn), ,
.
70 % , .
#### , ,
.
(Si).
: (C) (Ge).
(GaAs) , #
(Ga) (As). .
#
, . #
(Silicon Valley),
, #
, .
. #
, #
.
3.1.1.
#
#### .
,
, . #
,
: , #
, .
, #
, , ,
.
, .
. , #
#
, .
, (...),
, #
. #
.
,
164
I. CCNA 1:
#
. .
( ), #
( ) ( ).
V ( electromo#
tive force #### ).
(), , #
(, 12 V = 12 = 12 ).
:
(DirectCurrent voltage DC voltage).
. #
, #
;
(AlternateCurrent voltage AC voltage) #
,
. ,
, . 3.3.
#
.
. 3.3.
.
.
,
,
.
,
. , ,
. #
, .
3.
165
R. #
, ().
. #
, . #
Z. , ,
, ().
.
.
#### ,
. ( ) #
, #
( ) #
( ).
I. #
, A,
amp. ####
, .
,
; #
, .
(DC) #
, .
(AC), #
.
,
, #
#### ,
. #
(W). #
(W = IV). #
, , ,
, ,
.
. , ,
,
. , ,
, .
166
I. CCNA 1:
12 ,
, .
,
.
,
.
( ) ,
.
, #
#### . #
#
. .
, , #
. , , ,
.
, #
, . #
, ,
.
, ,
,
. #
( ,
). , #
,
.
.
,
#
. , ,
, . #
.
. 3.4 , #
.
, ( )
( ), #
.
3.
6V
6V
167
()
. 3.4. &&&&
. 3.4 , #
.
, .
, ,
.
. 3.4 , .
, #
. #
,
.
, , #
, , #
. ,
.
,
. 3.5. #
. .
, . , #
, ( #
) , ,
, . ,
, #
.
I. CCNA 1:
168
(DC),
(AC)
, ,
. 3.5.
: (V) (I) (R) #
. V = IR1,
#### , .
: (AC alternating current) #
(DC direct current). , #
,
, .. ####
, #
, .
,
() .
, #### . #
,
.
(, #
).
.
3.1.5.
.
U. &&&& . .
3.
169
, , #
#
. , OSI
.
#
, .
(Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers &&&& IEEE) , ,
. IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, IEEE 802.5 #### #
Token Ring. (Underwriters Laboratories)
, #
.
(Telecommunications Industry Associastion &&&&
TIA) (Electronics Industries Association &&&&
EIA) , #
TIA/EIA.
TIA/EIA.
TIA/EIA 568A #
.
,
, #
, #
.
TIA/EIA 568B
. #
. TIA/EIA 568#B.1
, #
#
. TIA/EIA 568#B.1.1 ,
(Unshielded
Twisted-Pair UTP) (Screened Twisted#Pair ####
ScTP), .
TIA/EIA 568#B.1.1 , #
#
, .
TIA/EIA 568#B.2.1 ,
6.
TIA/EIA 568#B.3. #
.
170
I. CCNA 1:
TIA/EIA 569B , #
. , #
, .
TIA/EIA 606 #
#
. ,
#
.
, #
.
TIA/EIA 607 ,
#
. #
, , #
.
,
,
.
TIA/EIA
( ) , #
, #
. TIA/EIA #
, #
.
TIA/EIA#568#B #
,
. ( CAT 1 CAT 5), , #
TIA/EIA#568#B,
: CAT 3, CAT 4, CAT 5.
(CAT 5). #
CAT 5e CAT 6;
, CAT 7.
.
TIA/EIA#568#B
:
;
.
3.
171
UTP #
. #
:
STP c 150 ( Token Ring);
UTP c 100 ( Ethernet);
62,5/125 ( Ethernet);
( ,
, ).
RG#6 75 #
, #
, .
UTP, #
. ,
( #
, patch cord), 3 . ,
#
, 90 . , #
,
6 2. , ,
100 .
Ethernet #
:
10BASE#T;
10BASE5;
10BASE2.
10BASE#T ,
10 /. ( BASE
) (
twisted ).
10BASE5 ,
10 / . 5 #
, #
500 ; , #
, .
10BASE5 , #
, #
.
, &
5 , 3 6 , . &&&& . .
I. CCNA 1:
172
10BASE2, , , #
. 2 #
, #
200 ; , ,
. 10BASE2 #
, ,
, #
.
, . 3.6,
:
;
;
;
.
; #
, , ,
. #
.
. , #
. #
BNC# ( British Naval Connector,
Bayonet Neill Concelman #### ).
BNC
. 3.6.
(LAN), #
.
3.
173
,
STP UTP. ,
, .
, ..
. , #
Internet.
RG#59, #
20 AWG. RG#6 #
,
18 AWG.
RG#11 14 AWG.
, .
, #
, #
(, , )
. .
(1 ) Ethernet, #
#
, .
; . 3.7.
, #
# .
, ,
. ,
.
, .
. 3.7.
, 0,35 ,
,
, Ethernet. ,
. 3.8, ,
.
, .
.
174
I. CCNA 1:
. 3.8.
, ,
,
. # #
Ethernet.
,
. #
IEEE #
Ethernet.
Ethernet UTP #
.
:
10 100 /;
;
;
500 (
).
:
.
,
, ,
.
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
, (Teflon),
, .
, . ,
, .
3.
175
: (AWG)
(American Wire Gauge System AWG). AWG
.
, , 12 14 AWG.
, (UTP),
( ),
19 26 AWG. 22
26 AWG, 24 AWG.
AWG .
, , ,
.
24 AWG 1/24 .
,
Ethernet, . ,
.
, ,
.
.
, , #
, , #
(). ,
, , , ,
, . #
.
.
,
.
,
. , #
, , #
. . , #
, .
, ( ), #
. , ,
.
: (Shielded
Twisted#Pair STP) (Unshielded Twisted#Pair UTP). #
.
I. CCNA 1:
176
(STP)
(STP) #
, #
. ,
. , , #
.
. 3.9.
RJ45
. 3.9.
RJ45
. 3.10. (ScTP)
, , #
, . #
,
,
3.
177
. STP ScTP #
, ,
.
, . , #
.
:
10 100 /;
#### ;
;
#### 100 ( ).
(Unshielded Twisted&Pair &&&& UTP) #### #
.
, #
, . 3.11.
. , ,
45 (Registered Jack 45 #### RJ#45). #
. 3.12.
RJ45
. 3.11.
(UTP) .
, .
UTP
, . #
, .
, .
178
I. CCNA 1:
. 3.12. RJ&45
(UTP),
, #
. .. UTP , #
() . UTP #
, , #
.
UTP #
, #
.
:
10 1000 /;
#### ;
#### ;
#### 100 ( ).
UTP:
1 (Category 1 CAT 1) #
, ;
2 (Category 2 CAT 2)
#### 4 /;
3 (Category 3 CAT 3) 10BASET Ethernet.
10 /;
4 (Category 4 CAT 4) Token Ring.
16 /;
5 (Category 5 CAT 5) #
100 /. ,
Fast Ethernet;
3.
179
180
I. CCNA 1:
3.1.9d.
, #
5 5e.
.
3.1.9e.
,
Ethernet 5 5e
TIA#568#B TIA#568#A. #
.
3.1.9f. UTP
,
, . #
.
#
, , ,
(Wide#Area Network #### WAN).
:
,
. #
;
,
;
,
;
,
;
#
#
;
, #
;
, ,
;
3.
181
,
;
;
, , #
, ;
.
100 , .
.
,
, , , #
,
.
, , #### #
. , #
,
.
, , , , , .
(. 3.13).
. 3.13.
#, , , ,
, #
.
, ,
. 3.14.
, . ,
, .
. ,
.
, .
1
108
107
10
5
14
10
100
6
10
7
10
103
9
10
10
18
10
102
10
11
10
19
10
10
10
12
10
101
10
10
103
12
10
11
100
10
102
10
, ,
13
10
22
10
15
10
10
16
10
24
14
23
10
,
,
(
10
21
10
10
20
10
. 3.14.
1 1
10
17
10
10
10
104
10
100
10
100
8
10
16
10
105
10
15
10
10
13
10
4
106
10
,
, ,
10
10
100
1 .
10
10
3.
183
,
. , #
300 000 /, 186 000 /.
.
700 400 .
(0,000000001 ), . #
, 700 400 , #
. , 700
, . 400
.
, .
, #
.
. . #
, , #
. ,
:
850 ;
1310 ;
1550 .
, #
, .
, , #
, .
.
, , . #
300 000 /. #
, , , , #
, . (
) (, #
) (, ), #
.
. , , #
.
, , .
.
. ,
:
184
I. CCNA 1:
, ;
( #
: ).
#
, .
,
. #### #
, , #
.
. #
(Index of Refrac#
tion IR) :
IR = ( )/( ).
, #
. ,
, .
. 3.2 , ,
.
3.2.
1,000
1,523
2,419
1,333
, , ,
,
. ,
.
,
#
.
, ,
, #### ,
. 3.15. ,
. #
.
, ,
3.
185
,
. 3.16. ,
.
. 3.15.
,
, .
,
.
. 3.16.
. #
, .
.
, , ,
, .
, ,
, .
() , , #
.
().
I. CCNA 1:
186
, 90 ,
.
90 , , ,
.
. ,
, .
, (
).
, (
). . 3.17.
. 3.17.
,
, 90 , ,
, ,
. 3.18.
1,523 2,419.
( ).
,
. ,
1,000.
. 3.18.
3.
187
#
(). ,
,
. , #
, . #
,
. , #
, ,
, ,
(. 3.19).
. 3.19.
. #
# :
#
, , . #
;
.
,
.
, .
#
. , ,
, .
, (
, ), . #
, .
:
I. CCNA 1:
188
#### ,
, #
. 3.20;
( ), #
.
n1
0
n2
n1
2
NA = Sin 0 = n2 n1
:
n1
n2
. 3.20.
, #
, #
(. 3.21).
,
n0
n1
. 3.21.
:
,
. , ,
. ,
,
,
. , ,
, ,
.
3.
189
, ,
, .
, ,
.
, .
.
, (Tx )
(Rx ), ,
, . 3.22.
, , .
Tx
Rx
Rx
Tx
. 3.22.
,
,
,
.
.
, . 2-, 4-, 8-,
12-, 24-, 48- .
.
, .
. 3.23 3.24, ,
:
;
;
;
;
.
( )
( )
. 3.23.
,
.
( ) .
, ,
I. CCNA 1:
190
, . , ,
-
.
. 3.24.
,
.
, ,
. , ,
(Kevlar). .
,
. , ,
.
, ,
. ,
, . ,
. .
,
; .
, (
) .
. 3.25.
125
= 5,8
()
125
= 60
. 3.25.
3.
191
. 3.3 .
3.3.
(10 )
,
(50 62,5 )
, ,
( 3 (9842 ))
, ,
( 2 (6560 ))
(LED)
:
.
,
(,
) , , *
. *
, .
, *
*
. .
,
;
.
, , ,
, ,
( ).
, , *
, , , *
. *
,
.
(
)
, 62,5 50 ,
I. CCNA 1:
192
, , ,
, .
.
,
. ,
. , ,
.
,
. #
, , 8
10 .
9 . 9/125
, 9 , #### 125 .
#
. #
#
; , ,
90 .
, , #
, , #
. 3.26. #
, .
6560 . &&&& . .
3.
193
. 3.26.
, #
( ) , #
. 3000 #
, 2000 .
, #
. ,
#
(Wide#Area Network #### WAN) (,
).
. 3.27 #
.
,
,
,
, .
100/140
62.5/125
50/125
10/125
. 3.27.
:
1 /;
;
;
10 , 2# ####
.
I. CCNA 1:
194
:
(. 3.28):
- ;
.
. 3.28.
.
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
: .
,
, ,
.
3.
195
, , #
. #
.
, #
:
(LightEmitting Diode LED)
850 1310 .
.
;
(Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
1310 1550 . #
,
(WAN),
. ,
.
.
#
. , #
. #
, .
, #
. #
,
.
,
, , . #
, ,
p#i#n (PIN#).
PIN# (850, 1310
1550 ), 4. #
,
. #
, , .
4
,
, . &&&& . .
196
I. CCNA 1:
, #
.
,
.
(Subscriber Connector SC); #
. 3.29. #
(Straight Tip ST),
. 3.30. SC# ST# .
#
#
RJ#45.
. 3.29. SC
. 3.30. ST
, ,
, #
, . #
.
;
, ,
, #
.
, .
. 3.31.
, #
.
3.
197
, , , #
( ).
. 3.31.
3.2.8.
,
.
, #
. ? #
, #### ,
. #
, #
.
, , #
, ,
,
. ,
Gigabit# 10#Gigabit#
Ethernet, , #
2 . ( Ethernet 7, #
Ethernet.) , ,
Ethernet .
#
.
. ,
. #
, .
#### .
198
I. CCNA 1:
() ,
, . 3.32.
. 3.32.
, . #
,
.
. .
, ,
#.
# #
.
, #
, .
, #
. #### ,
(. 3.33).
. 3.33.
,
. #
. #
.
3.
199
, . #
.
. #
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
# #
. ,
,
. #
,
#.
, ,
, #
.
# :
. . #
,
, , .
, , . ,
, . 3.34;
, #
: , #
, , . 3.34.
.
#
# #
,
. #
#
, .
. , , #
.
I. CCNA 1:
200
,
, .
#
, . , #
, . 3.35. . 3.36
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
. 3.35.
. 3.36.
#
. #
#
. ,
3.
201
. . 3.37
.
62,5
50
. 3.37.
#
.
.
,
. #
, .
, ;
, . #
.
#### , , , #
####
. #
, #
, , #
.
#
.
(optical link loss budget).
.
( ) , #
,
.
, #
(decibel dB, ). #
, , .
. #
. : #
(Optical Loss Meter) #
(Optical Time#Domain Reflectometer OTDR).
202
I. CCNA 1:
#
TIA .
, #
. , OTDR
.
:
,
, , .
,
.
.
, ();
.
. ,
, , , ,
,
.
.
, . 3
300 . ,
.
,
. 3.38.
.
(Infrared )
, ,
.
(Narrowband)
. .
(Spread spectrum)
.
. Cisco Aironet.
(Broadband personal communications
service PCS) , ;
.
(
Cellular Data and
Cellular Digital Packet Data, CDPD) ,
.
(Satellite) ,
.
3.
203
54 /
11 /
4 /
2 /
1 /
56 /
19.6 /
9.6 /
. 3.38.
, ,
:
, .. ?
, ..
(WLAN)
?
, ..
?
.
.
3.39,
:
.
;
. ,
;
.
.
.
,
, .
I. CCNA 1:
204
.
(, ..) .
. 3.39. ,
(. 3.40).
() ( )
.
() .
() () .
AM
. 3.40.
,
.
.
. /,
, .
,
3.
205
,
.
.
. ,
.
,
/ ( ).
,
. , .
, ,
(Federal Communication Commission FCC) .
, .
, .
, . 3.41.
900 ().
.
2,4 (). , 802.11b,
2,4 .
11 /.
5 .
5 . Cisco
5 , , Cisco Aironet
1200. ( 802.11b 802.11a).
802.11a 54 /.
,
. ,
. ,
,
.
, .
- , 900
, .
. ,
, , 900
( ),
2,4 . 900
1 /, .
2,4 ,
900 ,
25 . Cisco Aironet 340
11 / 2,4 .
Cisco 5
, ,
. Cisco Aironet,
5 , 54 /;
I. CCNA 1:
206
902928
26
(840 )
(1,9 )
2,4 2,4835
83,5
(IEEE 802,11)
5
(IEEE 802,11)
2
. 3.41.
,
.
.
(Spread Spectrum SS) 1940 .
, .
,
( -
).
, ..
.
,
. (band)
5
6
50 . &&&& . .
2500 . &&&& . .
3.
207
.
.
.
, . 3.42, ,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
.
( )
. 3.42.
, ,
.
:
(Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum FHSS)
(Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS). FHSS
DSSS .
FHSS DSSS
, FHSS DSSS
.
FHSS
. . 3.43 FHSS-:
C (2,42 ) A (2,40 ), D (2,43 ),
B (2,41 ) E (2,44 ).
,
, . ,
FHSS ,
, .
DSSS.
. 3.44,
, .
40% , ,
.
.
- 2 / FHSS
, ,
.
DSSS. , 802.11b,
, 11 /, DSSS.
FHSS 2 /.
I. CCNA 1:
208
()
2,42
2,40
2,43
2,41
2,44
3
A
2,45
()
2,44
2,42
2,41
2,40
2,43
. 3.43.
1 01 0
11001100100
11 0
11001100100
. 3.44. (DSSS)
,
, .
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
3.
209
,
. , #
,
.
.
,
, #
.
. #
#
. Internet #
, ,
,
. #
.
#
. , #
, . #
#
(IEEE), , #
(FCC).
, 802.11,
DSSS. , 1
2 /, DSSS,
11 /, , ,
2 /. (..
) 802.11b
11 /. DSSS FHSS #
, #
, IEEE
, .
IEEE 802.11b Wi#Fi (
) DSSS
1, 2, 5,5 11 /. , 802.11b,
, 802.11 #
DSSS. , #
.
, 802.11b, #
#
, 802.11,
210
I. CCNA 1:
. #
, 802.11b, #
10 /,
2#4 /.
802.11a , 5 .
, , #
802.11a (5 ), , #
802.11b (2.4 ). 802.11a
54 /, , #
,
108 /. ,
, 20 26 /.
802.11g ,
802.11a, #
. , #
, #
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing #### OFDM).
Cisco Systems , #
, 802.11a 802.11b, .
#
.
,
, #### . . 3.45 #
, . 3.46 #### #
USB#.
, .
,
, .
, . ,
, #
, , , #
. #
; ,
.
#
(Access Point AP),
. . 3.47.
, Internet.
, #
( );
.
3.
. 3.45.
. 3.46.
US&
. 3.47.
211
I. CCNA 1:
212
, , #
#
. 90 150 .
#
, 7
(roaming) , . 3.48.
, .
, ..
#
.
20#30. ,
.
Ethernet
Internet
. 3.48.
# #
, ,
. . #
, .
,
. #
(Service Set Identifier SSID) ,
7
. &&&& . .
3.
213
. #
, , #
, .
, , #
.
.
SSID,
. , #
,
.
, #
802.2.
802.3, Ethernet .
: ,
. ,
.
:
;
# ;
;
;
;
.
:
(Request To Send #### RTS);
(Clear To Send #### CTS);
(Acknowledgement).
.
802.3.
802.3 1500 ,
1518 .
2346 , #
1518 , #
Ethernet.
,
,
214
I. CCNA 1:
, , #
. # #
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Avoidance CSMA/CA).
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSMA/CD), #
Ethernet. CSMA/CD #
6, " Ethernet ".
,
(acknowledgment ACK),
50% .
#
5,0#
5,5 / , 802.11b, #
11 /.
# #
. , #
(Adaptive Rate Selec#
tion ARS), 11 /
5,5 /, 5,5 / 2 /, 2 / 1 /,
. 3.49.
OSI, ,
. #### #
,
.
#
.
.
, .
#.
, #
.
.
.
3.
215
11 /
115,5 /
5,52 /
21 /
. 3.49.
:
.
;
, .
, ;
. #
/ .
IEEE 802.11 #
:
(Open system).
SSID.
,
,
SSID ;
(Shared key). #
WEP (Wired Equivalent
Privacy #### ).
I. CCNA 1:
216
WEP , #
64# 128# . #
; #
. WEP #
, #
, .
.
. #
,
. #
,
() .
10 8
1/1000 . , ,
, ,
( ). #
.
, .
.
# #
.
, . #
, #
. #
.
,
, .
, ,
.
, , #
#
.
30 . &&&& . .
3.
217
Ethernet #
: #
. #
.
. ,
. #
.
#
. #
,
3000 4000
. #
.
.
. Bluetooth9 #
2,4
, 802.11b.
Bluetooth .
.
1
. #
, 2,4 .
. #
, , #
.
, #
.
, #
, #
. , #
#
, #
.
(Small Office/Home Office #### SOHO)
,
, (. 3.50).
9 Bluetooth ( ) &&&&
2,4 ,
X II " ", &
. &&&& . .
I. CCNA 1:
218
. 3.50.
, , #
.
.
,
,
. .
.
, #
. ,
, .
WEP
(WEP Wired Equivalent
Privacy) 802.11. #
. #
802.11q 40# .
, , , , #
Cisco, 128 .
WEP :
, #
WEP;
WEP.
WEP RC4,
(Ron Rivest), RSA Data Security Inc.
3.
219
(RSADSI). RC4 #
.
#
, , #
.
#
WEP, 802.11
, WEP.
, #
. WEP,
, , VPN #
.
I. CCNA 1:
220
LEAP #
Cisco. LEAP
, WEP
.
VPN :
#
, ,
;
#
;
, #
# .
VPN
,
, #
. ,
. #
#
.
,
:
. , #
. #### ;
#
. #
, #### . #
;
#### , #
, ,
;
. , #
, ;
, , , #
, ,
3.
221
; , #
.
;
.
, . #
, #
;
: #
, , #
;
UTP #
;
STP ,
. ScTP ;
,
: , ;
, ;
, ,
;
, , #
, .
;
;
#
, #
;
,
;
#
, ,
. ,
#
;
, #
, #
;
222
I. CCNA 1:
#
, , ,
, ;
, , #
, #
;
#
, ;
: #
, ;
, #
, ;
, #
, #
. : FHSS DSSS.
DSSS, #
;
. #
, #
, ;
( #
) .
;
#
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance CSMA/CA);
, #
;
: IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11a, IEEE
802.11b IEEE 802.11g;
WEP IEEE 802.11
;
#
: VPN, EAP, LEAP .;
, PCMCIA
, USB#, #
.
3.
223
( ) #### ()
.
(Telecommunications Industry Association &&&&
TIA) #### ,
.
(Electronics Industries Association &&&& EIA)
.
EIA TIA
.
#### ,
,
, ( #
) .
#### () #
.
#### #
() . #
().
#### #
.
(Shielded Twisted Pair &&&& STP) ,
, .
(Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers IEEE) #### , #
.
IEEE.
, #
.
####
, #
. #
#
.
#### ,
.
#### , #
, .
224
I. CCNA 1:
3.
225
(thinnet) &&&& #
,
10BASE2. 185 , #
.
####
.
#
, .
, , #
( #
, ).
####
.
#### .
#### .
( ) #### .
( ) #### .
#### ,
, .
(ElectroMagnetic Interference &&&& EMI)
,
, .
, ,
, . #
, .
1. .
1) .
) , .
2) .
) , ().
3) .
) , .
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
226
I. CCNA 1:
2. ?
) .
) .
) , #
.
) .
3. .
1) .
) .
2) .
) .
3) .
) .
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
4. __________ ____________.
) ; .
) ; .
) ; .
) ; .
5. STP?
) 100 .
) 150 .
) 100 .
) 1000 .
6. UTP?
) 2.
) 4.
) 6.
) 8.
7. UTP?
) STP.
) BNC.
) RJ#45.
) RJ#69.
3.
227
8. #
STP UTP?
) , #
10 / 100 /.
) .
)
.
) .
9. ?
) .
) .
) , .
) .
10. EIA/TIA?
) OSI.
) ,
.
)
, #
.
) .
11. ___________ , #
.
) .
) .
) .
) .
12. ?
) .
) .
) #
.
) , #
.
...
;
;
,
TIA/EIA;
;
,
;
;
;
;
6.
,
:
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 234,
, . 234,
, . 236,
, . 236,
, . 238,
, . 239,
, . 243,
, . 244,
, . 245,
, . 245,
NEXT, . 245,
FEXT, . 245,
PSNEXT, . 246,
TIA/EIA568B, . 248,
230
I. CCNA 1:
, . 237,
, . 238,
, . 238,
, . 238,
, . 238,
, . 248,
ELFEXT, . 248,
PSELFEXT, . 248,
, . 251,
, . 251.
,
, (LocalArea
Network LAN). LAN WAN ,
, Ethernet
10, 100, 1000 10 000 /.
, ,
.
,
( ).
, LAN WAN
.
. .
(,
( )) ;
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
,
,
, , , , .
, .
4.
231
(wave)
. ,
.
. ,
, . , ,
, .
,
. ,
. :
.
.
(frequency) , .
(amplitude)
, , .
,
, ,
.
( )
(hertz).
,
, (pulse).
, .
. 4.1 .
:
( ) ;
;
, .
, (sine waves),
, . 4.2.
:
( ,
);
(..
).
I. CCNA 1:
232
. 4.1.
A (
)
T (,
1 )
F (
) 1/T
t
A
. 4.2.
, ,
, (Ferris wheel)
, .
,
; .
4.
233
, ,
, , .
.
,
,
, . 4.3.
. , ,
, .
A ( )
( )
(1/0, /)
. 4.3.
1, ,
:
( , 2);
( 10);
( 16).
,
. , ()
(0 1), 10
( 0 9), 16 ( 0 9
A F).
, , 1010, 102 (10
, 10, , 10, ).
101010 103 (10 , 10,
, 10, ).
, 10 , 2 3
. .
I. CCNA 1:
234
y = 10
y = 10
x: 2
x: 3
y: 100
y: 1000
.
(base), .. ,
, . ,
1
, (base ).
, 10 16
.
, , ,
, .
109 , 1 000 000 000,
.
,
.
. .
, .. ,
. , , log.
,
. ,
, , log (109) 10, log (103) 3.
,
10, .
. ,
,
, .
, (decibel dB, ).
,
. , ,
.
dB = 10log10 (Pfinal/Pref)
dB = 20log10 (Vfinal/Vreference)
(),
().
4.
235
:
(dB) .
, """" ;
log10 , "
10;
Pfinal """" , ;
Pref """" , ;
Vfinal """" , ;
Vref """" , .
.
Pfinal = Pref10
(dB/10)
dB = 20,
Pref = 2 ,
Pfinal = 200 .
dB Pref
. , "
, "
, , .
.
Pfinal (, 10"6 ), Pref
(, 10"3 ),
? ?
: ?
, "84 ,
(Pfinal)
(, 10"3 ). "
?
, ,
(, 210"6 ); "
1 .
? ?
: ?
.
236
I. CCNA 1:
, , , , ,
, , ..
. ,
,
.
.
.
, .
,
, . (oscilloscope)
,
, ,
. X ,
Y . ,
, Y,
.
(timedomain analysis), X,
, .
.
X .
,
(spectrum analyzer),
. . 4.4
,
.
,
. ,
(Frequency Modulation FM) ,
, .
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
4.
237
().
?
.
,
.
. ?
,
. , ,
, , ,
.
? ,
.
0 < < 1
. 4.4.
, ,
(LAN), (noise) (. 4.5). ,
,
.
.
I. CCNA 1:
238
. ,
, . :
, , ;
,
;
() (Radio Frequency Interference RFI),
, ;
(Electromagnetic Interference EMI),
, , ;
,
.
1 NEXT A
2
3 /
4 EMI / RFI
5 NEXT B
A
1
t=0
B
5
V
1
?
t
. 4.5.
, ,
(white noise). ,
, (narrowband interference).
,
. (LAN)
,
. ,
,
, LAN, .
4.
239
. LAN
: .
(analog bandwidth)
.
,
.
, ..
, ().
3 , 20 ,
5 200
FM.
(digital bandwidth) ,
.
. , LAN
,
(/) (/), . 4.1.
,
.
4.1.
1 / =
1 / = 1000 / = 103 /
.
.
,
. ,
,
.
240
I. CCNA 1:
,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
, . ,
,
,
.
.
,
.
TIA/EIA568B
/ (Telecommunications Industry
Association/Electronics Industries Association).
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
. ,
. LAN
,
.
, 5 .
Ethernet
, ,
.
, .
,
4.
241
.
Ethernet,
:
(Unshielded TwistedPair UTP) 5 (Category 5 CAT 5)
, , ,
(punchdown block) .
: .
,
( ).
,
,
.
(. 4.6). ,
, .
.
, ;
,
, .
.
BNC
. 4.6.
,
:
(Shielded TwistedPair STP) (. 4.7);
(Unshielded TwistedPair UTP) (. 4.8).
I. CCNA 1:
242
()
G/W
R/W
B/W
O/W
G/W
BI/W
B/W
O/W
. 4.7.
Bl/W
O/W
G/W
G/W
BI/W
B/W
O/W
B/W
. 4.8.
STP, (Screened
TwistedPair ScTP) (Foil Twisted Pair FTP),
,
. STP
, . STP ,
, ,
UTP. UTP ,
4.
243
,
.
, . 4.9 4.10,
,
. ,
, .
,
.
.
,
, , ,
LAN.
. 4.9.
. 4.10.
(attenuation)
, . 4.11.
.
, .
(dB) (
).
( ).
:
;
( )
.
I. CCNA 1:
244
. 4.11.
(impedance)
(Alternating Current AC), . ()
5 (CAT 5) 100 .
CAT 5 , .
(impedance
discontinuity), (impedance mismatch).
,
, ,
. ,
,
,
,
.
.
(jitter1) .
(insertion loss).
, , .
,
, .
TIA/EIA568B ,
. UTP
, , ,
.
1
,
. . .
4.
245
(crosstalk)
.
.
.
, , ,
.
() , ;
, .
, ,
(alien crosstalk).
.
.
.
,
, ,
, . 4.12.
. UTP,
,
. LAN
.
UTP.
.
,
. 4.12. ,
:
2 (Nearend crosstalk NEXT);
(Farend crosstalk FEXT);
2
, . . .
I. CCNA 1:
246
(power
sum nearend crosstalk PSNEXT).
(Nearend crosstalk (NEXT),
. 4.13,
,
, .
(dB) .
,
, ,
,
. ,
NEXT.
30 dB ( 30) NEXT
NEXT ,
NEXT, 10 dB ( 10).
NEXT
NEXT
NEXT
. 4.13.
NEXT
UTP .
NEXT ,
TIA/EIA.
TIA/EIA568B .
NEXT
.
.
, (farend
crosstalk FEXT), ,
(NEXT), . 4.14. ,
FEXT, ,
. , FEXT ,
NEXT.
4.
247
FEXT
. 4.14.
PSNEXT
. 4.15.
(PSNEXT)
I. CCNA 1:
248
TIA/EIA568B ,
,
LAN Ethernet.
.
, ,
TIA/EIA568B, :
(Wire map);
(Insertion loss);
(Nearend crosstalk NEXT);
(Power sum
nearend crosstalk PSNEXT);
(Equallevel farend
crosstalk ELFEXT);
(Power sum equallevel farend crosstalk PSELFEXT);
;
;
;
(Delay Skew).
Ethernet , RJ45
, . 4.16. (Network Interface
Card NIC) 1 2,
3 6. UTP
.
.
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3
4
2 1 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T568A
T568B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
4.
249
,
. ,
.
,
.
.
() (reversedpair fault) ,
,
. . 4.17,
( ,
) 1, 2, ,
, 2,
1, .
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
T568B
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
:
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
:
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
. 4.17. ,
, , (splitpair
wiring fault), ,
.
. 4.17.
,
, .
250
I. CCNA 1:
(insertion loss).
.
, TIA/EIA568B ,
.
:
NEXT;
ELFEXT;
PSELFEXT;
(return loss).
NEXT
. NEXT, ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
, NEXT .
(Equal
level farend crosstalk ELFEXT) FEXT. ELFEXT
(dB) FEXT
, FEXT.
ELFEXT Ethernet,
1000BASET.
(power sum equallevel farend crosstalk PSELFEXT)
ELFEXT .
, .
,
, , ,
,
.
4.
251
(propagation delay)
,
.
, .
( ()
, .. 0,000000001 ). UTP
TIA/EIA568B
.
. TIA/EIA568B1 ,
.
(Time Domain Reflectometry TDR), .
, ,
, . TDR
,
, .
TDR ,
, ,
.
, , , ,
,
.
, , .
.
, (delay skew).
, , Ethernet 1000BASET,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
LAN ,
, TIA/EIA568B,
,
.
, ,
. ,
252
I. CCNA 1:
.
.
,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
(EMI)
. ,
, .
, UTP.
,
. ,
,
. , UTP,
.
,
, .
, .
, .
,
, ,
.
. , ,
, . ,
, .
.
,
.
.
20 2002 TIA568
6 . : ANSI/TIA/EIA568B.21.
Ethernet . ,
6 , .
4.
253
6 (CAT 6) CAT 5,
6 .
CAT 6 250
.
, Fluke DSP4000 Fluke
OMNIScanner2, ,
CAT 5, CAT 5e CAT 6 .
4.2.9a. Fluke 620:
LAN
CableMeter Fluke 620.
4.2.9b. Fluke 620:
, .. Pass/Fail
Fluke 620.
4.2.9c. Fluke 620:
Fluke 620.
4.2.9d. Fluke LinkRunner:
LinkRunner Fluke
, ; ,
.
ping.
4.2.9e. Fluke LinkRunner:
NIC
LinkRunner Fluke
, ,
(terminates).
NIC.
.
,
.
, , .
. .
254
I. CCNA 1:
( )
, ,
. .
.
(,
3
10 = 101010 = 1000).
.
10 ,
10 , (, log10 1000 =
3
=3, 10 = 1000).
.
,
.
.
.
, .
.
, (RFI)
(EMI). ,
.
,
, , ,
FM.
,
.
.
,
.
OSI ,
.
. LAN
.
.
, , .
4.
255
: ,
, .
.
TIA/EIA568B
,
Ethernet.
,
.
6 ,
5,
.
(amplitude) ,
, .
(spectrum analyzer) ,
.
(.. ) .
(analog bandwidth)
.
,
.
(white noise) ,
.
(alien crosstalk) , ,
.
(Wave) .
(insertion loss)
.
(hertz) ,
.
(decibel) %%%% ,
.
,
, ,
, .
(propagation delay) ,
,
.
256
I. CCNA 1:
(attenuation)
.
(impedance) ,
(AC), .
(pulse) .
,
.
(RFI radio frequency interference)
, .
, ,
.
(Oscilloscope) ,
, , .
(crosstalk)
.
, , ,
.
(FEXT farend crosstalk)
, ,
.
(ELFEXT equallevel far
end crosstalk) , FEXT.
(NEXT nearend crosstalk) ,
.
(square waves) ,
.
, ,
, .
(sine waves)
, ,
, , , ,
.
(delay skew)
.
.
TIA/EIA568B ,
,
Ethernet.
4.
257
, ,
, .
, .
1. ?
) , .
) ,
.
) , .
) ,
.
258
I. CCNA 1:
2. ?
) .
) .
) .
) , .
3. ?
) .
) .
)
.
) FM, ,
.
4.
TIA/EIAB? ( .)
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
5
LAN WAN
...
,
, ;
, Ethernet
;
Ethernet;
,
;
,
;
,
RJ45,
,
;
;
;
,
;
,
;
CSU/DSU;
,
,
;
, DTE
DCE;
;
;
;
;
,
Cisco;
BRI
;
I. CCNA 1:
260
DSL;
,
.
,
:
RJ45, . 264,
, . 266,
, . 266,
, . 269,
, . 269,
, . 272,
, . 274,
, . 274,
, . 274,
, . 281,
, . 297.
(LAN) ! ,
. !
, !
.
Ethernet! LAN.
(WAN)
: !
. !
, , !
. !
WAN.
, !
!, :
(e!Lab), , !
(PhotoZoom). !
, .
5. LAN WAN
261
OSI.
,
Ethernet,
LAN, .
,
Ethernet.
LAN
Ethernet
(campus LAN). ,
Ethernet, UTP.
Ethernet
. Ethernet ,
DIX ( Digital, Intel Xerox). DIX
LAN Ethernet,
1980 802.3
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer IEEE).
IEEE , 802.3,
, 802.3u (Fast Ethernet), 802.3z ( Ethernet
[Gigabit Ethernet over Fiber]) 802.3ab
( Ethernet UTP [Gigabit Ethernet
over UTP]).
LAN
(Open System Interconnection OSI). LAN
.
. 4.1 ,
Ethernet.
. , ,
z ; Ethernet
,
; Token Ring
, FDDI
, . 5.2.
LAN. LAN
( ),
,
I. CCNA 1:
262
.
.
IEEE 802.2
DIX
802.3
Ethernet
10 /
802.3u
Ethernet
100 /
(Fast Ethernet)
1000BASECX
1000BASET
100BASET4
100BASEFX
100BASETX
10BASEF
10BASET
10BASE5
10BASE2
Ethernet
802.3z
Ethernet
1000 /
(Gigabit Ethernet)
. 5.1. LAN
Token Ring
FDDI
Token
Ring
FDDI
Ethernet
. 5.2.
. .
, (,
CAT5), (,
).
:
;
;
;
.
5. LAN WAN
263
,
. ,
, 5 (Category
5 Unshielded TwistedPair cable CAT 5 UTP).
Ethernet
Ethernet,
, ,
Fast Ethernet.
10 / 100 / .
. 5.1, Ethernet 10 /
,
, , .
5.1. Ethernet
Ethernet 10BASET
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
(PC)
100 /
,
,
(
)
,
,
,
,
(low to medium
volume)
264
I. CCNA 1:
,
Gigabit Ethernet ,
.
. , ,
Ethernet, ,
: ,
.
Ethernet LAN
.
Fast Ethernet. Fast
Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet
, .
Fast Ethernet
;
Ethernet .
,
,
LAN.
LAN
, Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet .
Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet
.
Fast Ethernet
.
LAN (dual)
,
(load balance)
.
Fast Ethernet ( Gigabit Ethernet)
.
, .
Ethernet
Ethernet .
Ethernet
(
) (Electronic Industries
5. LAN WAN
265
AUI
. 5.3.
,
,
(Gigabit Interface Converter GBIC),
Ethernet .
:
RJ45 , ;
AUI ,
, , Ethernet
;
GBIC ,
Ethernet .
I. CCNA 1:
266
5.2. Ethernet
(,
)
10BASE2
50
(thinnet)
185 (606,94)
British Naval
Connector (BNC)
10BASE5
50
(thicknet)
500 (1640,4)
(Attachment
unit interface AUI)
10BASET
EIA/TIA CAT 3, 4,
5 UTP,
100 (328)
100BASETX
EIA/TIA CAT 5
UTP,
100 (328)
100BASEFX
62.5/125
400 (1312,3)
: ST SC
1000BASECX
STP
25 (82)
1000BASET
EIA/TIA CAT 5
UTP,
100 (328)
1000BASESX
62.5/50
275 (853)
62,5 ;
SC
62,5/50
; 9
440 (1443,6)
62,5 ;
SC
1000BASELX
550 (1804,5)
50
550 (1804,5)
50 ;
3000 10000
RJ-45
RJ45 .
RJ45 UTP
.
5. LAN WAN
267
(NIC)
, .
(Attachment Unit Interface AUI),
. 15
(NIC) Ethernet. Ethernet
10BASE5 (thicknet)
AUI . Ethernet
10BASE2 (thinnet) Ethernet
NIC .
:
(Gigabit Interface Converter GBIC)
(hot-swappable) -,
Gigabit Ethernet. GBIC
, .
1000BASE-X
( ) .
GBIC ,
, ,
. GBIC
:
(1000BASE-SX);
(1000BASE-LX/LH);
(1000BASE-ZX).
GBIC Ethernet-
Fiber Channel Gigabit Ethernet. . 5.4
GBIC, . 5.5 Gigabit Ethernet Cisco WS-X2931
GBIC.
. 5.4. GBIC
268
I. CCNA 1:
UTP
RJ45 UTP,
. .
( ) ( ) ;
(tip, T1 T4); ( R1 R4)
( )
(ring). tip ring ( )
.
.
T1 R1, T2 R2, ..
RJ45 .
(.. ),
8 1 , . 5.6. ,
. 5.7, (female)
, ,
. ,
1 8 .
,
EIA/TIA568A
EIA/TIA568B.
EIA/TIA
( ,
), ,
:
(straight
through),
, 1
;
5. LAN WAN
269
(crossover),
( )
.
. 5.6.
RJ45
. 5.7. RJ45
c RJ45,
( ).
, (straightthrough). . 5.8
, .
1
TD+
TD
RD+
NC
NC
RD
NC
NC
. 5.8. UTP
I. CCNA 1:
270
Ethernet, UTP 5
(TD) (RD) 1, 2, 3 6.
. . 5.8, RJ45
1, 2, 3 6 1, 2, 3 6
. Gigabit Ethernet .
, PC , , ,
. . 5.9,
,
, x1.
. 5.9.
RJ45
,
. , Ethernet
1 RJ45 3,
2 6, . 5.10.
TD+
TD+
RD
RD
RD+
RD+
NC
NC
NC
NC
TD+
TD
NC
NC
NC
NC
. 5.10. UTP
1
, ,
, . . .
5. LAN WAN
271
, ,
. . 5.11 ,
, ,
, x .
. 5.11.
.
:
;
;
.
:
;
;
;
;
;
.
:
.
:
.
. RJ45
RJ
45 .
272
I. CCNA 1:
LAN .
.
,
LAN. LAN ,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
5 UTP .
UTP 100 ( 333 ).
, .
Ethernet ,
,
.
,
, , ,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
, . 5.12 5.13,
,
.
,
.
Ethernet 10 /,
543,
LAN. ,
,
().
543 ,
.
.
.
2 , 4 24 , . 5.14.
, 10BASET 100BASET,
.
,
, .
5. LAN WAN
273
, ,
,
, , .
. 5.12.
. 5.13.
. 5.14.
274
I. CCNA 1:
:
,
;
(smart hubs).
,
.
,
;
.
;
.
.
, ,
. .
,
.
(hub).
5.1.7.
.
Ethernet .
LAN. ,
.
(radio frequency RF), ,
(infrared IR), .
, .
,
.
.
, , ,
.
,
. ,
5. LAN WAN
275
LAN ,
.
LAN ,
. 5.15. ,
, ,
, .
OSI. (
) ,
.
, , ,
, , LAN Ethernet
.
276
I. CCNA 1:
1
A
0050DA0DF52D
0050047C2B01
0050F1128A00
1
2
0050C2430F1B
0050B500928B
0050BA41443C
2
. 5.15.
, MAC
,
(),
. :
,
, ,
. 5.16. (filtering);
,
, . 5.17;
(..
), ,
. .
.
5. LAN WAN
277
A
Rk
Bh
Xc
U
B
XX
F
L
O
B
Ct
XX
Hh
Hh
O
B
U
A
XX
Hh
Rk
F
L
Q
V
Ct
Bh
Xc
Ct
V,
Xc.
.
. 5.16. :
A
Rk
Bh
Xc
U
B
XX
F
L
O
B
Ct
XX
Hh
Hh
O
O
B
U
A
XX
Hh
Rk
F
L
Q
V
Ct
Bh
Xc
Ct
Q
V,
Hh. ,
.
. 5.17. :
I. CCNA 1:
278
.
( ),
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
, , . 5.18.
0260.8c01.1111
MAC
E0
E0
E1
E1
0260.8c01.1111
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.4444
E0
E1
0260.8c01.1111
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.2222
. 5.18.
,
, . ,
, MAC .
, .
, .
Ethernet , , ,
(
).
,
Ethernet LAN
.
,
,
.
:
.
, , () ;
5. LAN WAN
279
.
.
, ,
, ,
VLAN (Virtual LAN).
Ethernet , ,
, ,
. 5.19.
.
,
.
LAN
. 5.19.
5.1.10. LAN
.
Ethernet NIC.
(NIC), . 5.20
5.21, ,
.
. NIC
.
.
280
I. CCNA 1:
NIC
OSI. ,
, (Media
Access Control MAC).
. MAC NIC
, , .
MAC .
, NIC .
NIC ,
. , NIC
.
. 5.20. ( )
. 5.21. ( )
NIC
, .
Cisco 2500. Ethernet
AUI,
Ethernet UTP 5. (
). Ethernet (
Ethernet)
(, 15
AUI RJ45).
5. LAN WAN
281
NIC .
, , ,
NIC .
, NIC (),
NIC.
LAN WAN
,
.
.
,
. ,
, .. .
,
. ,
. , ,
, .
(peertopeer network)
.
(workgroups). ,
, . ,
A ,
, A . A
, .
A . ,
A, ,
, , , .
A
.
.
, . 5.22 . 5.23.
,
.
,
. ,
,
. , ,
, .
282
I. CCNA 1:
. 5.22.
. 5.23.
.
,
, .
.
, .
, .
5. LAN WAN
283
.
. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
/.
5.1.12.
,
.
, IP
ping.
.
-
() , ,
, . 5.24.
, ,
, ,
. (Network
Operating System NOS) .
,
, ,
,
.
, . 5.25. ,
,
.
(account name) ,
,
. ,
.
, , ,
,
.
,
.
, .
I. CCNA 1:
284
. 5.24.
, .
,
, ,
.
.
.
.
,
.
. 5.3 5.4
.
5.3.
NOS
5. LAN WAN
285
. 5.25.
5.4.
NOS, , Windows NT/2000/XP, Novell
NetWare UNIX
,
,
,
286
I. CCNA 1:
5.1.13.
,
.
,
IP
ping.
5.1.13b.
, PC
Ethernet.
, IP
ping.
WAN (WideArea Network WAN).
WAN
,
(LAN),
, ,
.
,
LAN WAN.
,
(Basic Rate Interface BRI)
(Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN),
(Digital Subscriber Line DSL),
.
WAN.
WAN
, . . 5.26
,
WAN. ,
, , ,
.
WAN, ,
, ,
(PointtoPoint Protocol PPP) Frame Relay.
2400 /
T1 (1,544 /). WAN, , ISDN,
(dialondemand)
5. LAN WAN
287
EIA/TIA232
EIA/TIA449
X.21 V.24 V.35
Frame Relay
PPP
Cisco
(Highlevel Data Link Control HDLC)
:
WAN.
BRI
ISDN (
PPP)
DSL
RJ11
F
RJ45
:
:
:
BRI
TV
ISDN
Ethernet
. 5.26. WAN
WAN
,
.
,
. WAN
. , ,
.
( , )
288
I. CCNA 1:
. , ,
, 3 (, ).
(bandwidth).
, . . 5.5
EIA/TIA232,
EIA/TIA449, v.35, X.21 EIA530 WAN.
5.5.
(/)
()
EIA/TIA232
()
EIA/TIA449, V.35, X.21, EIA530
2400
60
1250
4800
30
625
9600
15
312
19,200
15
156
38,400
15
78
115,200
3,7
T1 (1,544 /)
15
WAN
.
, ,
, . . 5.27
.
. ,
Cisco 60 (.. smart serial
) ,
WAN.
, V.35.
, (clocking), ,
CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit
), ()
(Data Terminal Equipment DTE),
DTE.
. ,
; DCE
, (Data
Communications Equipment DCE) , ..
. ( ),
5. LAN WAN
289
,
DTE, DCE,
DTEDCE.
DTE
CSU/
DSU
DCE
EIA/TIA232
EIA/TIA449
V.35
X.21
EIA530
CSU/DSU
. 5.27. WAN
, ,
: (Data
Terminal Equipment DTE) (Data Communications
Equipment DCE). DTE
WAN. DCE ,
DTE
, WAN. . 5.28,
, (, ,
CSU/DSU), DTE,
DTE.
.
!
.
WAN
CSU/DSU.
DCE ,
. 5.29. ,
(backtoback), ..
I. CCNA 1:
290
, DTE,
DCE, .
:
WAN
:
;
DTE
S
S
DTE
CSU/DSU
DCE
DCE
S
S
DCE
DTE
S1 (DTE)
. 5.29.
, , . ,
.
. 5.30
(). (),
, , serial 0 ( ).
,
.
LED
LED
AUI
Ethernet
AUI
Ethernet
(DB15)
(DB60)
LED
BRI
AUX
. 5.30.
5. LAN WAN
291
5.31 .
, , (,
) .
,
/ / , , serial 1/0;
(, serial), ,
( 1),
( 0).
. 5.31.
5.2.3. LAN
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet.
.
5.2.3b. WAN
, (
), WAN
.
5.2.3c.
, ,
. IP
:
,
.
292
I. CCNA 1:
BRI ISDN
BRI
(ISDN) : BRIS/T BRIU.
BRI ISDN (U)
(Network Termination 1 NT1).
(T)
NT1 NT2,
(Private Branch Exchange PBX, ).
(System S)
NT1 ISDN, , ISDN.
BRI T S,
,
S/T.
, ,
, NT1 , ,
. NT1
ISDN ( ),
. NT1
, .
NT1
.
, , ISDN ISDN
.
!
:
ISDN-
NT1 ,
BRI- ISDN U-. U-
NT1. NT1, NT1
, S/T- ISDN.
ISDN,
.
U-, S/T-. ISDN
. . 5.32 ISDN.
5. LAN WAN
BRI: S/T U.
Ethernet
10BASET
BRI ISDN
. 5.32. ISDN
BRI ISDN
UTP 5 RJ-45. ,
BRI ISDN
Ethernet. . 5.6 S/T-
BRI ISDN.
5.6. S/T- BRI ISDN
(Tx+)
(Rx+)
(Rx)
(Tx)
293
294
I. CCNA 1:
DSL
DSL ,
. DSL
, ,
.
(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ADSL)
,
xDSL.
Cisco 800
, ,
IOS Cisco, .
. 5.33, ADSL Cisco 8274V ADSL
, Internet
LAN DSL.
!
,
DSL, DSL,
.
Cisco 8274V
5. LAN WAN
295
(Tx)
(Rx)
,
. ,
T1.
. Cisco uBR905
, (Small Office, Home
Office SOHO).
!
.
.
, ,
,
.
uBR905
(F), .
F. 59 (RG59)
RG6, RG6.
Cisco uBR905
, .
1.
2.
, .
,
.
296
3.
4.
5.
I. CCNA 1:
, ,
.
.
F ,
. 5.34. ,
,
, 1/6
.
,
,
( )
Cisco uBR905
.
F
(
TV)
TV
. 5.34. F
!
,
.
,
1/6 ,
.
5. LAN WAN
297
Cisco
. Cisco
(console port).
,
Cisco. ,
, ,
, (rollover cable); RJ45,
. 5.35.
PC
RJ45 RJ45
RJ45
DB9 (
)
. 5.35.
, ,
, RJ45,
Ethernet BRI ISDN.
:
1 8,
2 7,
3 6,
4 5,
5 4,
6 3,
7 2,
8 1.
Cisco ,
.
1.
2.
.
, , RJ45 DB9
RJ45 DB25 .
,
( COM):
I. CCNA 1:
298
9600 /;
8 (8 data bits);
(no parity);
1 (1 stop bit);
(hardware flow control).
!
(auxiliary AUX)
. AUX
. AUX
Cisco : 9600 /, 8
, , .
115200 /,
33600 /
.
:
.
5.2.7.
,
.
,
:
NIC
;
LAN
Ethernet, Token Ring FDDI;
Ethernet
CSMA/CD, Ethernet;
LAN Ethernet
: Ethernet IEEE 802.3, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet,
Ethernet 10G 10000 / Ethernet;
( ,
, );
5. LAN WAN
299
(, , ,
);
LAN:
;
WAN ;
DTE,
DCE, , CSU/DSU,
DTE;
BRI (ISDN)
: S/T U. BRI ISDN
UTP 5;
DSL
RJ11;
F;
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
RJ45 , .
(active hub)
( ),
.
(intelligent hub)
.
,
.
.
() (Attachment Unit Interface AUI)
15
Ethernet.
(Switch) ,
. , , (..
), ,
, .
300
I. CCNA 1:
, ,
, .
, .
1. 802.3u?
) 10BASEF.
) 10BASET.
) 100BASETX.
) 1000BASECX.
2. Ethernet
?
) Ethernet 10 /
LAN.
) Gigabit Ethernet
.
) Fast Ethernet
Ethernet .
) .
5. LAN WAN
301
3. ,
Ethernet?
) ISO.
) ANSI.
) TIA/EIA.
) IETF.
4.
?
) RJ45 ,
.
) AUI 15 ,
NIC Ethernet.
) GBIC ,
.
) .
5. (crossover)
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
6.
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
7.
WAN?
) DSL.
) ISDN.
) Frame Relay.
) Ethernet.
302
I. CCNA 1:
8. WAN?
) .
) .
) .
) .
9.
DCE?
) .
) , .
) , ,
.
) ,
.
10. BRI
ISDN ?
) UTP 5.
) UTP 5.
) .
) .
11. DSL?
) RJ45.
) RJ11.
) F.
) DB9.
12.
?
) RJ45.
) RJ11.
) F.
) AUI.
13.
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
6
Ethernet
...
Ethernet
IEEE;
,
OSI
Ethernet;
802.3;
(Media Access
Control MAC) MAC;
Ethernet;
Ethernet;
;
;
;
CSMA/CD;
Ethernet;
(FCS);
;
,
;
Ethernet.
,
:
Ethernet, . 304,
, . 305,
, . 306,
, . 319,
token ring, . 322,
fddi, . 322,
, . 325,
, . 325,
304
I. CCNA 1:
, . 313,
, . 325,
, . 326,
, . 327,
,
. 331,
, . 337,
, . 338,
, . 340,
, . 340,
, . 312,
, . 340.
Ethernet
(LocalArea Network LAN).
,
.
Ethernet ,
.
.
, , ,
, .
Ethernet Ethernet,
IEEE. Ethernet,
Ethernet ,
Ethernet.
.
, .
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
6. Ethernet
305
Ethernet
LAN ,
( ). LAN
, ,
,
.
Ethernet
LAN. , Inter
net, Ethernet .
Ethernet
LAN.
Ethernet
:
.
, 1973
3 /, 10 /.
Ethernet , ,
Ethernet, ,
. Gigabit
Ethernet , ,
, (metropolitanarea)
(widearea) .
Ethernet, Ethernet,
Ethernet Ethernet.
Ethernet
Ethernet
,
.
70 .
, ,
Alohanet. ,
Ethernet, .
MAC Ethernet,
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection
CSMA/CD). CSMA/CD .
Ethernet
LAN. 30 (Robert Metcalfe)
Xerox. Ethernet
Digital Equipment Company, Intel Xerox (DIX) 1980 .
306
I. CCNA 1:
, Ethernet ,
. DIX
, .. .
.
, Ethernet,
80 XX . Ethernet
10 / (
) 2 . Ethernet
.
(Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers IEEE) ,
. 1985 IEEE
LAN. IEEE
LAN
. 802.
Ethernet LAN 802.3.
IEEE
OSI ISO.
IEEE OSI :
(Media Access Control MAC)
(Logical Link Control LLC).
802.3
Ethernet.
DIX Ethernet 802.3 .
, Ethernet (Network
Interface Card NIC)
Ethernet, 802.3. Ethernet IEEE 802.3
. , , ,
Ethernet IEEE 802.3.
80 XX . Ethernet, 10 /,
. 90
,
,
Ethernet LAN. 1995 . IEEE
Ethernet 100 /. 1998
1999 . Gigabit Ethernet ( 1
). 2002 IEEE Ethernet
10 /.
Ethernet (802.3).
Ethernet
Ethernet. Ethernet ()
10 /,
Ethernet 10 /
Ethernet 100 /. , Ethernet ,
6. Ethernet
307
. Ethernet
, .
,
Ethernet.
Ethernet
. ,
, , Ethernet
. Ethernet 802.3
. ,
, . ,
Ethernet, ,
802.3 .
IEEE Ethernet
Ethernet
, Ethernet, Fast
Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet ( GigE) 10Gb Ethernet ( 10G). Ethernet
10 100 000 .
10, 100, 1000 10 000 /.
Ethernet (10BASET),
Fast Ethernet (100BASETX 100BASEFX), Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASET
1000BASEX), Ethernet 10 /.
Ethernet :
IEEE OSI.
, Ethernet
, IEEE
802.3.
, , Fast Ethernet 802.3u.
( ).
.
10BASE2 IEEE 802.3a.
10BASE5 IEEE 802.3.
100BASET IEEE 802.3i.
1000BASETX IEEE 802.3X.
, :
, ;
BASE, ()
;
(2 5),
( 185 200 , 2);
308
I. CCNA 1:
,
(F (fiber optical cable), T
(copper unshielded twisted pair)).
.
. , (
UTP
), .
( ) .
Ethernet .
, (broadband
signaling) Ethernet .
, ,
. ,
, .
.
, , .
IEEE, (Internatio
nal Organization for Standardization ISO), .
, ,
. IEEE
:
,
, Ethernet;
.
LAN
.
. , ,
LAN Ethernet ,
,
.
. ,
,
IEEE.
.
.
6. Ethernet
309
: 802 IEEE.
802 IEEE.
Ethernet OSI
LAN ,
OSI. LAN
. LAN
,
OSI.
,
. Ethernet
IEEE :
(Media Access Control MAC) (802.3).
, MAC
.
,
;
(Logical Link Control LLC) (802.2).
, LLC
.
(Service Access Point SAP) .
LLC, , ,
(,
, IP). IEEE 802.2
(encapsulation), , ,
Ethernet II ( LAN Ethernet
TCP/IP). .
. 6.1, IEEE 802.3
( ) MAC () .
. 6.2 OSI
.
Ethernet LAN. () OSI
, ,
, ,
, LAN.
,
. .
.
I. CCNA 1:
310
LLC
IEEE 802.2
OSI
IEEE 802.3ab
IEEE 802.3z
IEEE 802.3u
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
MAC
LAN
802.11
802.12
802.14
802.15
LAN'
(VG)
802.9
802.5
Token Ring
802.6
802.4
DQDB
802.3
Ethernet
802.1
802.1
802 (802.1a)
802.2
OSI:
. 6.1,
.
LLC MAC
, ,
. MAC ,
. ,
LLC ,
. LLC
6. Ethernet
311
, , IP IPX,
.
. 6.3
Ethernet, OSI.
Ethernet,
.
6.1. ,
LLC
MAC
(
)
, ,
,
MAC
1000BASE'SX (220'550
) (MM)
SC
1000BASE'LX (550'5000 )
(MM)
SC
10BASE'( )
(MM
Sm) SC
100BASE'FX (228'412 )
(MM)
SC
10BASE2 (185 ) 50 ;
BNC
10BASE5 (500 ) 50 ;
N'
802.3
I. CCNA 1:
312
MAC-
Ethernet ,
, ..
. .
.
, (Media Access
Control MAC), NIC. MAC
: , NIC,
Ethernet.
MAC Ethernet
. (, , ..),
Ethernet LAN, MAC,
. MAC
48 12 .
, IEEE,
, ,
(Organizationally Unique Identifier OUI).
, . MAC
(BurnedIn Address BIA),
(ReadOnly Memory ROM)
(RandomAccess Memory RAM)
NIC. . 6.4 MAC.
(OUI)
( NIC, )
24
24
00 60 2F
3A 07 BC
Cisco
. 6.4. MAC
MAC LAN
, Ethernet .
(header),
MAC , (trailer).
6. Ethernet
313
, ,
.
.
LAN Ethernet 802.3 .
, ,
, ,
.
Ethernet ,
, ,
MAC. ,
MAC .
, , NIC
, , , MAC
, .
, . ,
NIC ,
.
,
, , IP
TCP.
,
.
,
. ,
, :
, ;
,
;
,
;
,
;
, .
,
.
OSI.
. . 6.5
.
I. CCNA 1:
314
0 1 0 1 0 11
A, B, C, D, E, F, , ,
. 6.5.
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
(); .
.
, (fields),
, , (. 6.6).
:
(Frame Start);
(Address field);
// (Length/Type/Control field);
(Data field);
(Frame Check Sequence FCS).
6. Ethernet
315
FCS
. 6.6.
.
:
,
,
, , : !
!. ,
, ,
.
, ,
- (MAC-) - (MAC-).
.
(Length field) .
(Type field), 3- , .
.
(
) - -.
, ,
( ). ,
-, .
IEEE
(Logical Link Control LLC). , LLC
3-
. ,
LLC.
( , )
. (Frame Check Sequence FCS)
, . -
FCS, .
, .
I. CCNA 1:
316
(Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC),
.
Ethernet
MAC Ethernet (10/100/1 000/10 000 /)
. Gigabit Ethernet
1000BASET W 10 / Ethernet ,
, MAC
,
.
Ethernet ,
.
SFD
1
46 1550
FCS
4
MAC
MAC
/ ( ,
0600,
)
46 to 100
6. Ethernet
317
: Ethernet II
DIX- Ethernet,
Ethernet- IEEE 802.3, (Preamble)
(Start Frame Delimiter SFD) ,
. / (Length/Type) IEEE ,
DIX- .
IEEE, ,
. DIX Ethernet,
Ethernet Version 2 (Ethernet 2), Ethernet II, ,
Ethernet- TCP/IP.
. 6.8 Ethernet II.
46 1550
FCS
4
. 6.8. Ethernet II
. 6.3 Ethernet II .
6.3. Ethernet II
MAC
6
2
46 1500
MAC
(Type Field), 46 ,
,
/
( Frame Check Sequence
FCS, CRC)
I. CCNA 1:
318
Ethernet-
Ethernet
802.3. Ethernet 802.3 . 6.8.
(Preamble). !
,
Ethernet 10 /
. Ethernet !
, , !
.
:
10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010.
(Start Frame Delimiter SFD).
.
10101011. DIX! Ethernet
.
, Ethernet IEEE, !
. !
, ,
SFD, , !
.
(Destination Address).
MAC! . !
( ), ( )
( ).
(Source Address). MAC!
. ,
Ethernet!.
, !
MAC! .
Ethernet MAC!
, ,
(broadcast domain). !
3.2.3
802.3, 1998 , Ethernet! 802.3 !
.
6. Ethernet
319
/ (Length/Type). 1536
( 0600), .
, LLC
.
( Ethernet). (Type)
,
Ethernet.
( IEEE 802.3).
, .
1536 ( 0600),
,
(Data field) .
Ethernet (Ethertype protocols)
RFC 1700, 168.
(Data and Pad field).
, .
(Maximum Transmission Unit MTU)
Ethernet 1500 ,
. .
,
. ,
46 1500 .
Ethernet .
, 64 1518 ,
.
.
MAC,
46 ( )
1500 .
(IEEE 802.3).
,
, .
, 64 ,
,
64 .
(Frame Check Sequence &&&& FCS).
(Cyclical Redundancy Check CRC),
,
,
.
320
I. CCNA 1:
CRC.
,
( ). ()
. ,
.
,
, . 6.7. , . 6.8, ,
SFD (Extension)
. FCS Ethernet,
(
).
,
FCS, ,
.
,
FCS.
Ethernet
, ()
,
.
,
Ethernet, CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection
).
, ,
CSMA/CD
Ethernet, :
UTP
(Tx) (Rx), UTP
,
, (
) ;
,
:
.
Ethernet 1000BASETX, Gigabit Ethernet,
,
. Ethernet
6. Ethernet
321
. 1000BASETX
,
UTP .
(Media Access Control MAC)
, ( )
, .
MAC LLC IEEE . MAC LLC
. MAC:
( );
(
(first come, first
served)).
Token Ring FDDI , Ethernet/802.3
( ).
MAC-
MAC
, .
Token
Ring.
. , ,
. ,
.
,
, .
. ,
Token Ring. Token Ring
, . 6.9.
. ,
, ,
, .
MAC-
MAC
(firstcome, firstserved FCFS).
MAC
CSMA/CD.
Ethernet
. ,
CSMA/CD, ,
322
I. CCNA 1:
. ,
(),
. ,
. , ,
, .
Token
Ring
Ethernet MAC-
Token Ring, FDDI
Ethernet. Ethernet ,
LAN. (, LLC, ,
MAC),
.
.
Ethernet
( ).
Token Ring
( , )
( ).
FDDI (
)
( ).
6. Ethernet
323
MAC-
Ethernet
. Ethernet CSMA/CD
:
;
OSI;
.
CSMA/CD ,
,
(listenbeforetransmit mode), (Carrier
Sense CS). Ethernet ,
,
, .
, , .
,
, ,
. ,
, . 6.10.
. Ethernet
. Ethernet
, 8, Ethernet.
,
.
(Collision Detect CD).
, , ,
,
. ,
, ,
(backoff).
(,
, ) ,
.
, ,
. ,
CSMA/CD, . 6.11.
I. CCNA 1:
324
(
)
. 6.10. CSMA/CD
Ethernet .
, ,
. .
, MAC MAC ,
, . Ethernet
, , IP IPX,
. MAC ,
IP IPX
.
MAC IP, ,
. ,
. ,
, . Ethernet
(connectionless)
(besteffort delivery).
6. Ethernet
325
jam'
=
+ 1
. 6.11. CSMA/CD
: ,
: ,
.
.
(simplex transmission), ,
. (),
I. CCNA 1:
326
,
. - ,
. 6.12.
. 6.12.
(half-duplex transmission)
, .
, ,
, . 6.13. Ethernet,
Ethernet 802.3, ,
.
.
CSMA/CD,
.
. 6.13.
(full-duplex), . 6.14,
.
.
, 8, Ethernet-.
,
. Ethernet
, - -
. Ethernet-
,
-,
. , Ethernet
. ,
Ethernet 10 / 20 /. 100 /
200 /.
:
. 6.14.
6. Ethernet
327
Ethernet
Ethernet ,
; ,
. CSMA/CD.
: , ,
,
.
Ethernet ,
. Ethernet,
. Ethernet
(
), ,
.
,
.
, Ethernet,
, ,
, .
, .
, , (..
propagation delay),
,
,
. .
,
, .
(timeslot) .
,
, .
64 ,
. :
MAC ;
;
( );
(FCS), ,
.
328
I. CCNA 1:
, , FCS
.
Ethernet 10 / ,
, 8
, . 100 /
Ethernet ,
.
SFD . ,
SFD ,
.
, .
,
, (Length/Type)
LLC, .
Ethernet 1998 2000 Ethernet
.
,
. 802.3
/ (Length/Type) (Length)
(/), 1536 ( 600),
MTU,
1500 ( 5DC).
Ethernet, 1000 /,
,
. Ethernet 10 / 100 /
512 (64 ). Ethernet
1000 / 4096 (512 ,
). Ethernet 10 /
, .
,
, ,
;
32 . ,
,
,
Ethernet , ,
,
. ,
,
. Ethernet 1000 /
6. Ethernet
329
,
(Extension), ,
, ,
.
1000 /;
(64 ) ,
. .
: Eth
ernet 10 / MAC 100
(). 100 / 10 ,
1000 / 1 . . 6.4
Ethernet.
6.4. Ethernet
(/)
()
10
100
100
10
1000 (1 /)
10 000 (10 /)
0,1
UTP 8 (20,3 ) .
UTP 100 ,
10BASET 100 5 (4,92
).
100 / 1000 /
, 49,2 100 / 492
100 /.
CSMA/CD Ethernet,
,
. 100 /
100 .
1000 / ,
,
UTP. , Ethernet
10 / .
. 6.5
,
FCS .
I. CCNA 1:
330
6.5.
( )
()
10 /
100 /
1 /
10 /
96
96
96
96
9,6
0,96
0,096
0,0096
Ethernet 10 / ,
,
96 (9,6 ),
. Ethernet
96 . ,
, , . 5.6.
, ,
,
.
6.6.
1 ( )
()
10 /
100 /
1 /
10 /
512
512
4096
51,2
5,12
4,096
, 64
( SFD) ,
. ,
, .
Ethernet
, ,
.
( ) Ethernet
,
.
.
, .
Ethernet. . .
6. Ethernet
331
( ), ,
, ,
, .
,
, .
,
. ,
.
:
:
k
0r<2 ,
r , , k
( 10).
:
r .
16,
10 .
.
, , ,
.
,
10BASE-T
0 r < 32 .
, 51,2 1638,4.
MAC- 16- ,
, .
.
, 16-
. , .
(, , ), ,
, .
,
. ,
. , ,
,
, ,
. ,
. ,
16- .
.
, .
, ,
I. CCNA 1:
332
( ) Ethernet
.
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
.
,
, (.. jam,
). ;
.
.
( ),
( ),
.
.
.
,
SFD. , (SFD),
, .
, ()
32 jam, .
. 6.15 , ,
, . 802.3
.
10 /
512 ; .
1
, . 2
.
6. Ethernet
333
FCS
JAM
FCS
2
JAM
. 6.15. ,
10 /
, . 6.15, . 1
,
. 2
. 2
, NIC . 2
32 jam. 2 .
jam, 2,
, ,
1. 2
32 jam
, 1. 1,
, . , ,
1,
32 jam .
32 jam 1 .
I. CCNA 1:
334
Jam ,
.
jam : 1, 0,
1, 0..., , .
5 A
. ()
, ,
( ). ,
64
FCS.
, ,
, .
, ,
,
SNMP. ,
,
. ,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
; ,
.
,
64
, .
,
.
Ethernet,
, :
;
;
.
. 6.16.
.
6. Ethernet
335
64
/
SFD
1
6
6
2
FCS
46 1550
. 6.16. : ,
: ,
(10BASE2 10BASE5) ,
.
,
, . ,
.
. NIC ,
.
1,5 , .
. 6.17 10BASE2/10BASE5,
.
. 6.17. 10BASE2/10BASE5
. 6.17 .
,
.
, ,
, jam- .
UTP (, 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX 1000BASE-T)
, , TX
336
I. CCNA 1:
(transmit), RX (receive).
,
(. . 6.17). UTP ,
.
,
. ,
. :
, , , ,
.
,
, FCS,
. -
, .
: RX TX.
, , .
UTP .
, , ,
(Remote Monitoring RMON),
,
.
64 ,
.
. ,
64 , .
, 64 , ,
Ethernet- NIC ,
, . ,
NIC, , ,
. , , ,
, .
, 802.3 ,
, . Gigabit Ethernet
, .
,
. ,
,
,
, ,
. ,
,
, jam-.
FCS.
6. Ethernet
337
Ethernet
Ethernet? : Ethernet
(LAN),
Ethernet, .
Ethernet,
. Ethernet
. ,
.
, ,
.
, .
Ethernet :
,
;
,
;
( jabber, ;
);
( ,
);
( FCS);
(
alignment error);
( );
jam ( ghost
).
. ,
, , , .
,
.
Ethernet.
(jabber) 802.3
.
, 20 00050 000 .
I. CCNA 1:
338
, ,
, , ,
, 20 00050 000
. , ,
1518
VLAN ,
. , ,
(jabber) FCS.
.
(long frame) ,
, . ,
FCS, .
,
(jabber). . 6.18 ,
1518 .
>1518
/
SFD
1
6
6
2
FCS
. 6.18.
,
. (jabber),
, . 802.1q ,
.
IEEE 802.1Q ,
(VLAN) LAN,
. IEEE 802.1Q
,
, .
,
64 ,
.
,
. ,
, .
6. Ethernet
339
(
) ,
64 .
. 6.19 , 64 .
< 64
SFD
1
6
6
2
FCS
. 6.19.
( )
, ,
. ,
FCS. ,
. Ethernet
SNMP, ,
74 , (64
10/100 /,
517 1000 /),
.
FCS
(
, CRC), ,
, .
FCS, , , ( ..),
, ,
,
. ,
, , , ,
, ,
.
FCS
NIC,
, . FCS
,
, ,
. ,
.
340
I. CCNA 1:
FCS .
.
(..
),
(alignment error). .. ,
,
( ), .
, ,
.
, ,
.
/, .
,
. ,
.
,
(Length field),
(Data field), (range error).
, ,
(Data field)
. ,
, .
-
Fluke Networks
(ghost) (),
, SFD.
,
72 ( ),
.
,
,
.
,
, .
,
. ,
.
, ,
6. Ethernet
341
NIC .
.
.
,
,
. ,
.. ( )
,
.
, .
, .
,
,
. .
jam
.
,
.
,
, , RMON,
.
Ethernet
Ethernet 10 100
1000 /,
,
10, 100 1000 /.
,
(autonegotiation) . ,
Fast Ethernet
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
10BASET , 16 ()
, .
I. CCNA 1:
342
,
(Normal Link Pulse NLP).
,
(Fast Link Pulse (FLP) burst). FLP
, NLP,
10BASET . . 6.20
NLP FLP.
16 (+/' 8 )
~
~
~
~
NLP
10BASET
+1 1 .
NLP 0 +1 .
NLP 100 . . 6.21 NLP
.
, 1000 /.
, 10/100 /
.
. 6.21. NLP
10BASET .
.
,
, ,
.
,
6. Ethernet
343
.
,
.
, , , ,
.
. 6.22 FLP.
. 6.22. FLP
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
D0
D1 D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
. 6.23.
,
.
,
.
,
,
FLP
(Acknowledge).
FLP ,
,
.
344
I. CCNA 1:
,
.
, ,
, .
, .
Ethernet
. Gigabit Ethernet
, .
Ethernet,
UTP.
, ,
, ,
10BASET, ,
(.. ,
).
10BASET 10BASET,
.
FLP, .
FLP, NLP,
, 10BASE
T.
FLP.
(..
2).
, , .
:
;
.
2
; ,
, , . . .
6. Ethernet
345
,
,
, .
,
3.
10 / Ethernet, .
,
().
FLP ,
Fast Ethernet
, .
, FLP
.
, ,
.
Ethernet
: .
.
. , UTP
, ,
. 10 /
.
.
,
. UTP
,
.
Ethernet
, ,
.
, , .
,
,
. . .
I. CCNA 1:
346
.
, Gigabit Ethernet:
;
.
,
,
. ,
, , ,
.
. , ,
.
,
,
. ,
Ethernet 10/100/1000 /
.
,
( ):
100 BASET ;
100 BASET ;
100 BASETX ;
100 BASETX ;
10 BASET ;
10 BASET .
Ethernet ,
. , .
,
Ethernet,
.
6. Ethernet
347
:
(Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers IEEE) ,
. IEEE
LAN
;
IEEE OSI
:
(Media Access Control MAC)
(Logical Link Control LLC);
Ethernet MAC ,
, NIC ;
,
;
( )
( );
Ethernet
(CSMA/CD);
(Halfduplex transmission)
, .
;
, ;
( )
Ethernet ;
Ethernet,
,
, ;
Ethernet (jabber),
, , ,
, ,
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
348
I. CCNA 1:
IEEE ( Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers) ,
. LAN, IEEE,
.
LLC (Logical Link Control )
, IEEE.
LLC , ,
MAC. LLC
IEEE 802.2,
, .
MAC (Media Access Control )
,
IEEE. MAC , ,
. . LLC.
MAC (MAC address) ,
, LAN.
,
. MAC
6 IEEE.
, MAC .
OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier )
IEEE 48
MAC .
(backoff) ,
.
(full duplex)
.
(header) ,
.
(propagation delay) ,
.
(encapsulation)
. ,
Ethernet.
, .
(trailer) ,
.
6. Ethernet
349
350
I. CCNA 1:
10 / Ethernet ,
,
.
Ethernet 10 /.
Token Ring ,
. IBM.
Token Ring 4 16 /
.
(simplex) ,
.
.
Ethernet LAN,
Xerox Xerox, Intel Digital Equipment.
Ethernet CSMA/CD
10, 100 1000 /. Ethernet IEEE 802.3
.
Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet,
IEEE 802.3z 1996 .
IEEE 802.2 IEEE LAN,
LLC OSI.
IEEE 802.2
() .
IEEE 802.3 IEEE LAN,
MAC (..
). IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD
.
IEEE 802.3
Fast Ethernet. IEEE 802.3
10BASE2, 10BASE5, 10BASEF, 10BASET 10BROAD36.
Fast Ethernet 100BASETX
100BASEFX.
Fast Ethernet. Eth
ernet, 100 /.
Fast Ethernet , 10 ,
Ethernet 10BASET, 10BASET,
, MAC MTU.
10BASET Fast Ethernet. Fast Ethernet
IEEE 802.3.
6. Ethernet
351
(connectionless)
.
(long frame) ,
, .
(ghost). Fluke Networks
(),
, SFD.
,
72 ,
.
, ,
, .
, .
1.
IEEE?
) (Media Access Control).
) (Data Link Control).
) (Logical Link Control).
) .
2. OSI IEEE
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
3. LLC?
) .
) .
) .
) .
4. MAC?
) .
) .
) .
) .
352
I. CCNA 1:
5. MAC _______ .
) 12.
) 24.
) 48.
) 64.
6. , Ethernet
?
) TCP/IP.
) CSMA/CD.
) CMDA/CS.
) CSMA/CA.
7. MAC?
) ().
) BIOS .
) (NIC).
) CMOS.
8.
LAN?
) MAC
.
LAN, ,
, .
) MAC
. ,
, ,
.
) MAC
.
.
)
,
, .
6. Ethernet
353
9. ?
) , .
) ,
.
) .
) .
10. (Media Ac
cess Control)?
) , NIC
.
) .
) , ,
.
) , .
11.
CSMA/CD?
) ,
.
) ,
MAC, IP.
)
, .
) .
12. LAN Ethernet IEEE 802.3?
) ,
.
) , ,
.
) ,
.
)
.
13. () ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
354
I. CCNA 1:
14.
MAC?
) .
)
.
) .
)
(talking stick) ,
(troublemakers).
7
Ethernet
...
Ethernet
10 /;
10BASE5;
10BASE T;
10BASE2;
10BASE
T;
10BASE FX;
10BASE
T;
Ethernet
100 /;
10BASE2;
Fast Ethernet
;
1000BASE
SX
1000BASE
LX;
100BASE
T
;
Fast Ethernet;
Gigabit Ethernet;
,
100BASE
TX UTP
;
Ethernet;
Ethernet
1000 /;
Ethernet
10 /
;
Ethernet, Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet;
Ethernet
10 /.
,
:
, . 359,
, . 360,
, . 360,
, . 361,
356
I. CCNA 1:
thicknet, . 361,
, . 363,
thinnet, . 363,
100BASETX, . 370,
100BASEFX, . 370,
, . 370,
, . 382,
, . 372,
1000BASET, 1000BASESX,
. 381,
1000BASELX, . 381,
8b1q4, . 382,
, . 392.
Ethernet
10 100 /
Ethernet. ,
,
Ethernet,
, Ethernet.
7. Ethernet
357
Ethernet
10BASE5.
. 10BASE2
, ;
500 185 .
10BASE
T. ,
, 100 ,
, (repeaters) (hubs).
10BASE
T
500 .
. 10BASE
T
,
,
.
, 10BASE
T
Internet ( )
.
Fast Ethernet. Fast Ethernet
100BASE
TX
.
10BASE
T (, 10 100 /).
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface
) Ethernet
100BASE
FX .
Ethernet MAC
,
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
CSMA/CD).
10- Ethernet
. 7.1 ,
Ethernet. 10BASE5, 10BASE2
10BASET .
Ethernet:
;
;
;
.
I. CCNA 1:
358
1000BASE!SX (220!550 )
(MM)
SC
1000BASE!LX (550!5000 )
(MM)
SC
10BASE!( )
(MM
Sm) SC
100BASE!FX (228!412 )
(MM)
SC
10BASE2 (185 ) 50 ;
BNC
10BASE5 (500 ) 50 ;
N!
802.3
. 7.1. Ethernet
Ethernet
.
. 7.1, 10BASE2, 10BASE5 10BASE
T
. ,
(
bit
time) 10 /
100 (), 0,1 (), 1
.
7.1. Ethernet 10 /
100
512
96 1
16
10
jam
32
1518
512 (64 )
, . . .
7. Ethernet
359
!
SFD
6
1
46 1550
FCS
4
. 7.2. Ethernet
Ethernet
OSI.
MAC
,
.
(Signal Quality Error
SQE). ,
, .
,
, .
SQE ;
, . SQE
:
4
8 ,
;
;
;
, , ,
( );
, ,
.
!
NRZ ( )
( 0 ) .
Ethernet 10 /
, MAC
, ,
(line
encoding).
,
. , ,
(nonreturn to zero NRZ), 5 ,
0 ,
. ,
.
10 /
360
I. CCNA 1:
. 7.3.
. ,
. 7.3, ,
,
.
0.
( ), ,
,
1.
,
(0
1
),
.
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
.
Ethernet .
Ethernet (shared Ethernet),
. Ethernet
7. Ethernet
361
10BASE5
Ethernet 10BASE5 ( 1980 )
10 / ,
, Thicknet.
10BASE5 :
, Ethernet.
.
,
. 10BASE5 ,
(
), , , ,
;
. ,
10BASE5
, .
I. CCNA 1:
362
, ,
6, Ethernet,
Ethernet 10 /.
10BASE5
. . 7.4 10BASE5,
0
1 . ,
10BASE5 ( 0 ) ,
.
0 1
0 1 0 1
0 1
SFD
0 0 0 0
. 7.4. 10BASE5
. 7.4 ,
, .
, Y ;
.
. 7.5 , 10BASE5
(Nominal Velocity of Propagation NVP) 0,77
( ) 50 .
N
.
500 2.
AUI
(Attachment Unit Interface
AUI, ),
50 . , ,
.
!
,
( ) .
70% 75%.
1640 . . .
7. Ethernet
363
. 7.5. 10BASE5
10BASE5
:
( );
10BASE5 ;
10BASE5 100 ,
.
7.1.2.
,
, OSI Ethernet
Ethernet
.
10BASE2
1985 10BASE2 ( 802.3
1985),
, ,
10BASE5.
, Thinnet.
10BASE2 .
10BASE2,
,
, . 10BASE2 ,
, .
, 10BASE5, 10BASE2
.
, ,
6, Ethernet,
Ethernet
10 /.
10BASE2
. 10BASE2 0
1
( Y ,
;
). 10BASE2 (0 )
, . 10BASE2
.
I. CCNA 1:
364
,
,
.
BNC
(British Naval Connector BNC)
, . 7.6.
.
,
. 10BASE2
Ethernet.
. 7.6 ,
( ,
, ;
).
0,65,
( 50 )
BNC
.
185 3,
BNC
,
.
. 7.6. BNC
10BASE-T
10BASE
T ( 802.3i
1990)
UTP (Unshielded
Twisted Pair
).
, ,
. , 10BASE
T,
, ,
UTP
,
, , . 10BASE
T
,
. Ethernet,
3
600 . . .
7. Ethernet
365
, 1990
10BASE
T UTP
5.
2,
, 3, .
, ,
, .
10BASE
T
UTP
3 (
5, 5 ).
Ethernet 10 /
,
, .
10BASE
T 125 ( )
(link pulse), .
, 10BASE
T .
(UTP)
10BASE
T, 90 ,
, 0,4
0,6 ( 26 22 AWG (American Wire Gauge
)). ,
10 , ,
, .
NVP, 0,585, 100
RJ
45, ISO/IEC 8877.
0 100 ( 0 328 ),
( ,
1000 ,
). UTP
0,5 (24 AWG)
100 .
3
10BASE
T,
5 .
568 568 .
( 1000BASE
T)
.
. 7.2 10BASE
T.
, (
).
. 7.7
.
(crossover cable),
R .
2 ( R R).
366
I. CCNA 1:
7.2. 10BASE"T
TD+. ,
TD . ,
RD+. ,
RD . ,
RJ45
1 RD+
2 RD
3 TD+
4
5
6 TD
7
8
RJ45
1 RD+
2 RD
3 TD+
4
5
6 TD
7
8
. 7.7.
10BASET
. 7.8 ,
() .
. . ,
,
.
.
.
,
,
UTP
.
,
7. Ethernet
367
Tx Rx. ,
(
, CSMA/CD) (
) .
, ,
.
IEEE, 802.3
1997 Full
Duplex.
, ,
,
CSMA/CD.
RJ45
1 RD+
2 RD
3 TD+
4
5
6 TD
7
8
RJ45
1 TD+
2
3
4
5
TD
RD+
6 RD
7
8
. 7.8.
10BASET
10BASE
T 10 /
,
20 / (
, ).
Ethernet
.
10BASE-T
10BASE
T
.
.
,
,
100 .
.
I. CCNA 1:
368
(
, ),
,
.
10BASE
T
, 10BASE2 10BASE5.
,
, , .
, .
(backplane)
; ,
.
(daisy
chaining) .
,
.
,
. ,
. .
. 7.9 1
. 10BASE
T
,
, .
.
4
3
1
. 7.9. 10 /
. 7.10 ( 1)
3
.
10BASE2 10BASE5,
(, ).
7. Ethernet
369
3
. 7.10.
10 /
10BASE
T 100
. ,
.
,
,
.
.
100 , 100
, ..
10BASE
T ,
,
.
, .
, ,
.
7.3. 10BASE"T
,
,
100
100 , 4
Ethernet 100 /
Ethernet 100 /,
Fast Ethernet (
Ethernet 10 /),
I. CCNA 1:
370
.
100BASETX ( UTP
)
100BASEFX ( ).
.
100BASE
TX 100BASE
FX :
;
;
.
. 7.4 Ethernet,
100 /.
7.4. 100 / Ethernet
( )
10
512
96
16
10
jam
32
1518
512 (64 )
100BASE
TX 100BASE
FX
. , Ethernet
100 / 10 , 0,01 ,
. 100 /
10 /.
Fast Ethernet
10 . . ,
, , .
; ,
.
. ,
, (Signalto
Noise Ratio SNR) 100 /,
.
, ,
, ,
.
4 /5 (4bit/5bit
7. Ethernet
371
4B/5B),
.
Ethernet,
100 /, 100BASE
TX 100BASE
FX, (
), MAC
.
;
(, ).
, ,
( ).
, .
4/5
( )
(
). 4
5 ,
125 .
,
. , ,
.
: 100BASE
TX
100BASE
FX.
100BASE-TX
1995
100BASE
T Fast Ethernet
( 802.3u
1995). 100BASE
T
Ethernet 100 /. 100BASE
TX,
100BASE
T UTP
5,
.
10/100,
Ethernet 10 /,
100 /.
Ethernet, ,
. ,
. 1997
Ethernet ; (
802.3),
. Ethernet
, .
Ethernet
.
372
I. CCNA 1:
,
6, Ethernet,
Fast Ethernet, .
100BASE
TX 4/5,
(scrambling )
MLT
3 (MultiLevel Transmit 3
), UTP
5. MLT
3
, .
(NonReturntoZero, Invert NRZI) MLT
3 ,
, NRZI.
!
NRZI
( 0 ),
.
.
. 7.11 MLT
3.
MLT
3 , 1
,
. 0
.
. 7.11.
MLT3
7. Ethernet
373
, . 7.11,
.
.
0.
,
, , .
.
, 0
. , (
), . ,
, ,
, .
. 7.11
.
1. , (
), ,
,
. ,
.
: ,
0,
1.
.
.
. 7.12 100BASE
TX,
. ( Y ,
.)
. 7.12. 100BASETX
4/5
.
100BASE
TX
10BASE
T. .
. 100 /
, .
10/100 / .
, Ethernet
100 / ,
10 /,
,
374
I. CCNA 1:
.
.
.
"
.
", " "
Fast Ethernet ":
. "
, "
Tx Rx ( ).
, (
CSMA/CD) ( "
)
. .
,
, "
. , "
, CSMA/CD.
: Fast Ethernet "
200 /? 100BASE"TX 100 /
( "
). 100BASE"TX
200 / (, ",
). "
"
Ethernet". 100BASE"TX
.
100BASE-FX
100BASE"FX (
802.3u"1995)? , Fast Ethernet
, "
, ,
, . 100BASE"
FX "
FDDI (
100 /).
Fast Ethernet 100BASE"TX. , "
100BASE"FX , "
Gigabit Ethernet "
,
, "
. , ,
7. Ethernet
375
. 7.13. NRZI
.
, ,
0.
0. , 0,
.
, , .
1, ,
.
.
, 0,
1.
, NRZI,
. ,
/ ,
.
, .
I. CCNA 1:
376
. 7.5 100BASEFX.
:
ST SC.
7.5. 100BASE
FX
Tx ( LED)
Rx ( )
. 7.14 .
,
.
100Base FX
( , )
Tx
SC ST
LED
Rx
( , )
Rx
Tx
LED
. 7.14.
MAC ,
,
Rx Tx. 100BASE
FX ,
. ,
,
.
, , CSMA/CD,
Tx Rx.
200 /,
? , UTP
, 100BASEFX
, ,
200 / .
7. Ethernet
377
Fast Ethernet
Fast Etehernet
.
,
.
.
UTP
100 ,
.
Class (
) I II ,
I II (Class I Class II).
140 . ,
(100BASE
TX 100BASE
FX), I.
,
I. . 7.15
I 100BASE
TX.
,
,
.
I
100
100
. 7.15.
II 92
.
, .
. 7.16
100BASE
TX.
,
,
.
I. CCNA 1:
378
II
5
100
100
. 7.16.
Ethernet 10 /,
100 /. .
, ,
. , ,
,
.
100BASE
TX .
,
29 802.3,
. ,
, , 10 100 /,
OSI. ,
,
.
, .
UTP
100BASE
TX
10BASE
T, ,
5 ISO Class D. 100BASE
TX II 5 .
,
. 7.6,
,
(round
trip
). Fast Ethernet,
.
,
,
.
,
.
7. Ethernet
379
,
.
.
. 7.6 Fast Ethernet.
7.6.
100BASE"TX ()
100BASE"FX ()
100BASE"TX
100BASE"FX ()
,
,
(
)
100
412
, I
()
200
272
100 TX
, II
()
200
320
100 TX
, II
()
205
228
105 TX
160,8 FX
208 FX
211,2 FX
100BASE
TX 100 .
,
.
, ,
. 7.6 .
.
100 ,
, ..
Fast Ethernet, .
: ,
.
, .
7.1.9a. Network Inspector
Fluke Networks
Network Inspector (NI)
.
,
.
380
I. CCNA 1:
7.1.9b. Protocol Inspector
Fluke Networks
Protocol Inspector
. ,
.
: Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet.
10- Ethernet
Fast Ethernet (100 /)
Ethernet (10 /).
, (Gigabit Ethernet)
Fast Ethernet, IEEE,
. Gigabit Ethernet,
1000 /, 100
10BASE
T. MAC
, CSMA/CD ,
, ,
Ethernet, MAC
,
.
10/100/1000 /.
.
.
Gigabit Ethernet
.
,
10 /
100 /
Ethernet UTP
5. Gigabit Ethernet
.
40, 100 160 /. Ethernet
, ,
, .
Ethernet 1000 /
1998 802.3z
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE)
1000BASE
X.
7. Ethernet
381
1 /,
100 10BASE
T. 1000BASE
T,
1 / UTP
5, 1999 .
. 7.7 Ethernet,
1000 /
7.7. Gigabit Ethernet
4096
96 4
16
10
jam
32
1518
512 (64 )
65536
, . . .
I. CCNA 1:
382
, ,
/.
MAC
, , ,
, .
( ).
Fast Ethernet. 1000BASE
T
, 8bit1Quinary quarter (
8B1Q4).
(4dimensional 5 level pulse amplitude
modulation 4DPAM5).
8B1Q4 4D
PAM5 ,
/,
. 1000BASE
X
8
bit/10
bit (8B/10B) ( ,
4B/5B) NRZ
.
1000BASE-T
1000BASE
T (802.3ab
1999 Gigabit Ethernet over twisted
pair) :
5;
,
5,
;
10BASE
T 100BASE
TX;
, ,
,
;
Fast Ethernet,
, .
5 . 5
125 /. ,
250 /
,
7. Ethernet
383
1000 / (1 /).
,
(
).
,
6, Ethernet,
Ethernet,
1000 /.
1000BASE
T 8B1Q4
4D
PAM5 5.
1 /
.
, ,
Ethernet
.
,
,
(voltage patterns). ,
,
(echo cancellation),
.
,
1 (Layer 1 Forward Error Correction FEC).
. 7.17 (Tx) 1000BASE
T ( Y
, X , ).
, UTP
.
. 7.18 ,
. Y
, X .
,
UTP
.
I. CCNA 1:
384
. 7.18. 1000BASET
,
, , 9 ,
17 .
. , . 7.18 ,
, ,
: .
,
.
,
. Gigabit Ethernet ,
, .
. 7.8 UTP
. A, B, C D .
, ,
, .
7.8. 1000BASE"T
BI_DA+ ( , )
BI_DA ( , )
BI_DB+ ( , )
BI_DB ( , )
BI_DC+ ( , )
BI_DC ( , )
BI_DD+ ( , )
BI_DD ( , )
. 7.19
.
,
,
Fast Ethernet.
, Gigabit, Fast 10BASE
T
Ethernet .
, ,
5, RJ
45 ,
7. Ethernet
385
Gigabit, Fast
10BASE
T Ethernet. , Fast Ethernet
10/100 , 10/100/1000.
,
.
T
R
T
R
T
R
T
R
. 7.19. 1000BASET
1000BASE
T
CSMA/CD .
1000BASE
T ,
,
(Tx), (Rx).
,
,
,
. (..
) ,
.
, .
386
I. CCNA 1:
, (
). (
) .
: 1 ,
1 . /
.
1000BASE
X (1000BASE
SX 1000BASE
LX)
1000BASE
T.
1000BASE-SX 1000BASE-LX
Gigabit Ethernet
.
:
1000 /,
Fast Ethernet;
;
,
;
1000BASE
X;
.
Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 802.3z
1998 1000BASE
X Gigabit Ethernet.
, 1000BASE
SX 1000BASE
LX
, .
1000BASE
T
, , 10/100/1000 /
.
1000BASE
X 8B/10B
,
NRZ
.
850 (
) (1000BASE
SX,
S )
1310 (1000BASE
LX, L
).
NRZ
.
, , .
, . 7.20, .
,
. 0.
7. Ethernet
387
. 7.20. NRZ
, .
1. , ,
0, .
,
. ,
0,
1.
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
.
, NRZ
,
1000BASE
SX
1000BASE
LX.
,
,
. ,
.
I. CCNA 1:
388
. 7.9
Gigabit Ethernet .
SC
.
7.9. Gigabit Ethernet
Tx ( )
Rx ( )
( ,
,)
Sc! MTRJ!
Sc or MTRJ
Connector
Tx
!
Rx
Sc! MTRJ!
Rx
Tx
C!
. 7.21. 1000BASESX
( ,
,)
( ,
,)
Tx
Sc! MTRJ!
Rx
Rx
Tx
. 7.22. 1000BASELX
7. Ethernet
389
MAC
. ,
. Gigabit Ethernet
.
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet
, ,
, 100 / 1000 /, OSI.
.
,
. 6.9 6.10,
, .
Gigabit Ethernet
,
,
.
1000BASE
SX
. 1000BASE
LX ,
.
. 7.10 7.11
1000BASE
SX 1000BASE
LX.
Gigabit Ethernet.
,
.
, .
7.10. 1000BASE"SX
(
, )
()
62,5
160
220
62,5
200
275
50
400
500
50
500
550
. 7.11. 1000BASE"LX
()
()
62,5,
500
550
50,
400
550
50,
500
550
10,
5000
I. CCNA 1:
390
UTP
1000BSE
T
10BASE
T 100BASE
TX, ,
5 ISO
D (2000).
, 10
100
/
Ethernet,
.
.
1000BASE
T . 100
1000BASE
T
.
.
, 802.3,
.
, . 7.12,
, . ,
. Gigabit
Ethernet, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
. Gigabit Ethernet , , .
,
OSI ,
.
,
,
Gigabit Ethernet .
. 7.12 .
Gigabit Ethernet ,
, . 7.10 7.11.
7.12.
1000BASE"T ()
1000BASE"SX/LX
()
1000BASE"SX/LX
1000BASE"T ()
100
316
200
220
100, 1000BASE
T
110, 1000BASE
SX/LX
7. Ethernet
391
Ethernet 10 /
2002 IEEE 802.3ae.
10 /. 802.3 802.3 ( Ethernet),
Ethernet .
Ethernet 10 / (10GbE)
Ethernet
. 10GbE ,
,
. 10GbE ?
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet
. Ethernet
10 / Ethernet (10GbE,
10 000 000 000 /).
,
10GbE.
,
Ethernet
.
Internet
Gigabit Ethernet.
Internet 10GbE
.
10GbE , (POP
Point Of
Presence), , ,
.
10GbE
. Ethernet
. 10GbE
( 40 )
(SONET)
(SDH). 40
10GbE .
SONET/SDH, 9,584640 /
(
192), 10GbE
. 10GbE
.
10GbE
Ethernet.
10GbE ,
: , Fast Ethernet, Gigabit
10 / Ethernet .
392
I. CCNA 1:
0,1 .
.
CSMA/CD,
.
1 2 OSI
802.3
40
SONET/SDH.
, ,
.
,
,
.
, CSMA/CD, IEEE
802.3. 802.3
10GBASE. ,
, :
10GBASE"SR
. 26
82 ;
10GBASE"LX4
(WavelengthDivision Multiplexing WDM).
240 300
, 10
;
10GBASE"LR 10GBASE"ER 10 40
;
10GBASE"SW, 10GBASE"LW 10GBASE"EW
OC
192/STM SONET/SDH .
IEEE 802.3 10 Gb Ethernet (10 GEA)
.
10 Gb Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ae) 2002
. ,
.
.
40 ( 25 ).
Ethernet
40, 80 100 /.
Ethernet, ,
.
, Ethernet ,
7. Ethernet
393
,
. ,
Ethernet.
, .
, Ethernet
(), 1500 .
, .
Ethernet.
,
. ,
Ethernet
. ,
, (
) . ,
( )
,
. ,
, .
,
, ,
Ethernet
( Jumbo
). Jumbo
Ethernet
, 1500 .
Jumbo
9000 .
Jumbo
IEEE
802.3ae. , Ethernet
Jumbo
Ethernet
. IEEE
802.3
.
. 7.13 10
Ethernet.
7.13. Ethernet" 10 /
0,1
966
5 Ethernet ,
, , . . .
6 , . . .
I. CCNA 1:
394
. 7.13
jam
1518
512 (64 )
104
, 10
,
Ethernet 10, 100 1000 /.
,
10GbE
10
Gb Ethernet 10
Gigabit Ethernet. , Gigabit Ethernet,
(0,1 ),
. ,
,
, .
,
/ 10 / Ethernet
. ,
, ,
,
/.
,
( , ,
).
( ).
Gigabit Ethernet. 8/10
(
4/5),
.
. 7.23 , 8/10
. 10
Gb
Ethernet
,
, , 8/10 64/66.
:
10GBASEW. . .
7. Ethernet
395
0, 1.
10GbE,
10GBASE
LX4,
(Wide Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WWDM)
, .
SFD
MAC!
000011111010000000010
MAC!
0
0
0000
10101010
/ Start /
0
10101010
10101010
10101010
10101010
10101011
10101010
XGMII
. 7.23 , MAC
UTP
.
. 7.24
8.
.
, ,
MAC
.
10GbE
.
10GbE.
,
. 10GbE
.
: 10
, 50 62,5
8 PMD Physical Medium Dependent, ,
,
. . .
I. CCNA 1:
396
.
,
.
0
PMD
. 7.24. 10GBASELX4
SC
.
10GbE ,
1 Rx
2,
. ,
10GbE,
. . 7.14 10GbE.
7.14. 10GbE
Tx ( )
Rx ( )
Ethernet
, .
, , CSMA/CD,
.
10GbE
. ,
10GbE , ,
Ethernet
. ,
7. Ethernet
397
,
Gigabit Ethernet.
10GbE
. 62,5 50
,
10
.
,
. 10
Ethernet
,
.
, 10, 100 1000 /,
.
.
.
,
802.3, .
. 7.15 10
Ethernet. R W
(, 10GBASE
E 10GBASE
ER, 10GBASE
EW).
7.15. 10" Ethernet
()
( )
(/)
()
10GBASE LX4
1310
62,5,
500
2 300
10GBASE LX4
1310
50,
400
2 240
10GBASE LX4
1310
50,
500
o 2 300
10GBASE LX4
1310
10,
o 2000 10 000
10GBASE S
850
62,5,
160
o 2 26
10GBASE S
850
62,5,
200
o 2 33
10GBASE S
850
50,
400
o 2 66
10GBASE S
850
50,
500
o 2 82
10GBASE S
850
50,
2000
2 300
10GBASE L
1310
10,
2000 10 000
10GBASE E
1550
10,
2000 30 000i9
40 , . . .
I. CCNA 1:
398
10GbE.
,
,
.
Ethernet
Ethernet,
, Fast, Gigabit .
(,
), Ethernet
. Ethernet
,
. Ethernet
,
, .
. 7.25 ,
Ethernet.
(MAN)
(LAN)
(WAN):
Ethernet!,
TCP/IP!
. 7.25. Ethernet
10
Ethernet, IEEE 10
GB
Ethernet
40, 100 160 /.
, ,
, .
Ether
net, CSMA/CD. ,
10BASE5,
10BASE2, 10BASE
T 100BASE
TX .
7. Ethernet
399
UTP
,
,
.
:
( 1000 /, ,
);
( 1000 /,
, );
(
10 000 /,
).
,
,
.
. Ethernet
, ,
.
Ethernet ,
(Quality of
Service QoS), .
, IP
.
Ethernet,
, ,
,
, Ethernet,
. , ,
1990
,
, Ethernet, .
Ethernet, 30 ,
.
:
Ethernet: Ethernet,
Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet 10
Gigabit Ethernet.
;
I. CCNA 1:
400
Ethernet 10 / (
Ethernet) ,
;
10BASE
T
UTP;
10BASE
T
,
;
:
( 1000 /, ,
);
( 1000 /,
, );
(
10 000 /,
).
,
,
: (e
Lab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
1000BASELX
Gigabit Ethernet
1000 /,
.
10 000 (32808,4 ).
1000BASESX
Gigabit Ethernet
1000 /,
. 550
(1804,5 ).
1000BASET
Gigabit Ethernet
1000 /, UTP
5 100 (328 ).
100BASEFX
10 Fast Ethernet
100 /,
.
10 ,
; .
. .
7. Ethernet
401
402
I. CCNA 1:
(Manchester encoding)
, IEEE 802.3 Ethernet,
; 1
.
(WDM WavelengthDivision Multiplexing)
,
.
.
, ,
, .
, .
1. Ethernet
?
) TCP/IP.
) CSMA/CD.
) CMDA/CS.
) CSMA/CA.
2.
Ethernet ?
) 185 .
) 250 .
) 500 .
) 800 .
3. Ethernet 10 /
____ ,
____ .
) , .
) , .
) , .
) , .
7. Ethernet
403
4.
Fast Ethernet?
) 5 /.
) 10 /.
) 100 /.
) 1000 /.
5. Gigabit Ethernet.
) 1000BASE
TX.
) 1000BASE
FX.
) 1000BASE
SX.
) 1000BASE
LX.
) 1000BASE
X.
6. 1000BASE
SX?
)
.
) UTP
5.
) STP
150 .
) .
7. Gigabit Ethernet 4D
PAM5
?
) 1000BASE
LX.
) 1000BASE
SX.
) 1000BASE
T.
) 1000BASE
CX.
8. IEEE
10
Gb Ethernet?
) 802.3z.
) 802.3u.
) 802.3ae.
) 803.3.
9.
1000BASE
T?
) .
) .
)
.
) / .
404
I. CCNA 1:
10. ,
10 / Ethernet?
) 82 .
) 240 .
) 10 .
) 40 .
) 82 .
) .
8
Ethernet-
...
;
,
,
OSI
,
!!!! ;
;
:
,
,
;
;
;
;
(STP);
,
,
,
.
STP;
;
,
:
, . 406,
, . 406,
, . 406,
, . 413,
, . 413,
, . 413,
, . 420,
, . 428,
, . 430.
406
I. CCNA 1:
Ethernet !
. , ,
, .
, !
. !
,
. !
,
Ethernet.
!
.
Ethernet .
,
, ,
. !
. !
,
, !
.
.
!
. ,
. !
Catalyst.
. !
!
.
!
.
,
OSI, MAC!,
. MAC! , !
. !
.
,
, ,
1. (Spanning Tree Protocol STP)
!!!! ,
1
( ) ,
, TTL, . $$$$ . .
8. Ethernet-
407
!
.
Ethernet-
!
Ethernet. :
OSI;
;
;
;
;
.
,
OSI, ,
.
.
,
, () !
.
MAC! , !
, !
. :
MAC!
MAC!, ;
MAC! ,
, !
; !
, (.. ) !
, ;
, MAC!
, ,
. .
!
;
, MAC!
, , !
;
408
I. CCNA 1:
MAC! , !
, !
. (flooding).
:
,
.
, .
MAC!
.
, ,
. , !
, , , !
, ,
() . (
) ,
. !
, . , !
, , !
.
!
,
.
, !
. . 8.1
, . !
( ): !
, !!!! .
(. 8.2).
, , MAC!
. , ,
! (. 8.3).
!
, ! ,
. , .
,
( ), !
(. 8.4).
,
. , !
4 (. 8.5).
8. Ethernet-
409
10 /
1
10 /
1 2 3 4
X
. 8.1.
10 /
A
1
10 /
. 8.2.
10 /
A
1
10 /
1
A
. 8.3.
I. CCNA 1:
410
10 /
10 /
4
2
. 8.4.
10 /
A
1
10 /
4
1
X
X
. 8.5.
,
. 3, ,
(. 8.1).
,
MAC!,
.
8. Ethernet-
411
. ,
.
, . !
.
.
, !
. (Content
Addressable Memory !!!! CAM), , !
. , !
. CAM! !
, MAC!,
. !
(Application Specific Integrated Circuit !!!! ASIC) !!!! , !
,
.
ASIC , !
, .
, !
.
,
, .
Ethernet! !.
, , ,
,
. !
. , !
.
10 / !
10 / 10 / !!!!
, 20 / .
100 /
200 / (. 8.6). !
1 /.
I. CCNA 1:
412
10 /, 100 /, 1 /
10 /, 100 /, 1 /
10 /, 100 /, 1 /
10 /, 100 /, 1 /
. 8.6. :
!
. !
!
.
, , , !
. !
!
.
, (propagation
delay), ,
. !
. :
,
;
, ,
;
, !
;
, , ,
(,
,
MAC! ).
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
!!!! (store!and!forward),
(cut!through) (fragment!free) !!!! !
.
8. Ethernet-
413
!
,
,
. . 8.7
. ,
. , !
. , !
. ,
, ,
, .
.
.
.
. 8.7.
!
,
(. 8.8).
, !
.
. !
, !
.
, ,
.
I. CCNA 1:
414
MAC-
.
. 8.8.
!
, !
. ,
, (synchronous switching). ,
,
.
(asynchronous switching).
. ( !
)
, , 100 1000 /.
! , !
,
.
!
. . 8.9 , !
.
. 8.10 ,
, !
!!!! !
.
8. Ethernet-
415
Cat-6
Cat-1
Cat-2
Cat-7
Cat-3
Cat-5
Cat-4
. 8.9. STP
Ethernet
SWA
SWB
Ethernet
. 8.10.
. 8.10 .
1.
2.
3.
4.
1 .
SW SW .
SW SW.
SW SW.
I. CCNA 1:
416
5. !
, ,
.
,
. . 8.11 8.12, !
,
(Bridge Protocol Data Units $$$$ BPDU), !
. !
(Spanning Tree
Algorithm !!!! STA) . !
(blocking). !
,
! , .
!
(Spanning Tree
Protocol $$$$ STP); BPDU. !
,
.
1
,
: 1
: 12345111
: 0
: 12345111
: 8002
1
Bridge ID 12345111
2
Ethernet
100 /
10 /
3
Bridge ID 12345556
AA-11
: 1
: 12345555
: 0
: 12345555
: 8001
. 8.11. BPDU
8. Ethernet-
417
!
:
(Blocking).
BPDU!, . !
;
(Listening). BPDU!, !
.
;
(Learning). MAC!
. ;
(Forwarding). !
. BPDU! ;
(Disabled).
STP. , BPDU!
.
?
?
-
BPDU?
-
BPDU?
. 8.12. BPDU
. 8.13 !
STP (
STP ).
I. CCNA 1:
418
1/2
1/1
Cat-A
1/1
1/1
Cat-B
Cat-C
1/2
1/2
. 8.13.
, !
.
.
.
.
, ,
, .
() .
. 8.14,
, .
. !
, .
, !
,
,
. ,
.
Ethernet! Eth!
ernet! (.. UTP).
8. Ethernet-
419
. !
, ,
,
. !
. !
.
.
!
. , !
,
, Internet !
. !
,
.
( )
( )
. 8.14.
: ,
; ,
. . 8.15 ,
. .
(Circuit-switched) ,
.
().
I. CCNA 1:
420
. ,
.
,
.
.
.
, .
, ,
- , .
. 8.15. ,
,
. !
. !
, , , .
, !
. 8.16, . .
(collision) ,
.
,
. ,
, !
.
,
(.. ) . !
. ,
, .
; ,
.
8. Ethernet-
421
STOP
STOP
. 8.16.
LAN! Ethernet,
, !
. !
, OSI.
,
(. 8.17).
(segmentation).
. 8.17.
, , ,
Ethernet. !
.
.
() ,
, , ,
422
I. CCNA 1:
. !
,
, !
. , ,
. 8.18, LAN
, , .
. 8.18.
Ethernet ,
!
, . 8.19.
10BASET, , !
,
,
, .
. 8.19. Ethernet
8. Ethernet-
423
:
, NIC. !
,
. !
(late collisions). , !
64! . !
NIC
. ,
(consumption delay). !
. !
Ethernet 5!4!3!2!1. !
, :
, ,
5 ;
4 ;
3 , ;
2 ( );
.
:
!
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Detection !!!! CSMA/CS).
. ,
, . !
, !
, .
. 8.20, ,
.
!
; . !
MAC!, !
Ethernet!. , ,
, MAC! ,
.
. !
,
LAN! .
424
I. CCNA 1:
, .
, . !
, ,
.
,
.
.
, , , !
, .
.
, , ,
, .
!
. . 8.21 , !
.
!
OSI. ! ,
, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF ( !
). (NIC) .
!
, .. !
, . !
!
. . 8.22 ,
.
NIC (CPU)
!
, !
. , !
, .
, .
. 8.23, !
. IP! !
, !
.
8. Ethernet-
425
. 8.20.
. 8.21.
I. CCNA 1:
426
. 8.22.
CPU SPARC 2
100%
95%
90%
85%
80%
75%
0
200
400
600
800
1000
. 8.23. IP$
(Address Resolution Protocol !!!! ARP) ,
MAC!, ARP!. ,
telnet mumble.com MAC! IP! !
(Domain Name System !!!! DNS),
ARP! .
IP 10 100 2 .
8. Ethernet-
427
ARP! 50 !
2 , .. 0,007 ARP! .
, 2000 IP 14 ARP!
.
. 8.1 !
IP!.
8.1. IP#
100
1000
10000
0,14
0,96
9,15
, . 8.1, !
, , !
IP!,
(Routing Information Protocol !!!! RIP). , !
,
(CPU) !
. !
, , .
, !
; ,
, !
.
IP! ,
! ! . !
RIP ( !
) , !
. RIP 30
, , RIP!
. RIP !
50 !
, 3333 !
.
RIP !!!! 5 10.
50 RIP!
16
( 10,
).
!
,
428
I. CCNA 1:
.
,
,
.
7 ,
, !
.
(broadcast domain)
, (!
) . LAN
,
. !
, ,
LAN!.
,
.
,
. !
, , !
() .
, !
. , , . 8.24
, !
, , , .
,
OSI. , !
.
.
, !
() !
( ).
MAC!, IP! .
, , IP!,
, LAN, !
, !
.
8. Ethernet-
429
. 8.24.
!
.
, , !
, .
, ,
IP! , !!!!
MAC! .
: ,
(.. , ,
),
. ,
.
I. CCNA 1:
430
( )
, .
!
.
, ,
.
( )
MAC!. ,
. , !
, , !
. ,
, !!!! !, ! !
. (
) , !
.
( ,
) IP! .
, , !!!! IP!
, . !
.
, IP!, , !
, !
OSI.
, !
, !
. . 8.25
X , Y.
, (segment)
. :
!;
, /
.
:
, , ;
LAN!, , !
,
;
8. Ethernet-
431
X
C
A
Y
X
B
. 8.25.
TCP
;
OSI
, , , .
. 8.26
.
, ,
.
TCP .
, ,
.
:
.
I. CCNA 1:
432
TCP
. 8.26.
:
!
, ;
. !
;
MAC! ;
!
,
;
;
!
: , ;
8. Ethernet-
433
,
;
:
, , , ;
. ,
;
;
!
;
.
!
, !,
: (e!Lab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
!!!!
, .
(collision domain). Ethernet !!!! ,
, . !
, , LAN!
.
(collision). Ethernet !
. !
. . $
(collision domain).
(microsegmentation)
!
.
(Bridge Protocol Data Unit $$$$ BPDU) !
, STP
.
434
I. CCNA 1:
, ,
, . !
, .
1. !
?
) .
) .
) !
.
) .
8. Ethernet-
435
2.
?
) IP!.
) MAC!.
) .
) .
3. ?
) 10 1 /.
) .
) .
) .
4. _____________,
_____________ _____________.
5. STP?
) .
) !
.
) !
.
) .
6. STP!?
) .
) .
) .
) .
7.
?
) IP!
.
) IP!
.
) MAC!
.
) MAC!
.
8. ?
) OSI.
436
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
I. CCNA 1:
) , !
.
) .
) .
?
) !
.
) .
) .
) .
?
) , !
.
) !!!! .
) , !
.
)
.
, !
Ethernet!,
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
____________ .
) .
) .
) .
) .
, , , !
, !
____________________.
) .
) .
) .
) .
9
TCP/IP IP-
...
TCP/IP;
TCP/IP,
;
;
;
Internet
;
;
TCP/IP OSI;
IP:
IP, IP,
, ,
,
IP;
,
;
IP
;
IPv4 IPv6;
,
;
IP;
ARP
.
438
I. CCNA 1:
,
:
Internet, . 438,
IP-, . 459,
Internet 6, . 440,
, . 440,
, . 442,
Internet-, . 444,
, . 460,
B, . 461,
, . 461,
D, . 461,
IP, . 462,
, . 445,
, . 453,
, . 462,
, . 463.
Internet
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TCP/IP).
TCP/IP.
TCP/IP
(OSI),
TCP/IP Internet.
IP. ,
IP: , B, C, D E. IPv4 (Internet
4), ,
IPv6 (Internet 6).
IPv4 IPv6.
, :
(eLab), (PhotoZoom).
.
, .
TCP/IP
Internet ,
.
, ,
, , TCP/IP.
TCP/IP
9. TCP/IP IP-
439
, ,
, , Internet.
TCP/IP.
: TCP/IP
OSI.
, , ; ,
.
, , .
TCP/IP
TCP/IP,
. 9.1, ,
.
,
, ,
. ,
, .
,
.
TCP/IP,
Internet.
Internet
. 9.1. TCP/IP
TCP/IP ,
Internet. ,
. TCP/IP
: (access layer),
(transport layer), Internet (network access layer).
, , OSI.
.
, , OSI,
TCP/IP. , OSI
IP, TCP/IP
IP . : TCP UDP
() OSI
() TCP/IP.
I. CCNA 1:
440
TCP/IP . IP 4
(IPv4) 1981 . 1992
Internet (Internet Engineering Task Force IETF)
Internet (IP) , IPng (IP next
generation IP ). IPng
Internet 6 (IPv6). IPv6
,
(. 9.2).
IPv4
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
33
134
193
IPv6
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
3ffe
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1900
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
6545
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
230
f804
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
7ebf
12c2
:
:
:
:
3ffe:1900:6545:3:230:f804:7ebf:12c2
TCP/IP ,
(session), (presentation)
(application) OSI. , . 9.3,
,
.
TCP/IP , ,
,
. TCP/IP
Internet (, , IP
TCP), .
TCP/IP ,
, , .
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTP) Web. HTTP
,
Web .
9. TCP/IP IP-
Internet
441
TFTP*
FTP*
NFS
SMTP
Telnet*
rlogin
SNMP*
DNS*
*
. 9.3. TCP/IP
I. CCNA 1:
442
, ,
.
. ,
. 9.4, (.. ) ,
,
.
(.. ) .
Internet
(TCP)
(UDP)
. 9.4. TCP/IP
. UDP
. TCP
.
,
. , TCP,
, ,
UDP, .
9. TCP/IP IP-
443
TCP:
;
;
;
;
,
.
,
,
, . 9.5. ,
,
(. 9.6).
10
10.
11
. 9.5. Internet
10.
11
10
. 9.6. Internet
Internet-
OSI
. IP
TCP/IP. TCP/IP
, Internet
TCP/IP (. 9.7). IP
,
TCP/IP. Internet
I. CCNA 1:
444
.
.
: ,
( ), , .
Internet
Internet (IP)
Internet (ICMP)
(ARP)
(RARP)
. 9.7. Internet
Internet TCP/IP.
IP ,
.
,
.
Internet (Internet Control Message
Protocol ICMP)
.
(Address Resolution Protocol ARP)
(MAC) IP.
(Reverse Address Resolution Proto
col RARP) IP
(.. MAC).
IP :
;
Internet ;
.
, , , , IP
. ,
; , IP
. :
.
9. TCP/IP IP-
445
(. 9.8) .
,
IP .
(Local Area Network LAN) (Wide Area
Network WAN)
OSI.
Internet
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
SLIP and PPP
FDDI
ATM, Frame Relay SMDS
ARP
Proxy ARP
RARP
. 9.8. TCP/IP
, , ,
(Network Interface Card NIC) Ethernet, Tocken Ring,
ISDN , .
, .
Internet ( IP, TCP UDP)
TCP/IP,
(SMTP, HTTP FTP) .
IP
IP (frames).
.
Windows.
,
Windows, .
,
.
.
I. CCNA 1:
446
OSI TCP/IP
. 9.9 OSI TCP/IP .
OSI Model
TCP/IP
Internet
, , .
:
;
, ;
;
( );
.
OSI TCP/IP:
TCP/IP
TCP/IP;
TCP/IP
OSI ;
TCP/IP , ;
TCP/IP, UDP,
OSI,
.
, TCP/IP ,
Internet, TCP/IP .
OSI;
.
9. TCP/IP IP-
447
: TCP/IP OSI
,
, .
Internet
Internet ,
.
Internet, ,
,
.
. 9.10 , X Y
, .
X
Internet
. 9.10. ,
,
:
;
.
,
, Metro Optical (
), Gigabit 10GigabitEthernet.
, .. .
Internet
, ,
.
Internet
, .
, ,
. .
, ;
.
, .
448
I. CCNA 1:
Internet
. OSI,
, .
1 2. , 5, 6 7,
. ,
, ,
( ,
) , .
. , ,
internet ( ). I ,
, (Department of
Defense DoD), WWW, Internet.
:
;
, ;
;
;
;
,
, .
. 9.10
, .
, 1984
(Stanford University) Cisco
Systems .
(directly connected)
.
. ,
,
.
. 9.11 ,
. .
,
,
.
9. TCP/IP IP-
449
2
. 9.11.
.
,
.
. ,
,
?
.
.
,
, .
. 9.12
:
; ,
,
. ,
. , Internet
. , ,
,
, . , Internet
90 000
300 000 000 , ,
Internet.
, , ,
,
,
( / / ).
I. CCNA 1:
450
(, ),
Internet
,
.
Internet
. 9.12.
Internet
,
.
. IP IP,
, IP. ,
, IPv4 IPv6,
.
IP-
,
,
. 9.13.
, .
,
. ( ) (
) .
(, )
. TCP/IP
.
.
, , ,
. 9.14.
.
, (dualhomed).
9. TCP/IP IP-
451
, ,
, .
: ,
; .
,
. ,
, ,
(.. ),
.
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
. 9.13.
1
3
A1
A2
A3
. 9.14.
IP 32
(. 9.15). IP
, . ,
192.168.1.2. 128.10.2.1.
I. CCNA 1:
452
.
IP , .
, . ,
192.168.1.8 11000000.10101000.00000001.00001000
. ,
.
, .
32
10000011
01101100
01111010
11001100
131
8
108
122
8
204
8
. 9.15. IP
(. 9.15). ,
,
, , .
.
, .
, :
192.168.1.8
192.168.1.9,
:
11000000.10101000.00000001.00001000
11000000.10101000.00000001.00001001.
, ,
.
: IP
, IP
. IP
, .
9. TCP/IP IP-
453
,
.
, , , ,
.
,
, . 9.1.
, ,
1 2 .
9.1.
2
2
15
32678
14
16384
13
8192
12
4096
11
2048
10
1024
512
256
128
64
32
16
2
8
2
4
2
2
, 8,
. ,
(255), . , ..
,
24.
, : ,
2. . 9.1 (
, .. ):
.
,
, . 9.2.
,
6 783. 255
, .
15
2 . , 6 783
00011010 01111111.
104. 255,
, . 9.3.
, 104, ,
: 01101000.
I. CCNA 1:
454
9.2.
2
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
( )
15
6783
32678
6783
14
6783
16384
6783
13
6783
8192
6783
12
6783
4096
2687
11
2687
2048
639
10
639
1024
639
639
512
127
127
256
127
127
128
127
127
64
63
63
32
31
31
16
15
15
9.3.
2
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
( )
104
128
104
104
64
40
40
32
16
.
1000000. 1000000 , ,
9. TCP/IP IP-
455
(65535), 3 .
2, 24 ,
8388608, ,
24 , 16777215. , 24 ,
, 0 .
, , 1000000
00001111 01000010 01000000.
. , ,
. . 9.4
. 00000100 00011101
1053.
9.4.
2
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
( )
15
32678
14
16384
13
8192
12
4096
11
2048
10
1024
1024
1024
512
1024
1024
256
1024
1024
128
1024
1024
64
1024
1024
32
1024
1024
16
1040
1040
1048
1048
1052
1052
1052
1052
1053
IPv4
IP , , , ..
, (. 9.16).
,
. , IP
I. CCNA 1:
456
, .
, , IP
, ,
. . ,
,
, ,
.
.
.
5
4
9
8
10
11
1
3
. 9.16.
IP , . 9.17.
, ,
. ,
, . 9.18.
, 0 255.
256 ,
256 256 .
, (. 9.18)
,
. IP
. ,
; ,
.
,
, ? Internet,
, ,
, , . 9.5.
, ,
, .
. , , ,
.
9. TCP/IP IP-
457
, IP
: ( ), ( ) ( )
(. 9.6). ,
, , , .
1.2
2.1
1
2
3
1
1
2
3
1.1
1.3
3.1
. 9.17. IP
Internet
. 9.18. IP
9.5. IP
1262
16777216
16384
65535
2097152
254
D ()
127... (loopback) ,
.
. .
I. CCNA 1:
458
9.6.
0 127 3
10
128 191
16
110
192 223
24
D ()
1110
224 239
28
IP-: A, B, C, D E
, IP , (. 9.19).
. 32 IP
, .
(. 9.20). IP
.
32
172
8
1
16
8
1
122
8
1
204
8
1
. 9.19.
(. 9.21) .
.
.
0. ,
00000000 ( 0), 01111111
( 127). , , 0 127,
.
, 1 126 ,
.
127.0.0.0 (loopback)
(
). , .
9. TCP/IP IP-
459
14
10
21
110
B:
C:
D:
E:
24
16
8
28
1110
28
1111
D .
.
.
. 9.20. ,
24
:
. 9.21.
B
B (. 9.22).
IP B .
.
16
B:
. 9.22. B
I. CCNA 1:
460
10, 6
. , ,
, 10000000 (
128), 10111111 ( 191). ,
128 191, .
(. 9.23)
. .
8
:
. 9.23.
110. ,
11000000 ( 192), 11011111
( 223). 192 223,
, .
D
D (. 9.24) IP
. , , (multicast
address) , ,
,
. ,
.
: 1 1 1 0
. 9.24. D
D , ,
. D 1110.
, 11100000
11101111 , , 224 239. IP,
224 239,
D.
9. TCP/IP IP-
461
(. 9.25)
.
Internet (Internet Engineering Task Force IETF)
.
Internet. 1. ,
11110000 11111111 240
255 .
: 1 1 1 1
. 9.25.
IP
. 9.7.
9.7. IP:
IP
IP ( )
9.2.7. IP
, ,
IP, TCP/IP.
IP-
. :
, (. 9.26).
198.150.11.0. ,
, (198.150.11.1 198.150.11.254),
, 198.150.11.0.
,
.
,
198.150.12.0;
I. CCNA 1:
462
,
(. 9.27).
198.150.11.255.
, ,
( 198.150.11.1 198.150.11.254).
198.150.12.255.
198.150.11.15 198.150.11.16 198.150.11.17
198.150.11.18
198.150.11.19
198.150.11.1 E0
198.150.11.0
Internet
198.150.12.0
198.150.12.1 E1
198.150.12.15
198.150.12.16
. 9.26.
198.150.11.15 198.150.11.16 198.150.11.17
198.150.11.18
198.150.11.19
198.150.11.1 E0
198.150.11.255
Internet
198.150.12.255
198.150.12.1 E1
198.150.12.15
198.150.12.16
. 9.27.
IP, , , ,
(. 9.28).
, . ,
9. TCP/IP IP-
463
113.0.0.0 , 113.1.2.3.
IP Internet.
176.10.0.0, . 9.28.
32
8
1
8
1
8
1
N
176
N
.
10
8
1
H
.
( )
. 9.28.
,
, .
, 16 ,
.
(unicast), uni .
. IP
(176.10.0.0)
.
IP 176.10.0.0 176.10.16.1.
176.10 , 16.1 ,
.
.
,
(. 9.29). , . 9.29
, .
,
. ,
,
IP,
. IP ,
( ), .
176.10.0.0, 16
( ), ,
,
176.10.255.255 ( 255
11111111).
I. CCNA 1:
464
32
8
1
8
1
8
1
8
1
176
10
( )
N
176
N
.
10
H
.
255
H
.
255
( )
. 9.29.
Internet
. . 9.30,
.
198.150.11.0.
, ? ,
,
; ,
. InterNIC
(Internet Network Information Center Internet).
Internet (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority IANA).
,
.
Internet
,
.
IP .
IP, ,
. ,
Internet, . IP
Internet (Internet Service Provider ISP)
.
Internet IP
, , ,
(Classless InterDomain Routing CIDR) IPv6,
.
CIDR IPv6 .
9. TCP/IP IP-
198.150.11.15 198.150.11.16 198.150.11.17
465
198.150.11.18 198.150.11.19
198.150.11.1 E0
Internet
198.150.11.5 E1
198.150.11.18 198.150.11.20
. 9.30.
,
IP (. 9.8).
, Internet .
, ,
,
. ,
,
Internet.
RFC 19184 IP ( ,
)
.
Internet,
.
9.8. IP
IP
( , RFC 1918)
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 176.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
I. CCNA 1:
466
,
, ,
. 9.8, . IP
,
.
, ,
Internet .
(Network Address
Translation NAT) .
Internet
207.21.24.32/27
207.21.24.96/27
207.21.24.0/27
10.0.0.4/30
A
10.0.0.8/30
B
10.0.0.12/30
207.21.24.64/27
. 9.31.
IP,
CIDR, IPv6 ,
(subnetting).
IP. . 9.32 (131.108.0.0),
.
.
,
. ,
,
, , . 9.33.
,
, .
IP
, .
9. TCP/IP IP-
467
131.108.3.0
131.108.1.0
131.108.2.0
. 9.32.
131.108.2.15 131.108.2.16
131.108.2.0
131.108.1.55 131.108.1.56
131.108.0.0
131.108.1.0
415 510
408
555
(408) 5551234
. 9.33.
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
, .
, ,
. .
,
,
.
I. CCNA 1:
468
,
(. 9.9).
, , .
,
(.0 ) (.255). ,
, (
), ,
. . 9.9 ,
6 .
9.9.
.192
4194302
16382
62
.224
2097150
8190
30
.240
14
1048574
4094
14
.248
30
524286
2046
.252
62
262142
1022
.254
126
131070
510
.255
254
65534
254
IP 4 IP 6
1980 TCP/IP,
, .
, TCP/IP ,
, .
IP 4 (IPv4)
, , ,
.
. 9.34, 75%
IPv4, ,
, 17000. ,
, IP
12,5% , 4 .
, 254 ,
,
, .
, ,
, Internet
, .
9. TCP/IP IP-
469
D
12,5%
12,5%
A
50%
B
25%
. 9.34. IP
I. CCNA 1:
470
Internet 4 (IPv4)
11010001.11011100.11001001.01110001
209.156.201.113
4,294,467,295 IP
Internet 6 (IPv6)
16
11010001.11011100.11001001.01110001.11010001.11011100.
110011001.01110001.11010001.11011100.11001001.
01110001.11010001.11011100.11001001.01110001
A524:72D3:2C80:DD02:0029:EC7A:002B:EA73
3.4 x 1038 IP
, IPv6
. IPv6
IPv4 Internet.
IP-
,
IP. IP
. IP
, .
Internet-
Internet,
. , MAC (Media Access Control
)
9. TCP/IP IP-
471
. ,
,
, .
IP .
,
. 9.37.
Internet.
Internet
1.0.0.0
2.0.0.0
10.2.1.0
10.2.2.0
10.2.2.1
10.2.2.2
...
3.0.0.0
10.0.0.0
11.0.0.0
10.1.0.0
10.2.0.0
10.3.0.0
...
10.2.255.0
10.2.3.0
10.2.2.3
...
10.2.2.255
...
...
255.0.0.0
10.255.0.0
10.255.1.0
10.255.2.0
10.255.3.0
...
10.255.255.0
10.255.2.1
10.255.2.2
10.255.2.3
...
10.255.2.255
. 9.37. Internet
IP-
IP ,
.
TCP/IP.
IP,
. , , Windows 95
Windows NT Microsoft, ARP,
TCP/IP.
, ,
.
.
.
I. CCNA 1:
472
,
,
. Web. Web
IP, .
, ,
,
. ,
. ,
.
IP.
Web, ,
, IP.
IP- RARP
(Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol RARP) MAC
IP.
. ,
MAC, IP.
, RARP, RARP,
. 9.38.
IP
?
IP
?
IP
?
RARP:
IP
197.15.22.126
MAC
02608C010203
MAC
0000A2050989
MAC
08002909090
MAC
08000289908
IP
?
IP
?
MAC
0200A2040989
,
. MAC ,
9. TCP/IP IP-
473
IP
ARP
. ,
,
, OSI
, MAC
, IP
.
, RARP
,
IP
. RARP
(. 9.39) .
RARP
, MAC
.
015
1631
HLen (1 )
Plen (1 )
HA ( 14)
HA (56 )
PA (12 )
PA (34 )
HA (12 )
HA (36 )
PA (14 )
RARP
. 9.39. ARP/RARP
RARP:
(Hardware type) ,
;
(Protocol type)
;
Hlen ( Hardware length) ;
Plen ( Protocol length)
;
Operation
; :
1
ARP
,
2
ARP
,
3
RARP
,
4
RARP
,
5
RARP
,
6
RARP
,
7
RARP,
8
InARP
,
9
InARP
;
I. CCNA 1:
474
IP
?
IP
?
IP
?
MAC
02608C010203
MAC
0000A2050989
MAC
08002909090
IP
?
MAC
080020679289
RARP:
IP
97.15.22.126
MAC
08000289908
IP
?
MAC
0200A2040989
. 9.40. RARP
IP- BOOTP
RARP, BOOTP
,
. RARP,
IP, BOOTP, IP,
,
, (. 9.41).
9. TCP/IP IP-
475
BOOTP ,
.
, ,
. "
BOOTP. ,
IP"
. ,
BOOTP",
IP". IP",
, "
IP".
07
815
1624
2531
Op (1)
Htype (1)
Hlen (1)
Hops (1)
Xid (4 )
(2 )
Ciaddr (4 )
Yiaddr (4 )
Siaddr (4 )
Giaddr (4 )
Chaddr (16 )
(32 )
(64 )
, (32 )
BOOTP
. 9.41. BOOTP
BOOTP" IP".
IP" BOOTP" UDP.
BOOTP IP"
( ,
, """" 255.255.255.255 " ). BOOTP"
, , "
. , , MAC".
, ,
, IP" "
, BOOTP".
I. CCNA 1:
476
DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP) BOOTP. ,
DHCP IP,
. , ,
DHCP.
DHCP IP.
.
DHCP TCP/IP
. ,
BOOTP, IP .
DHCP BOOTP ,
.
, . DHCP
, BOOTP.
, DHCP IP ,
. ,
IP , ,
, .
: DHCP
DHCP , BOOTP,
(. 9.42). , BOOTP,
. :
. DHCP, BOOTP,
:
;
;
( ) .
DHCP- :
53 DHCP-;
, 1 .
DHCP- .
DHCPDISCOVER, UDP-, ,
, BOOTP. DHCPDISCOVER
DHCPOFFER .
, DHCP- DHCPREQUEST.
DHCPACK.
IP-. . 9.43 DHCP-.
9. TCP/IP IP-
477
07
815
1624
2531
Op (1)
Htype (1)
Hlen (1)
Hops (1)
Xid (4 )
(2 )
(2 )
Ciaddr (4 )
Yiaddr (4 )
Siaddr (4 )
Giaddr (4 )
Chaddr (16 )
(32 )
(64 )
, (32 )
DHCP
. 9.42. DHCP
DHCP
DHCP
DHCP ACK
. 9.43. DHCP
9.3.5. DHCP
DHCP
DHCP.
I. CCNA 1:
478
,
. TCP/IP
MAC, IP
. . 9.44 176.10.16.1
176.10.16.4.
MAC?
MAC IP
, .
,
( ) IP MAC.
.
; , ,
.
176.10.16.1
176.10.16.2
176.10.16.7
176.10.16.3
176.10.16.6
176.10.16.4
176.10.16.5
. 9.44.
,
, :
MAC ;
, .
, . 9.45, .
192.168.10.34
192.168.1.1. MAC IP
192.168.1.1? , MAC
. 192.168.10.0.
, ,
MAC .
9. TCP/IP IP-
479
192.168.10.34
FE:ED:F9:44:45:66
192.168.1.4
FE:ED:31:A2:22:01
192.168.2.1
192.168.2.2
Internet
192.168.10.1
FE:0D:F9:21:FF:58
192.168.1.1
FE:0D:30:B2:9F:11
192.168.10.36
FE:ED:F9:44:23:77
192.168.1.6
FE:ED:23:88:AF:9A
. 9.45.
: ARP-
ARP (proxy ARP),
ARP-. ARP-, IP-
,
MAC-. , . 9.46,
ARP- F, , ,
MAC-, IP- F. ,
.
, ARP-.
IP- , ,
, . , ;
, IP- ,
IP- . , ARP-
, . , IP-
, .
A
. 9.46. ARP
(ARP)
,
IP MAC .
, IP,
I. CCNA 1:
480
MAC . TCP/IP
, ARP (Address Resolution Protocol
), MAC. . 9.47
, MAC,
IP.
ARP,
MAC IP ,
. ARP
IP MAC.
(. 9.10 9.11). ARP .
,
ARP.
Y
Z
ARP
Z
Z
MAC ?
ARP
Y
MAC
Z
MAC
1: TCP/IP
Z
Y
ARP
Z
Z
MAC ?
A
:
Z
ARP
Y
MAC
MAC
2: TCP/IP
68.2.168.1
005057007684
9. TCP/IP IP-
481
IP
FE:ED:F9:44:45:66
198.150.11.34
DD:EC:BC:AB:04:AC
198.150.11.33
DD:EC:BC:00:94:D4
198.150.11.35
FE:ED:F9:23:44:EF
198.150.11.36
,
, ARP (. 9.48;
).
ARP
02608C010203
0000A2050989
090020679289
080002909090
IP
197.15.22.33
197.15.22.44
197.15.22.123
197.15.22.4
197.15.22.126
???
197.15.22.33
197.15.22.44
197.15.22.37
197.15.22.123
197.15.22.4
197.15.22.126
. 9.48. ARP
ARP
IP
MAC .
ARP, , ARP,
. 9.48.
ARP MAC .
ARP . ARP
:
;
ARP.
I. CCNA 1:
482
ARP,
MAC. MAC
F , , FF
FFFFFFFFFF5. ARP
, , ,
. IP IP
ARP, ,
MAC. ARP.
ARP
ARP MAC
ARP.
, MAC, IP.
. ,
, ,
MAC, .
IP IP
, .
IP,
OSI ( 4). ,
, , (
7), .
IP ,
, . IP
,
(. 9.49).
9.3.7. ARP
ARP arp a
( )
MAC ( ).
: ARP
,
ARP MAC .
MAC , ();
, (:). . .
9. TCP/IP IP-
483
IP: 205.217.146.10
: 255.255.255.0
: 204.71.102.0
255.255.255.0
205.217.146.100
205.217.146.0
205.217.146.100
255.255.255.0
204.71.102.30
255.255.255.0
204.71.102.0
IP: 204.71.102.67
: 255.255.255.0
: 205.217.146.0
255.255.255.0
204.71.102.30
. 9.49.
:
TCP/IP ,
;
TCP/IP
, ,
;
Internet
;
IP
,
;
, ,
, , .
,
IPv4;
, ;
,
, , , ;
I. CCNA 1:
484
;
IP,
IP ;
IP, IP,
IP, IP IP;
Internet IP
( );
IP: ;
IP:
IP, RARP, BOOTP
DHCP. RARP RARP,
IP
;
DHCP , ,
, .
, , :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
A .
.
.
B .
.
.
C .
.
D .
E
Internet (Internet Engineering Task Force IETF)
. ,
Internet.
IP 32 , .
.
9. TCP/IP IP-
485
(subnetting)
.
IP ( 4).
(multicast address) ,
.
IP 6 (IPv6) IP 4
(IPv4). IPv6 (flow
ID) . IPng (IP next generation IP
).
/Internet (Transmission Control Proto
col/Internet Protocol TCP/IP) ,
1970
. TCP IP .
. IP
, .
.
: .
, .
TCP/IP , (
, ),
.
(network access layer) ,
, IP
.
.
, ,
, .
, .
1. TFTP?
) TCP.
) IP.
) UDP.
) CFTP.
486
I. CCNA 1:
2.
?
)
.
) .
) .
) .
3. Internet
TCP/IP?
) IP.
) ICMP.
) ARP.
) .
4. DHCP?
) DHCPREQUEST.
) DHCPBOOT.
) DHCPDISCOVER.
) .
5.
?
) .
) ARP.
) .
) .
6. MAC ,
ARP?
) .
) .
) .
) .
7. IP?
) .
) MAC.
) MAC.
) MAC .
9. TCP/IP IP-
487
8. Internet
IP MAC?
) UDP.
) ICMP.
) ARP.
) RARP.
9. ARP?
) , IP ARP
.
) RARP .
) , .
) , IP ARP
.
10. ARP?
)
.
) , .
) ,
.
) ,
IP MAC.
11. ARP?
) MAC ARP.
) .
) ARP ,
.
) IP MAC,
RARP.
12. , ARP?
) .
) .
) , .
) .
13. TCP/IP?
) ,
.
488
I. CCNA 1:
) ,
.
) ,
.
) ,
.
14.
TCP/IP?
) OSI.
)
.
) .
) .
15. OSI TCP/IP ?
) C 1 3.
) 1 4 7.
) 3, 4 5 7.
) 1, 3 4.
16. ?
) RARP .
.
) ICMP .
) ARP IP
.
) UDP
.
17. ?
) UCP.
) UDP.
) TDP.
) TDC.
10
...
,
, ,
IP;
,
;
IP
;
,
;
OSI;
;
OSI;
,
,
;
;
,
;
;
,
;
,
AND.
490
I. CCNA 1:
,
:
, . 491,
, . 491,
, . 491,
, . 492,
IP, . 493,
,
. 494,
, . 494,
, . 496,
, . 499,
, . 501,
, . 502,
, . 504,
, . 504,
, . 505,
MAC, . 513,
, . 514,
, . 516,
, . 517,
, . 519,
, . 519,
, . 519,
, . 520,
, . 521,
, . 521,
,
. 521,
,
. 521,
, . 525,
, . 527,
, . 528.
,
Internet (Internet Protocol IP).
IP,
IP.
,
,
.
(distancevector), (linkstate)
(hybrid) ,
.
10.
491
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
IP (Internet)
Internet.
IP.
,
, ,
,
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
; ,
, .
,
; ,
.
:
, ;
, , .
.
.
,
. .
.
.
. 10.1. :
I. CCNA 1:
492
Internet (IP);
(Internetwork Packet Exchange
IPX);
AppleTalk.
, ,
, , .
IPX 3a.0800.5678.12ab
IP 15.16.50.3
Novell
IP
IPX 4b.0800.0121.ab13
Token
Ring
AppleTalk 100.110
Token
Ring
IP 15.16.42.8
AppleTalk 200.167 IP 15.17.132.6
. 10.1.
,
.
.
.
TCP/IP:
(Routing Information Protocol RIP);
(Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol IGRP);
(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP);
(Open
Shortest Path First OSPF).
, ,
, .
10.
493
,
,
. , , , , IPX,
,
(MAC) . , ,
IP, , .
IP,
. 32 IP .
IPX MAC,
,
. IP
.
IP
.
.
, Internet. . 10.2 , 254
192.168.10.1 192.168.10.254
192.168.10.0.
, . ,
192.168.10.0
254 .
Internet (Internet Software
Consorcium http://www.isc.org).
, .
,
(Open Systems Interconnection OSI). ,
.
(distancevector), (linkstate)
(hybrid), ,
.
:
.
.
I. CCNA 1:
494
192.168.10.1
192.168.10.2
192.168.10.3
192.168.10.4
192.168.10.5
192.168.10.6
192.168.10.7
192.168.10.0
192.168.10.250
192.168.10.251
192.168.10.252
192.168.10.253
192.168.10.254
. 10.2.
IP
IP
. Internet, IP
,
.
(connectionless) ,
, ,
. IP
,
.
, ,
, IP , ,
.
.
, OSI,
. . 10.3 ,
,
.
IP (
),
. ,
(.10.4).
10.
495
( )
01101010001101110100011010111010010
. 10.3.
IP'
( )
. 10.4. IP
. 10.5 ,
. ,
()
, ()
.
Ethernet
MAC.
, ,
Frame Relay ( WAN),
. , ,
,
.
.
, ,
. 10.6 .
I. CCNA 1:
496
A
B
. 10.5.
CRC'
'
'
?
'
?
CRC
Extract
Destination
IP Address
from Packet.
'
'
?
'
. 10.6.
10.
497
, , MAC
,
;
.
; ,
. ,
,
. , ,
(Cyclical Redundancy Check CRC),
, ,
. ,
.
, . ,
. , IP
, .
, .
, .
,
,
.
, CRC
, (Ethernet, Frame
Relay ), .
,
.
OSI
( UDP), . 10.7.
.
, .
.
. ,
. ,
, .
.
, ( )
.
. (, ,
) .
I. CCNA 1:
498
Internet ,
IP. TCP (
) IP
( ). TCP IP
Internet.
1
. 10.7.
IP :
. , FTP
IP ;
. ;
. IP
, , ,
.
.
, ,
,
. 10.8.
. ,
.
. ,
, ,
.
1
. 10.8.
10.
499
IP-
,
.
, . 10.9, IP
IP.
(Version) ,
IP. IP
; , , .
IP (IP Header Length HLEN) ,
32 .
.
(Type of Service TOS) ,
,
.
(Total Length) ,
, .
, HLEN.
(Identification) ,
, .
.
(Flags) ,
. ,
,
.
(Fragment Offset) ,
.
16 .
(TimetoLive TTL) ,
, .
( )
.
.
(Protocol) , ,
, IP
. TCP
UDP.
(Header Checksum) ,
.
IP (Source IP address) 32 , IP
.
I. CCNA 1:
500
HLEN
16
19
31
24
IP'
IP'
IP' ( )
...
. 10.9. IP
IP ,
.
IP , IP
. , ,
. ,
, ;
, .
IP-
,
,
. 1, ,
.
,
Internet.
1
10.
501
OSI.
,
,
.
(. 10.10). ,
, .
Y
C
. 10.10.
:
.
;
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
(routing metric),
, .
,
. . 10.11 ,
.
I. CCNA 1:
502
2
1
$=10
$=5
56 /
1,544 /
. 10.11.
: (..
), , , , .
.
.
. ,
(. 10.12).
, ,
. ,
, .
(, )
.
IP.
IP, , ,
, IPX/SPX AppleTalk.
IPX/SPX AppleTalk
, . ,
, .
,
Microsoft (NetBIOS Extended User Interface NetBEUI)
,
.
10.
503
. 10.12.
, ,
, .
,
OSI, .
,
.
,
.
( )
. ,
. ,
,
, .
,
, ,
.
. 10.13, , ,
.
, ,
, (broadcast domain).
,
, , , IP.
IP
MAC . ,
I. CCNA 1:
504
,
MAC .
WAN
IP'
LAN
LAN
MAC'
MAC'
. 10.13.
,
(subnetwork).
, ,
. IP ,
IP IP ,
MAC .
(Address Resolution Protocol ARP), IP MAC,
MAC .
MAC.
.
, , .
, MAC
, IP ,
, (. 10.14).
192.168.12.15 MAC
192.168.12.16 MAC
192.168.11.17 MAC
192.168.11.18 MAC
198.168.13.0
198.168.14.0
198.168.15.0
198.168.12.13
198.168.12.0
198.168.12.12
198.168.11.0
198.168.12.14
S0
S0
S0
E1
E0
192.168.11.19 MAC
192.168.12.12 MAC
192.168.11.15 MAC
198.168.11.17
ARP E1
198.168.11.16
ARP E0
198.168.11.15
198.168.12.16
E1
192.168.20.2 S1
192.168.20.1 S0
198.168.22.12
198.150.22.1
198.150.21.1
198.168.21.15
198.168.22.13
E1
E0
198.168.22.15
198.150.12.0
198.150.11.0
198.150.20.0
198.150.22.0
198.150.21.0
198.168.22.14
192.168.22.15 MAC
192.168.22.14 MAC
192.168.22.13 MAC
198.168.22.16
S1
S1
S1
E1
E0
192.168.21.18 MAC
192.168.21.17 MAC
ARP E1
192.168.22.12 MAC
198.168.21.19
ARP E0
198.168.21.18
192.168.21.15 MAC
198.168.21.17
198.168.21.16
. 10.14. ARP
198.168.12.15
198.150.12.1
E0
198.168.11.19
198.150.11.1
198.168.11.18
506
I. CCNA 1:
Ethernet ARP
;
, .
, , ,
. ARP IP MAC. ( . 10.14
MAC MAC,
).
;
: ( C) ,
RIP ( R), IP
,
, .
, MAC
.
,
. IP ,
Internet . , IP
( ),
.
IP
, .
,
.
,
. ,
, .
,
.
.
,
.
, , .
. 10.1.
:
.
10.
507
10.1.
OSI
IP
MAC
:
(. 10.15).
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
. 10.16.
,
.
.
.
IP IPX. ,
DECnet, AppleTalk, Banyan VINES Xerox
Networ System (XNS), ,
.
.
,
,
.
I. CCNA 1:
508
.
IP
IPX.
Token
Ring
.
RIP, IGRP OSPF.
. 10.15.
10.120.2.0
172.16.2.0
E0
172.16.3.0
. 10.16.
10.
509
. 10.17.
.
.
,
IP, RIP, IGRP, OSPF, (Border Gateway
Protocol BGP) EIGRP.
10.120.2.0
172.16.2.0
S0
E0
S1
172.16.3.0
RIP
IGRP
'
10.120.2.0
E0
172.16.2.0
S0
172.16.3.0
S1
. 10.17.
, ,
OSI ().
. . 10.18,
. ,
. .
. , , ,
.
,
.
510
I. CCNA 1:
, .
,
, ,
( )
. ,
, .
. 10.18.
, , :
, ,
, .
, .. ,
,
.
, , ,
.
:
;
;
(
),
;
, ()
, ;
,
;
, , ;
,
.
(default route) ,
,
;
10.
511
,
. ,
, .
:
,
.
-, .
.
.
, . . 10.19
1 ( ),
. ( ,
2 3.)
1
2
3
2.1
1.2
1.3
1.1
3.1
. 10.19.
.
.
, ( )
.
, .
, .
, , ,
.
.
, .
.
I. CCNA 1:
512
,
.
MAC- ,
( ). , , ,
, .
( ) MAC-,
. MAC-,
.
.
,
. . 10.20 , ,
, .
, . ,
,
.
5
2
11
8
10
4
1
. 10.20.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
-
.
, ,
(. 10.21).
.
.
198.150.12.14
198.150.11.17
198.150.11.0
198.150.12.0
198.150.13.0
198.150.14.0
198.150.15.0
S0
S0
S0
E1
E0
192.150.20.2 S1
192.150.20.1 S0
198.150.22.12
198.150.22.14
198.150.21.17
198.150.21.0
198.150.22.0
198.150.23.0
198.150.24.0
198.150.25.0
C
C
R
R
198.150.22.16
198.150.21.19
S1
S1
S1
E1
E0
198.150.22.15
198.150.21.18
198.150.22.13
E1
E0
198.150.21.16
198.150.22.1
198.150.21.1
198.150.21.15
. 10.21.
198.150.12.16
E1
198.150.12.1
198.150.12.15
E0
198.150.11.19
198.150.11.1
198.150.11.18
198.150.12.13
198.150.12.12
198.150.11.16
198.150.11.15
514
I. CCNA 1:
:
,
;
/ ,
,
,
(next hop), .
;
.
,
. , RIP (hop count)
. IGRP
, ,
.
CCNA2:
;
,
, .
.
, . ,
. , ,
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
;
, .
.
,
.
,
Internet.
10.
515
.
, , ,
.
.
.
,
,
. ,
, .
.
.
, , ,
,
.
. ,
. ,
(
), EIGRP, RIP.
,
.
,
. ,
, .
,
, . 10.22.
, .
.
,
.
, ( Ethernet
10 / ,
64 /).
,
.
,
, .
, , ,
, .
I. CCNA 1:
516
.
,
, .
,
. , , ,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
56 /
T1
56 /
T1
. 10.22.
. , ,
(.. ).
. 10.23,
(Interior Gateway Protocol IGP)
(Exterior Gateway Protocols EGP).
.
10.
517
EGPs: BGP
100
200
2 .ru (Russian
Institute for Public Networks RIPN), http://www.ripn.net. . .
518
I. CCNA 1:
(Intermediate
systemtoIntermediate System ISIS).
EGP .
BGP EGP.
-
,
, , .. EGP IGP.
, ,
:
(distansevector) (linkstate).
EGP IGP
,
.
-
(
) ( ) , .
(,
30 )
. ,
,
. ,
. ,
.
(BellmanFord)
.
(. 10.25):
(Routing Information Protocol RIP)
IGP,
;
(Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol IGRP); Cisco
;
10.
519
(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP),
IGRP Cisco;
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
( ) ,
30 .
, ,
, (LinkState Andvertisement LSA),
(),
.
(
), .
, ,
,
(. 10.24).
.
(Shortest Path First SPF)
(Dijkstra) SPF,
, . ()
.
, ,
OSPF ISIS (. 10.25).
:
,
, .
I. CCNA 1:
520
LSA
SPF
SPF
. 10.24.
'
RIP '
IGRP
Cisco ,
OSPF
, ,
RIP,
,
,
IS'IS
. 10.25.
10.
521
,
.
RIP
(Routing Information Protocol RIP)
(. 10.26).
, RIP ,
.
, RIP,
. RIP 1
(classfull) . ,
, RIP 1
.
RIP 2
(prefix routing) :
.
.
(VariableLength Subnet Mask VLSM).
15
. 10.26. RIP
522
I. CCNA 1:
IGRP
(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
IGRP), Cisco,
,
, , RIP.
IGRP ,
, . IGRP
24 .
,
RIP, .
IGRP .
EIGRP
, IGRP, EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol )
Cisco .
IGRP, 32 .
, EIGRP
.
,
. EIGRP
.
IGRP.
OSPF
(Open Shortest Path First OSPF)
.
Internet (IETF) OSPF 1988 .
, OSPF 2, RFC 2328. OSPF
IGP, ,
, .
OSPF ,
RIP.
IS-IS
(Intermediate SystemtoIntermediate System ISIS)
OSI.
(Connectionless
Network Protocol CLNP), ISO
(Connectionless Network Service CLNS).
ISIS ISIS
. ISIS
CLNP IP .
10.
523
CLNP OSI
, .
BGP
(Border Gateway Protocol BGP)
EGP. BGP
. ,
Internet (ISP).
BGP4 BGP,
(Classless InterDomain Routing CIDR), ,
.
IGP, , RIP, OSPF EIGRP, BGP
, .
BGP ,
, BGP.
10.2.9.
.
,
.
3 Internet ,
. ,
Internet.
.
. 1985 ,
,
Internet,
.
.. , ,
.. . .
I. CCNA 1:
524
,
Internet (Internet Engineering Task Force IETF)
,
, Internet.
,
.
IP-
, 254 16,8 .
.
IP,
. . 10.27
.
A
. 10.27. AD:
,
( ) .
,
, .
,
IP.
10.
525
,
.
,
. , 22,
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
IP.
. 10.28 ,
Internet
.
Interenet. ,
.
, Internet ,
,
. IP
.
, ,
, . ,
IP,
(. 10.29).
172.16.3.0
172.16.4.0
172.16.1.0
172.16.2.0
172.16.0.0
. 10.28.
I. CCNA 1:
526
172.16.2.200
172.16.3.5
E0
E1
172.16.2.2
172.16.3.100
172.16.2.160
172.16.3.150
IP: 172.16.2.1
IP: 172.16.3.1
172.16
160
172.16.2.0
172.16.3.0
E0
E1
. 10.29.
. ,
, ,
. (
)
().
.
.
,
.
,
.
. 192.168.10.14,
192.168.10.0. , 192.168.10.14
192.168.10.0.
.
,
. IP
.
. 10.3010.32,
. ,
10.
527
,
.
192.168.10.0
11000000.10101000.00001010.00000000
.
.
. H
N
N
N
11000000.10101000.00001010.00000000
.
.
. sN H
N
N
N
3
. 10.30.
147.10.0.0
10010011.00001010.00000000.00000000
.
.
. H
N
N
N
10010011.00001010.00000000.00000000
.
. sN H .
N
N
H
5
. 10.31.
28.0.0.0
00011100.00000000.00000000.00000000
.
.
. H
N
H
H
00011100.00000000.00000000.00000000
.
. sN H .
N
H
sN
12
. 10.32.
.
,
, . 10.2.
I. CCNA 1:
528
10.2. :
128
64
32
16
IP, 2
.
. ,
, , .
.
.
, ,
, ,
,
. 10.3.
. . 10.3, 3 ,
255.255.255.224.
/27. , ,
, , ,
.
10.3. :
/25
/26
/27
/28
/29
/30
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
128
64
32
16
,
, , .
, 30 5
. ,
. 10.4. ,
30 3 . 6 ,
. ,
,
,
.
10.
529
,
,
. 10.4. , ,
, .
10.4. :
/25
/26
/27
/28
/29
/30
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
128
64
32
16
16
32
64
14
30
62
64
32
16
62
30
14
, .
2 ,
, 2:
(2
) 2 = .
3
, 2
2 =6 .
2 ,
, 2:
(2
) 2 = .
,
5 , ,
5
2 2 = 30.
,
. Internet ,
, , ,
I. CCNA 1:
530
(.. ).
,
, .
, IP. ,
, 32 .
, , , ,
. ,
, 255.255.0.0.
8 , 255.255.255.0,
. 10.33 10.34.
,
14 . 8 .
, 6 .
IP'
172
16
255
255
255
8'
255
255
. 10.33.
.
, n ,
n , . 10.35.
,
( ) .
10.
128
64
32
16
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
531
. 10.34.
. 10.35.
:
, (
) , , 1,
0, .
, ,
255.255.0.0; , 16 ,
, 16 .
8 ,
8 255.255.255.0. ,
130.5.2.144 (8
), , 130.5.2.0,
130.5.0.0, . 10.36.
: , 197.15.22.131
255.255.255.224. 224 (11100000 )
, 24- 3 , 27 .
131 ,
197.15.22.128, . 10.37. Internet
( ) 197.15.22.0.
, ,
, 27 .
I. CCNA 1:
532
136.5.0.0
10000010 00000101
00000000 00000000
255.255.255.0
11111111 11111111
11111111 11111111
. 10.36.
11000101
00001111
00010110
10000011
. 10.37. :
IP-
,
. , ;
. ,
(22) ( ,
).
2 .
(222).
4- (2222). ,
, . 10.34, ,
.
,
, . ,
,
, .
, , .
8 . ,
256 (28) (254 , ,
, ). ,
. , ,
.
, , ,
, 64- (26). ,
, 62.
3 ,
5- ,
, 32- (25). ,
, 30-.
10.
533
. ,
255.255.255.224 3 (224 ,
11100000 ) .
6 (8 - 2), 30 (32 - 2) .
A B
, , ,
.
22 , 24 , . 10.4139
10.3941.
12
255.255.255.240, /28.
,
255 .
, , 240.
,
.
20
255.255.255.240, /28.
, 4
1 .
,
. , ,
, , , ,
.
, ,
:
= 2
= 2
= 2
2;
= 2
2.
10.3.5a.
.
,
. , ,
, .
,
IP .
534
I. CCNA 1:
147.10.0.0 ( 14 )
11001011.00001010.00000000.00000000
N
.
N
.
H
.
H
10010011.00001010.00000000.00000000
N
.
N
. sN
. sN H
12
. 10.38.
28.0.0.0 ( 22 )
00011100.00000000.00000000.00000000
N
.
H
.
H
.
H
00011100.00000000.00000000.00000000
N
.
sN . sN
. sN H
20
. 10.39.
10.3.5b.
, ,
, .
10.3.5c.
, ,
, .
10.3.5d.
,
, ,
.
AND
, .
.
( AND )
IP .
10.
535
, 172.16.0.0.
8
. , 8
255.255.255.0 (. 10.40).
IP'
172.16.2.120
10101100 00010000
00000010 01111000
255.255.255.0
/24
11111111 11111111
11111111 00000000
10101100 00010000
172
16
00000010
2
00000000
0
. 10.40. 8
, , IP
172.16.2.120. , ,
( )
.
, ,
. , 172.16.2.0,
, , ,
120 .
, 172.16.0.0.
7 .
11111111.1111111.11111110.0000000.
?
, ,
172.16.2.120. , ,
. ,
.
? ,
, .
. ,
, . 10.41.
126
. ? 9
, , 510
126 .
I. CCNA 1:
536
IP'
172.16.2.120
10101100 00010000
00000010 01111000
255.255.254.0
/23
11111111 11111111
11111110 00000000
10101100 00010000
172
16
00000010
2
00000000
0
. 10.41. ,
:
(AND),
.
: , 1
.
: , 2
.
: , 3
.
: , 1
.
: , 2
.
:
IP ,
,
;
IP ,
, , .
, ,
IP
, , TCP.
10.
537
, IP
,
, UDP;
.
;
(OSI)
.
, ;
(.. ).
OSI , ,
; ,
, ;
.
,
, .
,
. ,
,
.
() ,
,
. ,
;
;
, , IP,
.
. , ..
,
, , .. ,
;
,
;
(
) ;
538
I. CCNA 1:
( ,
) ,
;
(IGP)
(AS), (GP)
AS;
IGP :
.
,
.
LSA ,
, ;
, ;
,
, IP .
, 32 ,
, , IP
. 255.0.0.0,
255.255.0.0, 255.255.255.0.
;
,
, , ,
.
, IP,
,
.
,
;
,
,
. :
;
, ;
,
;
10.
539
,
.
(AND);
OSI
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
IP 32 ,
TCP/IP. IP (, , , D )
, (
). ,
.
,
.
IP .
(Classless InterDomain Routing CIDR)
IP .
Internet.
MAC ,
, .
MAC, ,
. MAC
6 ,
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE).
(hardware address), MAC (MAC
layer address) (physical address).
NetBEUI ( NetBIOS NetBIOS Extended
User Interface) NetBIOS,
, LAN Manager, LAN Server, Windows for
Workgroups Windows NT. NetBEUI
. NetBEUI LLC2 OSI.
,
, , , Cisco.com.
IP, .
540
I. CCNA 1:
.
.
(Classless InterDomain Routing CIDR)
, BGP ( )
. CIDR
, ,
. CIDR
, .
,
. IP
Internet. , , ,
OSI .
.
.
,
,
.
(BellmanFord).
Ethernet,
. ,
, .
,
,
.
, .
(gateway),
.
,
,
.
32 IP,
IP, . .
10.
541
,
, .
.
, , ,
, , MTU, .
.
8 .
(, ) , ,
8 .
,
, , ()
.
. ,
OSI
.
(hop)
, , .
. 1. IP .
;
, ,
. 2. OSI ES
IS,
.
(Exterior Gateway Protocol EGP) Internet,
. (Border Gateway Protocol BGP)
EGP.
(Interior Gateway Protocol IGP) Internet,
.
IGP IGRP, OSPF
RIP.
(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
IGRP) IGP, Cisco
.
,
.
IGRP, OSPF RIP.
(Routing Information Protocol RIP)
IGP, BSD UNIX.
. RIP
.
542
I. CCNA 1:
.
, .
, ,
,
OSI.
, .
TCP/IP.
(hop count) ,
. RIP
.
,
, , .
,
.
.
,
, .
(
VLAN),
.
, ,
, .
, .
1. IP?
) 16.
) 32.
) 64.
) .
2. IP?
) 28.
) 255.
) 256.
) .
10.
543
3. IP?
) , .
) .
) , .
) , .
4. IP?
) .
) , .
) , .
) , .
5. 101101?
) 32.
) 35.
) 45.
) 44.
6.
192.5.34.11?
) 11000000.00000101.00100010.00001011.
) 11000101.01010111.00011000.10111000.
) 01001011.10010011.00111001.00110111.
) 11000000.00001010.01000010.00001011.
7. IP
11000000.00000101.00100010.00001011 ?
) 190.4.34.11.
) 192.4.34.10.
) 192.4.32.11.
) .
8. IP 154.19.2.7 ?
) 154.
) 154.19.
) 154.19.2.
) 154.19.2.7.
544
I. CCNA 1:
9. 129.219.51.18 ?
) 129.219.
) 129.
) 14.1.
) 1.
10.
123.10.0.0 255.255.0.0?
) 123.255.255.255.
) 123.10.255.255.
) 123.13.0.0.
) 123.1.1.1.
11. ?
) 253.
) 254.
) 255.
) 256.
12.
?
) 1.
) 2.
) 4.
) .
13. ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
14. ?
) 16.
) 32.
) 64.
) .
10.
545
15. , IP
121.8.2.5 255.0.0.0, /.
) 121.8.1.0.
) 121.8.0.0.
) 121.8.2.0.
) .
16.
197.15.22.31 255.255.255.224?
) 1.
) 2.
) 3.
) .
17. , IP
172.16.2.10 255.255.255.0, .
) 172.0.0.0.
) 172.16.0.0.
) 172.16.2.0.
) .
18.
OSI?
) .
) .
) , .
)
.
19.
?
) .
) .
) SDLC.
) Frame Relay.
546
I. CCNA 1:
20. ?
) .
) ARP.
) .
) .
21.
?
) .
) MAC.
) MAC.
) MAC .
11
TCP/IP
...
TCP/IP;
TCP
UDP;
TCP/IP;
TCP/IP.
,
:
, . 548,
, . 549,
, . 550,
, . 551,
, . 553,
, . 554,
, . 558,
, . 559,
, . 566,
, . 568,
, . 569,
, . 569,
, . 570,
, . 571,
, . 571,
telnet, . 572.
548
I. CCNA 1:
, :
.
. !
, !
, . !
:
;
,
;
TCP UDP !
(port).
( ) !
TCP/IP:
;
NFS,
DNS, ARP, rlogin, talk, FTP, NTP traceroute.
,
!, : !
(e!Lab), , !
(PhotoZoom).
, .
TCP/IP
, TCP/IP !
!
!.
,
.
TCP/IP .
TCP/IP
, ,
. UDP, ,
. , !
, TCP, !
.
11. ...
549
. !
!
,
(sliding window) !
.
, !
, , . !
, ,
( ) ( ).
, . 11.1, !
! !
.
( )
( )
(
)
. 11.1. ,
! !. !
; ,
, #
.
.
; !
. . 11.2
.
:
;
;
;
;
!
.
I. CCNA 1:
550
!
?
.
.
. 11.2.
( ),
. , !
. ,
.
TCP/IP !!!! TCP IP.
IP ,
. TCP !
,
, ,
.
. , TCP/IP
, TCP IP . ,
Internet TCP/IP.
TCP , !
.
(flow control), ,
, !
. , !
.
! . !
!!
, . !
:
, !
;
, !
;
11. ...
551
;
.
,
OSI !
.
. ,
, (FIFO). !
, . !
(. 11.3).
. 11.3. OSI
!!!!
.
,
. !
, . ,
, , !
,
.
. !
, , .
. 11.4
. !
. !
; !
. (acknowledgment), !
, !
. .
552
I. CCNA 1:
. 11.4.
.
,
, . ,
. ,
.
,
, .
, , !
, !
.
, !
.
, ! !
.
, !
! , !
. ,
.
, !
. !
, .
11. ...
553
TCP , !
.
, !
(ISN !!!! Initial Sequence
Number). !
, SYN ( synchronization)
ISN. , SYN, SYN!
. !
ISN!
ISN!.
, !
ISN !!
ACK ( acknowledgment) .
, ISN! !
ACK . !
, , .
(three#way
handshake) (. 11.5).
A
SYN (seq=x)
SYN (seq=x)
SYN (seq=y,
ACK=x+1)
ACK (ACK=y+1)
SYN (seq=y,
ACK=x+1)
ACK (ACK=y+1)
. 11.5.
554
I. CCNA 1:
!
,
. , !
, , .
.
!
, . 11.6,
. , !
, !
, !
. ,
, !
(window).
TCP ;
, , .
,
TCP!.
, , !
.
11. ...
555
1
1
ACK 2
ACK 2
2
2
ACK 3
ACK 3
3
3
ACK 4
ACK 4
. 11.6. 1
, ,
TCP (flow!control mechanism).
; !
. ,
, TCP! !
.
, , 3,
. .
, !
. .
, , ,
. ,
, !
.
TCP
. , !
, ,
. TCP !
, !!
, , !
(, ). !
!
. !
.
I. CCNA 1:
556
,
ACK . !
, !
. , !
. ,
(,
). 5 !
, .
:
, !
.
, , !
,
.
, . !
, ,
. !
.
, !
.
. 11.7 , 1, 2 3.
, 4. , !
, 4, 5 6. 5 , !
5.
5 !
, 7.
TCP !
. !
(. 11.8). ,
. TCP
, ,
, Internet. !
,
(ACK).
,
. !
.
, .
11. ...
557
, , , !
.
1
2
3
1
2
3
ACK 4
ACK 4
4
5
6
4
5
6
ACK 7
ACK 7
= 3
. 11.7.
. .
1028 23 10
1
...
. .
23
11
...
10.
11.
10
1028
. .
23 1028 1
11 ...
...
. 11.8.
TCP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol #### ) !
!
, . TCP
TCP/IP.
I. CCNA 1:
558
. TCP
, !
, .
!
.
, TCP:
FTP (File Transfer Protocol !!!! );
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol !!!! );
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol !!!! );
DNS (Domain Name System !!!! ).
. 11.9 TCP!.
0
15 16
(16)
31
(16)
(32)
20
(32)
B
(4) (6)
(6)
(16)
(16)
(16)
(0 32)
( )
. 11.9. TCP#
!, . 11.9, .
.
.
,
.
!!!! !.
HLEN #### 32! .
!!!! 0.
!!!! (, ).
!!!! , .
!!!! .
!!!! .
!!!! : !
!.
!!!! .
11. ...
559
UDP
UDP (User Datagram Protocol #### ), !
. 11.10,
TCP/IP. UDP !
, !
.
UDP TCP. UDP
!
. , TFTP
, ! .
UDP!, . 11.10.
0
15 16
(16)
(16)
31
(16)
(16)
( )
. 11.10. UDP
.
.
!!!! , .
!!!! .
!!!! .
UDP , !
(application layer protocol). UDP , !
.
UDP :
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol !!!! );
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol !!!!
);
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol !!!! !
);
DNS (Domain Name System !!!! ).
TCP UDP
,
UDP (port) (socket).
,
.
I. CCNA 1:
560
!
, !
Internet (IANA !!!!
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). , , !
FTP, 20
( ) 21 ( ), . 11.11. !
, , ,
,
!!!! 1023. !
TCP UDP. !
TCP UDP,
. . 11.1
TCP UDP.
F
T
P
T
e
l
n
e
t
S
M
T
P
D
N
S
T
F
T
P
S
N
M
P
21
23
25
53
69
161
TCP
UDP
. 11.11.
11.1. UDP
1
( )
1!4
Rje
Echo
Discard
11
Users
13
Daytime
15
Netstat
17
Quote
1 1024 . 1024 #
. #
. #### . .
11. ...
561
. 11.1
( )
19
Chargen
20
ftp-data
FTP ()
21
ftp
FTP ()
23
telnet
25
Smtp
(SMTP)
37
Time
39
Rlp
(RLP)
42
Nameserver
43
nickname
53
Domain
(DNS)
67
Bootps
68
Bootpc
69
Tftp
TFTP
75
77
79
Finger
80
HTTP
95
SUPDUP
SUPDUP
101
HOSTNAME
102
ISOTSAP
ISO&TSAP
113
AUTH
117
UUCPPATH
UUCP
123
Ntp
(NTP)
133&159
160&223
224&241
242&255
. 11.12,
. &&&& &
1023, &. &
, FTP, &
, TCP& 21 (FTP), &
1028. ( )
I. CCNA 1:
562
.
FTP ,
21, (, 1030),
.
...
telnet Z
= 23.
telnet
1028
23
...
. 11.12. ,
( ) OSI TCP/IP
(application layer).
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
.
.
.
.
Telnet.
FTP.
HTTP.
OSI ()
, . 11.13.
:
11. ...
563
;
;
;
.
TFTP*
FTP*
NFS
Internet!
SMTP
Telnet*
rlogin
SNMP*
DNS*
*
. 11.13.
. "
.
.
, "
, TCP/IP, , "
,
. , "
(, )
(, , "
).
,
, ,
". , FTP"
, Web", .
: . "
.
564
I. CCNA 1:
.
: , ; , . , Web
Web URL,
IP Web.
URL , ,
, , ,
Web
Web Web.
Netscape Navigator Internet Explorer, ,
. Web
.
: ,
, ..
. Web.
Web ,
.
OSI, .
,
.
,
. ,
(Remote Procedure Call RPC).
OSI.
.
, , .
AppleTalk Filing Protocol AppleTalk.
NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI
NetBIOS2).
11. ...
565
IPX/SPX3 Novell.
4 (Network File System NFS)
TCP/IP.
.
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
, .
, , ,
, .
. ,
, , ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
.
.
Web Internet
HTML, Internet.
, ,
,
. Web
, .
,
. ,
3 Internetwork Packet Exchange ,
Novell NetWare ,
. Sequenced Packet Exchange ,
, ;
IPX , ;
. .
4 UDP, Unix, PC
Macintosh . . .
I. CCNA 1:
566
.
.
telnet FTP ,
.
.
. (Domain Name
System DNS), .
DNS
Internet .
, ,
. IP
. , 198.151.11.12 198.151.11.21
, .
, IP,
, IP .
!
Web IANA
(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Internet): http://www.iana.org/domain-names.htm.
Web
(DNS). DNS
IP . ,
, , .
/ ,
IP Web Internet.
Internet 200 (
) .
:
.us ;
.uk ;
.ru ;
.ua .
, :
.edu Web, ;
.com Web;
11. ...
567
.gov !!!! ;
.org !!!! Web!;
.net ;
.mil Web! ;
.int Web! .
!!!! , !
IP!
. ,
, , DNS.
IP!,
DNS!, , ,
IP! . DNS! IP!,
. !
, , . !
, IP!
DNS! .
IP! , !
. ,
IP!, DNS!,
.
FTP TFTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol #### )
( Internet)
( Internet).
Internet. FTP
, !
. !
telnet, FTP
!. !
! .
FTP! , telnet!. ,
telnet!, !
.
FTP! FTP! ,
.
Anonymous .
FTP#. !
, telnet!,
, , , !
.
568
I. CCNA 1:
,
.
FTP
,
. FTP!
, , .
ASCII5 . !
, . !
ASCII! ASCII,
. !
, ,
.
, !
, . !
4 7
ASCII!, !
. ASCII! !
. .
, .
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol #
) , !
UDP. TFTP
Cisco IOS . !
,
FTP. ,
, !!!! (
) . TFTP
, !
. , !
FTP.
, ,
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol !!!! ), !
. !
HTTP ,
, .
HTTP
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol ####
) World Wide Web, !
Internet.
5
11. ...
569
WWW
. Web,
, ,
. Web Web
, , .
Web
, HTML (HyperText Markup Language
).
Web. , HTML
, , Web Web
.
Web
(hyperlink). (,
) Web,
Web. Web
, URL (Uniform Resource Locator
).
. 11.2 URL (
http://www.Cisco.com/edu/).
11.2. URL
http://
www.
Cisco.com
/edu/
,
Web
Web
Web
,
Web.
,
,
Web, , ,
( ). URL
Web
.
URL .
, ,
, IP Web
. Web ,
, . ,
HTTP, , Web (
, HTML).
, (
).
I. CCNA 1:
570
, , !, ! !
HTML!. !
Web!, .
, .
11.2.4. Protocol Inspector, TCP
HTTP
, Protocol
Inspector Fluke Networks ,
TCP.
Web!.
SMTP
!
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol #### #
). SMTP !!!! ,
ASCII! TCP.
SMTP!, Telnet! SMTP! (25).
!!!! .
, ,
, . !
:
, , !
. !
POP3 (Post Office Protocol Version 3 !!!!
3) IMAP4 (Internet Massaging Access Protocol Version 4 !!!! !
Internet 4).
TCP. !
, !
SMTP. !
, !
, .
!
! (SMTP) ! (POP IMAP).
SMTP !
.
!
.
11. ...
571
SNMP
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol
) ,
. SNMP
,
.
SNMP :
!!!! , !
SNMP . !
!
NMS SNMP. !
.
, , , , ;
!!!! , !
. ,
, !
SNMP;
(Network Management Station NMS). !
, . NMS
,
.
NMS .
telnet
(telnet)
. Internet! !
. telnet !
, , .
telnet (local host),
, ,
(remote host) (. 11.14).
Telnet
. 11.14. Telnet
I. CCNA 1:
572
telnet!
:
. IP!
. , !
. telnet !
!.
telnet
, .
.
telnet DNS!,
IP!. telnet
OSI !!!! (),
(, ASCII) ( !
). , ,
, . !
, IP! (
IP! ). ,
, MAC! !
. ! MAC!, ARP!
. MAC!
( ) . telnet !
,
OSI, , telnet! !
.
, !
,
. , ,
.
, ! .
.
TCP/IP . !
, . !
:
,
;
;
;
.
11. ...
573
, :
, ,
;
(DNS);
Telnet, FTP HTTP;
TCP, UDP, SMTP SNMP.
, ,
#, #
(e#Lab), , #
(PhotoZoom).
DNS (Domain Name System) . ,
Internet .
(American standard code for in
formation interchange ASCII)
# ,
, .
(windowing) ,
, # #
.
(Port). IP# , #
.
. , SNMP 25.
, .
(Application) #### , # #
.
FTP telnet.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) .
, TCP/IP #
. FTP RFC 959.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol).
, Web# Web# ,
, .
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) #### .
, #
.
TCP/IP.
574
I. CCNA 1:
11. ...
575
, ,
, .
, .
1. , ,
, .
__________,
__________ .
) ; .
) ; .
) ; .
) ; .
2. TCP/IP :
, ;
?
) IPX.
) TCP.
) UDP.
) SPS.
3. TCP?
) 32 .
) .
) ,
.
) , .
4.
?
) UDP.
) TCP.
) IRQ.
) LLC.
5. TCP UDP
, ?
) .
) IP.
) MAC.
) .
576
I. CCNA 1:
6. TCP
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
7. ?
) 255.
) 256 512.
) 256 1023.
) 1023.
8. TCP!,
?
) UDP.
) .
) .
) .
9. ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
10. !
TCP/IP?
) , OSI .
) !
.
) .
)
.
11. ?
) UCP.
) UDP.
) TDP.
) TDC.
11. ...
577
12. ?
) !
, .
) .
)
.
) .
13. TCP?
.
) .
) , .
) .
) ping! .
14. TCP!?
)
, .
) ,
.
) TCP!
, !
.
) ,
, !
.
15. UDP!?
) .
) .
) Internet!.
) .
16. _________.
) .
) .
) .
) .
578
I. CCNA 1:
17. , !,
_________.
) .
) .
) NIC.
) .
18. ! _________:
) .
) .
) .
) .
19. ?
) Internet!.
) , , .
) .
) IP!, .
20. .com !!!! , _________.
) .
) .
) , .
) .
21. telnet! _________.
) .
) .
) telnet! .
) .
22. OSI !
telnet?
) , , .
) , , .
) , , .
) , , .
11. ...
579
23. FTP!
_________ _________ !!!! .
) Anonymous; .
) ; FTP.
) FTP; FTP.
) Guest; anonymous.
24. !
_________.
) .
) .
) .
) Web!.
II
CCNA 2:
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Cisco IOS
17.
18.
19.
TCP/IP
20.
21.
TCP/IP
22.
12
...
WAN,
;
WAN LAN ,
,
;
(WAN);
;
,
;
,
;
;
,
,
Ethernet
.
,
:
, . 584,
, . 584,
, . 584,
, . 585,
,
. 587,
, . 587,
, . 596,
, . 597,
, . 598,
,
. 604,
, . 604.
584
II. CCNA2:
WAN, . ,
,
(WAN).
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
,
(Local Area Network LAN).
.
,
, .
(WideArea Network WAN)
, .
, , .
(WAN)
(Local Area Network LAN). , ,
, ,
,
.
.
( )
( ) OSI.
,
,
.
. 12.1 .
. 12.1,
:
,
;
, , , ,
Bell, Sprint, MCI , British Telecom, German Telecom ,
, ..;
12.
585
.
12.1.
10
100
1000 = 1
Cisco Systems
Internet
. 12.1.
:
,
.
(uptime) ,
(downtime), ,
.
, 5 ,
12 , 7 , 24 .
586
II. CCNA2:
, ,
.
, .
,
,
(Mean Time Between Failures MTBF). MTBF
.
. , ,
:
;
;
.
.
,
.
( )
;
.
,
. , ,
. ,
,
.
: -
,
. .
, ,
. ,
,
.
(traffic volume), .
; ,
, .. ,
. ,
: () .
, ,
,
(peak value). ,
, .
(average value)
.
,
.
100 /, 56 / .
12.
587
. (delay)
.
. , ,
. , ,
.
.
(propagation delay) ,
.
; ,
, .
,
. ,
, , ,
.
(satellite uplink/downlink
delay). , , ,
, .
.
( (forwarding delay).
,
- , , .
. , ,
, , ,
. ,
.
.
,
. 12.2,
:
(routers) ,
;
(switches)
;
(modem)
(
), / (Channel
Service Unit/Data Service Unit CSU/DSU),
, , T1/1
1 (T/NT1),
ISDN;
588
II. CCNA2:
(communication server)
.
. 12.2. ,
. ,
,
, , , , Frame Relay. WAN
:
ITUT (International Telecommunications Union
), Consultative Committee for International
Telephone and Telegraphy (
);
ISO (International Organization for Standardization
);
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet) IAB (Internet Activities Board
Internet), Internet.
RFC (Requests for Comments
),
TCP/IP;
EIA (Electronics Industries Association
),
;
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
) ,
; IEEE ANSI
ISO.
, . 12.2.
12.
589
12.2.
IEEE.
,
.
Cisco
(bitoriented)
HDLC.
CiscoHDLC
,
.
Frame Relay
.
,
.
,
.
X.25, Frame
Relay ,
, ,
Pointtopoint protocol
(PPP
)
RFC 1661.
IETF.
(Protocol),
.
.
,
, Internet (Internet Protocol IP)
(Internetwork Packet
Exchange IPX).
, ,
,
(Challenge Password Authentification
Protocol CHAP)
590
II. CCNA2:
. 12.2
IBM.
System Network Architecture
(SNA ).
, IP.
HDLC
PPP.
, TCP/IP
X.25.
ISDN
, .
ITUT,
DTE DCE
.
LAPB
.
Frame Relay
Frame Relay
ISDN
. 12.3.
12.
591
. 12.4,
CSU/DSU.
CSU/DSU
()
CSU/DSU
()
. 12.4. CSU/DSU
,
,
Cisco IOS (Cisco Internetwork Operating System
Cisco).
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
Cisco,
Cisco IOS,
: , (startupconfig runningconfig).
.
. ,
.
(CPU), , /.
,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
Cisco IOS
.
,
, ,
.
592
II. CCNA2:
, . 12.6, :
(RandomAccess Memory RAM),
(NonVolatile RandomAccess Memory NVRAM), Flash,
(ReadOnly Memory ROM) .
(RAM)
NVRAM
Flash
(ROM)
. 12.5.
,
.
Frame Relay
, , 1.
.
.
.
,
Internet. OSI,
( Internet IP).
( ),
Internet .
, ..
:
;
.
12.
593
.
,
.
.
, ,
,
, .
. ,
, , ,
. ,
.
,
:
;
;
;
/ ;
.
:
,
.
, , Internet,
,
.
.
.
.
(interior gateway). , ,
, (
), (exterior gateway).
(networking, )
, ,
, .
, , ,
.
, ,
, . (gateway)
, (routing).
594
II. CCNA2:
. ,
.
, ,
.
, .
(Wide-Area Network WAN)
(LAN),
, ,
Frame Relay. ,
,
.
, .
. ,
(network)
, , ,
.
Internet.
(Internetwork). ,
. ,
. .
, Internet
. ,
.
, .
,
, ().
.
(Autonomous System AS)
( ).
, ;
.
,
. , , ,
Internet, .
, , BGP (Border Gateway Protocol
), .
, , Internet
.
. ,
.
. . 12.7
, .
. .
. 12.7 Internet,
.
12.
595
. 12.6.
. 12.7.
. ,
. ,
,
, .
BGP.
, ,
BGP, ,
(..
). ,
, ,
. ,
, - . . 12.9
, ,
. 12.6 12.7.
596
II. CCNA2:
. 12.8.
.
:
;
;
;
;
, .
. 12.9 ,
.
WAN
SONET
:
T1/E1
T1/E1
T3/E3
DSL
ISDN
X.25
Frame Relay
ATM
SMDS
. 12.9.
12.
(circuit switching)
, ,
.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network
). . 12.10 ,
.
. 12.10.
. 12.3 :
(Plain Old Telephone Service POTS)
(Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN).
12.3.
POTS
,
,
. ,
.
ISDN
, .
.
.
128 /
(Basic Rate Interface BRI)
3 /
(Primary Rate Interface PRI).
,
.
597
598
II. CCNA2:
POTS ISDN ; ,
,
. POTS, ISDN
(Time-Division Multiplexing TDM),
(Synchronous Transfer Mode STM).
(packet-switched services)
, (packet).
, . . 12.11
, .
CSU/DSU
VC
CSU/DSU
CSU/DSU
. 12.11.
. 12.4
X.25 Frame Relay.
X.25
, - , Frame Relay.
Frame Relay
, X.25.
Frame Relay, , X.25,
.
, , ( STM),
; ( ATM).
(cell-switched services)
-
.
. 12.5
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode ) SMDS (Switched
Multimegabit Data Service 1).
, . . .
12.
12.4.
X.25
, , ,
.
,
.
,
.
2 /.
.
.
####
(Frame Relay)
ISDN .
.
X.25, .
44,736 /.
56 / 384 /.
.
.
####
12.5.
ATM
ISDN.
.
(53 ).
622 /,
.
####
.
.
SMDS
ATM
(,
, MAN #### Metropolitan Area Network).
44,736 /.
.
.
####
599
600
II. CCNA2:
,
.
. 12.6 T1, T3, E1,
E3; (Digital Subscriber Line xDSL);
(Synchronous Optical Network SONET).
12.6.
T1, T3,
E1, E3
T
.
(TDM),
2
(timeslot).
T E 1,544 /
T1, 44,736 / T3, 2,048 / E1
34,368 / E3.
, .
.
.
xDSL
, ,
.
xDSL DSL,
DSL (HDSL), DSL
(SDSL), DSL (ADSL)
DSL (VDSL).
.
51,84 /
.
/ /.
, ;
T1 E1 64 /. . .
12.
601
. 12.6
SONET
.
,
.
,
.
(Optical Carrier #### OC),
51,84 / (OC#1) 9 952 / (OC#192).
(Wavelength
Division Multiplexing #### WDM)
. WDM
,
.
Internet.
.
,
. 12.7 ,
:
, , .
. 12.12 .
Frame
Relay
X.25
ATM
T1
T3
SONET
SMDS
T3
T1
ISDN
xDSL
. 12.12.
602
II. CCNA2:
12.7. ,
(
)
, .
! .
56 /.
.
.
(
)
.
,
, .
10 /,
.
() .
.
,
.
, :
, 11 /
(, ).
;
(Line Of Sight !!!! LOS);
,
,
. ,
. 12.8 ,
.
12.
603
12.8.
POTS
ISDN
128 /
X.25
X.25
2 /c
Frame Relay
Frame Relay
44,736 /c
.25
ATM
622 /c
SMDS
1,544 /c
44,736 /c
ATM
T1, T3
T1, T3
xDSL
1,544 /c
44,736 /c
384 /c
SONET
9 992 /c
56 /c
10 /c
11 /c
2 /c
( <<<<
)
()
604
II. CCNA2:
,
, , , .
,
. ,
.
.
.
, ,
! ,
, ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
.
, .
(, )
. ,
, (downtime)
.
.
- , .
, . ,
.
. :
;
.
.
.
, ,
.
100%, .
.
.
1 /,
10, 16 100 /.
1,544 /.
.
, .
,
. , ,
.
12.
605
, .
.
100% , ,
.
, .
:
;
;
, , ,
.
,
.
,
.
. ,
, T1, 30%
1,544 /.
. ,
, 5
.
, .
,
.
.
,
.
. 24
7 , 10
5 , , .
(utilization rate).
. ,
,
, .
,
OSI. , WAN
. WAN LAN
: . , ,
WAN,
(LAN) .
606
II. CCNA2:
(Data Terminal Equipment DTE)
(Data Circuitterminating Equipment DCE). ,
(DCE)
, (DTE)
. ,
DTE, CSU/DSU,
. 12.13.
EIA/TIA232, V.35,
X.21, HSSI
(DTE)
CSU/DSU
()
DCE
. 12.13. WAN
, ,
.
, .
,
, WAN.
, ,
( Regional Bell Operating Company
RBOC, )
( PTT, Postal Telegraph and Telephone
).
:
EIA/TIA232 ,
64 /.
V.24;
EIA/TIA449 EIA/TIA232
, ;
V.24 DTE DCE.
, V.24 ,
EIA/TIA232;
V.35
. V.35
.
48 /;
12.
607
X.21 .
X.21 ;
G.703 ITU
DTE
BNC,
E1 (
2,048 /);
EIA530
EIA/TIA449: RS422 ( )
RS423 ( ).
.
Ethernet,
.
, . , ,
.
DTEDCE.
s0/0 s0/1
3.
,
, .
:
,
.
,
:
;
;
.
,
.
,
, .
.
(backtoback). . .
608
II. CCNA2:
.
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
, .
,
- .
,
.
.
,
.
:
? ,
;
? ,
- ;
? , ,
.
, .
, ,
.
, .
( ) ,
.
, ,
.
()
.
. ,
,
.
, .
. , -
, .
12.
609
,
, - .
(Access Control List ACL).
.
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
.
,
.
.
,
, .
,
.
. 12.9 .
12.9.
(RAM/DRAM)
.
ARP.
.
(
).
.
.
RAM
II. CCNA2:
610
. 12.9
(NVRAM)
, ,
.
Flash
, ,
(EPROM).
.
.
,
.
Cisco IOS
Flash
(ROM)
(PowerOn Self Test POST).
.
,
.
:
.
:
.
.
. ,
, .
, ,
.
.
,
OSI. , ,
OSI.
.
(
).
12.
611
.
,
.
,
: .
,
.
, ,
,
.
, .
.
,
.
.
, ,
:
(Central Processing Unit CPU);
(Random-Access Memory RAM);
- (Basic Input/Output System BIOS);
();
;
-;
, , .
.
.
. ,
.
- .
,
( Cisco,
, Internetwork Operation System, IOS),
-.
.
, , -,
. ,
-.
- ,
. ,
-, ,
.
- .
, (NIC)
, ;
.
. .
.
II. CCNA2:
612
,
. , ,
.
. ,
(
). , ( )
.
, :
;
;
;
.
( ) . - , ,
.
, .
,
.
. ,
,
, , .
.
, (7500 12000) (VIP2
) .
.
, IP- ,
.
, , .
IP- ,
, .
, (routing
table).
, (
).
,
(default route).
.
, IP- .
. , ,
.
,
.
12.
613
, ,
(routing protocol).
:
;
,
, ;
,
.
. , ,
RIP (Routing Information Protocol ),
. , , OSPF (Open Shortest Path First
), , ,
.
:
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
.
.
. :
. ,
.
. , ,
. , ,
(routing metric).
, .
(hop count);
;
.
, , ,
.
;
.
.
, , ,
.
;
. .
.
,
. (convergence).
.
. ,
614
II. CCNA2:
,
;
.
,
, - .
,
,
. , ,
, ,
.
. . 12.14
2600.
SIMM Flash
DIMM
. 12.14. 2600
. 12.15 2600:
, .
12.
615
Fast Ethernet
(AUX)
. 12.15. 2600
: Cisco 1721
1721.
: Cisco 2621
2621.
: ,
.
. 12.16.
,
Ethernet, , Token Ring
ATM .
. 12.16.
(WAN)
Internet .
,
616
II. CCNA2:
.
, , CSU/DSU,
.
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
EIA232,
.
,
.
.
(AUX).
.
. Cisco
; ,
.
. ,
.
ASCII RS2324 , ASCII
, .
.
,
.
, ,
,
AUX.
, AUX,
, .
, .
4
12.
617
,
. (AUX)
, :
.
, . 12.17,
,
(outofband management).
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
Fast Ethernet
(AUX)
. 12.17.
,
RJ45 DB95
, . 12.18.
: .
vt100.
, HyperTerminal,
Windows
Microsoft, (. . 12.19).
5
618
II. CCNA2:
RJ45
RJ45 BD9
. 12.18.
. 12.19. HyperTerminal
12.
619
, .
1.
:
COM;
9600 ;
8 ;
(no parity);
;
.
2.
3.
RJ45 .
RJ45
DB9.
DB9 COM
.
4.
12.2.5.
.
.
Ethernet Fast Ethernet.
, LAN
; .
10/100BASETX
5 (UTP)
, . 12.20.
Ethernet
:
(crossover).
.
,
, .
,
, Ethernet, ISDNBRI, , AUX
CSU/DSU TokenRing
RJ45, RJ48 RJ49.
620
II. CCNA2:
, Cisco
.
. 12.20.
1.2.6.
Fast Ethernet
.
. .
WAN-
,
WAN
.
WAN .
,
(. 12.21).
WAN (.. )
(Customer Premises Equipment CPE),
, (Data Terminal Equipment DTE).
(Data Circuitterminating Equipment DCE),
, CSU/DSU. DCE
DTE ,
WAN.
12.
621
1 ISDN
. 12.21.
WAN
.
,
:
Cisco?
, . 12.22.
(smart serial),
DB60. ,
,
;
: DTE DCE? DTE DCE
. , DCE
,
.
, DTE DCE6;
6 DTE,
DCE; , , ,
: DTE DCE. . .
II. CCNA2:
622
. 12.22.
?
, . 12.23.
, ,
.
;
DTE
CSU/
DSU
DCE
EIA/TIA232
EIA/TIA449
V.35
X.21
EIA530
CSU/DSU
. 12.23. WAN
: ?
, ,
, (. 12.24).
12.
EIA/TIA232
v.35
EIA/TIA232
v.35
X.21
EIA/TIA449
X.21
EIA/TIA449
EIA530
EIA613 HSSI
623
. 12.24. DCE
12.2.7.
.
.
,
:
Internet
;
,
;
, ,
;
WAN
;
;
624
II. CCNA2:
,
, , CSU/DSU
;
,
,
;
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
(uptime) ,
.
(propagation delay) ,
, .
(latency),
.
(switch) , ,
.
OSI.
(circuit switching) ,
. .
,
.
ISDN.
(packet switching) ,
.
(router) ,
. ,
. (gateway),
.
12.
625
, ,
, .
, .
1.
?
) , .
) ,
.
) .
) ,
.
626
II. CCNA2:
2. ?
)
, .
)
.
)
.
)
.
3. ?
) Token Ring, ARCNet.
) Frame Relay, ISDN.
) Star, Banyan VINES.
) CSU/DSU, ARCView.
4. OSI ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
5.
(DCE)?
) .
) .
) , ,
.
) ,
.
6.
, CSU/DSU, T1/E1,
(TA/NT1),
ISDN?
) .
) .
) .
) .
12.
627
7. ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
8. .
) EIA/TIA232.
) PPP.
) Frame Relay.
) .
9. .
1) RAM/DRAM.
2) NVRAM.
3) ROM.
4) Flash.
5) .
:
) (RAM),
.
) ,
.
) , ,
.
) ,
,
, .
) .
:
628
II. CCNA2:
10. , , ,
.
) ,
.
) , ,
.
) .
) .
11.
?
) HLDC.
) Frame Relay.
) PPP.
) .
12. .
)
.
) ARP .
)
.
) .
13. ,
IBM SNA,
HDLC?
) SLIP.
) PPP.
) SDCL.
) SDLCP.
14.
D ISDN?
) LAPD.
) LAPF.
) LAPB.
) LAPR.
12.
629
15. ,
.
) POTS.
) ISDN 1,544 /c.
) Frame Relay.
) .
16.
X.25
44,736 /?
56 / 384 /.
) Frame Relay.
) X.25.
) POTS.
) ATM.
17. DSL.
) HDSL.
) SDSL.
) ADSL.
) .
18.
51,84 / (1) 9952 / (192)
(WDM)?
) SONET.
) HDSL.
) ATM.
) SMDS.
13
...
,
HyperTerminal;
;
show version;
,
;
,
;
Cisco IOS;
Cisco IOS
;
,
:
Cisco, . 632,
, . 632,
, . 638,
NVRAM, . 639,
, . 639,
flash, . 640,
, . 644,
, . 660.
632
II. CCNA2:
,
, , ,
. ,
,
Cisco IOS.
, ,
: (eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
,
.
Cisco IOS
Cisco
Cisco (Internet
work Operating System IOS),
, .
.
Cisco IOS,
.
Cisco IOS
,
.
Cisco Catalyst
Cisco Internetwork Operating System, Cisco IOS (
Cisco). Catalyst
(Command Line Interface CLI).
,
. Cisco IOS
:
;
;
.
Cisco
IOS (CLI Command Line Interface).
Cisco IOS ,
13.
633
Cisco.
.
.
.
, .
.
AUX .
.
Telnet .
Telnet ,
, IP.
.
Cisco .
. ,
.
.
,
,
.
Cisco IOS
(EXEC). , .
Cisco IOS EXEC
: EXEC
EXEC, .
,
.
.
.
,
.
, ,
,
, ..
>.
634
II. CCNA2:
. ,
.
.
. #.
enable
, >.
, .
Cisco
. ,
#, EXEC
. ? ,
;
.
Cisco IOS
Cisco Cisco IOS
.
Cisco IOS.
, ,
.
Cisco
.
. ,
Cisco, .
:
, ;
,
;
, ,
.
16,
Cisco IOS.
Cisco IOS,
.
13.
635
Cisco IOS
Flash. ,
, ,
, , , .
Flash
show version, 13.1. Web
Cisco ,
Flash ,
.
, ,
Cisco IOS,
.
Cisco Product Documentation ( Cisco)
.
Cisco Software Advisor (
Cisco) Web .
Cisco IOS
. show version,
13.1.
13.1.
show version
.
.
, , Cisco IOS
.
Flash1, show
flash, 13.2.
1 , (
Read ONLY ). ,
Flash, ,
. . .
636
II. CCNA2:
13.2. show
flash
Cisco IOS
:
boot system
;
;
Flash ;
.
boot
system.
,
Flash.
show version, 13.3.
13.3.
Cisco IOS
. ,
.
show version, 13.4.
13.
637
13.4.
. Cisco IOS
show version.
,
Web Cisco.com.
.
, , ,
, Flash.
, , :
open: read error...requested 0x4 bytes, got 0x0
trouble reading device magic number
boot: cannot open "flash:"
boot: cannot determine first file name on device "flash:"
Flash ,
. , ,
, .
Cisco.
, , .
. 13.1
. show ,
show, ?.
13.1.
show version
,
, ,
,
show processes
show protocols
.
( )
show memory
show stacks
show buffers
show flash
Flash
II. CCNA2:
638
. 13.1
show
running-config
(write term
Cisco IOS Software
10.3 )
show
startup-config
(show config
Cisco IOS Software
10.3 )
show interface
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS :
ROM;
(Boot ROM);
Cisco IOS.
(RAM)
.
, .
ROM
.
, .
ROM ,
.
,
, .
Flash;
Cisco IOS,
Flash. copy tftp flash,
, TFTP, Flash,
.
Cisco IOS, Flash.
Flash,
.
13.
639
Flash ()
. Cisco IOS
Flash .
show version,
. show flash ,
13.5, , Flash
, , ,
Flash, IOS.
13.5. Flash- Cisco IOS
, ,
.
, ,
, .
(bootstrap), .
,
(setup mode).
, ,
(NonVolatile Random Access
Memory NVRAM).
Cisco
(POST PowerOn SelfTest).
(Read Only Memory ROM).
: , .
, :
640
II. CCNA2:
;
,
,
.
Cisco IOS.
.
:
1. ,
;
2. Cisco IOS;
3. ,
, .
.
1. ,
(ROM). ,
,
. ,
.
2. .
. Flash
, boot system
. , ,
NVRAM ,
.
,
Cisco IOS, Flash.
3. Cisco IOS.
, .
4.
, (NVRAM).
,
, ..
13.
641
5. NVRAM
,
,
.
. 13.1 .
ROM
Flash!
TFTP!
ROM
Cisco
IOS
NVRAM
TFTP!
. 13.1.
:
.
, ,
.
.
Cisco IOS.
([]) , ,
.
, <Enter> ( ).
,
.
NVRAM-,
erase stratup-config. reload
. ,
, -. -
, , ,
? .
<Crtl>+<C>,
.
(shutdown). 13.6
, setup.
642
II. CCNA2:
13.6. setup
# setup
-- System Configuration Dialog -At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.
Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.
Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.
Basic management setup configures only enough connectivity
for management of the system, extended setup will ask you
to configure each interface on the system
Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: no
First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]: yes
Interface
Ethernet0
Serial0
Serial1
IP-Address
198.133.219.1
unassigned
unassigned
OK?
YES
YES
YES
Method
NVRAM
NVRAM
NVRAM
Status
Protocol
up
down
administratively down
down
administratively down
down
. , , yes
(), NVRAM-.
no (), ,
.
-- More --,
.
, 13.7.
,
.
,
.
.
Cisco IOS Software
. ,
[Router].
, .
,
.
, ,
Cisco, .
,
.
13.
643
13.7.
644
II. CCNA2:
13.9.
13.
645
13.2.1.
.
(LED).
Cisco.
1 .
WAN BRI. . 13.2 13.3
.
. ,
, .
, .
(WAN)
.
WAN
(60 Token Ring
D)
(RJ45)
(RJ45)
AUX
SER0
TR
SER1
BRI
WAN
(60
D)
BRI
(RJ45)
. 13.2. 2500
646
II. CCNA2:
WIC 2 OK
ASDL WIC
LAN!
10/100 Ethernet
MOD OK
WIC 1 OK
. 13.3. 1721
,
.
1.
,
POST.
2.
,
Cisco IOS (
). ,
Cisco IOS, Flash TFTP,
.
0x2102.
,
Flash ,
boot system. ,
,
Cisco IOS. boot system
(..
NVRAM),
, ..
IOS Flash.
3. Flash
, ,
,
( ROM).
Cisco IOS.
4. ,
.
13.
647
5. NVRAM,
TFTP, .
,
.
13.11 13.12 ,
Cisco IOS.
13.11. NVRAM-
13.12.
Cisco IOS
NVRAM
erase start
write erase.
NVRAM,
13.11. ,
. ,
.
, 13.12,
Cisco IOS,
.
, .
, ,
13.13 :
;
;
648
II. CCNA2:
NVRAM;
Flash.
13.13. , Cisco
Cisco
(RJ45) EIA/TIA232. (ASCII
)
.
,
, RJ45 RJ45
DB9 RJ45 DB25 (
).
9600 ,
, ,
,
.
.
1.
RJ45 RJ45DB9 RJ45DB25.
2.
9600 , 8 ,
,
.
13.
649
. 13.4
HyperTerminal.
(RJ!45)
RJ!45
RJ!45!DB!25
. 13.4.
II. CCNA2:
650
. 13.2
, .
13.2.
HyperTerminal (
Windows), ProComm Plus
Windows 3.1
Terminal (
Windows)
Macintosh
13.2.4. HyperTerminal
, HyperTerminal
.
Cisco
. ,
.
, 13.14.
EXEC.
.
.
EXEC.
.
,
EXEC. , ,
.
.
13.14.
Router> ---------------
Router>enable
Password:
Router# ----------------
Router>disable
Router>
13.
651
. >
enable. ,
enable secret.
#.
,
:
(router(config-if)#);
(router(config-subif)#);
(router(config-line)#);
(router(config-router)#);
(router(config-map-class)#).
, disable.
exit.
Cisco IOS
.
: Cisco IOS
Cisco Internetwork Operation System (IOS
) ,
.
Cisco.
Cisco IOS Software
:
;
;
;
;
.
(CLI Command Line Interface)
Cisco IOS
Telnet-.
, EXEC-.
652
II. CCNA2:
13.15,
<?>.
-- More --, .
22 . -- More --
, .
<>. , <Enter>.
.
!
, ..
. , ,
, .
13.15.
?
Exec commands:
access-enable
access-profile
access-template
archive
bfe
cd
clear
clock
configure
connect
copy
debug
delete
dir
disable
disconnect
elog
enable
erase
exit
help
--More
isdn
lock
13.
login
logout
more
mrinfo
mrm
mstat
mtrace
name-connection
no
pad
ping
ppp
pwd
reload
resume
rlogin
rsh
send
setup
show
--More
slip
start-chat
systat
telnet
terminal
test
traceroute
tunnel
udptn
undebug
verify
where
write
x28
x3
653
enable ena.
.
<?> ( 13.16).
654
II. CCNA2:
13.16.
Cisco# ?
Exec commands:
access-enable
access-profile
access-template
archive
bfe
cd
clear
clock
configure
connect
copy
debug
delete
dir
disable
disconnect
elog
enable
erase
exit
help
--More
? 2
Cisco IOS .
,
. ,
.
. ,
. , ,
, .
1.
, ?.
clock.
2. .
,
, . . .
13.
655
3. : , .
(clock) ,
(% Incomplete command.)
, .
,
set ( 13.17).
13.17. clock
set
Cisco# clok
Translating "clok"...domain server (255.255.255.255)
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Cisco# cl?
clear clock
Cisco# clock
% Incomplete command.
Cisco# clock ?
set Set the time and date
Cisco# clock set
% Incomplete command.
Cisco# clock set ?
hh:mm:ss Current Time
4. .
,
( 13.18).
13.18.
656
II. CCNA2:
1. ,
<Crtl>+<P> <> ( ).
?. .
2. ^ , .
^ .
, ,
?.
3. , ,
<Enter>.
,
^.
, .
.
Cisco IOS
, ,
, .
, ,
. 13.3.
,
, ,
.
terminal no editing
.
,
. ,
.
,
.
<Ctrl>+<b>.
. ,
<Ctrl>+<a>.
13.
657
13.3.
<Ctrl>+<a>
<Ctrl>+<e>
<Esc>+<b>
<Ctrl>+<f>
<Ctrl>+<b>
<Esc>+<f>
. 13.3
13.4 . ,
:
, ,
Telnet DOS;
CCNA , .
, .
13.19 , .
,
. $ ,
, . ,
,
.
13.19. ,
Cisco IOS
, .
<Ctrl>+<z>.
EXEC.
,
, .
.
:
II. CCNA2:
658
;
;
.
,
, .
, , terminal history size
history size. ,
, 256. . 13.4
.
13.4.
<Ctrl>+<p>
, <> (
), ()
<Ctrl>+<n>
, <> ( ),
show history
terminal history
[size _]
terminal no editing
terminal editing
<Tab>
, ,
, <Ctrl>+<p>.
, .
<Ctrl>+<p>
<Ctrl>+<n>.
.
, <Tab>.
(..
),
.
. ,
.
13.
659
2.2.9.
.
. ,
,
!
.
:
,
.
!
. , !
^.
, !
, . !
.
router#clock set 13:32:00 23 February 04
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
^ , 04.
, ,
, (?).
router#clock set 13:32:00 23 February ?
<1993-2035> Year
router#clock set 13:32:00 23 February
<Return> (
<Enter>, ).
router#clock set 13:32:00 23 February 2004
!
, <>
.
II. CCNA2:
660
show version
show version
IOS, .
.
:
Cisco IOS ;
;
;
;
;
;
;
.
:
HyperTerminal;
;
;
;
;
Cisco IOS;
ROM,
Cisco IOS;
show version show flash
Cisco IOS,
Flash;
, ,
(CLI).
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
13.
661
Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System, Cisco IOS
Cisco).
Cisco ,
.
Flash,
.
(CommandLine Interface CLI) ,
.
(daughter card) ,
(
) .
Flash (flash memory) ,
, . Flash
Intel
.
BIOS,
.
Flash ,
,
.
(LightEmitting Diode LED)
, .
.
NVRAM (NonVolatile RAM )
, .
(PowerOn SelfTest POST)
,
.
, ,
, .
, .
662
II. CCNA2:
1. ?
) NVRAM,
.
) ,
.
) ,
, .
2.
?
) <Ctrl>+<A>.
) <Ctrl>+<E>.
) <Ctrl>+<C>.
3. ,
HyperTerminal.
) BAUD
None.
) DATA BITS
1.
) PARITY
8.
) STOP BITS
9600.
) FLOW CONTROL
None.
4. ,
?
) Cisco IOS
.
) Cisco IOS
.
5. ,
?
) Flash .
) Flash .
6. ?
) <Ctrl>+<a> .
) <Ctrl>+<b> .
) <Ctrl>+<e> .
) <Ctrl>+<f> .
) <Esc>+<b> .
) <Esc>+<f> .
13.
663
7. ?
) <Tab> .
) <Ctrl>+<p> .
) <Ctrl>+<n> .
) show history .
) terminal history size # .
) terminal editing .
) no terminal editing
.
8.
Cisco IOS?
)
, .
) Cisco IOS
.
)
.
)
.
9. ,
?
) Cisco IOS ROM.
) Cisco IOS .
) Cisco IOS Web.
) NVRAM boot
system.
10. Cisco IOS
show version?
) .
) .
) Flash.
) .
11.
Cisco IOS?
) .
) Flash.
664
II. CCNA2:
) TFTP.
) .
12.
?
) exit.
) no configmode.
) <Ctrl>+<e>.
) <Ctrl>+<z>.
13.
?
) router(config)#.
) router(configin)#.
) router(configintf)#.
) router(configif)#.
14.
Cisco IOS?
) CLI.
) TCP/IP.
) OSPF.
) OSI.
15.
Cisco ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
16.
Cisco?
) .
) .
) .
) Root.
14
...
,
;
,
;
,
show;
;
Ethernet;
,
;
,
;
,
;
;
,
;
,
;
.
,
:
, . 667,
, . 667,
, . 670,
NVRAM, . 671,
,
. 683.
666
II. CCNA2:
, Cisco IOS
, .
,
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
,
.
,
. ,
, .
IOS:
;
.
, .
:
-
.
. . 14.1
.
.
.
.
,
(
).
!
, .
,
,
.
14.
14.1.
access-enable
atmsig
ATM
clear
connect
dir
disable
disconnect
( )
enable
exit
help
lat
LAT
lock
login
logout
()
mrinfo
mstat
mtrace
name-connection
pad
X.29 PAD
ping
ppp
IETF (PPP)
pwd
resume
rlogin
rlogin
667
668
II. CCNA2:
. 14.1
show
slip
SLIP
systat
telnet
telnet
terminal
tn3270
TN3270
traceroute
tunnel
where
x3
X.3 / (PAD)
xremote
Xremote
Router>enable
Password:
Router>en
Password:
.
?, .
. 14.2 .
,
.
14.2.
access-enable
access-template
appn
APPN
atmsig
ATM
bfe
14.
669
. 14.2
calendar
cd
clear
clock
cmt
FDDI
configure
connect
copy
debug
(. undebug)
delete
dir
disable
disconnect
enable
erase
Flash
exit
EXEC
format
help
lat
LAT
lock
login
logout
EXEC
mbranch
mrbranch
mrinfo
670
II. CCNA2:
. 14.2
mstat
mtrace
name-connection
ncia
NCIA
pad
X.29 PAD
ping
ppp
IETF (PPP)
pwd
reload
resume
rlogin
rlogin
rsh
sdlc
SDLC
send
tty
setup
setup
show
slip
SLIP
squeeze
start-chat
systat
tarp
(Target ID Resolution Process)
telnet
telnet
terminal
test
tn3270
TN3270
14.
671
. 14.2
traceroute
tunnel
undebug
(. debug)
undelete
verify
Flash
where
whichroute
OSI
write
x3
X.3 PAD
xremote
Xremote
, ,
.
configure.
:
, .
.
<Enter>.
, . . 14.3
,
.
exit. <Ctrl>+<Z>,
EXEC
.
14.1
.
II. CCNA2:
672
14.3.
Router(configif)#
Router(configsubif)#
Router(configcontroller)#
Router(configmaplist)#
Router(configmapclass)#
Router(configline)#
Router(configrouter)#
IPX
Router(configipxrouter)#
Router(configroutemap)#
14.1. ,
:
telnet-
.
.
(ROM monitor) .
: ,
(IOS).
,
.
: Rommon>.
(setup mode)
,
14.
673
. , , ,
.
.
, .
, setup . ,
,
( NVRAM) .
RXBoot ,
.
RXBoot Cisco IOS,
(streamlined setup mode).
,
.
,
. ,
, Flash-
Cisco IOS Software.
: <boot>.
. 14.4 ,
.
14.4. ,
configure terminal
configure memory
(NVRAM)
TFTP
show runningconfig
TFTP
show startupconfig
erase startupconfig
674
II. CCNA2:
config term
show running
config
config memory
NVRAM
copy tftp startup
config
copy tftp running
config
copy running
config tftp
TFTP
( IP)
. 14.1.
,
, , 14.2.
14.2.
Router(config)#hostname SunDevils
SunDevils(config)#
.
(global configuration mode), (hostname)
.
, Router.
14.1.2.
.
. .
14.
675
. EXEC
.
enable password.
. , ,
enable secret.
, , enable
password.
.
line
console 0. ,
.
.
telnet.
. 0 4
. ,
telnet.
. ,
.
.
telnet line vty 0 4.
14.3 .
, enable secret, ;
, ,
, ,
, , .
service password-encryption.
. , ,
enable secret, .
service password-encryption :
,
, , .
14.3.
!
Router(config)# line console 0
Router(config-line)# login
Router(config-line)# password Cisco
!
Router(config)# line vty 0 4
II. CCNA2:
676
Router(config-line)# login
Router(config-line)# password Cisco
!
Router(config)# enable password sanfran
!
Router(config)# enable secret []
!
Router(config)# service passwordencryption
!
Router(config)# no service passwordencryption
14.1.3.
,
.
show
show,
;
. show ?
. . 14.5
show.
14.5. show
show interfaces
.
,
show interfaces
. :
show clock
show hosts
show users
show history
show flash
Flash
Cisco IOS,
show version
Cisco IOS Software, (RAM)
14.
677
. 14.5
show arp
ARP
show protocol
show startupconfiguration
,
(NVRAM)
show runningconfiguration
,
(RAM)
protocol
version
678
II. CCNA2:
14.6. show
interfaces
.
.
(DCE), ,
(CSU) ,
(DSU). Cisco
(DTE), DCE
.
DCE (.. )
.
clockrate.
: 1200, 2400, 9600, 19 200, 38 400, 56 000, 64 000, 72 000, 125 000, 148 000,
500 000, 800 000, 1 000 000, 1 300 000, 2 000 000 4 000 000.
, ,
.
,
( 14.7).
14.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
679
.
.
IP .
( )
(DCE) ( DTE
).
.
14.7.
.
no shutdown.
,
,
.
shutdown.
:
Router(config-if)# shutdown
.
Router(config-if)# no shutdown
:
Router(config-if)# exit
14.1.6.
, .
. ,
,
II. CCNA2:
680
,
no shutdown.
show running-config.
.
,
:
no;
;
erase
startup-configuration,
.
:
Router# copy runningconfiguration startupconfiguration
. 14.6 ,
Cisco IOS 11. .
14.6. ,
Cisco IOS 11.
configure memory
(NVRAM)
erase startupconfig
(NVRAM)
,
( )
( )
show startupconfig
14.1.6.
. ,
.
Ethernet-
Ethernet
. Ethernet
IP .
14.
681
Ethernet ,
( 14.8):
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
.
IP .
.
14.8. Ethernet-
.
no shutdown.
,
, .
shutdown.
14.1.7. Ethernet-
Ethernet
FastEthernet .
,
. ,
, .
.
.
, .
MOTD.
.
.
.
,
.
682
II. CCNA2:
,
. ,
, .
. ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
, .
, , ,
.
.
, ( 14.9).
1.
,
configure terminal.
2.
(, Ethernet 0), interface
ethernet 0.
3.
description,
(, XYZ Network, Building 10).
4.
, <Ctrl>+<Z>.
,
copy running-config startup-config.
5.
14.
683
14.9. -
14.2.3.
.
,
, (login banner),
,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
, . ,
This is a secure system, authorized access only! (
, !)
,
. 14.10 ,
.
14.10. ,
II. CCNA2:
684
(Message Of The Day MOTD) ,
, .
MOTD
. banner motd,
, #,
14.11.
.
1.
,
configure terminal.
2.
banner motd # The message of the day goes here # .
,
copy running-configuration startup-configuration
copy run start.
3.
14.11.
14.2.5.
,
, .
.
,
.
, ,
, telnet ping ,
. , ,
IP, , ,
IP .
IP (host table).
. IP
. Cisco IOS
EXEC.
.
(DNS),
, .
14.
685
,
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
,
configure terminal.
ip host ,
IP ,
.
2 ,
.
, <Ctrl>+<Z>.
,
copy running-config startup-config.
14.2.7.
,
, ,
.
. :
;
;
.
. , TFTP#
(Trivial File Transfer Protocol #### )
, .
.
.
.
16,
Cisco IOS.
. 14.2 .
II. CCNA2:
686
DNS
Router (config)#
ip host
DNS
?
show run
..
. 14.2. #
TFTP, copy running-config
tftp. , ,
.
14.
1.
2.
IP ,
.
,
.
.
3.
4.
687
, ,
.
, .
1.
2.
.
,
.
IP ,
TFTP. , 10.10.1.2.
.
hostname-config (config)
networkconfig (config) .
DOS
(, router.cfg).
.
3.
.
,
.
:
Cisco Catalyst.
,
.
( ).
II. CCNA2:
688
.
, ,
.
, .
1. ,
(NVRAM).
, boot.
2. .
3. (
1, ).
4. , .
5.
.
6. .
BREAK;
. ,
ProComm <Ctrl>+<B> BREAK; Windows-
HyperTerminal BREAK <Break>
<Ctrl>+<Break>. , HyperTerminal
BREAK.
Break, ^$B (<Shift>+<6>,
<Shift>+<4> <B> ). Internet
,
.
Cisco. ,
.
1
Cisco :
2500;
3000;
7000 Cisco IOS 10.0 ,
.
Cisco 7000 Cisco 7010
, Cisco IOS
(Router Processor RP). Cisco IOS
Flash-, .
.
1.
.
- ( Tandy Null Modem
Adapter 26-1496). - ,
- .
14.
689
2. show version
. 0x2102 0x102.
show version,
0x2102.
3. .
4. BREAK 60
. >
. , , ,
BREAK .
.
5. o/r 0x42 Flash-
o/r 0x41 ( ,
, 0). Flash-
,
. Flash-. 0x41
Flash- .
0x41, .
.
6. > i.
.
7. no <Ctrl>+<C>.
8. Router> enable.
,
Router#.
9. .
) show start.
) (, )
:
2500;
3000;
7000 Cisco IOS 10.0
, .
, copy start run;
show run;
, :
1) config term ;
2) enable secret _;
3) <Ctrl>+<Z.>;
enable secret ,
enable password _
<Ctrl>+<Z>;
II. CCNA2:
690
14.
691
6. yes () <Enter> ( ).
7. no () :
ignore system config info [y/n]?
( [/]?).
8. yes ().
9. no () :
change boot characteristics [y/n]?
( [/]?).
10. yes (). :
enter to boot:
11. Flash- 2 , Flash-
, 1.
Flash- , Cisco 4500
Cisco. 1,
;
.
:
Do you wish change configuration [y/n]?
( [/]?).
12. no () <Enter>.
13. reset ,
Cisco 4500 Cisco 7500,
.
14. no ()
Router>
15. enable.
Router#.
16. :
, ,
more nvram:startup-config;
(, , ),
:
Router# configure memory
Router# configure terminal
Router(config) enable secret 1234abcd
! ctrl-z
Router# write memory1
enable secret
1 #
.
, copy running startup. #### . .
II. CCNA2:
692
;
, ,
.
17. configure terminal.
18. congif-register ,
2.
19. <Ctrl>+<Z>
.
20. reload, write memory
.
:
:
;
;
;
;
(CLI), :
;
;
;
;
;
, ,
;
, ,
,
;
IP;
14.
693
:
;
;
;
. ,
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
(Command Line Interface #### CLI) ,
.
. .
.
TFTP FTP,
,
( ).
(global configuration mode)
,
.
(non#volatile random access memory #### NVRAM, #
) , .
, ,
, .
, .
694
II. CCNA2:
1. ?
) ,
.
) ,
.
) , .
2. ?
) .
) .
) .
3. ,
, :
) .
) , .
) .
4. ?
) .
) .
) .
5.
?
) .
) .
6. ?
) .
) .
7. TFTP ?
) .
) .
8. ,
?
) router(config)#
) router(configin)#
) router(configintf)#
) router(configif)#
14.
695
9.
, ? (,
).
) , ,
, .
) , ,
,
.
) ,
, ,
.
) , ,
,
.
10.
?
) Router# copy runningconfig ftp
) Router# show runningconfig
) Router# config mem
) Router# copy tftp runningconfig
11.
?
) .
) .
) , enable secret,
, .
) .
12.
?
) .
) .
) EXEC.
) .
II. CCNA2:
696
13. exit
Router(config-if)#?
) .
) EXEC.
) .
) EXEC.
14.
?
) , , , DNS.
) , , TFTP,
(NVRAM).
) (NVRAM), (ROM),
(DRAM), .
) , , , Flash
.
15.
<Ctrl>+<Break> ( , )
?
) 0x2102.
) 0x2142.
) 0x0000.
) 0x10F.
15
...
,
CDP,
;
,
;
CDP;
show cdp neighbors;
CDP,
;
, ,
;
,
telnet;
,
,
telnet;
, CDP
;
.
,
:
Cisco, . 698,
, . 698,
, . 699,
, . 701,
ping, . 706,
traceroute, . 706,
telnet, . 706,
, . 716.
698
II. CCNA2:
,
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
. ,
, .
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
, .
CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol Cisco)
,
.
,
.
CDP
Cisco (Cisco Discovery Protocol CDP)
,
(. 15.1). CDP
Cisco. ,
, ,
, , .
CDP ,
Cisco
(SNAP Subnetwork Access Protocol). CDP
Cisco ,
Cisco.
CDP 2 (CDPv2).
CDPv2 Cisco IOS Software
12.0(3)T . Cisco IOS
, 10.3, CDP 1 (CDPv1).
15.
TCP/IP
Cisco
Novell
IPX
Apple Talk
699
CDP
,
Cisco
,
SNAP
Frame
Relay
ATM
. 15.1. CDP
CDP Cisco
,
CDP.
,
.
CDP
, (advertisement), .
, ,
, SNMP (Simple Network
Management Protocol ).
(Time To Live TTL)
(holdtime). ,
CDP, .
CDP,
.
, CDP
CDP
. CDP
,
.
700
II. CCNA2:
: CDP-
15.1, CDP
show cdp entry [ ].
15.1. show
cdp entry
CDP-
. 15.2 , CDP
. ,
CDP,
. CDP
, .
,
, show cdp neighbors.
CDP
TLV (Type Length Value ).
TVL , CDP.
TVL
show cdp neighbors , 15.2,
:
;
;
;
15.
701
1;
;
;
VTP ( CDPv2);
VLAN (
CDPv2);
(
CDPv2).
IP, IPX
Token
Ring
CDP
CDP
IP, CLNS
. 15.2. CDP
15.2. show cdp neighbors
Local Interface
Eth 0
Ser 0
Holdtime
151
165
Capability
R
R
Platform Port
2501
Eth
2501
Ser
ID
0
0
, ,
. . .
702
II. CCNA2:
cdp neighbors
, . 15.2
,
.
telnet ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
CDP-
CDP, CDP
, . 15.1.
15.1. CDP
cdp run
CDP
cdp enable
CDP
EXEC
show cdp
EXEC
CDP, ,
CDP
,
15.
703
. 15.1
EXEC
EXEC
, CDP
EXEC
,
, ,
(),
, CDP
,
,
.
detail,
(VLAN ID),
VTP,
CDP cdp
run. CDP
cdp enable. Cisco IOS 10.3
CDP
cdp enable. CDP
Cisco, ,
.
1900,
cdp run.
CDP .
, CDP
.
: show cdp interface
, CDP ,
, show cdp interface. 15.4
.
, , CDP-,
, .
704
II. CCNA2:
CDP , ,
. CDP ,
.
show cdp neighbors
:
;
;
;
;
;
IP (IP Network Prefix);
VTP (
CDPv2);
VLAN (
CDPv2);
( CDPv2).
.
, ,
telnet.
show cdp neighbors detail.
15.1.4.
, CDP,
.
CDP
, CDP
.
no cdp run . CDP
15.
705
,
. , CDP
,
.
Cisco IOS 10.3
CDP . ,
CDP,
cdp enable. CDP,
, no cdp enable
.
CDP
. 15.2 ,
, , .
15.2. CDP
CDP
CDP,
,
show debugging
CDP
CDP
debug cdp ip
CDP IP
CDP
cdp timers
, Cisco IOS
CDP
cdp holdtime
CDP
show cdp
CDP
15.1.6. CDP
, CDP,
.
CDP .
706
II. CCNA2:
telnet, ping (
) traceroute2 ( ),
, . 15.3.
7
ping
trace
show ip route
show interface
telnet
. 15.3.
Telnet
Telnet ,
TCP/IP. ,
.
EXEC
Cisco IOS.
.
telnet OSI
TCP, ,
.
telnet
. 0 4 (vty)
telnet. , telnet
.
telnet
.
telnet , ,
, ,
2
15.
707
.
.
telnet-
telnet Cisco IOS
telnet Cisco.
Cisco TCP/IP telnet
connect telnet,
IP .
telnet EXEC exit logout. . 15.4
telnet.
IP: 151.108.100.152
:
Denver>telnet paris
:
Denver>exit
. 15.4. telnet
telnet
DNS ;
IP , .
telnet :
Denver>connect paris
Denver>paris
Denver>131.108.100.152
Denver>telnet paris
telnet
. . 15.5, telnet
, .
, .
, , ,
TCP/IP. telnet
.
708
II. CCNA2:
Telnet
. 15.5.
Telnet ,
,
.
telnet .
ping,
.
telnet .
, 10
exit.
15.2.2. telnet
telnet
.
telnet-
telnet
.
, , telnet
, <Enter>
Cisco IOS
. <Enter>
,
.
:
.
, ,
, .
.
,
<Enter>. show sessions ,
.
15.
709
:
disconnect;
IP
, :
Denver>disconnect paris
Telnet,
<Ctrl>+<Shift>+6 <x>.
15.2.3. telnet
telnet
, .
telnet
telnet ,
.
session limit.
, ,
, :
<Ctrl>+<Shift>+6 <x>.
;
resume.
.
,
.
,
.
. , <Enter>
. , ,
<Enter> Cisco IOS
.
resume
; (
) show sessions.
II. CCNA2:
710
15.2.4. telnet
telnet
. telnet
.
.
,
:
ping;
traceroute;
show ip route;
show interfaces serial;
show interfaces/clear counter;
debug.
ping
,
.
.
ping
.
, , .
ping
EXEC.
ping
, .
1.
2.
<Enter>.
. 15.6 ,
.
15.
711
: ping
. 15.3 , ping.
ping ICMP.
15.3. , ping
()
ping
ICMP
:
ping
,
ICMP,
ICMP
ICMP
, ,
,
;
&
ICMP ,
172.16.1.5
. 15.6. ping
, . 15.6,
ping IP 172.16.1.5.
Router> ping 172.16.1.5
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100 byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.1.5,
timeout is 2 seconds:
II. CCNA2:
712
!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent,
round-trip min/avg/max 1/3/4/ ms
Router>
(..
).
(.), ,
.
15.2.5a.
ping
TCP/IP .
,
, .
traceroute
traceroute ( trace)
,
. traceroute
ping,
, .
,
EXEC.
traceroute :
1.
2.
traceroute [IP-address]
[name] () .
<Enter>.
: traceroute
. 15.4 , traceroute.
15.4. , traceroute
()
nn msec
( )
ICMP
packet life exceeded (
)
15.
713
. 15.4
()
, , ,
,
traceroute,
, ,
ICMP ,
;
ICMP
traceroute . 15.7
.
172.16.16.2
172.16.12.3
172.16.33.5
. 15.7. traceroute
:
York# trace Rome
Type escape to abort.
Tracing the route to Rome (172.16.33.5)
1 LONDON (172.16.12.3) 1000 msec 8 msec 4 msec
2 PARIS (172.16.16.2) 8 msec 8 msec 8 msec
3 ROME (172.16.35.5) 8 msec 8 msec 4 msec
York#
,
. ,
traceroute *.
traceroute ,
<Ctrl>+<Shift>+<6>.
714
II. CCNA2:
traceroute ,
, (TTL)
. traceroute
ping TTL
.
, .
traceroute
.
:
show ip route
.
,
,
TCP/IP. show ip route,
15.5. , Rome (131.108.33.0)
Ethernet1 (131.108.16.2) Paris (. 15.7).
15.5. show ip route
15.
715
( )
. 15.8.
.
(keepalive)
( OSI).
show interfaces clear counters
, .
show interfaces,
15.6.
15.6. show interfaces
II. CCNA2:
716
debug
.
debug
. ,
, telnet- terminal monitor.
telnet-,
.
, , ,
- ,
, ,
OSPF, .
undebug all
( no debug all).
.
debug .
UNIX- . terminal monitor
,
, UNIX- Linux-
.
!
debug .
.
;
, .
.
, IP-
IP; ,
.
:
ping ICMP
, IP .
;
telnet
OSI.
, ;
traceroute
.
(TimeToLive TTL) ,
.
15.
717
. IP$
IP
.
:
CDP , ,
Cisco
;
CDP ,
;
CDP
;
;
ping ICMP
IP .
;
telnet
.
;
traceroute
. ,
trace, TTL
.
, , :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
Cisco (Cisco Descovery Protocol CDP).
CDP , ,
, ,
, .
718
II. CCNA2:
(debugging) 3
.
Ping (Packet Internet Groper Internet) ,
ICMP.
IP .
(Subnetwork Access Protocol SNAP)
,
. SNAP
IP ARP IEEE. SNAP
, ,
: ,
(QoS).
(Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP)
, TCP/IP.
SNMP
, ,
, .
telnet
TCP/IP. telnet
, . RFC 854.
TLV (Type Length Values ) ,
CDP.
Traceroute ,
.
. , RFC 1393.
.
, ,
, .
, .
3 , ( . bug , , )
, ,
, .
. . .
15.
719
1. telnet?
) , IP.
,
.
) , TTL
.
)
.
.
2. show interfaces serial?
) .
) ,
.
) , .
) .
3. CDP
show cdp neighbors?
) .
) .
) .
) .
4. CDP
show cdp interface?
) CDP .
) CDP .
) .
) .
5. show cdp entry [
]?
) 3 ,
.
) .
) .
)
.
II. CCNA2:
720
6. ,
show cdp neighbors show cdp entry [
]?
) show
) show
) show
) show
cdp
cdp
cdp
cdp
neighbors detail.
interface entry.
neighbors entry.
details.
7. show
neightbors?
cdp
) .
) .
) .
) .
8. , ping?
) ICMP, ,
,
.
) ICMP, MAC,
,
.
) .
) .
9. traceroute?
) .
) .
) , ,
.
) .
10. !
ping?
) .
) .
) .
) .
15.
721
11. debug?
) debug
) undebug all ( no debug all) .
) buffer debug.
) .
16
Cisco IOS
...
;
Cisco IOS Cisco;
boot system;
;
IOS Cisco;
,
;
,
;
,
Cisco IOS;
,
,
TFTP
, ,
;
,
,
Cisco IOS TFTP;
Cisco IOS;
,
,
Cisco IOS
XModem;
,
Cisco IOS,
;
,
show
.
724
II. CCNA2:
,
:
, . 725,
NVRAM, . 725,
, . 727,
Flash, . 727,
, . 734,
, . 734.
,
Cisco IOS
. boot system ,
. ,
, Cisco
IOS , . ,
Cisco IOS.
TFTP Cisco IOS
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
Cisco
(Internetwork Operation System IOS).
Cisco
,
Cisco IOS.
.
725
( , bootstrap),
.
, .
(NonVolatile RandomAccess Memory
NVRAM). . 16.1 ,
.
ROM
TFTP
ROM
Bootstrap
Cisco
NVRAM
TFTP
NVRAM
Bootstrap
. 16.1.
Cisco IOS
.
,
.
:
1. ,
ROM;
2. Cisco IOS,
;
3. ,
.
: POST
Cisco
(Power-On Self Test POST).
ROM
.
(CPU), .
.
726
II. CCNA2:
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS
.
NVRAM boot system.
Cisco IOS
. ,
.
(fallback). . 16.2
Cisco IOS.
NVRAM Cisco IOS;
, Cisco IOS
(, .)
,
NVRAM
Cisco IOS $
$
Cisco IOS TFTP$
TFTP$
Cisco IOS ROM
.
boot system, (fallback),
.
.
727
boot system
(fallback)
Cisco IOS boot system.
16.116.3 boot system
, , Cisco IOS
Flash, ,
, ROM.
copy running-config startup-config
NVRAM.
boot system ,
. ,
boot system, show startup-config.
Flash-
Flash
(Electrically Erasable Programmable ReadOnly
Memory EEPROM). ,
, Flash, ,
TFTP. 16.1
boot system
Cisco IOS Flash.
728
II. CCNA2:
16.1. Flash-
Flash
, , TFTP. 16.2
boot system , test.ext
TFTP, IP 172.16.13.111.
16.2.
ROM
Flash , TFTP
,
ROM. ,
ROM, ,
Cisco IOS.
, Cisco IOS. ,
, , , IOS Cisco. 16.3
.
16.3. ROM
729
,
Cisco IOS,
.
config-register.
,
16.4.
16.4.
NVRAM boot system.
16 NVRAM.
4 ( 3, 2, 1 0) .
,
:
ROM (..
ROM), 0xnnn0
( nnn ,
).
0000.
,
ROM.
ROM b;
Cisco IOS,
(ROM),
0xnnn1, nnn, ,
, ..
, 0001.
, , , Cisco 1600, 2500,
ROM.
, , Cisco 1700 2600,
Flash;
boot system
NVRAM,
0xnnn2 0xnnnF (nnn
, ).
II. CCNA2:
730
.
0010 1111.
boot system NVRAM
, . boot
system ,
Flash, ..
.
NVRAM boot system,
Cisco IOS Flash.
. 16.1 .
16.1.
0x2100
ROM
( b boot)
0x2101
ROM (
Flash.
ROM.
, Flash)
0x2102 0x210F
Cisco IOS
:
boot system;
;
Flash ;
.
,
boot system . boot system
,
, Flash.
731
show running-config ,
boot system,
. boot system
IOS, , no
.
,
Cisco IOS Flash.
, .
boot system
.
show version,
.
. , ,
. ,
Web Cisco,
732
II. CCNA2:
,
.
.
, ,
Flash .
.
.
.
open: read error . . . requested 0x4 bytes, got 0x0
trouble reading device magic number
boot: cannot open flash:
boot: cannot determine first file name on device flash:
, .
, ,
, .
Cisco
(Cisco Technical Assistance TAC). , ,
, .
. , #
, ,
Cisco IOS Flash.
:
Cisco IOS
show version, 16.5,
, Cisco IOS
.
,
.
Cisco IOS . 12.1(5).
c2500-js-l,
Flash-. , ,
Cisco 2500.
, show version ,
,
Cisco IOS.
config-register 0x2142.
.
733
, ,
, show running-config,
show startup-config.
Cisco
Cisco
, ( )
Cisco (Cisco Internetwork Operating System Cisco IOS)
. ,
, , ,
.
Cisco ,
.
IOS
. ,
, .
Cisco
Cisco (Internetwork Operating System IOS).
Cisco IOS
.
Cisco IOS . Cisco
IOS ,
, , , ,
,
, .
,
, ,
. (), ,
.
,
Cisco. ,
, IP ,
.
.
. .
734
II. CCNA2:
IOS Cisco ,
Flash (Flashmemory). Flash
Cisco IOS,
. Flash
IOS,
.
Flash (RandomAccess Memory RAM).
.
NVRAM
. NVRAM
, (startup config).
RAM .
, RAM,
. RAM
, (running config).
12 Cisco IOS
.
Cisco IOS (IOS File System IFS).
IFS ,
. IFS Flash
, , .
TFTP, (remote copy protocol RCP)
(File Transfer Protocol FTP).
NVRAM,
ROM. IFS
. . 16.2 IFS.
16.2. Cisco IOS
bootflash:
flash:
Flash. . ,
Flash,
(alias) slot0:. flash:
Flash
flh:
Flash
Nvram:
NVRAM
Rcp:
(RCP)
Slot0:
Flash PCMCIA
Slot1:
Flash PCMCIA
system:
Tftp:
TFTP
735
IFS URL (
URL, Uniform Resource Locator)
, .
URL
: : [[[//location]/directory]/filename]. IFS
FTP. . 16.3 ,
Cisco IOS 12.0,
,
12.0.
16.3. IOS Cisco 12.0
Cisco
IOS , 12.0
Cisco
IOS 12.x
configure network
( Cisco IOS 10.3)
show configuration
( Cisco IOS 10.3)
more nvram:startup-config
show startup-config
write erase
erase nvram:
copy system:runningconfig
nvram:startupconfig
write network
more system:running-config
736
II. CCNA2:
: IFS Cisco
.
Cisco IOS
Cisco
.
. Cisco
Cisco IOS.
Cisco
, . 16.3.
c2600jsl_1213.bin
( 12.1 3)
(;
)
(
)
(2600)
. 16.3. Cisco
. 16.3,
.
.
, .
. ,
.
, .
Cisco IOS.
.
(Basic).
.
IP IP/FW.
737
( Plus). Plus
, ,
Plus, IP/FW Plus Enterprise Plus.
. 56
, Basic Plus.
IP/ATM PLUS IPSEC 56 Enterprise Plus 56.
12.2, Cisco IOS
k8/k9. 12.2
k8 64
, k9 64
.
. IOS .
, IOS Cisco Flash
() IOS Cisco .
Flash ,
, RAM.
, RAM
. Flash.
.
. IOS Cisco,
.
:
Cisco IOS
,
Cisco IOS.
TFTP
Cisco
RAM. , ,
.
TFTP.
copy running-config tftp.
.
1.
2.
IP TFTP,
.
.
,
Yes ().
3.
4.
738
II. CCNA2:
16.6
.
16.6. TFTP
erase startup-config reload,
. TFTP ,
IP ,
IP , .
TFTP.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
16.7
TFTP.
16.7. TFTP-
739
: TFTP-
TFTP- ,
.
1.
copy tftp running-config.
2.
. ,
.
,
.
() IP- ,
. 16.8
TFTP, IP- 131.108.2.155.
3. .
UNIX-.
hostnameconfig,
networkconfig. DOS
.
router.cfg.
TFTP. ,
16.8
tokyo. ,
.
16.8 TFTP-.
16.8. TFTP-
5.2.3. TFTP
TFTP
,
TFTP.
740
II. CCNA2:
show running-config.
,
.
.
. 16.4
.
HyperTerminal
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
.
.
,
.
, .
show running-config.
--More--, ,
.
,
, :
;
;
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
(!).
,
, Notepad.
Notepad .
1. .
2. .
3. .
741
:
show runningconfig;
Building configuration...;
Current configuration:;
More ;
End.
no shutdown.
.
,
.
, erase
startup-config , reload.
. 16.4.
.
.
1.
742
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
II. CCNA2:
(HyperTerminal)
, .
.
,
.
.
,
<Ctrl>+<z> .
copy running-config startup-config.
Cisco
TFTP-
.
Cisco IOS TFTP copy
flash tftp. Cisco IOS
IOS .
TFTP.
Cisco IOS
EXEC copy tftp flash,
16.9.
16.9. Cisco IOS
TFTP-
743
! , Flash .
. , ( ).
., .
IP TFTP.
IOS , ,
Flash. ,
Flash . ,
Flash, e,
.
Cisco IOS
!. IOS Cisco ,
, ,
.
Flash.
.
: Cisco IOS
TFTP-
16.10 TFTP-,
, Cisco
IOS TFTP- .
16.10, copy tftp flash
IP- ( ) TFTP-.
,
Flash-. Cisco IOS.
16.10
C4500-I Flash-.
16.10. IOS Cisco TFTP-
744
II. CCNA2:
VVVVVVVVV
!
Flash verification successful. Length = 1204637, checksum = 0x95D9
Flash- , ,
, , .
Flash- . Flash , - Flash-,
; show flash
[deleted] ( ).
, (deleted),
, , , .
Flash- .
16.2.5. IOS
TFTP
Cisco IOS
TFTP.
Flash .
Cisco IOS
Xmodem
Cisco IOS Cisco
, ROM (ROM monitor
mode ROMmon, ROM). Cisco
ROMmon
rommon>.
, Cisco IOS Flash.
,
Flash.
dir flash:.
, ,
.
boot flash:. ,
c2600-is-mz.121-5, :
rommon > boot flash:c2600ismz.1215
,
, ,
ROMmon Flash.
show version ,
.
, show
745
start-config. ,
boot system,
Cisco IOS ROMmon.
,
Cisco IOS.
IOS Cisco Xmodem
TFTP ROMmon.
rommon 1 >confreg
Configuration Summary
! .
console baud: 9600
boot: the ROM Monitor
do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]: y
enable "diagnostic mode"? y/n [n]:
! .
enable "ignore system config info"? y/n [n]:
change console baud rate? y/n [n]: y
enter rate: 0 = 9600, 1 = 4800, 2 = 1200, 3 = 2400
4 = 19200, 5 = 38400, 6 = 57600, 7 = 115200 [0]: 7
change the boot characteristics? y/n [n]:
Configuration Summary
enabled are:
break/abort has effect
console baud: 115200
boot: the ROM Monitor
do you wish to change the configuration? y/n [n]:
,
.
746
II. CCNA2:
rommon 1 >
rommon 1 >xmodem ?
xmodem: illegal option -- ?
usage: xmodem [-cyrx] <destination filename>
-c CRC-16
-y ymodem-batch protocol
-r copy image to dram for launch
-x do not launch on download completion
rommon 2 > xmodem c c2600ismz.12210a.bin
Do not start the sending program yet...
Warning: All existing data in bootflash will be
lost!
Invoke this application only for disaster recovery.
Do you wish to continue? y/n [n]: y
Ready to receive file c2600-is-mz.122-10a.bin ...
c Xmodem
(Cyclic Redundancy
Check CRC) .
. ,
bootflash ,
. ,
.
. . .
747
.
HyperTerminal
. !
, Xmodem .
.
, Flash!
. !.
9600
0x2102.
confreg 0x2102 EXEC.
115200
.
16.2.6a. .
, !
.
16.2.6b. IOS Cisco ROMmon
Xmodem.
!
Cisco 1700 ROM! !
Cisco IOS Flash!.
Cisco IOS
TFTP.
IOS TFTP
ROMmon.
tftpdnld.
ROMmon ,
. !
IP .
, !
TFTP Cisco IOS.
TFTP ROMmon
LAN,
. ROMmon
, (=)
(VARIABLE_NAME=, .. _=). ,
IP! 10.0.0.1,
IP_ADDRESS=10.0.0.1.
II. CCNA2:
748
!
tftpdnld
.
IP_ADDRESS IP LAN.
IP_SUBNET_MASK LAN.
DEFAULT_GATEWAY LAN.
TFTP_SERVER IP TFTP.
TFTP_FILE Cisco IOS TFTP
.
ROMmon
set, 16.13.
16.13. ROMmon
Cisco IOS
tftpdnld , 16.14.
ROMmon
,
Flash.
16.14. tftpdnld
749
Cisco IOS
!. IOS
Flash .
.
Flash
ROMmon,
i reset .
Cisco IOS,
Flash.
. show version,
Flash
. show version ,
, .
,
Cisco IOS.
,
Cisco IOS Flash boot
system.
16.15 show version.
16.15.
II. CCNA2:
750
, Cisco IOS
Flash, Flash
show flash. show flash
,
IOS Cisco. 16.16 , 16.15,
show flash.
16.16. show flash
, boot system.
IOS Cisco.
Cisco IOS
boot system. boot
system .
:
Cisco
IOS ,
NVRAM
;
Cisco IOS,
, show version;
Cisco IOS boot system.
Flash, TFTP
ROM;
,
Cisco IOS, show flash;
751
(bootstrap)
, , ,
IP Ethernet
, (,
).
Flash (Flash memory) EEPROM
(Electrically Erasable Programmable ReadOnly Memory
),
, .
BIOS (Basic Input/Output
System /) Flash,
. BIOS Flash
BIOS (Flash BIOS). Flash ,
, .
(NonVolatile RandomAccess Memory
NVRAM) RAM (RandomAccess Memory
), .
752
II. CCNA2:
, ,
, .
, .
1. ,
Cisco IOS?
) ,
, NVRAM.
) Cisco IOS ,
.
)
.
)
.
2.
Cisco IOS,
?
) Cisco IOS
ROM.
) Cisco IOS
ROM.
) Cisco IOS
TFTP.
) boot system NVRAM.
753
3. ,
show version?
) .
) .
) , Flash.
) .
4. ,
?
) show register.
) show runningconfig.
) show version.
) show startupconfig.
5. ,
Cisco IOS?
) .
) , .
) .
) .
6.
Cisco IOS Flash
TFTP? ( .)
)
TFTP.
) copy flash tftp
.
)
Flash.
) V,
.
7. ,
0x2101?
) (Setup mode).
) TFTP.
) ROM.
) Flash.
754
II. CCNA2:
8.
Cisco IOS ?
) ROM.
) Flash.
) TFTP.
) (Bootstrap).
9. ,
0x2102?
) Flash.
) TFTP.
) ROM.
) boot system.
10.
Cisco
IOS?
) Flash, NVRAM, TFTP.
) NVRAM, TFTP, Flash.
) NVRAM, Flash, TFTP.
) Flash, TFTP, ROM.
11.
Cisco IOS show version?
) .
) , Cisco IOS.
) .
) Cisco IOS.
12. TFTP
Flash?
) TFTP
, , UNIX .
) TFTP Ethernet.
) , Flash.
) Flash.
755
17
...
;
;
,
;
,
:
, . 758,
, . 759,
, . 759,
, . 761,
, . 768,
, . 769,
, . 770,
, . 772,
, . 772,
, . 773,
, . 774,
, . 774,
, . 774,
, . 777,
, . 778,
, . 778,
, . 778,
, . 790,
, . 790.
758
II. CCNA2:
, ()
OSI (Open System Interconnection reference model). ,
()
,
.
: ,
,
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
. , ,
.
.
.
,
.
, IP .
, IP
. .
.
.
.
,
.
. ,
, .
,
,
.
17.
759
.
,
.
.
:
. ,
,
.
.
,
.
.
?
.
.
.
(static routing) ,
.
,
.
(stub network). OSPF,
, ,
. . 17.1,
( ).
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
,
ip route. :
Router(config)# ip route prefix mask { ipaddress | interfacetype
interfacenumber}[ distance ]
II. CCNA2:
760
. 17.2 Hoboken
172.16.1.0/24 172.16.5.0/24,
.
. 17.1.
172.16.2.1/24
Sterling
172.16.1.1/24
S0
172.16.4.1/24
172.16.2.2/24
S1
S0
Hoboken
172.16.3.1/24
172.16.4.2/24
S1
Waycross
172.16.5.1/24
. 17.2.
. 17.1 (Serial 0).
17.2 IP () (172.16.2.2).
Hoboken.
17.
761
17.1.
17.2. IP-
(administrative distance),
.
, .
.
,
,
.
1.
0. . 17.1
.
.
, , 0
255 ,
.
ip route 172.16.3.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1 255
, ,
. , ,
.
.
,
,
.
,
, .
II. CCNA2:
762
EIGRP
(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
20
EIGRP
90
IGRP
100
OSPF
110
ISIS
(Intermediate SystemtoIntermediate System)
115
120
140
EIGRP
170
BGP
200
255
,
, ,
.
, .
1.
,
.
,
, .
.
,
, ,
.
. , (,
, )
192.168.0.0/22. /22
, 22 . ,
:
192.168.0.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
17.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
763
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
.
ip route
, (
1).
.
3 ,
.
.
NVRAM
copy running-config startup-config
write memory1.
, . 17.3,
. Hoboken
, 172.16.1.0 172.16.5.0.
255.255.255.0.
172.16.2.1/24
Sterling
172.16.1.1/24
S0
172.16.4.1/24
172.16.2.2/24
S1
Hoboken
172.16.3.1/24
S0
172.16.4.2/24
S1
Waycross
172.16.5.1/24
. 17.3.
, 172.16.1.0,
Sterling. , 172.16.5.0,
Waycross.
S0 S1, 17.3.
1
; 12.0
. . .
II. CCNA2:
764
17.3. IP-
, . 17.4.
,
.
, , ,
.
Sterling Waycross
172.16.2.1/24
Sterling
172.16.1.1/24
S0
172.16.4.1/24
172.16.2.2/24
S1
Hoboken
172.16.3.1/24
S0
172.16.4.2/24
S1
Waycross
172.16.5.1/24
. 17.4. ,
. 172.16.1.0
172.16.2.1. 172.16.5.0 172.16.4.2.
17.4 ,
;
( !),
. ,
.
17.
765
17.4.
:
. 17.5 , ..
, ,
.
.
X
, .
, Internet,
, .
, X
,
- Internet.
X
Internet
192.34.56.0
A
10.0.0.0
. 17.5.
766
II. CCNA2:
,
,
. , ,
Internet,
Internet.
,
:
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [ next-hop-address | outgoing interface]
!
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
ip route 0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0 .
,
, .
IP
.
.
NVRAM
copy running-config startup-config.
. 17.2
Hoboken Sterling 172.16.5.0
Waycross 172.16.1.0. ,
Hoboken .
Sterling Waycross
, , .
(Sterling Waycross)
,
,
.
17.
767
Sterling ,
, s0. Waycross
. Serial 1.
. 17.6,
Sterling Waycross ,
, .
17.5 17.6 ,
Waycross Sterling
.
,
172.16.2.1/24
S0
Sterling
172.16.1.1/24
172.16.4.1/24
172.16.2.2/24
S1
S0
Hoboken
172.16.4.2/24
S1
172.16.3.1/24
Waycross
172.16.5.1/24
. 17.6. Waycross
17.5. Waycross
17.6. Sterling
, ,
. NVRAM
show
768
II. CCNA2:
running-config.
show ip route.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
show running-config
.
.
,
, .
show ip route.
,
.
,
, , .
,
, show interfaces. ping
. ping ,
traceroute , ,
, .
,
, .
,
, .
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
, ,
.
show interfaces
.
IP, .
ping IP
, .
,
. ,
. 1,
17.
5.
6.
7.
769
.
ping ,
, traceroute
, .
,
, traceroute.
1.
ping ,
.
, ,
.
17.1.6.
,
.
,
.
, , ,
,
, , .
,
.
:
(dynamic routing) ,
. . 17.7 -
, , :
.
. A
, , .
.
A -
, A .
, A
- .
. ,
A,
.
770
II. CCNA2:
. 17.7.
. A , ,
,
.
.
A , A
,
, .. .
.
(load sharing) .
:
;
(. 17.8).
. 17.8.
17.
771
. ,
. ,
:
;
;
;
.
.
.
, (metric),
. , ,
. 17.9.
56
T1
56
T1
. 17.9. ,
, ,
, , , ,
.
.
(Bandwidth) (
Ethernet 10 /
64 /).
(Delay) ,
.
(Load)
.
(Reliability) .
(Hop count) ,
.
772
II. CCNA2:
(Cost) ,
, ,
.
.
, , .
,
. ,
( ),
.
:
(Routing Information Protocol RIP);
(Interior Gateway Routing Proto
col IGRP);
(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol IGRP);
(Open Shortest Path First OSPF).
(
) .
,
.
:
Internet (IP Internet Protocol);
(Internetwork Packet Exchange IPX).
(. 17.10).
.
(routed protocol), ,
,
.
.
.
17.
773
.
Internet (Internet Protocol IP).
(routing protocol) ,
,
.
.
.
, TCP/IP:
(Routing Information Protocol RIP);
(Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol IGRP);
(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP);
(Open Shortest Path
First OSPF).
(, IP)
1.0
1.1
2.0
2.1
3.0
3.1
(: RIP, IGRP)
. 17.10.
774
II. CCNA2:
(Autonomous System AS) ,
.
.
, ,
.
Internet (American Registry of Internet Numbers
ARIN),
() .
.
, , IGRP EIGRP Cisco,
, ;
.
.
, ARIN, .
(AS)
.
, , ..
.
.
, .
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
() .
.
, ,
, .
.
,
, , .
,
.
17.
775
, , , ,
, , .
, ; ,
.
:
;
.
(distance vector routing protocol)
, , .
(linkstate routing protocol),
(shortest path first SPF), .
(balanced hybrid routing protocol)
:
.
-
.
.
(BellmanFord).
. 17.11
. ,
A. ,
, .
,
.
.
,
, .
,
.
,
, . . 17.12
. ,
,
776
II. CCNA2:
. , ,
, . , A
,
.
, ,
.
. 17.11.
W
W
X
Y
Z
0
0
1
2
X
Y
Z
W
0
0
1
1
Y
Z
X
W
. 17.12.
0
0
1
2
17.
777
.
, . 17.13.
,
.
, ,
, .
, . 17.14.
. 17.13.
. 17.14.
,
. ,
. 17.13, A.
(,
) .
778
II. CCNA2:
.
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
(Dijkstra) (Shortest Path First SPF).
. ,
,
.
:
(LinkState Advertisement LSA).
,
, ;
(Topological Database).
, LSA;
(Shortest Path First SPF).
,
SPF;
(Routing table).
.
,
(Open Shortest Path First OSPF).
OSPF RFC 1583.
. 17.15
.
LSA,
.
, ,
LSA.
17.
779
SPF .
, ,
,
. SPF.
.
.
SPF
SPF
. 17.15.
.
.
. . 17.16 (W, X, Y Z)
,
.
.
1. LSA.
,
, .
II. CCNA2:
780
2.
, , LSA
.
3. SPF .
, ,
,
.
(Shortest Path First SPF).
4.
.
.
W
SPF
SPF
SPF
SPF
B
SPF
SPF
. 17.16.
,
,
.
,
, ,
. LSA,
,
, . LSA
. . 17.17
17.
781
.
LSA
.
, SPF
. LSA, ,
SPF
.
.
LSA
. 17.17.
:
;
;
.
, ,
,
.
. 17.18,
,
.
,
782
II. CCNA2:
,
,
LSA.
, .
LSA, .
SPF
SPF
. 17.18.
:
,
, - ,
.
. - ,
,
.
,
. -
,
,
.
(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP).
17.
783
. :
;
;
;
.
:
, ,
() OSI.
.
.
.
. ,
, IP.
, .
- ,
.
,
. ,
IP- . ,
IP- .
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
, -
: .
.
,
.
:
();
;
;
.
784
II. CCNA2:
,
. . 17.19,
,
. ,
. ,
.
.
,
.
,
.
5
2
11
8
10
4
1
. 17.19.
-
. . 17.20 , ,
.
.
.
.
. 17.20 1.
, ,
. ,
. (.. )
, ,
(. 17.21).
, ,
.
.
,
, , .
17.
1
2
3
785
2.1
1.2
1.3
1.1
3.1
. 17.20.
Y
C
A
B
. 17.21.
.
(. 17.22).
786
II. CCNA2:
IPX 3a.0800.5678.12ab
IP 15.16.50.3
IPX 4b.0800.0121.ab13
Novell
Apple
Digital
IP
Token
Ring
AppleTalk 100.110
Token
Ring
DECnet 5.8
IP 15.16.42.8
AppleTalk 200.167
DECnet 10.1
IP 15.17.132.6
. 17.22.
, :
;
.
. 17.23 ,
.
,
.
.
.
(, )
.
:
.
17.
1.0
1.1
2.0
2.1
3.0
3.1
787
2.0
2.1
1.0
1.1
3.1
3.0
. 17.23.
IP
, .
, , RIP,
IGRP, EIGRP OSPF. ,
, IP .
.
.
router. :
Router(config)#router protocol {processid | autonomoussystem},
protocol :
RIP, IGRP EIGRP;
process-id autonomous-system
,
IGRP EIGRP.
network ,
,
. network
:
Router(config-router)#network networknumber,
788
II. CCNA2:
* BGP
200
100
* RIP
* IGRP
* OSPF
* EIGRP
. 17.24.
17.
789
Internet TCP/IP
.
RIP RFC 1058.
.
RIP .
.
15, .
30 .
IGRP ,
Cisco. 90
, () .
:
;
,
;
.
IGRP :
.
.
:
;
;
;
.
OSPF
. IP.
,
, ,
. OSPF
, ,
(VariableLength Subnet Mask VLSM)
(summarization) .
EIGRP ,
Cisco.
,
. EIGRP
790
II. CCNA2:
,
, .
.
, VLSM
.
BGP (
) .
. BGP
ISP Internet.
IGP EGP
(interior gateway protocol IGP)
,
. .
,
IGP.
(exterior gateway protocol EGP)
,
. ,
Internet (Internet Service Providers ISP)
Internet. ,
BGP, EGP,
ISP. EGP
IP
:
;
, ;
.
EGP .
,
,
. . 17.25 .
, Internet (American
Registry of Internet Numbers ARIN)
. , , IGRP EIGRP, ,
.
17.
791
. 17.25.
: IGP EGP
.
:
,
;
;
, ;
ip route;
show ip route, ping traceroute;
:
;
;
;
(AS) ,
.
792
II. CCNA2:
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
(Autonomous System AS) ,
.
(Administrative Distance AD) ,
.
0 255. ,
.
(Shortest Path First SPF algorithm)
,
SPF.
(dynamic routing)
,
. .
.
(distance vector routing protocol)
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
(BellmanFord).
(routing)
.
,
.
(routed protocol) ,
.
,
.
AppleTalk, IPX IP.
17.
793
(metric) ,
. ,
.
(Exterior Gateway Protocol EGP)
, ,
.
(Interior Gateway Protocol IGP)
, ,
.
(routing protocol) ,
.
IGRP, OSPF RIP.
(linkstate routing protocol)
,
.
,
.
, .
(load sharing).
.
(balanced hybrid routing
protocol) ,
.
(linkstate advertisement LSA)
, ,
.
(static routing)
.
(routing table)
.
(topological database)
, LSA.
, ,
, .
, .
794
II. CCNA2:
1.
() OSI?
) .
) .
) .
)
.
2.
?
) .
) .
) SDLC.
) Frame Relay.
3. ?
) IP$.
) ARP.
) .
) .
4.
?
) .
) MAC$.
) MAC$.
) MAC$ .
5. $
() ?
) $
.
) ,
.
)
.
) MAC$
IP$.
17.
795
6.
?
)
.
) IP
MAC.
) .
) .
7. ?
)
( ).
) .
)
.
) .
8.
?
)
.
) .
)
.
)
.
9. () ?
) .
) .
)
.
)
.
10.
?
)
,
.
796
II. CCNA2:
)
.
)
,
.
)
,
.
11. ,
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
12.
?
) ,
.
) , ,
.
) , ,
.
) .
18
-
...
;
RIP;
RIP,
;
IGRP;
,
;
,
;
IGRP;
,
ip classless;
RIP.
,
:
, . 799,
, . 799,
, . 800,
, . 801,
, . 802,
, . 803,
, . 805,
, . 807,
, . 807,
, . 826,
, . 830,
, . 830,
, . 830,
, . 804,
, . 831,
, . 831,
, . 831,
, . 831.
798
II. CCNA2:
, ,
,
IP. ,
IP.
(Routing Information Protocol RIP)
(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol IGRP); ,
IP.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
:
Cisco IOS .
,
. ,
,
,
.
.
, ,
.
:
;
;
;
;
, .
.
(NonVolatile Random-Access Memory NVRAM)
, .
, ,
configure.
18. -
799
-
,
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
-
, ,
(routing table) ,
.
.
.
. 18.1 ,
.
A
. 18.1.
,
(adjacent
neighbors).
.
800
II. CCNA2:
, ,
.
-
,
(convergence)
. . 18.2 .
1
: 1,
= 3
X
1
: 1,
= 4
. 18.2.
(. 18.2).
1. 1
. ,
. ,
1 ,
1 .
2. 1 ,
A.
A 1, ,
, 1.
A ,
1.
. 1
.
18. -
801
3. ,
, 1
. ,
,
A. A
, .. , 1,
()
, A .
:
,
.
1
, .
, (count to infinity),
,
.
, (. 18.3).
=
1, = 7
1, = 6
1
X
1
1, = 5
1, = 4
. 18.3.
, , ,
.
17,
. ,
, .
,
.
,
802
II. CCNA2:
.
.
. . 18.4.
1, = 13
1, = 14
1, = 12
X
1
1, = 15
16
1
. 18.4.
,
. . 18.4 ,
;
15 , .
, ,
1 .
, IP,
(.. ). ,
. IP
TTL
(TimeToLive ). IP
, 1
255.
32 128.
, (
TTL) . TTL ,
IP
ICMP. ICMP
19,
TCP/IP.
IP .
18. -
803
,
,
, . . 18.5,
,
.
1. ,
, 1 .
2. ,
, 1 ,
.
.
3.
,
1, .
,
1.
4. , ,
1 .
, 1
, , 1
.
() .
5. .
,
1
1 , .. ,
. 18.5. , (split horizon)
.
II. CCNA2:
804
:
1
A
:
1
A
X
1
. 18.5.
(route poisoning)
,
.
,
.
. , .
.
, , .
, . 18.6
. One
A Two One A
Two Three. Three
A One, ,
. ,
EIGRP .
EIGRP
:
(
);
;
.
18. -
b: 56
d: 2000
Two
b: 10000
d: 100
b: 56
d: 2000
b: 56
d: 2000
Four
One
805
b: 128
d: 1000
Three
. 18.6.
(event triggered update) ,
30
.
.
. ,
, .
,
.
,
.
. 30 .
(triggered update)
. ,
,
.
, .
,
.
,
.
II. CCNA2:
806
, , ,
.
,
.
. .
. 18.7.
10.4.0.0
10.2.0.0
10.1.0.0
Fa0/0
S0/0
S0/1
10.3.0.0
B
S0/0
S0/1
10.4.0.0
C
Fa0/0
. 18.7.
, ,
10.4.0.0 . B
10.4.0.0 S0/1.
, A
Fa0/0.
(holddown timer).
.
1.
, , ,
.
2.
, ,
,
.
3. ,
, .
,
.
, . 18.8.
18. -
807
1
?, X
,
. 18.8.
:
.
RIP
(Routing Information Protocol RIP)
RFC 1058 1988 .
:
RIP ;
;
15, ;
(routing updates)
30 .
, . 18.9
19,2 / ( ) .
( T1)
. RIP
,
19,2 / T1.
808
II. CCNA2:
19,2 /
T1
T1
T1
. 18.9. RIP
RIP
RIP :
RIP (RIP1)
RIP (RIP2). RIP2
:
;
;
.
RIP ,
,
.
15.
,
, .
15, ,
. RIP ,
. ,
.
RIP
router rip RIP .
network ,
.
18. -
809
RIP .
, RIP
, Cisco
( eventtriggered, eventdriven)
, .
IGRP,
.
RIP, IGRP
,
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
. RIP
, ,
.
,
.
RIP.
, RIP
, . ,
, ,
. , , RIP
1, .
RIP
, . 18.1.
18.1. RIP
Router(config)#router rip
RIP
,
Router(configrouter)#network networknumber
RIP
RIP .
810
II. CCNA2:
BHM(config)#router rip
! RIP
BHM(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0
!
BHM(config-router)#network 2.0.0.0
!
ip classless
,
,
.
ip classless.
Cisco IOS, 11.3
.
no.
, ,
, .
. 18.10:
128.20.4.1 , .
ip classless ,
IOS.
.
. ,
, , , .
,
,
.
,
18. -
811
.
, ,
, .
, .
ip classless
, . 18.11.
128.0.0.0/8
128.20.4.1
128.20.0.0
128.20.1.0
128.20.3.0
128.20.2.0
128.20.4.1
. 18.10. no ip classless
128.0.0.0/8
128.20.4.1
128.20.0.0
128.20.3.0
128.20.1.0
128.20.2.0
128.20.4.1
. 18.11. IP
RIP
RIP
. RIP
,
, .
812
II. CCNA2:
,
.
,
.
RIP :
;
;
;
.
, . ,
RIP, . ,
, , 15 , .
RIP
, ,
.
, ,
,
, .. , .
: .
split horizon
no:
Router(config-if)# no ip splithorizon
,
, .
,
. RIP 180 .
,
.
,
.
. . 18.12
.
30 , 120 .
, ,
120 .
18. -
30
30
813
30
30
. 18.12.
timers basic update invalid holddown flush [sleep-time],
. ,
:
Router (config-router)# timers basic 30 90 100 300
,
,
. IP RIP
Cisco IOS 30 .
.
, ,
,
. network
RIP
. ,
,
passive-interface. RIP
, .
, RIP ,
,
RIP
, , , Frame Relay.
RIP RIP.
,
, :
GAD(config-router)neighbor ip address
814
II. CCNA2:
RIP1 RIP2,
RIP1.
RIP RIP 2.
RIP,
, . 18.2.
18.2. RIP
(configrouter)#version {1 | 2}
RIP1 RIP2
RIP1
RIP2
RIP1 RIP2
, . 18.3.
18.3.
RIP1
RIP2
RIP1 RIP2
RIP
RIP
.
show ip route show ip protocols.
show ip protocols
IP, ( 18.1).
,
RIP.
.
18. -
815
RIP?
RIP?
RIP
?
?
18.1. show ip protocols
show ip route ,
, RIP, ,
18.2.
RIP, R.
, ,
.
18.2. show ip route
816
II. CCNA2:
, R, ,
192.168.3.0 RIP.
192.168.2.2 (
),
Serial 0/0 .
RIP
:
show interface interface;
show ip interface interface;
show running-config.
,
. show interface , ,
, , IP
.
. show running-config
. ,
Cisco .
ip show ip interface
, IP,
.
RIP
RIP
network, .
,
RIP, debug ip rip.
debug ip rip
RIP . . 18.13
18.3 , debug
ip rip .
18. -
817
Ethernet
172.31.31.1
S0/0
Fa0/0
10.0.0.254
BHM
S0/0
192.168.13.1
S0/1
192.168.13.2
GAD
S0/0
192.168.14.1
S0/1
192.168.14.2
BOAZ
.
debug ip rip 18.3
. 18.13. RIP
18.3. debug ip rip
RIP. ,
RIP1
( 255.255.255.255).
, IP RIP.
debug ip rip
. , ,
.
, ,
, .
18.4
debug ip rip.
818
II. CCNA2:
RIP
.
show ip rip database
,
RIP.
show ip protocols {summary}
, IP .
show ip route IP
.
debug ip rip {events}
RIP,
.
show ip interface brief
IP EXEC.
brief ;
IP .
,
.
18.2.6.
RIP
IP,
, RIP.
debug ip rip show ip
route.
18. -
819
passive-interface
.
. . 18.14,
passive-interface
.
RouterE (config-router)# passiveinterface Fa0/0
Fa0/0
. 18.14.
, ,
, .
passive-interface .
RIP
,
. ,
,
, , RIP.
II. CCNA2:
820
RIP
, .
RIP
maximum-paths num_path.
. RIP
(round robin),
, , ,
, .
(Fast Switching), ip route-cache
. , ,
IP . , ,
, IP
, ,
.. 1.
no ip route-cache,
,
(process switching), .
.
. 18.15
. ,
, 1.
, , 234, 123
41, ..
1
56 /
GAD
1,544 /
BHM
Ethernet
Ethernet
64 /
3
155 /
. 18.15. RIP
1
18. -
821
RIP ,
. 56 /
, ,
155 /.
show ip route. 18.5 ,
show ip route .
18.5.
show ip route
, .
.
*, , ,
.
IP
.
, .
, ,
RIP, EIGRP, OSPF IGRP. . 18.16
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
822
II. CCNA2:
20
10
10
10
20
25
. 18.16.
, ,
. Cisco IOS
,
(Interior Gateway Protocol IGP)
. , EIGRP
.
IP
.
.
(Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP),
.
,
.
.
Router (configrouter)# maximumpaths maximum
,
IGRP , . RIP
, IGRP
.
. 18.16 X:
A 30;
18. -
823
A 20;
A 45.
.
, .
IP Cisco IOS
:
;
.
(process swit
ching),
. (Fast Switching),
,
, ,
. , ,
;
(.. ).
:
RIP .
RIP
,
. ,
Cisco IOS
.
( ),
, .
, RIP,
,
, RIP.
.
no ip route.
.
,
824
II. CCNA2:
.
, ,
RIP, ,
, , ,
. ,
network,
, ,
redistribute static.
,
IP
. ,
,
,
IP.
,
()
.
. ,
.
.
Router (config)# ip route prefix mask {address | interface}
[distance] [tag tag] [permanent]
. 18.17 GAD ,
RIP ,
.
1,544 /
192.168.13.0/24
.2
GAD
BRI0/1
192.168.14.0/24
.1
.2
BHM
Ethernet
S0/0 .1
1
7
2
.
1
6
.
0
.
0
. 18.17. RIP
18. -
825
18.6 ,
, 130;
(floating static).
, 130,
RIP, 120.
?
.
,
,
. 1.
130,
RIP, 120.
,
, .
,
172.16.0.0 192.168.14.2,
.
RIP.
,
(130),
RIP. ,
( , , , Serial 0/0
),
( 18.6).
18.6.
826
II. CCNA2:
, :
,
R, S2. ,
redistribute static,
;
R, RIP.
, .
IGRP
RIP, (Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol IGRP) .
RIP, ,
Cisco. IGRP ,
RIP
.
IGRP, ,
:
IGRP;
IGRP;
IGRP;
IGRP;
IGRP;
RIP IGRP;
IGRP;
IGRP.
IGRP
IGRP
.
,
.
(distance vector). ,
,
.
2
, 192.168.13.2, ,
. . .
18. -
827
, ,
, , :
;
.
IGRP
Cisco. 90
, , .
IGRP :
,
;
,
,
;
,
.
IGRP
. ,
IGRP,
.
:
;
;
;
.
!
IGRP EIGRP
, MTU.
.
: RIP IGRP
.
: IGRP
IGRP.
828
II. CCNA2:
IGRP
show ip protocols ,
,
. K1K5
;
IGRP,
:
= [K1 + K2 /(256 ) +
+ K3][K5/( + K4)].
K1 ,
K3 . K1 K3
, K2, K4 K5 .
K1 = K3 = 1 K2 = K4 = K5 = 0;
IGRP,
[K5/( + K4)] .
:
= + .
K
:
metric weights tos k1 k2 k3 k4 k5
10 000 000. ( / 10 000000.)
10 (
). ,
.
, RIP,
.
.
IGRP :
(Bandwidth)
;
(Delay)
;
18. -
829
(Reliability) ,
;
(keepalives);
(Load), ;
.
IGRP ,
, , .
,
,
.
, delay
bandwidth . 18.7 show ip route
IGRP.
,
. ,
.
18.7. show ip route (
IGRP)
IGRP
IGRP :
(Interior route)
, . ,
, ,
;
II. CCNA2:
830
(System route) ,
. Cisco IOS
, IGRP
.
;
(Exterior route) ,
,
( ).
Cisco IOS
, IGRP. (
) ,
.
,
.
!
IGRP .
,
(VariableLength Subnet Mask VLSM). , ,
IGRP 2, Cisco
IGRP EIGRP (Enhanced
IGRP IGRP).
IGRP
IGRP ,
:
(Holddown);
(Split horizon);
(Poison reverse update).
, ,
. ,
.
,
, .
.
18. -
831
,
.
,
.
. IGRP
, 1,1 .
IGRP ,
, .
.
(Update timer) ,
. 90
.
(Invalid timer)
, ,
,
. IGRP
,
.
(Hold timer) ,
. IGRP
, 10 .
(Flush timer) ,
.
.
18.8 show ip protocols
. ,
IGRP .
18.8. IGRP
832
II. CCNA2:
IGRP
IGRP
router igrp:
RouterA(config)# router igrp asnumber
IGRP
no:
RouterA(config)# no router igrp asnumber
,
IGRP. ,
,
, , ARIN,
.
IGRP ,
IGRP.
.
.
IGRP
network :
RouterA(config)# router igrp 101
RouterA(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0
no, IGRP:
RouterA(config)# no router igrp 101
RouterA(config-router)# no network 192.168.1.0
18.9 IGRP
RouterA RouterB, (Autonomous System AS)
101.
18. -
833
18.9. IGRP
RIP IGRP
Cisco Systems 1980 ,
, IGRP, RIP,
.
IGRP
.
, RIP ,
, IGRP ,
. ,
(, ,
),
RIP. IGRP
.
, ,
RIP IGRP.
1.
show ip route, ,
RIP
( 18.10 18.11).
18.10.
RouterA
II. CCNA2:
834
18.11.
RouterB
2.
IGRP
Router RouterB, 18.12.
!
RouterA# configure terminal
RouterA(config)# router igrp 101
RouterA(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0
RouterA(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0
!
RouterB# configure terminal
RouterB(config)# router igrp 101
RouterB(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0
RouterB(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0
3.
show ip protocols
Router RouterB ,
.
18. -
4.
835
show ip route
,
.
18.3.6. RIP
IGRP
RIP.
,
RIP IGRP ,
.
IGRP
IGRP
show ip route IGRP,
I.
IGRP:
show interface interface
Ethernet;
show running-config ,
IGRP;
show running-config interface interface
IP;
show running-config | begin interface interface
, IGRP ,
;
show running-config | begin igrp ,
IGRP;
show ip protocols ,
IGRP.
Ethernet
show interface fa0/0, 18.13.
18.13. show interface
836
II. CCNA2:
, IGRP ,
, 18.14.
18.14. show ip protocols show running-config
IP ,
18.15.
18.15. show running-config interface
18. -
837
IGRP
IGRP
network, ,
, .
IGRP
:
show ip protocols
IP;
show ip route IP
;
debug ip igrp events
IGRP ;
debug ip igrp transactions ,
,
, ,
;
ping
IP;
traceroute
Internet;
, .
18.17 debug
events.
ip
igrp
18.18 debug
transactions.
ip
igrp
838
II. CCNA2:
,
(AS), , 18.19.
18.19.
debug ip igrp transactions
18. -
839
18.3.7.
RIP IGRP
RIP
. ,
RIP IGRP
.
18.3.8.
IGRP
IGRP
.
:
;
,
;
;
: ,
;
;
RIP IGRP;
ip classless;
,
RIP IGRP;
RIP IGRP;
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
840
II. CCNA2:
(routing update) ,
,
.
,
. . (flash update).
(exterior routes) ,
,
.
(interior routes)
, .
, IGRP
.
(count to infinity) ,
,
.
.
(convergence)
, ,
, .
.
(triggered update)
, ,
.
(routing metric) ,
.
.
, , , , ,
(MTU), .
, .
(routing protocol) ,
.
IGRP, OSPF RIP.
(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
IGRP) (IGP), Cisco
,
. . EIGRP. . IGP, OSPF RIP.
18. -
841
842
II. CCNA2:
(holdtime timer) ,
. IGRP
, 10 .
, ,
, .
, .
1.
?
) ,
.
) ,
Cisco IOS.
) , IP .
) ,
.
2.
?
) , ,
.
) ,
,
.
) ,
.
) ,
.
3.
?
) , ,
.
) ,
.
) ,
.
18. -
843
) ,
.
4. ?
) .
) .
) .
)
.
5. ?
)
.
) .
) .
) .
6.
?
) IP .
) , , RIP
IGRP.
) .
)
.
7. RIP
, ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
8. , ,
, ,
?
) router(config)# show ip route.
) router# show ip route.
) router> show ip protocol.
) router(configrouter)# show ip protocol.
844
II. CCNA2:
9. IP?
)
.
)
.
) , .
) .
10. ,
, ?
) router> show router protocol.
) router(config)> show ip protocol.
) router(config)# show router protocol.
) router> show ip protocol.
11. : Router (config)# ip
route 2.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 1.0.0.2 5?
) .
) .
) .
) .
12. , 15?
) , IP .
) , IP .
) ,
.
) ,
.
13. ,
?
) router (config)> ip route 2.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 via 1.0.0.2.
) router (config)# ip route 2.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 1.0.0.2.
) router (config)# ip route 2.0.0.0 via 1.0.0.2.
) router (config)# ip route 2.0.0.0 1.0.0.2 using 255.0.0.0.
19
TCP/IP
...
ICMP;
ICMP ;
ICMP
;
ICMP,
;
,
ICMP;
;
ICMP;
;
;
;
;
ICMP;
;
;
,
:
Internet, . 846,
/
Internet, . 847,
, . 848,
ping, . 850,
, . 862,
, . 862,
, . 864.
846
II. CCNA2:
,
Internet (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol TCP/IP). Internet
(Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP)
. ,
ICMP .
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
TCP/IP
IP
. IP ,
. IP
,
, . IP
, ,
Internet,
,
IP .
IP ,
. , ,
, .
, ,
,
. , , ,
,
. , ,
IP,
, TCP.
IP
Internet (Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP). ICMP
, .
ICMP . ICMP
.
19. ...
847
Internet (ICMP)
ICMP TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol /
Internet), IP
. ICMP
IP. ,
. . 19.1 ICMP
TCP/IP.
Internet
( )
(Ping)
ICMP,
, ,
.
ICMP
IP. , ICMP
. , ,
1, . 19.2, 6.
,
ICMP 1 ,
. ICMP
.
. 19.2 ICMP
, . ,
ICMP, 1 .
. , ICMP
A ,
. ,
II. CCNA2:
848
. IP
,
. , , IP ,
. A
,
.
ICMP. ICMP
,
.
4
Fa0/0
S0/0
S0/1
S0/0
S0/0
Fa0/0
Fa0/0
. 19.2.
ICMP
ICMP IP.
ICMP , ,
, IP. . 19.1 ICMP
IP.
, , Ethernet,
, , , HDLC.
19. ...
849
19.1. ICMP
IP
ICMP
ICMP
IP
IP
,
.
. ICMP
.
ICMP
, .
. ,
, ,
.
, ICMP, ICMP
. , ,
, .
.
TCP/IP.
TCP/IP IP
.
, .
,
,
.
.
TCP/IP .
,
. ,
IP , .
,
,
.
(unreachable network).
850
II. CCNA2:
:
;
, , ;
()
, ,
;
, TCP
() .
. 19.3 , ,
.
, .
, ICMP
.
Z!
ICMP
. 19.3. ICMP
ping
ICMP
. . 19.4 , ICMP
.
,
19. ...
851
, .
IP.
?
A
ICMP
. 19.4.
ping,
19.1. ping IP
. 19.1 . 19.5
ping ( ).
,
!
ICMP
ICMP
. 19.5. ping
19.1. -, ping
II. CCNA2:
852
from
from
from
from
198.133.219.25:
198.133.219.25:
198.133.219.25:
198.133.219.25:
bytes=32
bytes=32
bytes=32
bytes=32
time=30ms
time=20ms
time=20ms
time=20ms
TTL=247
TTL=247
TTL=247
TTL=247
19.3.
ping
19. ...
853
ICMP
ping
,
:
ping
;
ICMP;
U
ICMP
(source quench) ICMP
(,
)
.
&
ICMP
: ping ICMP
ping.
. ,
,
. ,
II. CCNA2:
854
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
.
, . ,
RIP 15 ,
15 .
.
,
, ,
(TimeToLive TTL).
TTL
. TTL
.
, .
, TTL , ICMP
.
0
15 16
,
4
,
4
(ToS),
8
( ), 16
,
3
, 16
(TTL), 8
31
, 8
, 13
, 16
IP , 32
IP , 32
( )
19. ...
855
-
, ICMP
. . 19.3 ICMP
. ICMP
:
(Type);
(Code);
(Checksum).
ICMP.
, .
, ,
.
19.3. ICMP
ICMP
(source quench)
10
11
12
13
(timestamp)
14
15
16
17
18
. 19.7 .
.
(Identifier) (Sequence Number)
.
.
,
.
II. CCNA2:
856
0
16
31
(0)
(0 or 8)
...
. 19.7.
. 19.8 ,
.
, ,
. ICMP
,
, .
Z!
ICMP
. 19.8. ICMP
. 19.9 ICMP
. 3 ,
. ,
. ,
. . 19.4 .
19. ...
0
8
(3)
857
16
31
(05)
( )
Internet + 64
...
. 19.9. ICMP
19.4.
, DF
10
11
12
,
.
Token Ring Ethernet.
,
. .
,
IP , , FTP Web.
IP
.
: ICMP
ICMP.
, ,
.
II. CCNA2:
858
,
.
ICMP 12
. . 19.10 .
(Pointer).
0, ,
.
0
8
(12)
16
31
(0 2)
( )
Internet + 64
...
. 19.10.
TCP/IP
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol
Internet) TCP/IP.
IP ICMP.
. , IP
, ,
. IP
.
ICMP,
IP.
,
.
,
. ICMP,
IP . ICMP
.
ICMP ;
. 19.3 .
.
19. ...
859
ICMP
/
ICMP
/ .
(). ,
IP,
. ,
, . . 19.11
, ,
Internet.
IP Fa 0/0
, IP ,
. ,
. ,
.
/,
.
Internet
A
Fast Ethernet 0/0
IP Address: 192.168.12.1
255.255.255.0
A
IP 192.168.12.4
255.255.255.0
: 192.168.12.1
. 19.11.
ICMP /
, .
, , ,
.
, IP ,
, IP
.
II. CCNA2:
860
(..
, ).
ICMP .
.
Cisco
ICMP .
ICMP no ip redirects.
/ ,
. 19.12. .
, , , .
. 19.5.
0
8
(5)
16
31
(0 to 3)
Internet
Internet + 64
...
. 19.12.
19.5.
Internet
, ICMP ,
IP . ,
. 19.10, ICMP
A Internet 192.168.12.2,
IP .
TCP/IP
.
.
, ,
19. ...
861
, , ,
. ,
ICMP ,
.
. ,
ICMP . . 19.13
.
0
16
31
(0)
(13 14)
. 19.13.
(Type) ICMP
13 14 .
(Code) ,
.
(originate timestamp),
.
(receive timestamp)
. (transmit timestamp)
. ,
(Universal Time UT).
ICMP
, .
, , ,
, .
,
,
.
, , ICMP ,
.
ICMP
.
. TCP/IP
, , (Network Time Protocol
NTP), .
II. CCNA2:
862
ICMP
,
, . . 19.14
.
0
(15 16)
16
(0)
31
. 19.14.
. , 15,
, . ,
16, .
ICMP .
, , ,
BOOTP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol DHCP).
, .
IP , , .
,
. ,
. ,
.
, .
. , ,
B IP 172.16.5.3.
,
.
Source address
Destination address
Protocol
Type
Code
Mask
172.16.5.3
255.255.255.255
ICMP = 1
Address Mask Request = AM1
0
0
,
IP 172.16.5.1, :
Source address
Destination address
172.16.5.1
172.16.5.3
19. ...
Protocol
Type
Code
Mask
863
ICMP = 1
Address Mask Reply = AM2
0
255.255.255.0
. 19.15 . . 19.6
ICMP .
,
. 17 , 18
.
0
8
(19 18)
16
31
(0)
...
. 19.15.
19.6. ICMP
ICMP
17
18
,
.
32 . , ,
, (Address Mask field) 32 ,
,
. IP,
0;
. ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
. AM1
. AM2 ,
II. CCNA2:
864
,
.
, (multicast),
,
224.0.0.2. . 19.16 ICMP
. ,
,
. RFC 1812 ,
,
. .
,
, .
0
(9)
16
(0)
31
1
1
2
2
. 19.16.
,
,
. . 19.7 .
19.7.
ICMP
32 ,
(
)
( ),
19. ...
865
. 19.7
ICMP
IP() , .
,
.
.
; ,
ICMP
.
.
.
,
. . 19.17 , . 19.8
.
0
(10)
16
(0)
31
. 19.17.
19.8.
ICMP
10
ICMP,
ICMP.
0;
, .
, ,
, LAN
WAN.
II. CCNA2:
866
, , .
,
, ICMP. ICMP
(source quench message).
.
.
.
Cisco .
, .
/
(Small Office, Home Office SOHO). , ,
, 5
Internet (Internet
Connection Sharing ICS) 56 /.
, LAN 10 /
56 /
.
. ICMP ,
ICS ,
.
.
:
IP ,
ICMP ,
;
IP
;
ICMP IP,
;
ICMP
, (Type
field) (Code field);
ICMP:
ICMP ;
ICMP
;
19. ...
867
ICMP ;
;
ICMP;
ICMP;
ICMP .
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
ping (Packet Internet Groper Internet) ,
ICMP .
IP .
(datagram) IP .
(unicast) ,
.
(multicast) ,
.
Internet (Internet Control Message Protocol
ICMP) Internet ,
IP
. RFC 792.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
/ Internet)
, 70 XX .
.
TCP IP.
(broadcast) ,
.
, ,
, .
, .
868
II. CCNA2:
1. : ICMP
IP?
) .
) .
2. ICMP?
) (Internal Control Message
Protocol).
) Internet (Internet Control Message
Portal).
) (Internal Content Message Protocol).
) Internet (Internet Control Mes
sage Protocol).
3. : ICMP
, ,
IP?
) .
) .
4. :
, ?
) .
) .
5. TTL?
) (TimeToList).
) (TimeToLive).
) (TerminalToLive).
) (TerminalToList).
20
...
;
;
show
ip route show ip protocol
;
ping
;
show cdp
;
telnet
;
traceroute
;
OSI;
show
interfaces
;
show controller serial
;
debug
.
,
:
, . 883,
ping, . 884,
telnet, . 887,
, . 889,
traceroute, . 893.
870
II. CCNA2:
.
.
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
,
. ,
.
. ,
,
.
. :
show ip route;
(
gateway of last resort);
;
;
;
;
;
.
show ip route
. ,
, , ,
.
,
(RandomAccess Memory RAM).
,
.
show ip route IP.
, ,
20.
871
, . show
ip route :
connected
;
network
;
rip
RIP ;
igrp
IGRP ;
static
.
. ,
192.168.4.46,
192.168.4.0/24.
(Ethernet0).
, 10.3.21.5,
Serial 0/0.
, ,
, .
.
:
(Static routing).
;
(Dynamic routing).
,
.
(static),
,
. , ,
(dynamic),
,
.
.
872
II. CCNA2:
20.1.1.
show ip route
RIP IGRP show ip route
.
:
.
,
.
, (gateway of
last resort). ,
,
.
, ,
, .
,
.
,
Internet,
, Internet.
Internet.
.
. ,
,
.
:
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
ip defaultnetwork.
ip default-network ,
.
IGRP EIGRP
1.
,
, . . .
20.
873
ip default-network 195.16.11.0
C 195.16.11.0 ,
.
, ip defaultnetwork, .
,
,
. , ,
,
ip route
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 .
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.
Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
[ nexthopipaddress | exitinterface]
show ip route :
Gateway of last resort is 172.16.1.2 to network 0.0.0.0
,
172.16.1.2.
20.1.2.
RIP
( ).
RIP
IGRP
-
-
, ,
.
.
.
, .
.
IP.
874
II. CCNA2:
,
.
() , IP, ,
.
,
, .
. IP
. MAC ( )
.
,
,
. , ,
LAN ,
MAC .
:
.
Cisco,
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
; .
. 20.1
, Cisco.
20.
875
20.1.
EIGRP
(Border Gateway Protocol eBGP)
20
EIGRP ()
90
IGRP
100
OSPF
110
ISIS
115
RIP
120
EIGRP ()
170
(Border Gateway Protocol iBGP)
200
(metric).
.
; , RIP 1
.
, , , ,
, , , (Maximum
Transmission Unit MTU) .
. 20.2.
.
, . ,
. , ,
,
,
. , ,
,
.
,
. IGRP
: .
,
876
II. CCNA2:
, . IGRP
, . , IGRP
,
. , ,
IGRP ,
. ,
, , ,
.
20.2.
(Hop count)
,
.
(Bandwidth)
, .
(Delay)
, .
(Load)
(Reliability)
. Cisco
1 255,
255
.
(Ticks delay)
IPX RIP
1/18 ,
.
(Maximum transmission unit MTU)
( ),
.
MTU
(Cost)
IGRP
. ( ,
, )
K1, K2 K3.
= [K1 + K2 /(256 ) +
+ K3][K5/( + K4)].
20.
877
K1 = K3 = 1 K2 = K4 = K5 = 0;
IGRP,
[K5/( + K4)] .
:
= + .
:
.
.
,
.
,
.
:
show ip route IP
;
show ip route network
;
show ip protocols
IP;
show ip rip database
RIP ,
.
30 RIP 90 IGRP.
20.1 show ip route.
20.1. show ip route
878
II. CCNA2:
Rt1 RIP
200.200.200.0 192.168.10.2. RIP
30 ; ,
.
20.2 show ip route 200.200.200.0
.
20.2. show ip route 200.200.200.0
20.
879
,
20 .
20.1.8.
,
RIP.
.
,
,
.
,
OSI, . 20.1.
, , .
, , ,
.
Ethernet, ; ,
880
II. CCNA2:
6
5
. 20.1. OSI
,
. ,
.
. . 20.2
.
. 20.3
.
,
.
. ,
.
,
. 20.2 20.3, .
.
20.
881
()
1. .
2. ,
, .
3.
, .
4. .
5. , .
. 20.2.
OSI
OSI
, , . , ,
:
;
;
, ;
;
(
, );
;
(Data Communications
Equipment DCE);
II. CCNA2:
882
Start
. 20.3. OSI
20.
883
,
, .
:
;
Ethernet;
(
(Highlevel Data Link Control HDLC));
;
(Network Interface Card NIC).
,
, .
:
;
, ;
;
IP;
;
.
,
.
, , ping telnet.
ping.
telnet.
.
: OSI
OSI.
.
,
.
(link light). ,
884
II. CCNA2:
(TX) (RX).
.
,
, :
;
;
, ;
;
;
;
.
, .
, .
,
,
.
(VLAN) ,
.
.
, ,
,
.
,
. , ,
.
,
.
,
, .
, ,
.
.
!
ping
ping .
, .
20.
885
ping .
, .
ping ,
, ping
.
ping Internet (Internet
Control Message Protocol ICMP).
.
, . 20.4, ping 172.16.1.5
, 20.5.
172.16.1.5
20.4. ping
20.5. ping 172.15.1.5
(!) .
(.), ,
ping . ping
.
ping
ICMP .
,
, ,
.
, .
886
II. CCNA2:
ping EXEC,
EXEC.
AppleTalk,
ISO (Connectionless Network Service CLNS), IP, Novell, Apollo, VINES,
DECnet XNS.
ICMP
. ICMP . 20.3.
20.3. ICMP
Destination unreachable (
)
Time exceeded ( )
Source quench (
)
,
.
Redirect ()
, ,
,
.
Echo ()
ping
Parameter problem (
)
Timestamp ( )
IP ,
ping
IP.
.
ping
<Enter>.
,
, (Extended Commands).
yes ()
ping.
ping , ,
20.
887
, ,
.
ping, ,
.
.
telnet
Telnet ,
TCP/IP.
.
.
,
.
telnet
,
IP, TCP.
telnet , , .
telnet
telnet
(, ),
TCP/IP. telnet
, ,
, TCP/IP. telnet
. telnet . 20.5.
Telnet
. 20.5. telnet
telnet
, , , telnet
,
.
, telnet.
888
II. CCNA2:
telnet ,
.
ping. ping,
telnet
, :
DNS ?
telnet IP,
DNS. ,
DHCP, DNS
DHCP;
, telnet
.
Cisco
debug telnet. ,
IP DNS, ;
, telnet
23. ,
telnet 23.
20.2.6. ping telnet
OSI
ping telnet.
,
.
,
, .
,
.
show interfaces
Cisco IOS
. show.
show
. show interfaces
.
20.
889
. , FastEth
ernet show interfaces fastethernet;
,
.
. ,
0/0 show interfaces
serial 0/0, FastEthernet 0/0 show
interfaces fa 0/0.
show interfaces
. .
() . ,
,
.
() .
, ,
,
.
.
show interfaces
serial, , 20.6.
20.6. show interface serial
890
II. CCNA2:
(Serial0 is up)
,
( DCE). ,
,
(.. ).
, ,
.
show interfaces ,
, .
(carrier transition)
:
;
,
.
show interfaces
, .
.
.
.
.
.
.
(reset).
.
:
,
;
,
.
. ,
20.
891
.
, 20.7.
20.7.
show interfaces ,
,
show version, 20.8.
20.8.
, clear counters,
20.9.
.
, .
20.9. clear counters
892
II. CCNA2:
show interfaces
show interfaces , ,
.
.
,
Cisco (Cisco IOS),
.
. , ,
.
, .
,
(.. )
.
, ,
. :
;
;
;
;
.
, show
interfaces : interface is up and the line
protocol is down ( , ).
clockrate encapsulation ,
.
show interfaces.
show cdp
Cisco (Cisco Discovery Protocol CDP)
, , MAC IP
, .
show cdp neighbors ,
, 20.10.
20.
893
Local Interface
Eth 0
Ser 0
Holdtime
151
165
Capability
R
R
Platform
2501
2501
Port
Eth
Ser
ID
0
0
. ,
,
no shutdown show cdp neighbor detail,
20.11.
20.11. show cdp neighbor detail
Cisco,
.
, , .
CDP
.
,
. , CDP
Cisco,
, , CDP .
traceroute
traceroute ,
.
()
.
894
II. CCNA2:
traceroute
, 20.12.
,
.
.
20.12. traceroute
traceroute
, .
, IP ,
. (<*>), ,
. ,
, .
traceroute
. (RoundTrip Time
RTT) , ,
20.12.
(RTT) ().
, ..
.
, ;
,
.
, , traceroute,
,
. ping traceroute
, .
,
ICMP
, .
Internet.
traceroute
(UDP)
.
(TimeToLive TTL)
20.
895
. 1,
.
(Time Expired Message TEM),
.
, TTL
2.
ICMP (TEM).
,
TTL.
TTL traceroute 30 (..
30 ).
,
ICMP (TEM)
ICMP .
; traceroute .
20.3.4. traceroute
, traceroute tracert
, ,
.
show ip route show ip protocol
show ip route show ip protocol
.
show ip route, ,
.
IP. ,
20.13, ,
.
20.13. show ip route
896
II. CCNA2:
,
show ip route
.
show ip route
,
. show ip protocols,
20.14, , .
20.14. show ip protocols
show ip protocols
IP .
, ,
, ,
.
show ip protocols
, , ,
.
,
.
show ip protocols
, , ,
20.
897
.
, ,
, . , ,
,
, , .
.
20.3.5.
show ip route show ip protocol
show ip
route show ip protocol
.
show controllers
.
.
, show controllers serial,
20.15.
20.15. show controllers serial
, ,
, ,
.
show controllers serial 0/0
,
; .
898
II. CCNA2:
.
, , .
, show controllers serial .
,
;
.
debug
debug
. .
show ,
. ,
debug,
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
debug ip rip, 20.16.
20.16. debug ip rip
20.
899
20.16 ,
RIP , ,
, .
debug
,
.
. (debug)
, .. .
, debug
, .
!
, debug all , ..
.
debug
.
telnet,
. telnet
terminal monitor,
. debug telnet
. ,
. telnet
. ,
: debug ,
.
debug .
,
. 20.17
debug ip packet detail2.
20.17. debug ip packet detail
. . .
900
II. CCNA2:
Cisco IOS,
debug, timestamp.
debug ,
, , .
service timestamps debug uptime
( ::) ,
reload.
no debug all undebug all
. debug
no debug . ,
RIP debug ip rip,
no debug ip rip. ,
debug, , show debugging.
20.
901
20.3.5.
debug
OSI.
debug.
:
. ,
;
;
, ping telnet;
traceroute;
show
;
show ip
route show ip protocol;
debug
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
Ping Internet.
ICMP .
IP .
Telnet
TCP/IP. telnet
, .
II. CCNA2:
902
Traceroute , ,
. .
.
(Network Interface Card NIC)
,
.
(keepalive) ,
,
.
, ,
, .
, .
1. ?
) OSI
.
) OSI .
) .
) OSI .
2. , ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
3. OSI
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
4. ,
?
) telnet.
) ping.
20.
903
) debug.
) traceroute.
5.
,
?
) ping.
) telnet.
) debug.
) traceroute.
6. ,
.
?
) router(config)# show ip route
) router# show ip route
) router> show ip protocol
) router(configrouter)# show ip protocol
7. IP ?
) .
)
.
) , .
) .
8.
RIP ?
) router# show ip rip
) router# debug ip protocols
) router# debug ip rip
) router# show ip rip update
9. debug
, _______ .
) .
) .
) .
) .
904
II. CCNA2:
10. debug?
) .
) .
) .
) .
11. telnet?
) .
) .
) Cisco IOS.
) .
12. ICMP?
) Internet.
) .
) Internet.
) Internet.
13.
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
14. OSI telnet?
) .
) .
) .
) .
15. IP
, OSI
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
21
TCP/IP
...
TCP
;
MAC, IP
;
TCP;
TCP;
,
;
;
TCP;
( UDP);
,
.
,
:
, . 909,
, . 909,
, . 913,
, . 914,
, . 914,
, . 923,
IP, . 926,
ICMP, . 926,
ARP, . 926,
RARP, . 926.
906
II. CCNA2:
TCP/IP,
,
, , ,
.
,
() ,
(Address Resolution Protocol ARP)
(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol RARP).
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
: TCP/IP
TCP/IP ,
(Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA).
. TCP/IP
UNIX (Berkley).
TCP/IP -
Internet, .
TCP/IP ,
.
TCP/IP ,
.
TCP/IP ,
, .
TCP/IP ,
.
TCP/IP
. OSI
(. 21.1).
TCP/IP OSI
( ), () ().
, ,
. TCP/IP
OSI. , TCP (
) ,
Internet OSI.
TCP/IP
, .
TCP/IP
(, IP TCP), ,
, , ,
.
21. TCP/IP
OSI
907
TCP/IP
Internet
Ethernet, 802.3,
802.5, FDDI ..
. 21.1. TCP/IP
TCP/IP
(Domain Name System DNS) Internet
IP.
,
( ),
() .
Internet Windows (Windows Internet Naming Service WINS)
, Microsoft
Microsoft Windows NT,
NT Internet.
HOSTS , .
IP- .
(Post Office Protocol POP3)
Internet .
,
.
(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMTP)
.
- , .
(Simple Network Management Protocol
SNMP) ,
, , ,
.
(File Transfer Protocol FTP)
, TCP
, FTP.
ASCII (American standard
code for information interchange ).
(Trivial File Transfer Protocol TFTP)
, UDP. TFTP
IOS,
908
II. CCNA2:
, TFTP.
,
, FTP.
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP)
Internet, ,
. ,
, , .
Web- ,
Web-.
TFTP
FTP
NFS
HTTP
SMTP
Internet
Telnet
rlogin
SNMP
DNS
*
. 21.2.
.
Telnet ,
Telnet-.
.
Internet (Packet Internet Groper ping)
. ping -
(echo request) (reply messages)
Internet (Internet Control Message Protocol ICMP).
(traceroute program).
ping ,
, ping.
.
Windows.
NBTSTAT ,
NetBIOS, - .
NETSTAT ,
TCP/IP. TCP/IP
ICMP, TCP UDP.
21. TCP/IP
909
ipconfig winipcfg ,
(Network Interface Card NIC)
. MAC-, IP-, ,
, DNS
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP).
TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol TCP),
TCP/IP . TCP
.
(synchronization),
(windowing) (window size), (sequence numbers)
(acknowledgements ACK).
.
- .
- -.
(end-to-end service).
(. 21.3).
TCP ,
(sliding window).
. TCP
. TCP ,
.
UDP ( User Datagram
Protocol) ,
, .
, , .
,
, .
TCP
UDP
Internet
. 21.3.
II. CCNA2:
910
TCP UDP
, TCP .
,
. , , ,
, .
.
, ,
, . . 21.4
TCP, .
0
15
16
(16)
31
(16)
(32)
20
(32)
(4) (6)
(6)
(16)
(16)
(16)
(0 32, )
( )
. 21.4. TCP
(Source port) .
(Destination port) .
(Sequence number) ,
.
.
(Acknowledgement number)
TCP;
.
(Header length) 32- .
.
(Code bits) , ,
.
(Window) , .
(Checksum) .
(Urgent) .
21. TCP/IP
911
(Options) : TCP.
(Data) .
UDP
, . UDP
. ,
. . 21.5 UDP.
(16)
(16)
(16)
(16)
(
)
. 21.5. UDP
TCP
IP
; ,
. IP ,
, .
.
( ),
.
, . 21.6.
!
.
.
. 21.6. TCP
,
, , .
, , ,
, .
, ,
( ),
( ). (
OSI)
TCP.
912
II. CCNA2:
,
TCP .
,
, .
!
(Initial Sequence Numbers !!!! ISN).
(three!way handshake).
, SYN,
(synchronize). , SYN,
SYN.
.
, ISN
ISN .
ISN
(ACK).
, .
1. ( ) SYN
x. ,
TCP,
.
2. , x,
x+1 y.
x+1 , x
x+1.
3. () y+1 (
),
. .
,
, .
. 21.7,
( ).
21. TCP/IP
SYN
( = x)
SYN
( = y,
ACK = x+1)
ACK
(ack = y+1)
913
SYN
( = x)
SYN
( = y,
ACK = x+1)
ACK
(ack = y+1)
. 21.7.
,
.
(ACK) (SYN), ,
.
,
TCP ISN.
ISN ,
,
, .
SYN.
, , TCP
.
: TCP
TCP.
(denial!of!service !!!! DoS)
, .
,
.
, ,
SYN (SYN flooding).
SYN.
SYN, , IP .
SYN/ACK
.
914
II. CCNA2:
, IP .
, IP
(ACK) .
,
.
, , ,
.
SYN,
.
.
,
. . 21.8
.
SYN
SYN ACK
ACK
SYN
SYN
SYN
SYN
SYN
SYN ACK
SYN ACK
SYN ACK
SYN ACK
SYN ACK
. 21.8.
,
.
.
TCP. .
,
, . ,
,
. ,
21. TCP/IP
915
,
.
.
, TCP, (flow
control), ,
. (sliding
window).
,
, , .
,
, . ,
, ,
, . 21.9.
TCP
(sliding window).
,
, . 22.10.
.
,
. , ,
,
.
1
1
ACK 2
ACK 2
2
2
ACK 3
ACK 3
3
3
ACK 4
ACK 4
= 1
. 21.9.
916
II. CCNA2:
:
1. ,
( );
2. (, )
, , ;
3. ,
(acknowledgment) ,
;
4. , ,
3, 4 (expectational acknowledg
ment) ;
5.
;
, . ,
4 5, . 21.12;
6. 4
(slide) , 6
: ,
.
:
.
TCP ,
.
,
, .
.
, TCP
. TCP
,
.
, .
,
, ,
.
, . 21.11. ,
,
.
21. TCP/IP
917
ASender
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
= 6
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
1
2
3
ACK 4
4
5
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
ACK 6
6
7
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
8
9
. 21.10.
ASender
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
= 6
9 10 11 12 13
1
2
3
ACK 4
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
. 21.11.
II. CCNA2:
918
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
= 6
,
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
1
2
3
9 10 11 12 13
ACK 4
4
5
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
8
8
9 10 11 12 13
9 10 11 12 13
ACK 6
. 21.12.
. .
1028 23 10
1
...
. .
23
11
...
10
.
11
10
1028
. .
23 1028 1
11 ...
...
. 21.13.
TCP .
. 21.4 TCP.
,
. TCP
.
, .
21. TCP/IP
919
,
, .
TCP ,
. (ACK)
(SYN).
, IP,
, .
, . TCP
.
(Positive acknowledgement and retrans!
mission !!!! PAR)
. PAR ,
.
,
. TCP
, ..
.
.
,
. ,
. .
,
, .
,
.
21.1.6.
HTTP
HTTP telnet
netstat.
UDP
TCP/IP ,
. IP
. TCP
OSI
. UDP
OSI .
920
II. CCNA2:
TCP, UDP
IP. , TCP UDP
. TCP
, FTP, HTTP, SMTP DNS. UDP
DNS, TFTP, SNMP
DHCP. . 21.14 ,
.
FTP
HTTP
SMTP
DNS
TCP
DNS
TFTP
UDP
IP
Internet
. 21.14. ,
TCP ,
, .
,
.
,
, UDP.
UDP, RFC 768, ,
. ,
Ethernet TFTP. TFTP
UDP,
, TCP, . ,
IOS
TFTP
, ;
, . ,
.., .
21. TCP/IP
921
UDP ,
.
. UDP ,
.
. 21.5 UDP.
(Source Port)
.
(Destination Port) , UDP
. (Destination Port)
DNS DNS 53 UDP
DNS. (Length)
UDP. (Checksum) UDP ,
.
UDP IP.
IP
, .
. TFTP DNS,
,
. , UDP,
(Destination Port) UDP.
,
.
( , , , ).
,
UDP. UDP
.
,
,
TCP. UDP,
TCP .
,
.
,
. , ,
SMTP World Wide Web ( ).
, IP ,
TCP, TCP
SMTP,
II. CCNA2:
922
F
T
P
T
e
l
n
e
t
S
M
T
P
D
N
S
T
F
T
P
S
N
M
P
21
23
25
53
69
161
TCP
UDP
, RFC 1700. ,
, FTP,
21. ,
, ,
. TCP
. . 21.1
TCP UDP.
21.1. TCP UDP
14
rje
echo
discard
11
users
13
daytime
21. TCP/IP
923
. 21.1
15
netstat
17
quote
19
chargen
20
ftpdata
FTP ()
21
ftp
FTP
23
telnet
25
smtp
SMTP
37
time
39
rlp
(Resource Location Protocol RLP)
42
nameserver
43
nickname
53
domain
DNS
67
bootps
68
bootpc
69
tftp
TFTP
75
77
RJE
79
finger
80
http
123
ntp
(Network Time Protocol NTP)
133159
160223
224241
242255
:
255
;
255 1023
;
1023 ,
.
924
II. CCNA2:
. . 21.16, (1028)
.
1023. Internet (Internet Assigned Port
Authority !!!! IAPA) 1023.
,
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
RFC 1700, (well!known ports).
TCP, UDP.
,
. , , FTP,
FTP TCP,
20 21. , ,
. ,
, TCP, UDP
.
...
A
Telnet Z
23.
Telnet
1028
23
...
. 21.16.
,
. TCP UDP
. , , ,
. ,
, .
21. TCP/IP
925
, ,
1023. , Web
TCP 80,
, 1045. ,
Web,
80. Web
80 1045. , ,
, .
,
80.
: , 1045 1048.
.
TCP UDP
.
65 535.
:
(wellknown);
(registered);
, , (dynamic, private).
1023 .
, Internet, , FTP,
Telnet, DNS HTTP. , ,
Cisco!Net!Mgmt (Calendar Access Protocol),
1024 49 151. , , , 49 152
65 515, , .
, ,
.
(socket). , ,
. , 23 Telnet
, 80. IP MAC
, .
, .. , , .
21.2.5.
netstat
.
926
II. CCNA2:
MAC-, IP-
MAC, IP .
,
( OSI).
.
, .. IP. ,
, .. MAC.
. , ,
. , MAC IP
, .
,
MAC, IP. ,
,
. ,
: .
(
),
.
: TCP/IP Internet-
Internet (IP-)
, Internet
. IP-
IP- , ,
. IP ,
.
. , ,
, . IP
, .
Internet- TCP/IP OSI.
.
. 21.17, Internet- TCP/IP,
OSI, :
IP ,
.
, ;
ICMP
;
ARP (MAC)
IP;
RARP (IP)
(MAC).
21. TCP/IP
927
IP
ICMP
Internet
ARP
RARP
. 21.17. TCP/IP
ARP
ARP MAC IP.
,
, MAC MAC
( MAC broadcast
MAC address). MAC ,
, ARP (ARP cache). (
, , .) ARP.
, ARP ,
. , ,
,
ARP (local ARP). . 21.18
. ,
.
. .
Ethernet.
Ethernet
172.16.3.2
172.16.3.1
172.16.3.2
IP: 172.16.3.2 = ? ? ?
IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
. 21.18. OSI
RARP TCP/IP,
(MAC), , Ethernet, IP-. ,
, , ARP. ,
II. CCNA2:
928
,
, MAC-. IP-
. RARP RARP.
:
TCP
.
IP;
TCP ,
;
TCP ;
, ;
;
UDP
;
UDP TCP
.
, ,
,
, .
(windowing) .
, ( )
.
.
(DoS !!!!denial!of!service)
, , .
(well!known ports) RFC 1700
TCP, UDP.
, .
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol !!!! ) $$$$
Internet, IP
.
21. TCP/IP
929
, ,
, .
, .
1.
TCP/IP?
) ,
.
) ,
.
) ,
.
) ,
.
2. ?
) UCP.
) UDP.
) TDP.
) TDC.
3. ?
) ,
.
930
II. CCNA2:
)
.
)
.
) .
4. UDP?
) , ,
.
) ,
.
) ,
.
) ,
.
5. ,
, ?
) .
) .
) Internet.
) .
6. ,
?
)
.
) ,
.
) .
) ping
.
7. ?
) ,
.
)
,
.
21. TCP/IP
931
)
TCP,
.
) ,
,
.
8. UDP
?
) .
) .
) Internet.
) .
9. ?
) ,
.
) ,
.
) ,
, .
) , ,
.
10. ARP?
) .
) IP .
) IP .
) IP
.
22
...
;
,
;
,
;
,
,
,
,
;
,
.
,
:
, . 934,
, . 937,
, . 939,
, . 948,
, . 952,
, . 959,
, . 963,
, . 964,
, . 964,
, . 965.
934
II. CCNA2:
, "
, ,
, "
.
"
, , "
.
, "
.
,
", : "
(e"Lab), ,
(PhotoZoom). "
, .
"
. , , , "
, ,
"
, .
, ,
Internet, "
Internet, ,
telnet.
!
, ACL
(CPU) . 1
.
, , Internet "
(Access Control List ACL).
"
, .
, ACL, "
,
1 ,
, : ,
. . .
22.
935
" . , "
:
1
ACL 1,
ACL 1,
ACL 1,
ACL 1;
2
ACL 2,
ACL 2,
ACL 2,
ACL 2,
ACL 2;
3
ACL 3,
ACL 3,
ACL 3.
ACL , "
, .
.
"
, .
:
;
;
.
(ACL) ,
. , "
, """" . ,
, , , "
TCP/UDP.
. , "
, .
, , , Internet" (Internet Protocol """" IP)
(Internetwork Packet Exchange """" IPX),
936
II. CCNA2:
. "
ACL ,
.
"
, .
, ;
,
.
ACL .
,
,
. (,
). ,
IP", AppleTalk" IPX", "
, , . "
ACL, ,
.
, "
(. 22.1).
ACL
172.16.0.0
Internet
ACL
Token
Ring
FDDI
172.17.0.0
. 22.1.
; "
.
22.
937
, : ACL
.
ACL
. ,
,
.
(queuing) ,
,
.
.
ACL .
,
.
.
ACL
. ,
,
. . 22.2 , A
, .
, ,
, .
ACL ,
.
,
telnet.
. 22.2.
938
II. CCNA2:
: ACL,
.
,
Cisco (Cisco Internetwork Operational System IOS)
, .
,
. ,
, .
, , ,
. ,
.
,
(Trivial File Transfer Protocol TFTP)
, ,
HyperTerminal.
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
, ;
.
Cisco IOS
, . 22.3.
(,
HDCL)
(,
(,
IP) TCP)
. 22.3.
22.
939
:
ACL .
.
ACL, ,
, .
, "
,
,
,
.
,
(. 22.4). "
, , """"
(.. ).
" "
, . , "
" . ,
ACL. "
, "
",
, . "
, ,
.
,
. ,
; ,
E0, , "
.
.
, "
. , "
. "
, ,
, . "
, "
. , . 22.5,
. ,
. "
(bit bucket).
II. CCNA2:
940
,
, ..
ACL ,
. :
, "
;
, , FTP HTTP.
/
?
. 22.4.
ACL . "
: ,
, IPX, AppleTalk . "
ACL
.
, .
, , "
ACL, access-list
, 22.1.
"""" . , "
, """" .
22.
()
941
Destination
Interface(s)
. 22.5. ACL:
ACL
, . "
() access-group
( 22.1). access-group "
.
: . "
, ACL
, "
, .. , . "
, "
, .
, ,
,
II. CCNA2:
942
; , ,
,
. ACL ,
.
,
no access-list .
. ,
, :
;
1 99,
IP;
100
199, ACL IP;
ACL
.
IP;
;
IP, ;
.
;
,
.
, ,
, .
1.
2.
ACL.
.
,
.
, .
, ACL ,
,
.
22.
943
"
; "
,
. 22.1 "
1 2, Ethernet 0.
22.1.
. 22.1
.
22.1. ACL
IP
1""99
IP
100""199
AppleTalk
600""699
IPX
800""899
IPX
900""999
1000""1099
: ACL
"
.
(wildcard mask) 32" ,
, .
" , ,
II. CCNA2:
944
; ,
(. 22.6).
128
64
32
16
( )
( )
. 22.6.
, , IP.
, ,
IP.
, .
(wildcard masking)
2.
32 ,
. ,
. ,
.
,
IP
. . 22.7 .
, IP ,
. ,
B (.. ), 8
( ).
172.30.16.0
2 wildcard .
, .
. . .
22.
945
172.30.31.0, ,
. 22.7.
(172.30) "
.
(
0.0), "
, , ,
.
IP ACL:
IP 172.30.16.0 172.30.31.0
.
172.30.16 . 0
: 0000
1111
: 172.30.16.0 0.0.15.255
= 00001111 = .15
. 22.7.
15" ( """"
00001111), IP" 16" ( """" 00001000). "
IP" (.. 0001).
, 16 (00010000) 31 (00011111)
, 0001.
( ) "
, ,
.
"
4" IP" , 4
. ACL 172.30.16.0
0.0.15.255,
172.30.16.0 172.30.31.0. .
946
II. CCNA2:
any
"
3. ( )
ACL. ,
,
. "
any ( ). , "
, 0.0.0.0 (. 22.8);
, (..
) ,
(.. 255.255.255.255).
IP
0.0.0.0
: 255.255.255.255
( )
. 22.8. any
Cisco IOS
any.
0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255, any.
,
Router(config)# accesslist 1 permit 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
Router(config)# accesslist 1 permit any
3 .
, 255,
. ,
255.255.224.0. 255 ( ),
0.0.31.255. . ,
; ,
. ,
255.255.255.240 16 ( ). 16
, , 0.0.0.15.
. .
22.
947
host
, ACL,
,
. , .
, IP" (, 172.30.16.29;
. 22.9), , , ..
(0.0.0.0).
IP , :
172.30.16.29
: 0.0.0.0
( )
. 22.9. host
host, "
Cisco IOS, . "
, 172.30.16.29 0.0.0.0
host.
,
Router(config)# accesslist 1 permit 172.30.16.29 0.0.0.0
Router(config)# accesslist 1 permit host 172.30.16.29
show ip interface "
, . "
22.2. 9 10:
Ethernet 0 "
10, .
22.2. show ip interface
948
II. CCNA2:
"
, ,
Internet". ACL "
permit () deny (), "
. "
. "
ACL
.
ACL
"
, . 22.10.
, "
(, IP) "
, .
, , E0 Fa0/0,
.
. ,
( ).
(permit), ,
22.
949
. "
(deny), .
ACL :
Router(config)# accesslist accesslistnumber {permit | deny |
remark} source [sourcewildcard] [log]
IP?
ACL
?
ACL?
ACL?
. 22.10.
remark , "
. "
" .
, , "
:
access-list 1 permit 171.69.2.88
, "
, , .
accesslist 1 remark Permit only Howard workstation though
ACL 1 171.69.2.88
access-list 1 permit 171.69.2.88
II. CCNA2:
950
( : ACL 1 "
171.69.2.88.)
no:
Router(config)# no accesslist number
. 22.2 , "
.
access-list "
1 99. 22.3 ,
4 ; 2.
, (..
) ,
ACL, ( "
).
22.3.
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
2
2
2
2
deny 172.16.1.1
permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
deny 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255
permit 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255
, "
( , ). "
, ,
0.0.0.0. ACL IP" """"
172.16.1.1.
192.168.1.0, .. "
, 192.168.1.
" 172.16.0.0, "
, 10., ..
10.0.0.0.
ip access-group
. , ,
. "
:
Router(config)# ip accessgroup {in | out}
22.
951
22.2.
number
.
1 99 1300 1999
deny
permit
source
, .
" :
32" " ,
;
any
0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
sourcewilcard
( ) .
"
:
32" " ,
; " ,
;
any
0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
log
( ) . ,
(logging message)
, .
. ( , ,
logging console.)
:
, , ,
.
, ,
; ,
.
ip access-list log-update
,
.
ip access-list log-update
Web" Cisco
www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios120/12
cgcr/cbkixol.htm.
,
.
"
,
ACL
II. CCNA2:
952
22.2.1a.
ACL,
.
22.2.1b.
, "
, "
. ACL , ,
.
(extended access control list extended
ACL) , ,
.
, . "
, .
. 22.11.
ACL
?
ACL?
ACL?
?
ACL?
. 22.11.
22.
953
, , ,
.
, ,
Fa0/0 S0/0
Web". ,
" , ,
.
, . "
, ;
,
. , ACL "
HTTP, FTP.
access-list
:
Router(config)# accesslist accesslistnumber [dynamic dynamicname
[timeout minutes]] {permit | deny} protocol source [sourcewildcard
destination destination-wildcard] [precedence precedence] [tos tos]
[log | loginput] [ timerange timerangename] established
[fragments]
no
. , , "
no :
Router(config)# no accesslist accesslistnumber
, .
, "
, . 22.3.
22.3.
access-list-number
.
100 199 2000 2699
dynamic dynamic-name
( )
ACL.
(lock"and"key). (
Cisco IOS Security Configuration
Guide)
954
II. CCNA2:
. 22.3
timeout minutes
( )
,
ACL. ,
. (
Cisco IOS
Security Configuration Guide)
deny
permit
protocol
Internet.
: eigrp, gre,
icmp, igmp, igrp, ip, ipinip, nos, ospf, pim, tcp, udp
0 255,
Internet". Internet"
( ICMP, TCP UDP)
ip.
source
, .
" :
32" "
, ;
any
0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255; host
0.0.0.0
source-wildcard
. "
, ,
; "
,
.
"
:
32" "
, ; ,
,
;
any
0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255;
host
0.0.0.0.
22.
955
. 22.3
1
(.. )
. ,
0.255.0.64
destination
, .
" :
32" "
, ;
any
0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255; host
0.0.0.0
destination-wildcard
.
" :
32" "
, ; ,
,
;
any
0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255; host
0.0.0.0
precedence precedence
( )
(precedence),
0 7.
(Quality of Service """" QoS)
tos tos
( )
(Type of Service ToS),
0 15.
(Quality of Service """" QoS)
log
( ) . ,
(logging message) ,
; .
( , ,
logging console.)
:
, ,
, .
, ,
;
956
II. CCNA2:
. 22.3
,
.
ip access-list log-update
,
.
ip access-list log-update
Web" Cisco
www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/
ios120/12cgcr/cbkixol.htm.
,
.
"
.
ACL
log-input
( )
MAC"
(Virtual Circuit VC)
timerange timerangename
( )
ACL. (
)
time-range
icmp-type
( ) ICMP"
ICMP".
0 255
icmp-code
( ) ICMP"
ICMP".
0 255
icmp-message
( ) ICMP"
ICMP"
" ICMP"
igmp-type
( ) IGMP"
IGMP".
0 15
operator
( )
/ .
lt (less than , ), gt (, ), eq
(), neq ( ) range (.. ,
).
, .
, .
22.
957
. 22.3
range
.
port
( )
TCP" UDP".
"""" 0 65 535.
TCP"
TCP. UDP"
UDP"
established
( )
TCP":
. TCP" ACK, FIN, PSH, RST
URG"
.
,
TCP", ,
fragments
( )
(.. , ) ;
.
,
, . 22.4.
, "
. .
,
ACL . 22.3
, , telnet", ftp"
FTP "
172.16.6.0 .
22.4.
"
, , "
, . "
. .
958
II. CCNA2:
Internet (Internet Control Message
Protocol ICMP).
(Internet Group Management Pro"
tocol IGMP).
(Transmission Control Protocol """" TCP).
(User Data Protocol """" UDP).
.
:
ICMP
ACL ICMP :
accesslist accesslistnumber [dynamic dynamicname [timeout minutes]] {deny |
permit} icmp source sourcewildcard destination destinationwildcard [ icmptype
[ icmpcode] | icmpmessage] [precedence precedence] [tos tos] [log | loginput]
[timerange timerangename] [fragments]
IGMP
ACL IGMP :
accesslist accesslistnumber [dynamic dynamicname [timeout minutes]] {deny |
permit} igmp source sourcewildcard destination destinationwildcard [igmptype]
[precedence precedence] [tos tos] [log | loginput] [timerange timerangename]
[fragments]
TCP
ACL TCP :
accesslist accesslistnumber [dynamic dynamicname [timeout minutes]] {deny |
permit} tcp source sourcewildcard [operator [port]]
destination destinationwildcard [operator [port]] [established]
[precedence precedence] [tos tos] [log | loginput] [timerange timerangename]
[fragments]
UDP
ACL UDP :
accesslist accesslistnumber [dynamic dynamicname [timeout minutes]] {deny |
permit} udp source sourcewildcard [operator [port]]
destination destinationwildcard [operator [port]] [precedence precedence]
[tos tos] [log | loginput] [timerange timerangename] [fragments]
ACL
,
(deny). ,
(.. ) !
TCP UDP,
, (. 22.12).
22.
959
F
T
P
T
e
l
n
e
t
S
M
T
P
D
N
S
T
F
T
P
S
N
M
P
R
I
P
21
23
25
53
69
161
520
TCP
UDP
. 22.12.
. 22.4 UDP TCP.
22.4. TCP UDP
1-4
RJE
ECHO
DISCARD
11
USERS
13
DAYTIME
15
NETSTAT
17
QUOTE
19
CHARGEN
20
FTP!DATA
FTP ()
21
FTP
FTP
23
TELNET
25
SMTP
SMTP
53
DOMAIN
DNS
69
TFTP
TFTP
80
HTTP
(WWW)
960
II. CCNA2:
ip access-group ,
.
, , . 22.13.
:
Router(configif)# ip accessgroup access-list-number {in | out}
IP
IPX
AppleTalk
IP
IPX
AppleTalk
. 22.13.
22.2.1a.
,
,
. ACL ,
, .
22.2.1b.
ACL,
, .
Cisco IOS 11.2;
.
:
;
99 100
;
.
ip
access-list.
:
ip accesslist {extended | standard} name
22.
961
ACL:
Router(config-std-nacl)#
Router(config-ext-nacl)#
"
( ) . "
:
Router(config-std-nacl)#permit | deny
{source [source-wildcard]| any [log]
! ACL:
Rt(config)# ip accesslist extended serveraccess
Rt(config-ext-nacl)# permit tcp any host 131.108.101.99 eq smtp
Rt(config-ext-nacl)# permit udp any host 131.108.101.99 eq domain
Rt(config-ext-nacl)# deny ip any any log
Rt(config-ext-nacl)# ^Z
! ACL :
Rt(config)# interface fastethernet0/0
Rt(config-if)# ip accessgroup serveraccess out
Rt(config-if)# ^Z
server"
access ( );
Fast Ethernet 0/0. "
DNS; "
.
"
, ,
22.6.
962
II. CCNA2:
22.6.
, :
Cisco IOS 11.2;
"
. ,
George ().
, 20.7, "
Internetfilter "
marketing_group.
0/5, IP".
(Ethernet 0/5).
22.
963
22.7.
. . .
ip accesslist standard Internetfilter
permit 1.2.3.4
deny any
ip accesslist extended marketing_group
permit tcp any 171.69.0.0 0.255.255.255 eq telnet
deny tcp any any
deny udp any 171.69.0.0 0.255.255.255 lt 1024
deny ip any log
interface Ethernet0/5
ip address 2.0.5.1 255.255.255.0
ip accessgroup Internetfilter out
ip accessgroup marketing_group in
22.2.3.
, "
, "
. ACL ,
.
22.2.3b.
DMZ
DMZ (DeMilitarized Zone """" )4.
22.2.3.
( )
ACL, "
Internet "
.
,
.
, , .
, , "
.
, "
.
, , "
telnet" FTP" E1
4
""
, , . . .
II. CCNA2:
964
, . 22.14.
. "
. ,
,
, . "
To0 "
A, Ethernet"
A
. "
A . (.. ,
"
) .
"
, . "
,
. ,
A , "
Fa0/0 .
!
.
,
.
Fa0/0
s0
s0
s1
s1
ACL
Fa0/0
Fa0/0
Fa0/0
Fa0/1
To0
Token
Ring
ACL
. 22.14.
22.
965
,
Turbo ACL.
. Turbo ACL
, "
.
: ACL
"
.
"""" , "
"
. "
Internet , .
, "
,
. . 22.15.
Internet
. 22.15.
, , ,
Internet, (exterior router).
(application gateway5). , "
, (interior).
. , "
, . , "
Internet
5
,
. . .
966
II. CCNA2:
. "
, "
,
.
,
.
,
(firewall)
, , Internet.
,
.
, ,
, "
.
"
(border routers), .. ,
, .
"
, .
"
, "
.
, , ,
.
,
. ,
. , ACL,
telnet",
telnet", .
, , Fa0/0 S0/0, "
, vty.
5 vty, 0
4, . 22.16.
"
,
. , , "
,
22.
967
,
.
vty" "
;
. telnet
, "
vty" .
,
, .
Ethernet 0
0 1 2 3 4
(vty 04)
. 22.16. vty
, ACL ( "
), vty"
access-class access-group.
, 22.8.
22.8. ACL
! :
!
Rt1(config)# accesslist 2 permit 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.255
Rt1(config)# accesslist 2 permit 172.16.2.0 0.0.0.255
Rt1(config)# accesslist 2 deny any
! :
Rt1(config)# line vty 0 4
Rt1(config)# login
Rt1(config)# password secret
Rt1(config)# accessclass 2 in
ACL "
:
;
II. CCNA2:
968
;
"
,
.
22.2.6.
ACL, "
Internet "
.
:
:
;
;
"
;
, "
,
, , Internet;
;
Cisco
, , ;
;
: """" , """"
;
.
access-group;
( )
IP".
,
", : "
(e"Lab), , "
(PhotoZoom).
, .
22.
969
(bit bucket) (
) .
(firewall) """" , , "
,
. "
.
(exterior router) """" "
, Internet. "
.
(interior router) """" , "
.
. "
: , .
(border router) """" ,
"
.
(named ACL) """"
,
.
(queue) """" , "
, ,
, , "
. , ,
: "
, , ..
(Extended Access Control List Extended
ACL) """" , "
, , "
.
(Access Control List ACL) """"
, , "
.
(Standard Access Control List Standard
ACL) """" ,
.
970
II. CCNA2:
, ,
, . "
, .
1. ACL
, "
Internet, "
?
) .
) .
2. ACL :
) Accessibility Control List ( ).
) Accountability Control list ( ).
) Assessment Control List ( ).
) Access Control List ( ).
3. (ACL)
IP" ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
4. (ACL)
IP" , IP" ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
5. (ACL) "
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
22.
971
6. "
(ACL)?
) Internet.
) .
) .
) .
7. ,
?
) ip accesslist.
) ip accessclass.
) ip accessgroup.
) accessclass.
8. , "
ACL?
) show
) show
) show
) show
runningconfig.
ip protocols.
ip interface.
ip network.
9. , "
"
?
) Router# accesslist accesslistnumber {permit | deny}
{test conditions}.
) Router(config)# accesslist accesslistnumber {permit |
deny} {test conditions}.
) Router(configif)# accesslist accesslistnumber
{permit | deny} {test conditions}.
) .
10. IP" "
, IP"
, , "
?
) .
) .
972
II. CCNA2:
11. "
?
) .
) ", " " .
) ", " " .
) , .
12.
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
13. :
access-list 1 permit 204.211.19.162 0.0.0.0?
) .
) .
) .
) "".
III
...
;
,
,
;
,
,
;
(Telecommunications Industry
Association TIA),
(Electronics Industries Association
EIA),
(European Committee for
Electrotechnical Standardization)
(International Organization for
Standardization ISO);
;
,
,
;
;
.
III.
976
,
:
,
. 977,
, . 977,
, . 977,
, . 978,
, . 981,
, . 982,
, . 982,
, . 985,
, . 988,
, . 990,
,
. 990,
, . 990,
, . 991,
,
. 991,
, . 994,
CENELEC, . 1000,
, . 1006,
, . 1006,
,
. 1006,
, . 1007,
, . 1010,
, . 1024,
, . 1025,
, . 1032,
, . 1055.
:
, ;
;
;
;
;
;
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
977
,
(structured cabling system)
,
(demarcation point),
(work area).
.
,
, :
;
;
;
;
;
;
, ;
(Tele
communications Industry Association TIA),
(Electronics Industries Association EIA);
(International Organization for Standardization ISO);
;
.
.
, ,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
, ,
.
978
III.
.
,
. 5 6
, ,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
:
,
, Web- www.panduit.com
Rules of Structured Cabling (
).
(. .1).
.
:
(demarcation point demarc);
(Telecommunications Room TR);
,
;
, !
;
;
;
.
(demarc) ,
.
979
. .1.
980
III.
,
,
.
,
.
.
, .
(, , .).
,
(.. ), ,
, ,
.
(Local Area Network LAN),
, .
,
.
,
, , ,
.
,
, 20%.
. (,
, )
.
,
: ()
. ,
.
, ,
.
981
,
. (
),
. ,
.
Internet!
(Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP).
.
,
. , , ,
, IP
,
. ,
, , ,
IP
.
, ,
,
.
.
,
. ,
, . .2.
(demarc ) ,
( .3).
.
(Point of Presence POP) ,
, .
,
. ,
,
.
,
15 1
.
.
1
49,2 .
III.
982
. .2.
. .3.
983
,
.
20 2 2 1 2
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
, (Equipment Room ER).
, ,
. ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
Internet .
TIA/EIA569A.
(Telecommunication
Rooms TR), (. .4).
. .4.
215,3 .
III.
984
(patch panel)
() ,
(. .5).
. .5. Panduit
:
,
( , !) ,
.
48 3 ,
, ;
,
(1 4),
.
( 55,9 5),
;
18,2 .
3 .
5 22 .
4
985
,
( ), ,
( 76,2 6).
: 1,80,740,66 7.
. ,
,
. ,
,
, ,
, .
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
, ,
.
, . .6.
90 8. 90
.
:
, . ,
.
,
.
, ,
.
6
28,6 .
216,5 5,9 2,4 .
8 295 .
7
III.
986
9.
(
, ).
= 60
10m
B
100
102
A
103
101
127
112
121
118
124
108
104
116
113
109
119
128
110
105
114
120
117
125
115
129
122
106
111
126
123
POP
107
. .6.
TIA/EIA568 , 5 10
, 5
.
10 (permanent link)
. ,
90
10 (patch cord).
, ,
.
,
, , .
. , ,
.
, ,
60 70 ( 100 ,
9
!
, ; !
. !!!! . .
10 16,4 .
987
!). ,
100 .
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
TIA/EIA568B.1, 5 .
(patch panel).
( , , )
. T568A,
T568.
, T568,
T568.
(Unshielded TwistedPair UTP),
(Shielded TwistedPair STP) .
UTP.
RJ45, RJ45.
,
.
. ,
,
,
,
.
, ,
. ,
. ,
;
.
, , ,
, ,
, .
. ,
,
III.
988
, , ,
!
(. .7) .
, (straightthrough),
. , 1
1 , 2, ,
2 , ..
.
. .7.
(crossover).
T568A, T568.
.1.
T568A, T568 RJ45 USOC,
, , 5.
,
.
.
. ,
.
, .
989
,
, , ,
.
,
(. .8).
. .8.
Panduit
,
.
,
.
, . .9. ,
,
,
.
. ,
: , ,
.
III.
990
HC
IC
MC
HC
IC
HC
IC
IC
HC
. .9. ,
.
(Main Crossconnect MC).
.
, ,
. !
(Intermediate Crossconnect IC) ,
. (Horizontal Crossconnect HC)
.
.
. ,
(
).
, .
991
. ,
,
, .
,
;
.
,
.
,
.
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
( . .9)
.
, .
. .9 .
. ,
,
, , : ,
.
, .
,
,
. , , 1000 ,
2000 3000
.
,
.
, ( )
( ,
)
.
III.
992
, ,
, .
,
.
WA
TR
90
X HC
WA
XHC
TR
WA
4& UTP/ScTP
4& UTP/ScTP ,
. .10.
.2. 5
, ,
5 ,
.
, ,
.
, .
( ) .
,
, ,
. ,
, .
( ,
).
( )
( ).
993
.
.
, . ,
;
3000 11. ,
,
, .
300 12. ,
2700 13.
. ,
. ,
,
.
. ,
, ,
.
.
: ,
.
2000 , 3000 . ,
, ,
(,
100 ),
,
.
11
9842,4 .
984 .
13 8855 .
12
III.
994
,
.
, (Multiuser Telecommunications Outlet
Assemblies !!!! MUTOA).
TIA/EIA568B.1,
.
,
, , ..
(. .11).
,
.
,
, ( )
. , , ,
.
.
,
.
(. .12).
,
.
, ,
, .
TIA/EIA568B.1
:
;
12 ;
;
22 14.
14
72,2 .
995
MUTO
. .11.
. .12.
,
. ,
, .
,
, .
,
, ,
.
.
III.
996
TIA/EIA569 :
;
12
;
15.
,
TIA/EIA568B.1 ,
15 .
.
,
,
. .
,
.
:
, ,
;
, ,
;
,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
.
? , ,
.
,
.
15
16,4 .
997
, ,
,
,
. ,
,
.
, , ,
.
,
.
, .
, IEEE, ISO IEC16, .
,
.
, , ,
.
,
, .
,
, . ,
.
(Telecommunications Industry Asso
ciation TIA) (Electronics Industries
Association EIA) ,
,
(..13).
!
16
III.
998
,
,
. .13. TIA/EIA
999
(American National Standards Institute ANSI, 6.2.7) ,
. ,
ANSI/TIA/EIA.
TIA/EIA ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
(. .14).
TIA/EIA&568&A
TIA/EIA&568&B
TIA/EIA&569&A
TIA/EIA&570&A
TIA/EIA&606
TIA/EIA&607
. .14. TIA/EIA
TIA/EIA 568A
.
,
,
,
.
TIA/EIA 568B
.
. TIA/EIA 568B.1
,
.
III.
1000
TIA/EIA 568B.1.1 ,
(Unshielded TwistedPair UTP) (Screened TwistedPair ScTP),
.
TIA/EIA 568B.1.1 ,
,
, .
TIA/EIA 568B.2.1 ,
6.
TIA/EIA 568B.3.
.
TIA/EIA 569 ,
.
,
, .
TIA/EIA 606
. ,
.
,
.
TIA/EIA 607 ,
.
, ,
.
,
,
,
.
CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization !!!! !
)
1973 .
. 35000
19 ,
.
83/189/ . CENELEC
ISO .
1001
CENELEC Web-
www.cenelec.org.
(International Electrotechnical Commission IEC)
, .
,
. ,
,
1996 .
,
,
.
, ,
. , , ,
, ,
, , .
(International Organization for Stan!
dardization !!!! ISO) ,
140 . , ,
(American National Standards Institute ANSI)
. ISO ,
, .
,
.
ISO ,
(Open Systems Interconnection OSI) ,
.
,
, . ,
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
(Council of American Building
1002
III.
17 , , ,
, . , , !
, !!!! !
. !!!! . .
1003
. ,
,
. , , ,
.
!
, .
, ,
, .
10 /
1000 / , .
.
, .
TIA/EIA 568-B.2.
100 3, 5 6.
5 ,
, ,
. 5
.
6
, ,
, .
5
, 13 18
. (UTP)
.
,
, .
(patch cord)
5
19.
18
19
0,5 .
16,4 19,7 .
III.
1004
: 3
5 .
90 .
MUTOA,
; ,
, 20 (. .15).
MUTOA ,
15
, .
,
,
F
G
H
I
90 (295 )
G+H
. .15.
,
.
:
.
.
.
, ,
, ,
,
.
6 7
. 6 ,
.
5 6 ,
. 6
20
328,1 .
1005
, ,
. ,
,
(Screened Twisted-Pair ScTP).
, 7
.
,
. .
.
, :
IP IP
, ,
, ;
, Ethernet
10 /;
Metro Ethernet,
,
.
Ethernet (Power over Ethernet PoE)
. PoE
,
Ethernet . , ,
IP
,
.
,
. ,
,
.
:
;
;
;
.
1006
III.
,
.
, ,
(Occupational Safety and
Health Administration !!!! OSHA). 1971
,
, ,
40 . , ,
:
65 3,5 ,
105 ,
6,9 .
!
(OSHA) Web
www.osha.gov.
OSHA
.
.
OSHA ,
,
. ,
,
OSHA.
,
Web.
MSDS
(Material Safety Data Sheet !!!! MSDS)
, ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
,
, , ,
,
, .
1007
Web www.ul.com.
,
.
,
.
UL
, .
,
,
, , Level I, LVL I LEV I.
,
(National Electrical Code !!!! NEC),
,
.
(National Fire Protection Association NFPA)
(American National Stan
dards Institute ANSI). .
III.
1008
!
(NFPA) Web www.nfpa.org/Home/index.asp.
, UL, ,
.
NEC ,
.
NEC
NEC
.
(. .1).
.1. NEC
OFC ( )
OFN ( )
CMP ( )
,
. ,
,
, ,
(Teflon). P ,
CMR ( )
R ,
,
CMP,
.
,
.
( ) ,
. CMR
(PVC)
CM (communications ) MP (multi
purpose ).
. CL2 CL3
(powerlimited circuit cable), Class 2 Class 3 ( 2
3 ). CM MP,
1009
, , ,
.
(
) , .
, MP ,
CM, CL2 CL3 .
, .
, ,
, .
,
.
,
,
.
,
. , ,
. , ,
, : 100 240 .
, , ,
. ,
, ,
, .
,
. ,
, .
:
.
,
.
, ,
.
III.
1010
(entrance point).
.
(.. ). ,
,
.
. , ,
.
.
.
,
, , .
. :
, ,
.
,
, ,
, .
( )
.
,
. .
, ,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
1011
.
:
, .
, , .
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
, .. ,
.
. (
) ,
. ,
.
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
. , ,
, ,
, .
,
.
(. .16).
, , ,
.
III.
1012
&
6 AWG
. .16.
,
, :
;
;
.
:
;
;
.
NEC (National Electrical Code
)
. TIA EIA, TIA/EIA607 (
),
.
.
,
,
. ,
.
1013
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
,
. ,
, .
! ,
, .
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
,
. ,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
(polyvinyl chlorid
PVC) . ,
. NEC ,
15 .
,
, .
1014
III.
,
.
,
, .
, , ,
, .
, ,
,
. ,
(Teflon, Halar).
, ,
.
,
. (
, ladder) , ,
, .
: .
, ,
, , ,
ANSI, UL
, ,
.
,
. ,
, .
,
.
,
,
, ,
, .
.
.
, , .
,
, ,
.
!
1015
,
.
4:1, ..
( )
0,25
. ,
, .
,
.
, , , ,
..
.
, ,
, .
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
;
.
,
.
, ,
.
;
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
III.
1016
.
.
, ,
, ,
.
!
: , ,
(Stop, Drop and Roll).
! ! ,
. , :
( , , ), ..
( ) (
, ).
: , .
, ,
;
. ; .
(,
, ) , , , ,
, .
,
, , , ,
,
.
,
, , ,
,
. , ,
,
, .
D
, : , , .
,
, (.. ).
1017
, ,
.
.
,
. , , ,
(gear)
.
,
, ..; ,
(),
.
.
,
( !).
,
.
: .
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
,
, ,
, , , ,
, .. (. .17).
, , ,
.
,
. , ,
. ,
, .
,
III.
1018
, .
,
.
. .17.
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
. , ,
,
.
,
. OSHA ( )
,
.
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
1019
, ,
.
, .
:
;
( 21) ;
;
.
.
, ,
UTP Panduit22 (. .18).
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
(..19).
,
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
, , .
21 , !
, . !!!!
. !!!! . .
22 Panduit ! Cisco
(Voice and Data Ca
bling), . !!!! . .
1020
III.
. .18.
UTP Panduit
,
,
.
,
22 26 ( ,
).
. .19.
1021
(termination tools),
, .
UTP,
(. .20).
.
:
;
,
;
;
, ;
(CUT Circuit Under Test)
,
;
;
,
.
, (. .21),
, ,
, , 66
110. ,
.
, ,
.
.3. (
, ,
, .
.
(
), . .22.
.
, ,
; , ,
III.
1022
, .
: .
. .20.
Pandiut
. .21.
Pandiut
. .22.
, ,
, .
,
.
,
, , , ,
.
15 ,
(.. , ,
).
( ), ,
30 .
1023
(. .23).
, , ,
. ,
, .., , ,
. ,
,
100 .
.
. .23.
, ,
.
,
(. .24). ,
.
, ; ,
, .
. , ,
,
.
,
.
III.
1024
. .24.
,
(. .25).
.
,
, .
!
, , ,
.
( ); ,
,
.
,
, , ,
( ) :
( ),
, ..
(. .26).
,
. ,
.
1025
. .25.
. .26.
, ,
23. ,
; ,
, (
).
23
. !!!!
. .
1026
III.
,
.
, ,
. ,
.
,
,
.
,
.
. ,
30 ( 1 ),
. , ,
, ,
.
, , ,
,
,
.
,
(, )
. ,
.
(. .27).
, .
45 ,
.
, :
; ,
,
.
, .
( Kellem grip)
,
(. .28). ,
1027
15 (, ),
.
(.. ),
. ,
.
, .
. .27.
. .28. ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
. , ,
, .. .
, ,
, .
III.
1028
,
,
.
, ,
. ,
, .
,
:
;
;
;
;
.
, : ,
, .
.
.
, , , , ..
. ,
, .
. ,
.
.
. , ,
, ,
,
.
, .
,
.
1029
(
), :
.
.
.
,
, ,
.
, , .
,
, .
,
.
, , ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
, , .
,
. (.. )
,
.
.4.
,
.
,
(HC) .
, .
:
;
;
III.
1030
;
.
,
,
.
.
, ,
, .
, ..
,
, (
).
, ,
.
,
. , ( )
40% .
,
,
,
. , ,
90 . :
30 24
90 . , .
, , 10 25 60 26.
, ,
, 400
; ( )
90 27.
, (. .29).
, ,
24
98 . !!!! . .
4 . !!!! . .
26 24 . !!!! . .
27 35 . !!!! . .
25
1031
, .
,
, ,
.
.
, .
:
, ( ). ,
( )
.
.
. .29.
(raceway) ,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
,
, (. .30).
,
.
,
, , .
III.
1032
. .30.
.
,
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
. ,
.
. :
, , J ..
.
,
.
.
,
,
1033
, (. .31). ,
,
,
( ).
,
, 1,5 28
.
. .31. ,
, .
,
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
, .
,
.
,
.
, , , ,
.
90 ,
,
.
28
4,9 . !!!! . .
III.
1034
, ,
, , .
,
.
.
, .
, ,
, .
,
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
!
!
, ,
.
, .
: ( )
, .
,
.
,
. .
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
, ,
.
, , .
1035
, ,
.
.
, .
,
.
!
,
, .
, ,
.
RJ45
:
1. 3045 .
. , :
,
. ( ) ,
.
;
2. ,
, ,
;
3. , 29,
, .
:
, ,
, ,
;
4.
. ,
,
. ,
.
, , .
29
. !!!! . .
1036
III.
,
.
:
1. ;
2.
. ,
30 ;
3.
;
4. ,
, , .
.
;
5. ,
, , .
!
.
,
, . ,
, .
, , .
.
,
. ,
( ).
,
.
.
.
30
, . !!!!
. .
1037
, :
1. , .
,
,
(.. ,
5 );
2. ,
. , "
.
, .
,
. "
.
, , "
.
, "
.
" :
"
, ,
.
,
. "
,
:
, "
. "
"
.
, "
.
, ; "
, , .
1"2 . (, "
),
III.
1038
,
.
.
.
. .32.
, .
; ,
,
.
.
, , ,
, .
.
,
( ,
). ;
.
,
. ,
, .
.
1. 3,2
.
2. ,
, .
3. .
1039
4. , ,
. 57 31
.
5. , ,
19 .
( ), ,
.
6.
.
7. , 6090 ,
, .
.
.
,
.
,
.
, .
, ,
.
, 10 ;
.
,
;
.
, .
, ,
(, ..)
.
,
.
,
, ,
.
31
. !!!! . .
III.
1040
()
. .33.
. ,
.
, .
(.. ),
,
(. .34). , ,
, , ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
, .
,
.
, .
, ,
.
. ,
,
, (. .35).
1041
. .34.
. .35.
25?30 , ,
. ,
. ,
III.
1042
.
. .
,
.
.
,
, ,
.
, , ,
,
.
,
.
,
.
, , ,
.
.
,
.
,
, , .
,
, , , .
,
, .
, .
.
,
,
.
,
, .
1043
,
,
,
. , .
.
, , .
,
, , .
,
, ,
, , , .
,
, .. ,
.
(. .36).
. .36.
. .
, ,
,
, .
III.
1044
,
, .
,
, .
,
( ).
,
.
, ,
.
30 . ,
,
.
, ,
.
, , ,
.
.
,
.
(Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP),
.
:
1 /;
2 /;
3 /;
4 /.
4 5
. 4
7 8 .
,
: 568 568 (. .37).
.
2
3 1 4
2 1 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T568A
T568B
1045
568 568
. ,
.
, ,
.
, , ,
568 568,
. ,
, .
,
,
. ,
, !
, .
.
, , 2
. ,
RJ45 ( 2) 3 6,
1 2, , : 568
568.
RJ-45
RJ45 ,
(. .38).
568 568.
III.
1046
. .38. RJ!45
RJ45 ,
. ,
RJ11, 1 ,
4 5. 4 (
) 7 8. 2
3 .
568, 2 (
) 1 2, 3 (
) 3 6. 568
2 3, , 2
3 6, 3 1 2.
RJ45 ,
,
110.
.5. 5
,
,
568 5
.
110
110
,
(. .39). ,
.
, ,
. 110
,
.
,
1047
.
,
,
110.
. .39. 110
.6. 5 110
5
110,
110.
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
, TIA/EIA.
1
, .
,
, ,
23 . , .
,
, ,
(..
) (,
, ).
.
: ,
. ,
III.
1048
, ,
.
, 25
15 .
57 ,
. .
,
1,5 .
(. .40).
. .40.
, 15 20
. , .
,
;
,
. , ,
,
,
, , ..
,
.
.
, (punch
down tool) . ,
,
1049
,
( .41).
. .41.
,
;
.
,
.
(insulation displacement),
.
,
. ,
,
,
, .
.
, 110, ,
, .
. 110
.
, .
,
(. .42).
:
, ..,
;
III.
1050
:
,
;
:
;
,
;
, ,
, .
. .42. Panduit
. ,
. TIA/EIA606 ,
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
( ).
() ,
,
,
.
,
, ,
1051
.
, ,
. ,
, ( ) .
, , , .
, (
), ,
, 60 .
, .
,
.
.
;
,
. !
, ;
,
.
,
.
: ,
, 60 90 .
,
, . ,
, ,
. .
, ,
,
.
.
, ,
, .
, .
, , :
;
(timedomain reflectometer
TDR);
III.
1052
;
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
. ,
. ,
, , .
, ,
TIA/EIA568B.1.
(. .43).
.
.
, ,
,
.
. ,
.
. .
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
1053
G/W
G/W
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
O/W
8
B/W
B/W
G/W
G/W
O/W
O/W
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
B/W
O/W
8
B/W
B/W /&
O/W /&
G/W /&
. .43. ,
,
, (. . 44).
; ,
, .
1
. .44.
III.
1054
, ,
.
,
.
:
, ,
. ,
,
32.
(
), ,
.
, ,
, .
,
(Ring),
(Tip). : + (. . 45).
1
. .45.
, RJ45
.
, (. .46).
( ).
32
( ),
. !!!! . .
1055
. ,
,
. , , ,
.
, .
.
1
. .46.
.
,
, .
, RJ45
.
(TimeDomain Reflectometer TDR)
,
(), , .
:
.
, . ;
, . ,
, ,
, .
.
,
, .
TDR ,
1056
III.
,
.
.
. ,
,
. ,
: ?
?
?
,
.
, .
,
ANSI/TIA/EIA568B ( .47).
,
.
(nearend crosstalk NEXT),
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
. ,
, ,
, .
. ,
.
, 5 100 ,
6 250 .
TIA/EIA568B.
,
.
1057
. .47.
Fluke Networks 4000
.7. 6
6
.
.
(baseline).
,
.
, ,
. , ,
,
.
. ,
, ,
.
,
; ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
.
1058
III.
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
.
,
. ,
.
. (, , )
. ,
.
(near(end crosstalk (((( NEXT).
,
.
. NEXT,
, .
NEXT.
(, Gigabit Ethernet),
,
.
.
(Attenuation(to Crosstalk Ratio ((((
ACR). ,
NEXT .
(SNR), .
,
,
.
ACR. ,
,
, ACR .
,
;
.
(Equal(level far(end crosstalk ((((
ELFEXT)
( ).
1059
,
.
ELFEXT. ,
,
,
.
(return loss). ,
,
, , ,
, ..
.
(Propagation Delay).
.
, ,
(TDR).
( ),
.
(Delay skew).
, ,
, ,
.
.
, ,
. , ,
.
:
. :
.
:
,
,
.
.
:
. , ,
,
III.
1060
.
,
,
(. .48).
. .48.
( ),
.
.
, TIA/EIA568B.1.
,
.
, , .
,
,
, .
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
(. .49).
.
PASS
Worst Pair
ACR (dB)
Freq, (MHz)
Limit (dB)
Worst Pair
PSACR (dB)
Freq, (MHz)
Limit (dB)
PASS
Worst Pair
RL (dB)
Freq, (MHz)
Limit (dB)
MAIN
36&45
18,2
214,5
8,2
45
16,0
250,0
5,7
MAIN
45
17,4
244,0
10,1
SR
36&45
71,7
3,5
61,8
36
13,2
240,0
2,0
SR
12
26,0
7,3
21,0
MAIN
36&45
15,2
250,0
4,8
45
13,0
248,5
2,2
MAIN
45
17,4
244,0
10,1
SR
12&45
16,5
248,0
4,8
36
13,2
250,0
2,0
SR
45
20,2
174,0
11,5
100BASE&T4
ATM&51
TR&4
dB
100
1061
dB
100
ACR
80
60
80
60
40
40
20
20
0
dB
60
50
40
30
Frequency (MHz)
350
dB
60
50
40
30
RL
20
10
0
Frequency (MHz)
350
RL & Remote
20
Frequency (MHz)
350
10
0
Frequency (MHz)
350
. .49.
,
,
.
,
. ,
.
,
. ,
,
.
, .
,
, .
, ,
,
, .
,
.
,
, .
,
.
,
,
III.
1062
,
.
, ,
,
,
, ,
, .
.
, ,
.
.
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
:
. ,
;
;
, , ,
.
;
,
, , ,
.
.
,
2002 ,
. ,
1063
,
,
. , ,
,
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
:
, , , ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
( , ).
, , ,
.
33
.
, , ,
. ,
.
:
(site survey);
;
;
;
.
,
, (
) , .
33,
!
. !!!! . .
III.
1064
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
,
,
.
,
.
:
. ,
, , .
.
, .
.
.
,
( ), , .
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
. , ,
, ,
,
.
.
.
,
:
, ?
?
?
1065
(
)?
?
?
?
?
(blueprint),
, ,
(. .50).
, .
,
.
.
.
;
.
CER B1 B1
A1
CER A1
CER D1
D1
C1
CER C1
. .50.
III.
1066
, : ,
.
,
, , .
,
.
, ,
,
, (. .51).
.
,
DVC
&
. .51.
. .
,
. , ,
,
; ;
1067
34, ..
. .
0 ,
.
1 .
,
.
2 ,
.
3 ,
.
4 ,
,
.
5 ,
,
.
,
, .
.
,
, :
(site plan),
;
;
( );
( );
,
;
,
.
.
. ,
1000BASET, ,
Gigabit Ethernet .
34
1068
III.
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
, .
Web
(BICSI Building Industry Consulting Serv
ice International, Inc)35.
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
, .
,
, ,
,
.
, , ,
.
,
, , .
, , .
,
.
35
1977 , !
1973 . !!!! . .
1069
, ,
, .
, .
,
, , . ,
, , ,
.
, ,
,
.
.
,
.
.
, ,
;
, .
,
.
.
, ,
, , ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
, , ,
, .
,
,
.
.
1070
III.
. ,
.
, ,
;
. ,
,
. ,
. ,
(, ,
), ,
, ;
.
.
.
,
, (change order).
. ,
,
,
.
, ,
:
.
,
(order form),
. ,
,
, .
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
, , ,
(RFP Request For
Proposals); .
1071
, ,
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
, ,
.
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
, .
.
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
?
?
?
?
,
, ?
. ,
, , ,
, .
,
, .
.
.
.
III.
1072
,
.
,
,
.
,
, .
, ,
, .
,
, , .
,
(. .52).
2 &
1 &
1 &
Sunset
,
= 10
1 = 10
Cisco Systems
Cisco
. A.52.
1073
, ,
.
, ,
,
, .
,
.
,
; ,
,
.
,
(..53).
,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, .
.
. A.53.
(,
), ,
(, ,
..), (
), .. , ,
.
.
, , ,
.
III.
1074
:
FARB Software Development
. ,
, ,
,
.
, .
:
;
, ;
TIA, EIA
.
CCNA 3.1
, ,
. , ,
(Cheryl Farb),
FARB Software Development, Ltd.
, FARB Software Development
, .
,
.
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
(.. ),
.
.
, ,
.
1075
.
, LAN (VLAN)
(Spanning Tree Protocol STP),
.
.
,
,
. ,
.
.
.
; , ,
,
.
OSI,
( )
.
Ethernet, IP
,
, .
OSI.
.
.
,
, .
.
,
.
.
.
, , ,
,
.
III.
1076
, ,
.
,
,
, .
,
.
.
:
;
;
;
;
;
;
,
.
, ,
FARB Software Development, Ltd,
.
.
, .
,
(, ).
,
.
,
. ,
,
, .
,
,
.
.
, , ,
, .
1077
?
?
?
?
?
,
.
,
,
.
OSI
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
.
, , .
, :
;
;
;
TIA, EIA
.
,
, .
,
, . ,
EIA/TIA ISO/IEC.
, ,
:
III.
1078
,
, TIA/EIA.
(Telecommunications Industry Association TIA)
(Electronics Industries Association EIA)
,
.
1984 ,
. AT&T
.
TIA EIA
(American National Standards Institute ANSI), 6.2.7,
. ANSI/TIA/EIA
1079
.
TIA EIA ,
, , ()
.
TIA/EIA 568A
.
,
,
,
.
TIA/EIA 568B.
TIA/EIA 568B
. .
TIA/EIA 568B.1
,
. TIA/EIA 568B.1.1
,
(Unshielded TwistedPair UTP)
(Screened TwistedPair ScTP),
. TIA/EIA 568B.1.1
, ,
, .
TIA/EIA 568B.2.1 ,
6. TIA/EIA 568B.3.
.
TIA/EIA 569 ,
.
,
,
.
,
.
TIA/EIA 606
. ,
,
.
UL969,
, ..
,
.
TIA/EIA 607 ,
, , .
,
1080
III.
,
.
,
,
.
: TIA/EIA
TIA/EIA
Web- http://www.tiaonline.org.
,
. , , ,
.
(, , ) ,
.
, ,
.
.
.
, ;
. ,
,
. ,
.
,
,
.
(, ), ,
, ,
. ,
, .
, ,
,
,
,
. .
( )
.
1081
, ,
.
, ,
, .
.
:
;
, ,
, ;
,
;
,
,
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
, .
10 2
.
:
, , ,
, , ;
: , ,
,
;
.
TIA/EIA568B ,
.
(Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP) (Screened Twisted Pair
ScTP) 100 .
5 .
, :
III.
1082
FARB
, ,
, .
, , , .
Web, ,
,
.
FARB
.
,
.
: FARB
FARB
, ,
, , .
, FARB
,
:
.
,
. ,
,
.
:
,
, , ,
, , ,
,
, , .
1083
,
.
, .
, ,
FARB.
,
,
(Point of Presence PoP),
. ,
.
,
.
,
, .
.
FARB Software Development.
,
.
.
1. ,
FARB.
2. ,
.
.
3. .
4. ,
.
,
.
.
, ,
, .
,
, .
III.
1084
,
.
,
.
.
, (
).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.
.
.
.
,
:
;
;
;
;
.
, .
.
IP .
, :
;
;
;
.
.
,
.
1085
, ,
.
.
?
,
?
?
, IP,
?
,
?
1086
III.
(POP) ?
, ,
?
. 1.2 (.
), ?
?
.
.
, ,
, .
? (
.)
1087
3.1 3.2.
3.10,
, , 3.2?
,
. ?
,
. (, ),
.
,
, 16 (
). , 16
. , .
.
.
;
. ,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
,
.
, , 5 .
.
( ), , 1000
1088
III.
1000. ,
36.
.
,
. ,
, .
,
. , .
,
. , ,
,
.
, ,
. . , ,
,
, .
, , , .
,
.
,
. , ,
,
. ,
, .
, , .
: (Main Crossconnect
MC)
(Intermediate Crossconnects IC).
(Horizontal Crossconnects HC),
.
36
, , !
1000! . 1 30,48 . !!!! . .
1089
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
, .
, , . ,
, ,
, , .
, ,
, , , .
.
,
. , ,
(
), ,
.
.
,
.
,
.
; ,
, .
,
,
.
, ,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
1090
III.
,
, .
(, )
.
, ,
.
, .
(Telecommunications Industry Association !!!!
TIA) ,
.
(Electronics Industries Association !!!! EIA)
.
EIA TIA
, , TIA/EIA232.
(Main Cross!connect !!!! MC)
, .
. , ,
.
(Horizontal Cross!connect !!!! HC)
.
, ,
, ,
.
(Time!Domain Reflectometer !!!! TDR)
,
(), , .
:
.
, .
(Occupational Safety and Health
Administration OSHA). OSHA
. ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
1091
,
.
, .
,
: , , , ,
.
.
.
CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization !!!!
)
.
.
(patch panel)
,
.
.
,
.
(backbone)
.
, ,
,
.
(Multiuser Telecommunications Outlet Assemblies !!!!
MUTOA) ,
.
.
,
,
.
, , ,
.
(American National Standards
Institute !!!! ANSI) !!!! ,
,
, .
,
. ,
1092
III.
, , ,
.
(crosstalk)
. ,
.
(plenum) ,
.
(Intermediate Cross!connect !!!! IC)
,
.
.
(work area) ,
, .
(National Electrical Code !!!!
NEC) ,
,
.
(National Fire Protection Association NFPA)
(American National
Standards Institute ANSI).
( ) ,
. .
(patch cord)
, .
(Material Safety Data Sheet !!!! MSDS)
,
, .
,
.
, (Structured Cabling System !!!! SCS)
, ,
, .
,
: ,
, .
(Telecommunications Room TR)
,
.
1093
, (demarc), ,
.
, (blueprint)
,
,
.
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1, 2, 3, 4. .
, ,
, ,
. /
. ;
,
.
8. .
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
.
.
A.
A.
.
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
.
.
.
.
, .
III.
1096
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
.
.
, .
5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
.
.
.
A.
.
.
.
.
.
A.
.
.
.
6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1097
III.
1098
7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.
.
.
.
, .
.
.
.
.
.
8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
.
.
.
, .
.
.
.
, , .
.
.
.
.
.
9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
1. .
2. .
1099
III.
1100
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
, .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
12
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
.
.
.
A.
A.
.
, .
A.
.
.
A, .
.
.
A.
A.
.
14
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1101
III.
1102
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
.
.
.
.
.
.
15
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
.
.
, .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
16
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
17
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
18
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
.
.
.
.
1103
III.
1104
20
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
21
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
22
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1105
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1. ?
.
2. ?
.
3. ?
,
.
4. ,
?
, , ,
.
5.
?
Internet.
.
6.
, IP,
?
,
,
.
7. ,
?
,
.
8.
?
1106
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
III.
,
.
(POP) ?
, ,
.
, ,
?
,
,
.
?
.
.
?
.
.
1.2 (. ),
? ?
.
1.2, 94 .
, ,
. ,
, .
, .
.
.
, ,
,
.
? ( .)
2.31, 3.10
.
2.7.
1107
1 ,
; .
. .
1110
III.
1111
1112
III.
1113
E Internet
(Internet Engineering Task Force IETF)
. ,
Internet.
(active hub)
( ),
.
(Shortest Path First SPF algorithm)
,
SPF.
(NRZI nonreturn to zero
inverted) ,
( 0 )
.
,
.
(NRZ nonreturn to zero) ,
( 0 ) .
.
.
( ) ()
.
(American standard code for infor
mation interchange ASCII).
,
, .
(amplitude) ,
, .
(spectrum analyzer) ,
.
(.. ) .
(analog bandwidth)
.
,
.
1114
III.
1115
.
(
) (
).
,
.
, . , ,
.
(Virtual Private Network VPN) ,
, , ,
Internet.
(exterior routes) , ,
.
(alien crosstalk) , ,
.
(exterior router)
, Internet.
.
(Extranet) (Intranet)
,
.
(interior routes)
, .
,
IGRP .
(interior router) ,
.
.
: , .
(Intranet) LAN. Intranet
, ,
.
(backoff) ,
.
(wave) .
(uptime) ,
.
(insertion loss)
.
1116
III.
(hertz) ,
.
(). 1 .
.
.
(/). .
.
10G Ethernet 10 /.
. ,
HTML Web .
.
(Main Crossconnect MC)
, .
. , ,
.
(Horizontal Crossconnect HC)
.
, ,
, ,
.
(border router) ,
.
. 0 1,
( ).
(datagram) ,
. IP
Internet. , , ,
OSI .
(deencapsulation)
.
(decibel) ,
.
,
, ,
, .
1117
(dynamic routing)
,
.
.
.
(TimeDomain Reflectometer TDR) ,
(), ,
. :
.
, .
,
,
, (
) .
()
.
.
.
,
,
.
(BellmanFord).
(distance vector routing protocol)
,
.
,
, .
,
.
(BellmanFord).
() .
().
1118
III.
1119
1120
III.
1121
1122
III.
(trailer) ,
.
(hub) .
.
.
, ,
LAN.
(flooding) ,
, ,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
. ,
.
(localarea network LAN)
,
( ).
, ,
,
.
(backbone)
.
, ,
,
.
(Maximum Transmission Unit MTU)
,
.
(Manchester encoding)
, IEEE 802.3 Ethernet,
; 1
.
,
,
.
, .
(gateway),
.
1123
(routing)
.
,
.
,
,
.
AppleTalk,
IPX IP.
32 IP, IP
, . .
. .
(triggered update)
, ,
.
(). 1 048 576 ,
1 . .
.
.
(/). .
.
(). 1 .
(/). .
.
Ethernet 10 /.
(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCMCIA).
,
, PCMCIA ( PC). ,
,
.
(metric) ,
. ,
.
1124
III.
1125
1126
III.
(unicast) ,
.
,
;
.
(peertopeer communication) ,
OSI
.
(peertopeer network) ,
.
,
.
8 .
(, ) , ,
8 .
(randomaccess memory RAM) ,
,
.
, (backbone) ,
, .
. ,
, .
.
(Oscilloscope) ,
, , .
(DoS denialofservice)
, , .
(debugging) 2
.
, ,
( ), .
2 , ( . bug , , )
, ,
, .
. . .
1127
(queue) ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
: , , ..
(alignment error) ,
.
(range error) ,
(Length field),
, (Data
field) .
,
, , ()
.
. ,
OSI
.
(multicast) ,
.
(Randomaccess memory RAM).
,
. .
. ,
.
, , .
(token passing) ,
, , .
(crosstalk)
.
, , ,
.
(NEXT nearend crosstalk) ,
.
(FEXT farend crosstalk)
, ,
.
1128
III.
1129
. .
(Universal Serial Bus port USB port).
, , , ,
, ,
.
. ,
, .
(Readonly memory ROM).
, .
.
.
(CDROM). ,
.
(Floppy disk drive FDD). ,
.
(Hard disk drive HDD).
,
.
. , ,
.
Internet.
(Application) ,
.
FTP telnet.
(Intermediate Crossconnect IC) ,
.
.
(throughput) ,
.
(Trivial File Transfer Protocol TFTP)
FTP,
,
(, ).
1130
III.
1131
1132
III.
1133
1134
III.
1135
(segment). 1. , ,
. 2. TCP
OSI.
( ) ,
. .
(NIC). ,
.
(network layer) OSI.
.
.
Ethernet 10 / (10Gb Ethernet).
, LAN,
10 / Ethernet ,
,
.
Ethernet 10 /.
Internet. ,
. Internet , ,
.
Token Ring ,
. IBM.
Token Ring 4 16 /
.
(thicknet)
, 10BASE5.
500 .
(thinnet)
,
10BASE2. 185 ,
.
(StorageArea Network SAN)
,
.
(Acknowledgment) ,
, , (,
). ACK.
1136
III.
(simplex) ,
.
.
(sine waves)
, ,
, , , ,
.
(system routes) ,
. Cisco IOS
, IGRP
.
.
. .
telnet
TCP/IP. telnet
, .
RFC 854.
.
,
.
(cellswitched service)
, ,
.
.
(adjacent neighbor)
,
.
(delay skew)
.
.
(patch cord)
, .
1137
1138
III.
1139
1140
III.
1141
1142
III.
(frequency) .
, (blueprint)
,
,
.
( ) .
(Bus). ,
.
(bus topology) ,
; .
, .
(bandwidth) ,
.
(broadcast) .
.
(broadcast) ,
.
.
(broadcast domain) ,
.
(, , VLAN),
.
.
.
(noise)
.
.
(ElectroMagnetic Interference EMI)
,
, .
(NonVolatile RandomAccess Memory NVRAM)
RAM (RandomAccess Memory
), .
1143
1
1000BASELX, 381
1000BASESX, 381
1000BASET, 381
100BASEFX, 370
100BASETX, 370
10GBASEER, 392
10GBASEEW, 392
10GBASELR, 392
10GBASELW, 392
10GBASESW, 392
A
AC, 168
Access Point, 210
Acknowledgment, 551
ACL, 934
extended, 952
standard, 948
Address
burnedin, 312
multicast, 460
Addressing
dynamic, 471
static, 471
Administrative distance, 761
ADSL, 294
Advertisement, 699
Amplitude, 231
ARP, 444
AS, 517
Attenuation, 243
AUI, 265
Autonomous System, 517; 594; 774
AUX, 298
B
Backplane, 368
Band, 206
Bandwidth, 120; 288; 771; 828
analog, 239
digital, 239
Base, 234
BGP, 523
Bit bucket, 939
Blocking, 416; 417
BOOTP, 474
BPDU, 416
Broadcast, 867; 927
C
CDP, 698; 892
CIDR, 523
Circuitswitched, 419
CLI, 632
Collision, 420
late, 423
Command Line Interface, 632
Connectionless, 494
Convergence, 800
Count to infinity, 801
CRC, 316
Crossover, 269; 365
Crosstalk, 245
alien, 245
farend, 246
CSMA/CD, 305; 320; 357
D
Data center, 116
DC, 168
Decibel, 201; 234
1146
Deencapsulation, 141
Delay, 587; 771; 828
propagation, 251; 327; 412
skew, 251
DHCP, 52; 476
DirectSequence Spread Spectrum, 207
Disabled, 417
DIX, 261; 306
DNS, 907
Domain
bandwidth, 90
broadcast, 318; 428; 503
collision, 90
Downtime, 585
E
Echo cancellation, 383
EGP, 516; 790
EIA, 169; 588
EIGRP, 519; 522
ELFEXT, 248; 250
EMI, 238
Encapsulation, 139; 309
Ethernet, 304
10Gb, 307
Fast, 307
Gigabit, 307
F
FCS, 314; 319
FEXT, 245; 246
Field, 314
data, 314
Filtering, 276
Firewall, 98; 966
Flooding, 408
Flow, 130
control, 550
Forwarding, 417
Frame, 137
long, 338
Frequency, 231
FrequencyHopping Spread Spectrum, 207
FTP, 42; 441; 567
G
Gateway, 96
exterior, 593
interior, 593
GBIC, 265
Ghost, 340
H
Header, 312
Hertz, 231
Holddown, 830
Host, 87
local, 571
remote, 571
HTTP, 440; 568; 908
Hyperlink, 569
I
ICMP, 444; 846
IEEE, 169; 306; 588
IETF, 588
IGP, 516; 790
IGRP, 518; 522; 826
Impedance, 244
discontinuity, 244
mismatch, 244
Insertion loss, 244
Interference
electromagnetic, 238
narrowband, 238
radio frequency, 238
Internetwork, 594
IPv4, 450
IPv6, 440
ISDN, 286
ISIS, 522
ISO, 588
ITUT, 588
J
Jabber, 337
Jitter, 244
1147
L
LAN, 584
Layer
application, 135; 562
data link, 136
network, 136
physical, 136
presentation, 135
session, 135
transport, 135
Learning, 417
Link pulse, 365
Listening, 417
LLC, 309
Load, 771; 829
sharing, 770
M
MAC, 280; 309; 321
Manchester encoding, 360
Metric, 501; 771
Microsegmentation, 94
MLT3, 372
Mode global configuration, 674
Modem, 587
MOTD, 684
MSDS, 1006
MTBF, 586
Multicast, 864
N
NBTSTAT, 908
NETSTAT, 909
Network
stub, 759
unreachable, 849
NEXT, 245
Noise, 237
white, 238
NRZ, 359
NRZI, 372
O
Oscilloscope, 236
OSPF, 522
OUI, 312
P
Packet, 137; 598
Peertopeer, 136
network, 281
Ping, 52; 706; 710; 884
POP3, 907
Port
auxiliary, 298
console, 297
Preamble, 318
Protocol
balanced hybrid, 775
distance vector, 775
linkstate, 775
routed, 772
routing, 773
spanning tree, 406
PSELFEXT, 248; 250
PSNEXT, 247
Pulse, 231
Q
Queuing, 937
R
Raceway, 1031
RARP, 444
Reliability, 771; 829
Repeater, 88
multiport, 89
Reversedpair, 249
RFI, 238
RIP, 518; 521; 772; 807
RJ45, 265
Roaming, 101; 212
Rollover, 297
Route
default, 612
exterior, 830
interior, 829
system, 830
Router, 95; 587
Routing, 593
dynamic, 769; 871
prefix, 521
protocol, 613
1148
static, 759; 871
table, 612; 799
updates, 807
S
Scrambling, 372
Segment, 137; 430
Segmentation, 421
SFD, 318
Signaling, 308
SignaltoNoise Ratio, 370
SMTP, 441; 570; 907
SNAP, 698
Sneakernet, 82
SNMP, 332; 442; 571; 699; 907
SNR, 370
Spectrum analyzer, 236
Split horizon, 803
Splitpair, 249
STP, 406; 416
Straightthrough, 268
Subnetting, 466
Subnetwork, 504
Switch, 93; 587
Switching
asynchronous, 414
circuit, 597
synchronous, 414
invalid, 831
update, 831
Timeslot, 327
Topology
bus, 104
fullmesh, 109
hierarchical, 107
partialmesh, 109
ring, 106
star, 105
Traceroute, 706; 712; 894
Trailer, 312
Transmission
fullduplex, 326
halfduplex, 326
simplex, 325
Transposedpair, 250
U
UDP, 559
UL, 1007
Unicast, 867; 1126
Update, 805
poison reverse, 830
routing, 807
timer, 831
triggered, 805
Uptime, 585
Utilization rate, 605
T
Table
host, 684
routing, 612; 778; 799
TCP, 557
TDR, 1055
Telnet, 706; 887; 908
TFTP, 441; 568; 685; 727; 908
Thicknet, 361
Thinnet, 363
Threeway handshake, 553
Throughput, 126
TIA, 169
Timer
flush, 831
hold, 831
W
WAN, 584; 594
Wave, 231
sine, 231
WavelengthDivision Multiplexing, 392
WDM, 392
Wildcard, 943
Window, 554
Windowing, 573
WINS, 907
Work area, 977
WWDM, 395
X
XDSL, 294
1149
, 517; 774
, 761
B, 459
D, 460
, 458
, 461
, 460
, 460
, 318
, 466; 525
, 318
, 462
, 280
, 465
, 462; 927
IPv4, 455
, 471
, 458
, 471
SPF, 778
, 775
, 778
, 778
, 231
, 236
, 699
, 188
EIA, 588
, 169; 982
, 169;
982
, 160
, 57
, 56; 57
, 524
, 939
, 47
, 47
, 416
, 98; 965
, 69
, 201
, 176
, 177
, 176
, 231
, 233
, 231
MTBF, 586
, 585
, 586
, 585
, 699
, 175
, 58; 231
, 57
, 569
, 47
, 473
, 181
, 317
, 193; 262
, 319
1150
, 357; 379
, 317; 319
, 140; 312
, 515
, 515; 587; 771; 828
, 332; 423
, 248; 327; 412
, 251
, 166
, 168
, 184
, 185
, 166
, 48
, 243; 1058
, 801
, 234
, 212
, 312
, 199
, 199
, 165; 244
, 244
, 244
, 231
FLP, 342
NLP, 342
, 365
, 233
, 883
, 139; 309; 502
, 169; 306
, 1026
, 44
, 330
, 327
, 610
CLI, 632
, 621
, 632
, 267
, 238
, 238
, 238
, 175
1, 178
2, 178
3, 178
4, 178
5, 178
5e, 179
6, 179
, 172; 241
, 361
, 357
, 297
, 181; 188
, 269
, 268
, 988; 994
, 978
, 978; 991
, 991
, 977
, 1039
, 1031
, 548
, 553
, 57
, 171
, 172
ASCII, 56
, 56
, 359
8B1Q4, 382
8/10, 394
MLT3, 372
, 360
, 372
, 90; 406; 420
, 334; 423
, 334
, 334
, 383
, 334
, 93; 278; 584; 587
, 414
, 413
, 597
, 497; 598
, 413
, 414
, 413
, 598
, 175
, 56
, 613; 800
, 267
, 44
, 733
, 734
, 734
, 312
, 89; 272
, 274
, 274
, 1030
, 605
, 184; 186
1151
, 1007
, 195
, 234
, 183
, 183
, 830
, 829
, 871
, 830
, 510; 612; 765; 872
, 871
, 95; 501; 584; 587
, 594; 965
, 594; 965
, 595; 966
, 501; 593; 758
CIDR, 523
, 515
, 523
, 769; 871
, 509
, 521
, 759; 871
, 943
, 521
, 70; 527
, 493
, 115; 614
, 233
, 57
, 59
, 448
, 330; 332
, 501; 613; 771; 802; 875
, 46
, 411
, 94; 279; 408; 412
1152
OSI, 132
TCP/IP, 138
, 49; 587
BPDU, 416
, 416
, 203
, 204
, 204
, 204
, 984
, 91; 275
, 165
, 1010
WDM, 392
WWDM, 395
, 392; 395
DSLAM, 96
, 175
, 245
, 245
, 516; 771; 829
, 771
, 324
, 160
, 185
, 807
, 805
, 554
, 554
, 452; 524
, 613
, 191
, 192
, 236
, 613
, 417
, 184
, 187
, 937
, 337
, 337; 340
, 43; 46
, 43
, 45
, 43
, 87
, 986
, 88; 196; 272
, 377
, 89
, 198
, 383
, 42
, 51
, 42
, 466; 504
, 551
LLC, 309
MAC, 309
, 321
, 321
, 309
, 309
, 314
FCS, 314; 319
, 314
, 314
, 314
, 314
, 314
, 206
, 120; 288; 515; 771; 828
, 239
, 239
, 197
, 298
, 44
, 297
, 44
, 43
, 44
, 44
, 244
, 130
, 550; 555
543, 361
, 318
, 184; 186
, 762
, 45
, 45
, 45
, 195
, 199
, 42
, 126
, 417
, 1043
, 42; 110; 491
ARP, 444; 480; 926
BGP, 523
BOOTP, 474
CDP, 698; 892
DHCP, 52; 476
EGP, 790
EIGRP, 519; 522
1153
FTP, 42; 441; 567
HTTP, 440; 568; 908
ICMP, 444; 846; 926
IGP, 790
IGRP, 518; 522; 826
IP, 444; 926
ISIS, 522
OSPF, 522
POP3, 907
RARP, 444; 926
RIP, 518; 521; 772; 807
SMTP, 441; 570; 907
SNAP, 698
SNMP, 332; 442; 571; 699; 907
STP, 406; 416
TCP, 557; 909
TFTP, 441; 568; 685; 727; 908
UDP, 559; 909
WEP, 218
, 494
, 441
, 522
, 52; 476
, 518; 775; 826
, 698
, 492; 507; 613; 772; 773
, 518; 522
, 519; 522
, 491; 507; 772
, 427; 518;
521; 772; 807
, 474
, 218
Cisco, 698; 892
1154
, 498
, 519; 775
, 775
, 772
, 734
, 516; 790
, 516; 772; 790; 826
, 523; 788
, 160
, 977
, 45; 196
GBIC, 267
RJ45, 266
SC, 196
ST, 196
, 770
, 198
, 276; 408
, 406
, 206
, 207
, 207
, 803
ROMmon, 744
RXBoot, 673
, 671
, 672
, 639
, 633; 650; 666
, 633; 650; 666
, 44
TDR, 1055
, 101; 212
, 417
, 639; 725
, 45; 192; 195
, 136
, 137; 418; 430
, 421
, 52
, 983
, 190
, 594
Extranet, 119
Internet, 41; 447
Intranet, 119
LAN, 584
WAN, 584; 594
, 209; 213
, 117
, 119
, 119
, 283
, 83; 584
, 849
, 594
, 281
, 173
, 84; 584; 594
, 84
, 419
, 420
, 210
, 759
, 115
, 286
, 88; 230
, 359
, 175
, 308
, 308
, 308
, 370
, 594
, 566
, 60
, 59
, 61; 191; 293; 295;
317; 597; 599; 600; 602; 603; 711;
712; 853; 959
, 212
DNS, 907
WINS, 907
, 86
, 86
, 431; 699
MOTD, 684
, 684
, 864
, 866
, 862
, 862
, 164
TIA/EIA
568A, 169
568, 169; 248
569, 170
606, 170
607, 170
ACL, 934
, 934
, 960
, 952
, 948
, 1006
, 169
802.3, 261
EIA/TIA
232, 606
449, 606
EIA530, 607
G.703, 607
IEEE
802.2, 309
802.3, 309
V.24, 606
V.35, 606
X.21, 607
1155
, 87
, 110
, 516
, 278
, 506; 612; 778; 799; 870
, 684
, 161
, 831
, 831
, 831
, 830; 831
, 57
Ethernet, 322
FDDI, 322
Token Ring, 322
, 164; 168
, 164; 168
, 105
, 106
, 107
, 106
, 103; 109
, 109
, 109
, 103
, 104
, 977
, 101; 210
, 995
, 44
, 509
, 56
, 185
, 184
1156
, 990
, 571
, 977
, 990
, 990
, 571
Internet, 443
, 445
, 136
, 135
, 135; 440; 562
, 135
, 136
, 135; 442
, 136
, 196
, 799
, 936
, 276; 407
SFD, 318
, 318
, 82
IP, 452
, 452
, 137; 431
, 339
, 340
, 338
, 338
, 116
, 45
, 231
, 1058
any, 946
host, 947
, 1010
, 46
, 96; 588
, 593
, 593
, 593
, 873
, 237
, 238
, 238
, 181
, 160
, 613
HTML, 53
, 53
, 53
, 53
, 210
Cisco CCNA 1 2.
, 3,
..
..
.. ..
101509, . , . , . 43, . 1
. . 090230 23.06.99
30.05.2005. 70100/16.
Times. .
. . . 94,17. .'. . 72,50.
3000 .
,
.
197110, .', ., 15.
CISCO SECURE
PIX
. , .,
www.williamspublishing.com
Cisco Secure PIX,
506, 515,
520, 525 535.
, , ,
IPSec,
(VPN),
,
SNMP DHCP.
Cisco Secure PIX,
, , ,
,
.
Cisco Press
Cisco Security
Specialist 1,
.
CISCO
,
.
www.williamspublishing.com
ISBN 5-8459-0464-1
,
, ,
.
,
.
,
,
CCIE.
,
,
,
.
4-
Cisco Systems, Inc.
www.williamspublishing.com
ISBN 5-8459-0787-X
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
IP, DPT/SRT,
Cisco IOS
.
,
,
.
Cisco
,
,
.
.
www.williamspublishing.com
ISBN 5-8459-0605-9
,
,
IP-.
IP-
.
MSDP
(SSM),
.
.
.
,
Internet.
www.williamspublishing.com
ISBN 5-8459-0411-0
,
.
,
,
.
. ,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
CISCO,
2
,
www.williamspublishing.com
IOS
Cisco Systems, Inc. ().
,
,
IOS
: TCP/IP, AppleTalk IPX.
,
TACACS+ RADIUS,
SNMP
NTP.
IOS 12.1.
IOS Gigabit
Ethernet,
(DSL), DHCP
IOS
Secure
Shell.
,
,
,
,
Cisco.
CISCO
,
www.williamspublishing.com
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
Cisco,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
CISCO
www.williamspublishing.com
Cisco,
.
,
,
Cisco.
,
,
TCP/IP.
Cisco
.
Cisco,
,
,
,
STP
MLS,
SLB.
, RIP, EIGRP
OSPF. 540
IOS,
Cisco.
"
Cisco, 1"
2.1
Cisco.
OSI.
CCNA
CompTIA
Net+.
CCNA.
Ethernet,
. ,
IP, ,
,
, CCNA.
, ,
,
.
2 "
Cisco, 2"
IP
Cisco
.
, ,
OSI,
, IP,
Ethernet .
.
CCNA
CompTIA
Net+.
www.williamspublishing.com
ATM
CISCO
CCIE,
,
.
:
.
,
.
www.williamspublishing.com
1 . 2004 .
CISCO
www.williamspublishing.com
Cisco,
.
,
,
Cisco.
,
,
TCP/IP.
Cisco
.
Cisco,
,
,
,
STP
MLS,
SLB.
, RIP, EIGRP
OSPF. 540
IOS,
Cisco.