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Cisco Press
201 West 103rd Street
Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
Cisco CCNA 1 2
,
2005
32.973.26018.2.75
78
681.3.07
. ..
. , . , .. ,
. .. .. , .. , ..
. .. ..
:
info@williamspublishing.com, http://www.williamspublishing.com
115419, , / 783; 03150, , / 152
Cisco CCNA 1 2. ,
3 ., .: . . .: , 2005. 1168 .: .
. . .
ISBN 5845908426 (.)
, .
, ,
, , IP,
. OSI,
, , . ,
Ethernet Ethernet. ,
IOS, TCP/IP
.
32.973.26
018.2.75
.
, ,
,
Cisco Press.
Authorized translation from the English language edition published by Cisco Press, Copyright 2004 by The
Cisco Systems, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval system,
without permission from the Publisher.
Russian language edition published by Williams Publishing House according to the Agreement with R&I
Enterprises International, Copyright 2005
Cisco, http://www.academy.ciscopress.ru.
ISBN 5845908426 (.)
ISBN 1587131501 (.)
, 2005
by The Cisco Systems, Inc., 2004
27
29
I. CCNA 1:
37
1.
39
2.
79
3.
157
4.
229
5. LAN WAN
259
6. Ethernet
303
7. Ethernet
355
8. Ethernet,
405
9. TCP/IP IP,
437
10.
489
11.
TCP/IP
547
II. CCNA 2:
581
12.
583
13.
631
14.
665
15.
697
6
16. Cisco IOS
723
17.
757
18. ,
797
19.
TCP/IP
845
20.
869
21. TCP/IP
905
22.
933
III.
.
973
975
1095
1109
1145
Cisco Systems
23
23
25
26
27
29
29
29
30
31
35
36
36
I. CCNA 1:
1.
Internet
Internet
TCP/IP
ping
Web)
Internet
,
37
39
41
41
42
47
49
51
51
52
53
55
56
56
56
59
60
( 32(
IP(
62
64
66
66
69
70
71
72
76
2.
OSI
OSI
TCP/IP
79
81
81
85
87
102
110
111
112
114
115
117
119
120
120
122
124
124
126
128
129
130
130
132
132
134
136
138
139
143
146
150
3.
(STP)
,
157
159
160
163
164
165
166
169
172
175
176
177
180
181
183
184
185
187
191
192
194
197
199
208
209
210
213
214
216
217
218
220
223
225
4.
229
230
231
231
233
234
236
236
10
5. LAN WAN
Ethernet
Ethernet
UTP
(
WAN
BRI ISDN
DSL
237
239
240
240
243
244
248
250
251
252
252
253
255
257
259
261
261
263
264
265
268
272
272
274
275
278
279
281
283
286
286
287
289
292
294
295
297
298
299
300
11
6. Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
IEEE Ethernet
Ethernet OSI
MAC(
Ethernet
Ethernet(
Ethernet
MAC(
Ethernet
Ethernet
FCS
Ethernet
303
305
305
307
309
312
313
316
318
320
321
323
327
329
332
334
337
339
341
7. Ethernet
Ethernet 10 100 /
10( Ethernet
10BASE5
10BASE2
10BASE(T
10BASE(T
Ethernet 100 /
100BASE(TX
100BASE(FX
Fast Ethernet
10( Ethernet
Ethernet 1000 /
1000BASE(T
1000BASE(SX 1000BASE(LX
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet 10 /
, 10GbE
Ethernet
355
356
357
361
363
364
367
369
371
374
377
380
380
382
386
389
391
394
398
344
347
348
351
12
399
400
402
8. Ethernet,
Ethernet(
405
407
407
408
411
412
412
414
418
418
420
423
424
428
429
430
432
433
434
9. TCP/IP IP,
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
Internet(
OSI TCP/IP
Internet
Internet
IP(
IPv4
IP(: A, B, C, D E
IP(
IP 4 IP 6
IP(
Internet(
437
438
439
440
442
443
445
446
447
450
450
453
455
458
461
464
466
468
470
470
IP(
IP( RARP
IP( BOOTP
DHCP
(ARP)
10.
IP
IP(
IP(
(
IP(
A B
AND
13
471
472
474
476
478
479
483
484
485
489
491
491
494
495
497
499
500
501
503
507
509
512
514
516
518
521
523
524
524
527
529
533
534
536
539
542
14
11.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
,
TCP
UDP
TCP UDP
DNS
FTP TFTP
HTTP
SMTP
SNMP
Telnet
II. CCNA 2:
12.
,
WAN*
547
548
548
550
551
553
554
556
557
559
559
562
562
566
567
568
570
571
571
572
573
575
581
583
584
584
587
588
591
592
605
607
609
609
614
615
616
617
619
620
15
623
624
625
13.
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS
,
Cisco IOS
show version
631
632
632
632
633
634
638
639
14.
show
Ethernet(
,
665
666
666
674
674
676
678
679
680
681
681
682
682
683
684
684
639
645
646
648
650
652
656
657
659
660
660
661
661
16
685
686
692
693
693
15.
CDP
, CDP
, CDP%
CDP
CDP
Telnet
telnet%
telnet%
Telnet
, IP%
697
698
698
699
702
704
704
705
706
706
707
708
709
710
716
717
717
718
723
724
725
726
727
729
730
733
733
736
737
740
742
744
747
17
749
750
751
752
17.
(
IGP EGP
757
758
758
759
762
766
767
768
769
772
774
18. ,
(
(
(
797
799
799
774
775
775
778
783
786
787
789
790
791
792
793
800
801
803
804
805
806
18
RIP
RIP
RIP
ip classless
RIP
RIP
RIP
RIP
RIP
IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
RIP IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
19.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
Internet (ICMP)
ICMP
ping
(
TCP/IP
ICMP /
807
808
808
810
811
814
816
819
819
821
823
826
826
828
829
830
832
833
835
837
839
840
842
845
846
847
847
848
849
850
853
855
856
857
858
858
859
860
862
20.
show ip route
( (
OSI
ping
telnet
show interfaces
show interfaces
show cdp
traceroute
show ip route show ip protocol
show controllers
debug
19
862
864
865
865
866
867
867
869
870
870
872
873
874
874
875
877
877
879
879
879
880
881
883
884
887
888
888
892
892
893
895
897
898
20
901
901
902
21. TCP/IP
TCP
,
UDP
,
,
MAC(, IP(
905
911
912
913
914
916
919
919
921
921
924
924
925
925
926
928
928
929
22.
any
host
ACL
933
934
936
939
940
943
946
947
947
948
948
952
960
963
965
966
968
969
970
III.
.
,
,
21
973
975
977
977
978
980
981
983
985
989
996
997
1000
1001
1001
1003
1005
1006
1009
1013
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1019
1019
1021
1021
1023
1024
1024
1026
1026
1026
1028
1029
1034
1036
1037
22
:
FARB Software Development
FARB
1037
1037
1038
1039
1042
1044
1047
1051
1052
1055
1056
1062
1063
1064
1068
1070
1070
1072
1074
1074
1074
1076
1077
1077
1078
1080
1080
1082
1082
1083
1084
1084
1087
1088
1088
1088
1090
1095
1109
1145
Cisco Press ,
.
. ,
.
.
,
,
,
networkingacademy@Ciscopress.com. , ,
ISBN.
Cisco .
(Bill Chapman)
(Arcadia). ,
++ Java, ,
CCNA CompTIA A+.
(Academic Mentor Planning Committee),
(Emergency Planning Committee),
(Certified District Technology
Instructor) .
(Pasadena)
,
Cisco CompTIA A+
(Los Angeles County Regional Occupational Program).
Cisco
, .
Cisco CCNA
CompTIA A+, Network+ INet+.
(Allan Johnson)
10 . 1999
.
A&MCorpus Christi :
.
(Mary Carroll High School)
(Del Mar) Corpus Christi . ,
CCNA/CCNP Cisco.
24
(Rick Graziani)
20 .
(Cabrillo)
(Aptos), .
(Loyola Marymount)
(California State University Monterey Bay).
, , OSPF 3, MANET.
CCNP CCAI.
(Mark Boolootian), (Dave Barnett),
(Jim Warner) (Fred Baker)
(Teri)
.
(Elanie Horn) Cisco
(CATC), 1998 .
, .
27 .
TriRivers (
CATC, Cisco Academy Training Centre)
Cisco , , .
CCNA, CCDA CCAI.
(Andrew Large)
1998 . ,
.
13
Cisco .
Cisco
. CCNA, CCNP CCAI.
. (Antoon W. Rufi) ,
2000 . 20
,
II
.
ECPI .
.
,
(Maryland) .
CCNA, CompTIA Network+
, CCNP.
Cisco Systems
Cisco Systems, Inc
.
, .
Catalyst
DSU/CSU
DSU/CSU
ISDN/
Frame Relay
Sun
Macintosh
Web%
Token
Ring
Token Ring
Ethernet
CiscoWorks
IBM
FDDI
FDDI
, IOS
(IOS Command Reference).
:
(|) ,
;
[ ] ;
{ } ;
,
, ;
( )
,
(, show).
Internet
,
.
.
,
, .
, ,
.
. , ,
, , , ,
, ,
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
, Cisco Systems
(Cisco Networking Academy Program CNAP).
,
Internet .
,
Web , ,
, ,
.
Cisco .
,
Web ,
,
. , Cisco
.
, ,
, Cisco
28
Systems .
.
Cisco (Cisco Global Learning Network)
Cisco . :
Internet , ,
. Cisco
.
. Worldwide Education (
) Cisco Press
Cisco, Web.
Cisco Systems ,
,
.
, , ,
Cisco Systems Internet .
,
, . ,
Cisco,
,
, . Cisco,
, (Cisco Learning
Partners)
. ,
(elrarning), (selfpaced)
.
, , Cisco
,
. , ,
Learning & Events ( ) Web
,
.
,
Cisco.
(Kevin Warner)
,
,
Cisco Systems, Inc.
, Cisco.
,
.
, , ,
,
CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate).
, , .
,
(Local Area networks LAN). ,
,
, , IP,
. OSI, ,
, . (
), Ethernet Ethernet.
,
IOS, TCP/IP
(ACL Access Control List).
CCNA, CompTIA Network+.
Cisco
, ,
Cisco.
,
Cisco.
,
.
, ,
.
.
30
.
,
, .
,
. :
... ,
.
;
.
, .
;
, , . ,
,
, ,
. , ,
,
;
.
.
;
. ,
,
;
.
, ,
. ,
, .
:
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
31
, .
:
22 , 3 : CCNA1
CCNA2.
I, CCNA 1:
1, ,
Internet.
.
2, .
, OSI
,
OSI.
.
3, ,
. ,
OSI.
, ;
, ,
, .
4, .
,
(Local Area Networks
LANs).
.
. ,
,
, , , ,
, .
, ,
.
5, LAN WAN,
WAN LAN. LAN
, .
Ethernet,
Ethernet . WAN
:
32
. ,
.
.
6, Ethernet.
Ethernet, Ether
net (framing), Ethernet.
, ,
.
, .
7, Ethernet,
OSI. STP
(SpanningTree Protocol ),
.
Ethernet,
.
10 Ethernet,
, .
8, Ethernet,
Ethernet. ,
,
.
Ethernet.
; ,
,
.
9, TCP/IP IP,
TCP/IP,
, .
TCP/IP OSI;
TCP/IP
.
10, ,
, IP.
,
.
: (distance
vector), (linkstate)
, ,
.
33
11, TCP/IP,
, .
,
OSI, , ,
,
.
,
.
II, CCNA2:
12, ,
, .
.
13, , ,
,
.
(setup dialog),
Cisco IOS.
14, .
; ,
, ,
Cisco IOS.
,
.
15, ,
Cisco (Cisco Discovery Protocol CDP),
, .
16, Cisco IOS,
,
Cisco IOS,
.
.
TFTP
.
17, .
34
(OSI)
.
.
,
, ,
.
18, ,
RIP IGRP;
.
19, TCP/IP.
ICMP, ICMP,
,
ICMP.
ICMP, ,
.
20, ,
.
,
,
.
21, TCP/IP.
TCP/IP
,
TCP/IP: ,
, .
. ARP
RARP.
22, , , ,
(ACL), ,
.
,
.
35
III,
A, ,
, ,
;
,
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
CCNA, ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
CCNA, ,
, ,
.
. Packet
Tracer 3.1, ,
,
CCNA.
,
.
,
.
, ,
3.1 Cisco (Cisco Networking Academy Pro
gram). Cisco Systems ,
.
CCNA; ,
,
:
.
,
. Cisco Systems,
,
, , CCNA.
CCNA Cisco
(Cisco Certified Network Associate). ,
, . ,
,
.
.
, , .
, ,
. ,
.
.
Web
. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
:
Email:
info@williamspublishing.com
WWW:
http://www.williamspublishing.com
:
:
115419, , / 783
03150, , / 152
I
CCNA 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
LAN WAN
6.
Ethernet
7.
Ethernet
8.
Ethernet-
9.
TCP/IP IP-
10.
11.
TCP/IP
...
,
Internet;
,
;
,
;
,
;
, Ethernet
,
;
,
;
(NIC);
,
;
,
;
, ,
;
ping;
IP;
Web;
,
;
,
.
Internet, . 41,
, . 42,
, . 42,
, . 42,
Web, . 42,
, . 42,
40
I. CCNA 1:
, . 42,
/
Internet, . 42,
, . 43,
, . 43,
, . 44,
, . 44,
, . 44,
, . 44,
USB, . 44,
, . 45,
, . 45,
, . 45,
, . 45,
, . 45,
, . 46,
, . 46,
, . 46,
, . 46,
, . 46,
, . 47,
, . 47,
, . 47,
PCMCIA, . 47,
, . 49,
ping, . 52,
, . 43,
, . 43,
, . 53,
, . 53,
, . 56,
, . 57,
, . 57,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 60,
, . 66,
MAC, . 66,
, . 67,
, . 69,
IP, . 70,
, . 70.
1.
41
,
Internet.
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
Internet
Internet ,
,
. ,
Internet, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
.
,
Internet;
Web. ,
.
Internet
, Internet.
Internet
. ,
Internet. Internet,
Internet . ,
.
,
. :
,
.
, ,
Web.
Internet
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line )
, .
Internet ;
42
I. CCNA 1:
,
.
Internet .
,
.
.
Internet :
,
, ,
.
Internet;
, .
, ,
. Internet
. TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
/ Internet) Internet.
TCP/IP ,
. TCP/IP
9, TCP/IP IP;
,
;
.
Internet:
Web (HyperText Markup
Language HTML) Web, (File Trans
fer Protocol FTP)
Internet. Web
, , ,
.
, Internet ,
, ,
, Internet
.
,
.
1.
43
, .
.
, , ,
,
, .
,
.
( ),
.
!
.
,
IT Essentials .
.
, ..
.
,
; .
!
, ,
.
(backplane)
, .
.
(Network Interface Card NIC) ,
.
Ethernet.
.
.
,
.
,
.
, , .
44
I. CCNA 1:
,
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
(Universal Serial Bus port USB
port) , ,
, , , ,
. USB,
, .
1.1.2.
.
, .
. Windows
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
, .
1.
45
, , :
(COM), (LPT), USB (Universal Serial Bus
) .
(Light Emitting Diode LED) ,
, .
.
:
,
.
, , ,
.
.
(Printed circuit board PCB) ,
.
.
- (CD-ROM) ,
-. -
(CD-R, CD-RW) DVD-, .
(Central Processing Unit CPU) ,
(. 1.1).
(Floppy Disk Drive FDD) ,
(. 1.2).
(Hard Disk Drive HDD)
.
. 1.1.
. 1.2.
46
I. CCNA 1:
, .
, .
(. 1.3).
, .. .
; ,
.
,
.
. ,
(Industry-Standard Architecture ISA),
(Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI) .
(Random-Access Memory RAM),
, .
RAM ,
. ,
.
, , ,
, .
.
(Read-Only Memory ROM, )
, .
. ,
, (Electronically Erasable
Programmable Read-Only Memory EEPROM) .
Flash-. - (Basic Input/Output
System BIOS) .
1.3.
1.
47
, ,
(. 1.4).
.
, , , ,
() , , , (
, -, ..) -.
, ,
.
.
() .
,
, ,
, ,
, .
,
(Personal Computer
Memory Card International Association card PCMCIA card), PC card.
, , (
), PCMCIA. . 1.5
(WLAN Wireless LAN) PCMCIA-.
. 1.4.
. 1.5. PCMCIA
. 1.6 Ethernet,
(LAN adapter). ,
.
I. CCNA 1:
48
. 1.6.
!
, IT Essentials
.
, (Interrupt ReQuest IRQ), (I/O),
, .
(
), .
(IRQ) ,
(, Windows Linux), ,
.
, ,
.
.
. ,
, . (I/O)
,
.
:
. ,
, Ethernet
Ethernet. Ethernet, Token Ring Fiber Distributed
Data Interface (FDDI
), Ethernet
;
1.
49
,
, : ,
, .
;
. ,
, PCI ISA. .. PCI ,
ISA, .
: .
.
Internet :
.
,
.
(Public Switched
Telephone Network PSTN). . 1.7 .
. ,
,
.
.
,
.
. 1.7.
,
.
/.
:
50
I. CCNA 1:
USB.
,
Internet (Internet Service Provider ISP).
, 56 /,
53 /. DSL
,
,
.
.
.
PCMCIA.
.
,
, .
.
.
10 /
100 /.
(. . 1.8)
.
,
.
(plugandplay),
.
, .
(
).
,
IRQ, ,
(Direct Memory Address DMA),
.
1.
51
1.8.
1960
.
,
. 300
(/), .. 30 .
1970 ,
(Bulletin Board Systems BBS),
.
300 / ,
.
1980 ,
.
300 / ,
. 1990 .
9600 / 56000 /, 1998 .
,
, , ,
(Digital Subscriber Line DSL)
.
. ,
,
,
.
Internet .
TCP/IP
TCP/IP ,
.
Internet,
52
I. CCNA 1:
, TCP/IP.
TCP/IP
.
IP, ,
(Domain Name Server DNS).
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP). ,
TCP/IP,
Internet.
: Windows,
Apple Macintosh, Unix. TCP/IP, DHCP DNS
.
1.1.6. TCP/IP
.
, , MAC (
) ( ).
ping
Ping ,
TCP/IP. (),
. Ping Packet Internet Groper
Internet.
ping IP
,
. ping
. ,
. ping
,
TCP/IP,
. ping.
ping 127.0.0.1 ( )
TCP/IP
(. 1.9).
ping IP-
TCP/IP .
ping IP-
.
1.
53
Web
Web , ,
:
Web;
;
;
.
(HyperText Markup
Language HTML), ,
Web. , ,
1 (Standard Generalized Markup Language SGML)
(Extensible Markup Language XML),
Web
HTML. HTML
, ,
. ,
1
, ISO. . .
I. CCNA 1:
54
HTML Web
.
Internet Explorer (IE) Netscape Web.
,
. Web ,
.
. 1.1 .
1.1. Internet Explorer Microsoft Netscape Communicator
Internet Explorer
Netscape Communicator
Microsoft
HTML,
,
HTML,
,
Web
.
(plugin).
.
.
Flash Shockwave (Flash player, Shockwave player)
, ,
Macromedia Flash.
Adobe Acrobat Reader ,
PDF (Adobe
Portable Document Format
Adobe).
Windows Media ,
.
Quicktime , Apple,
.
Real Player ,
.
1.
55
1.1.8. Web.
Internet
Internet,
(Uniform Resource Locator URL).
Web ,
Web .
:
.
,
, , Microsoft Office Lotus Smart Suite.
:
,
.
;
,
.
,
;
,
, , , .
,
, , ;
,
,
;
,
, ,
.
Internet
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
I. CCNA 1:
56
1.1.9.
.
, ,
.
, .
, .
,
, .
,
.
, :
( 1 0).
, :
.
( ).
, 0
.
, .
(American standard code for
information interchange ASCII)
.
,
. , ,
: 1 0.
.
,
, 0 1.
(/)
/ , .
0
().
+5 .
1.
57
, 8 .
8 . 1
.
, , ASCII .
256 ( 28).
0 255. ,
(. 1.2).
KB Kb, MB Mb ( , ). ,
. ,
(, 45 /,
45 bps).
. ,
45 /
5,6 /.
,
. , ,
(/) (/).
8,
.
1.2.
(b, )
1/8
(B, )
(KB, )
1024
( 1000 )
8096
( 8000 )
(MB, )
(GB, )
(TB, )
.
.
1 0 ,
, .
,
; , . 1
8 .
58
I. CCNA 1:
() 1024 ,
1000 .
() 1024 ,
1000 .
() 1 .
() 1 048 576 ,
1 .
.
.
.
() 1 .
.
.
() 1 .
.
(/) .
.
(/) .
.
(/) .
. Ethernet
10 /.
(/) .
.
(/) .
. 10 / Ethernet
10 /.
(/) .
.
Internet 1 /.
() .
,
, , 1 ,
().
1.
59
() .
, ,
.
, (, 900 ).
() , (1 000 000 000)
.
, , .
(,
802.11b 2,4 ).
!
.
, 1980 ,
10 ( IBM
4,77 ).
3 . .
.
, .
,
, .
, .
.
, .
.
, ,
10. 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 9.
(. . 1.3).
1.3.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9
103
1000
: 2 134
210
102
101
100
3
110
100
10
2
310
1
1
4100
I. CCNA 1:
60
10.
10 ( ),
( ). , 10,
.
, () 100 (1),
101 (10), 102 (1010 = 100). , ,
106 (101010101010 = 1 000 000), . .,
.
2134:
2134 = (2103) + (1102) + (3101) + (4100).
4 , 3
, 1 2 .
,
, ,
.
, , . IP
, 4 ,
,
, ,
172.16.14.188. ,
IP 32 , .. ,
8
. .
, ,
2. (0 1)
, ( 10).
2 ( ), (
) (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, ..), . 1.4.
1.4.
0,1
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
128
64
32
16
: 10110
1.
61
.
10110 = (124 = 16) + (023 = 0) + (122 = 4) + (121 = 2) + (020 = 0) =
= (16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0) = 22.
(10110) , 1 16,
0 8, 1 4, 2 0
1. , 22. IP
32 (4 ).
:
16 (, hexadecimal, hex)
, ..
. ,
,
.
16 .
. 10
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9),
, : A, B, C, D, E F.
10, B 11, 12, D 13, E 14
F 15 (. . 1.5).
() 16,
. ,
160 ( 1), 161 ( 16), 162 ( 256), ..
,
.
1.5.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
163
162
161
160
65536
256
16
: 1A2C
.
1A2C = (1163 = 65536) + (10(A)162 = 2560) + (2161 = 32) + (12() 160 = 12) =
= (65536 + 2560 + 32 + 12) = 68144.
I. CCNA 1:
62
.
. 1.10.
,
. ,
.
, .
.
168 .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
128 , 168, ,
1. 168128 = 40.
64 , 40, , 0.
32 , 40, , 1.
4032 = 8.
16 , 8, , 0.
8 8 (,
); 1. 88 = 0,
, 0.
10101000
168.
255. 11111111.
, . 1.10,
255 .
, IP.
, 2,
. , 650
29 = 512,
.
1.2.5.
.
.
1.
63
128
64
32
16
. 1.10.
I. CCNA 1:
64
,
. , . 1.11,
.
,
.
!
, . ,
0
, 1, , 2 = 1.
01110000 .
0
02 = 0
+
1
02 = 0
+
2
02 = 0
+
3
02 = 0
+
4
12 = 16
+
5
12 = 32
+
6
12 = 64
+
7
02 = 0
112
( 2, 1.)
, (. . 1.10), . 1.11
255
, .
2. , , 10 ,
512, 9 256, 1.
1.2.6.
.
.
1.
65
128
64
32
16
. 1.11.
I. CCNA 1:
66
32
, Internet
(IP), 32 . 32
, :
8 .
.
,
, 10.15.129.201.
32 .
32 , ,
.
,
, ( ) ,
. 128,
,
.
, , 10.15.129.201
00001010.00001111.10000001.11001001:
10 = 00001010,
15 = 00001111,
129 = 10000001,
201 = 11001001.
. Cisco Systems
16 .
, , 0010000100000010
2102 .
MAC (Media Access Control addresses OSI)
.
!
MAC .
.
1.
67
I. CCNA 1:
68
C 1100 . AC
10101100.
, 4
; ,
4 , .
8 ( :
4 ). ,
, . ,
, 00011111
115. ? 115 115?
115, 10110101,
. 1F,
00011111.
1.6.
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
10
1011
11
1100
12
1101
13
1110
14
1111
15
. 8 ,
, . ,
0x, ,
5D 0x5D.
1.
69
.
1.2.8. .
.
,
.
, , ,
. ,
. ( )
(AND), (OR) (NOT).
, . (0
1)
.
( ),
, .
(. 1.7) .
1, 0, 0
1.
1.7. (NOT)
(. 1.8) .
, ,
.
, .
IP
.
(. 1.9)
. 1,
, . ,
, , ,
, .
I. CCNA 1:
70
1.8. (AND)
1.9. (OR)
,
.
, .
IP
Internet 32 IP (Internet
Protocol address, IPaddress).
IP . 9,
TCP/IP IP.
IP
IP ,
. IP
. , ,
(host). , IP
,
.
IP
, 32 , .
,
. 1;
, , 0.
, 0,
. .
1:
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000,
255.0.0.0.
1.
71
2:
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000,
255.255.0.0.
,
24 . 16
, 16 .
IP 10.34.23.134 ,
00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110.
IP,
IP ,
. IP 0
0. 0 1 0.
.
.
3: (255.0.0.0).
00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 IP.
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 .
00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000 .
10.0.0.0.
4: (255.255.0.0).
00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 IP.
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 .
00001010.00100010.00000000.00000000 .
10.24.0.0.
IP.
IP.
:
.
, ;
;
TCP/IP Internet;
ping
;
I. CCNA 1:
72
. Web
;
;
.
;
.
;
,
. 0 1;
.
: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, F;
, .
, ;
IP 32 , Internet.
.
MAC (Media Access Control address OSI).
,
, .
,
. MAC 6 ,
IEEE.
ping. Packet Internet Groper, Internet.
, IP
.
Web.
, Web
Internet, , Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator.
(American standard code for
information interchange ASCII).
,
, .
1.
73
. ,
, ,
, . 1 8 .
. . 1
0 ,
, .
(/) /
, .
. , .
.
(
) ( ).
, .
, . , ,
.
(). 1 .
.
.
(/). .
.
10G Ethernet 10 /.
. ,
HTML Web .
.
. 0 1,
( ).
. ,
.
(). 1024 ,
1000 .
(/). .
.
(). 1024 ,
1000 .
(/). .
.
. ,
.
74
I. CCNA 1:
. .
(). 1 048 576 ,
1 . .
.
.
(/). .
.
(). 1 .
(/). .
.
Ethernet 10 /.
(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCMCIA).
,
, PCMCIA ( PC). ,
,
.
. , .
(modem). ,
.
, .
.
. ,
, .
(backplane). ,
.
. 8 .
, .. 8 .
(Randomaccess memory RAM).
,
. .
. ,
.
, , .
(Printed circuit board PCB). ,
.
. , Web
.
1.
75
. IP , .
,
,
.
. .
. .
(Universal Serial Bus port USB port).
, , , ,
, ,
.
. ,
, .
(Readonly memory ROM).
, .
(CDROM). ,
.
(Floppy disk drive FDD). ,
.
(Hard disk drive HDD).
,
.
. ,
,
.
Internet.
Internet (Internet Protocol IP).
TCP/IP;
.
(File Transfer Protocol FTP).
, TCP/IP,
.
/ Internet (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol TCP/IP). ,
1970 . TCP IP
.
. ,
, .
. , ,
.
I. CCNA 1:
76
(NIC). ,
.
Internet. ,
. Internet , ,
.
. .
(). 1 .
.
(/). .
.
Internet
1 /.
. 32 ,
8 , ,
8 . IP
Internet, , 192.67.67.20.
.
, ,
, .
(Central processing unit CPU).
, .
(Bus). ,
.
.
.
(HyperText Markup Language HTML).
,
( )
, , Web.
, ,
, .
, .
1. Internet?
a) .
) .
) .
) .
1.
77
2. ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
3. PCMCIA?
) , .
) , .
) .
) .
4. ?
) .
) , .
) , Ethernet.
) OSI.
5.
?
) , .
) .
) .
) .
6. 2?
) .
) .
) .
) ASCII.
7. , .
.
.
/.
.
) .
)
.
) ;
,
.
I. CCNA 1:
78
) , ,
,
.
8. 1 ?
) 254.
) 256.
) 255.
) 257.
9. 151?
) 10100111.
) 10010111.
) 10101011.
) 10010011.
10. 11011010?
) 186.
) 202.
) 218.
) 222.
11.
0010000100000000?
) 0x2100.
) 0x2142.
) 0x0082.
) 0x0012.
12. 0x2101?
) 0010 0001 0000 0001.
) 0001 0000 0001 0010.
) 0100 1000 0000 1000.
) 1000 0000 1000 0100.
13. ping ?
) ping .
) Ping packet Internet groper.
) ping 127.0.0.1
TCP/IP .
) .
...
;
,
OSI
;
,
,
, ,
;
;
;
LAN, WAN, MAN, SAN
;
,
VPN;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
OSI;
OSI;
OSI;
TCP/IP;
;
,
, ,
,
;
, DSLAM,
CMTS
;
,
" VPN";
,
80
I. CCNA 1:
;
;
,
.
,
.
, . 84,
, . 85,
, . 87,
, . 88,
, . 89,
., . 90,
, . 90,
MAC, . 90,
, . 91,
, . 92,
, . 93,
, . 93,
, . 93,
, . 94,
, . 95,
, . 98,
, . 104,
, . 105,
, . 106,
, . 106,
, . 107,
, . 109,
, . 109,
,
, . 109,
, . 110,
, . 110,
, . 115,
, . 116,
, . 117,
Intranet, . 119,
Extranet, . 119,
, . 120,
, . 126,
OSI, . 132,
, . 135,
, . 135,
, . 135,
, . 135,
, . 136,
, . 136,
, . 136,
, . 136,
, . 137,
, . 137,
, . 137,
, . 139,
, . 141.
2.
81
,
. ,
. ,
OSI ,
OSI.
OSI,
,
.
,
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
.
:
(LocalArea Networks LAN);
(WideArea Networks WAN);
(MetropolitanArea Networks MAN);
(StorageArea Networks SAN);
(Data center);
(Intranet);
(Extranet);
(Virtual Private Networks VPN).
,
.
,
,
. . 2.1
, ,
.
82
I. CCNA 1:
. 2.1.
!
, ,
,
; . ,
, ,
, ,
, .
(sneakernet 1). . 2.2.
,
.
.
, .
:
1 Sneakernet ()
. (floppy),
. . .
2.
83
?
?
?
, "
.
, , "
. 80" XX
.
. 2.2.
, 80" ,
. ,
, "
, "
.
. , ,
; , "
.
(LocalArea Network LAN).
"
, "
"
LAN. . 2.3 .
,
, , "
. LAN" "
,
. 2.4.
LAN"
,
I. CCNA 1:
84
.
(MetropolitanArea Network MAN) (WideArea Network
WAN). WAN , "
,
, ,
. 2.5. "
, , , ..
Internet
FDDI
F0
T0
G
E0
1
E1
K
M
N
. 2.3.
. 2.4. (LAN)
Token
Ring
J
2.
85
. 2.5. (WAN)
; 35
.
. 2.1
Internet. "
, "
.
40" XX "
, . 1946 "
. 50" "
", ,
. 50" .
, "
,
. 60" "
, "
.
60" """" 70" "
, (
). 1977 Apple Computer "
, (Personal Computer """" PC).
1981 IBM PC.
86
I. CCNA 1:
Apple Macintosh,
IBM PC
PC , .
2.1.
40" XX .
1947
50"
.
,
( """" )
60"
60" 70" XX .
1977
Apple Computer ,
(Personal Computer """" PC)
1981
IBM
80"
, ,
,
() ,
.
",
80" , "
, () , "
.
, . "
,
. "
2 (bulletin board).
, , "
,
.
2 BBS Bulletin Board System, ,
, (
) Internet. .
. .
2.
87
,
. ,
, .
, , , "
.
, .
, , 500 "
!
60" 90" XX
(U.S. Department of Defense """" DoD) "
WAN" .
", .
"
. , "
.
,
, "
. Internet.
, ,
(device).
:
. , "
, , ,
;
. , "
.
, , "
(host). . 2.6 "
"""" .
, "
.
, "
.
(Network Interface Card NIC),
.
, , ,
. NIC
, ()
I. CCNA 1:
88
"
. NIC
PCMCIA.
. 2.6.
(repeater) , "
() OSI.
, , , "
, "
, .
(signals).
, .
,
.
,
.
2.
89
(repeater)
. "
. OSI "
, "
.
(hub) "
. "
. . 2.7, "
.
LAN.
. , "
"
LAN".
. 2.7.
,
(multiport repeater).
, "
. ,
4 20 , . 2.8.
:
;
;
;
I. CCNA 1:
90
;
.
. 2.8.
, 10BASE"T 100BASE"T
( Ethernet 7, Ethernet). "
.
,
.
,
( ). "
,
( ).
Ethernet "
. , , "
. (collision) ,
. ,
,
(collision domain). "
, "
(bandwidth domain). 6,
Ethernet.
, "
.
, , . , "
, "
.
( ) (Network Interface Card """" NIC), "
, ,
,
(Media Access Control MAC),
MAC".
LAN. NIC
. . 2.9 NIC.
2.
91
. 2.9.
(bridge) ,
LAN, "
. ,
. "
LAN" , "
() LAN" .
NIC" MAC".
, ()
MAC", "
MAC".
MAC" . "
.
,
, , "
MAC" . "
.
, "
. ,
( )
.
LAN"
.
3, "
, .
MAC".
. 2.10 . "
.
3
. . .
I. CCNA 1:
92
. 2.10.
.
MAC", "
,
. .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
,
MAC" "
.
,
MAC" MAC"
, .
, MAC"
, , "
.
(filtering).
,
.
, MAC" ,
, "
.
MAC" ,
, , .
(flooding). "
.
( "
), MAC"
2.
93
. MAC" , , "
,
. , ( "
) ,
, MAC" ,
"
, ,
. ,
.
!
, .
,
.
(broadcast) , "
. (broadcast domain) ,
, , "
" .
(" FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF) "
, . ,
, "
.
, ,
(switch) ,
. "
.
, "
(LAN), ;
. . 2.11 .
, LAN",
MAC" ,
, .
, .
, "
"
. , "
MAC".
I. CCNA 1:
94
. 2.11.
,
, ,
4.
.
. "
.
(microsegmentation) , "
, . "
,
. "
, "
.
, ,
. , ,
.
,
,
. , Cisco 6500 8500
. . 2.12 Cisco Catalyst 8500
ATM"
, ATM" "
, .
Catalyst 8500 "
( , ..)
MAN, "
, Intranet""
, .
ATM" ,
,
Catalyst 8500 ATM Gigabit
Ethernet . "
CCNA,
.
, ,
. . .
2.
95
(router) ,
(. 2.13). "
. ,
MAC"
.
, , Ethernet, Token Ring
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI """" "
" ). "
,
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode """" ATM) . "
,
Internet "
IP.
. 2.13.
I. CCNA 1:
96
( "
, ), "
. "
, .
.
"
.
, DSL-,
"
:
, "
;
DSLAM,
DSL" "
;
(Cable Modem Termination System """"
CMTS),
;
, .
"
.
:
(gateway) ,
.
Cisco AS5400
, , ,
. . 2.14 Cisco AS5400,
,
, .
DSLAM
(Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplexer DSLAM) ,
DSL-. DSLAM
. . 2.15
DSL Cisco 6100.
2.
97
98
I. CCNA 1:
(firewall) ,
, .
. ,
, ,
2.
99
. ,
, .
. 2.18 Cisco PIX 535,
.
I. CCNA 1:
100
(HQ)
(HQ)
AAA
(HQ)
(HQ)
. 2.19.
VPN
(Virtual Private Network VPN)
VPN-,
VPN-. VPN- Cisco 3000
VPN-
,
, ,
, . . 2.20
VPN- Cisco 3000.
2.
101
, .
PC NIC ,
.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect 32-
) ISA (Industry-Standard Architecture ,
)
LAN ,
. . :
PCMCIA , PCI-
. ,
. . 2.21 .
. 2.21.
(Access Point AP), (. 2.22),
LAN,
, .. ,
. AP
(roaming),
,
.
(. 2.23) (11 /)
5 ( 25 ) Ethernet.
Cisco
( ).
. . .
I. CCNA 1:
102
. 2.22.
. 2.23.
: Cisco 1503 Micro Hub.
Cisco 1503 Micro
Hub.
: Cisco Catalyst 1924.
Cisco.
: Cisco 2621.
Cisco 2162.
,
, . ,
, ,
. .
2.
103
, .
"
. :
;
;
;
;
;
.
. 2.24 .
. 2.24.
, "
.
. . 2.25 "
, "
. "
, .
"
.
I. CCNA 1:
104
Internet
FDDI
F0
T0
G
E0
1
E1
K
Token
Ring
J
M
N
. 2.25.
(linear bus) (bus topology)
(. 2.26).
, ,
6.
. 2.26.
2.
105
"
, ,
. , "
, ,
.
(star topology), . 2.27, "
Ethernet"
, . "
.
, "
, , , "
.
, "
, .
"
, "
. ,
, LAN Ethernet
.
"
,
.
, .
. 2.27.
I. CCNA 1:
106
"
, ("
),
(extendedstar topology). . 2.28.
. 2.28.
(ring topology). ,
, . "
,
. "
,
. , "
. " ,
. "
, ,
.
.
2.
107
:
;
.
, . 2.29,
, "
. . "
"
, .
. 2.29.
, . 2.30. "
, .. "
.
(wrap) , ..
.
(hierarchical topology)
.
. (trunk node),
(branches) , . 2.31. "
() : """" "
; """"
", .
108
I. CCNA 1:
. 2.30.
. 2.31.
2.
109
-
(fullmesh topology) () "
, ( """" )
, . 2.32.
. "
, ,
. " , "
,
. , ,
,
. ,
, .
WAN.
. 2.32.
. "
, "
.
, "
"
NIC .
"
. , """"
I. CCNA 1:
110
.2.33.
,
.
, "
. , "
, .
.
.
, , "
.
:
(Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers IEEE);
2.
111
(Local"Area Network """" LAN) ,
(network interface cards), , "
. . 2.34
LAN.
"
,
. ,
.
. 2.34. (LAN)
I. CCNA 1:
112
, :
;
"
;
,
;
.
:
Ethernet;
Token Ring;
FDDI.
(Wide"Area Networks """" WAN) "
LAN, LAN" "
, .
WAN" ,
,
(. 2.35).
"
. 2.35. (WAN)
2.
113
, "
LAN "
. WAN
. "
(Instant Message """" IM)
, "
, .
,
"
. "
"""" (telecommuters), ,
.
WAN :
, ;
"
;
;
, World Wide Web,
Internet.
:
;
(Integrated Services Digital Net"
work ISDN);
(Digital Subscriber Line """" DSL);
, Frame Relay;
T" () E" () """" T1, E1, T3, E3 ..;
(Synchronous Optical Network """" SONET) """"
1" (STS"1) (
[OC]"1), STS"3 (OC"3) ..
:
Internet-,
Ethernet.
, , ,
,
,
.
,
, , , Internet.
(Local Exchange Carrier LEC)
I. CCNA 1:
114
, , DSL ,
.
Internet,
.
Cisco
, DSL.
, ,
,
. ,
Internet,
IP (Voice over IP VoIP),
Internet , ,
.
(Metropolitan"Area Network """" MAN) "
, ,
. MAN LAN, "
, ,
. 2.36. , MAN" ,
. "
LAN",
. MAN"
"
. , "
, MAN"
, . MAN"
LAN" WAN" :
MAN" , "
, LAN", ,
WAN";
MAN" ( "
WAN");
MAN" "
LAN "
.
: ,
, LAN
.
,
. Intranet-
Extranet-, VPN.
.
2.
115
POP 1
POP 2
SAN
. 2.36.
(StorageArea Network SAN) "
,
. "
,
(. 2.37). SAN"
", " ".
,
, . SAN"
.
. SAN" "
"
, "
.
. SAN" "
, SAN
10 7.
. LAN/WAN, SAN "
. "
,
.
6,2 . . .
116
I. CCNA 1:
Internet
IP
. 2.37.
:
. 2.38, (data center)
, ,
Internet. IP-
,
, , .
.
,
.
Web- ,
.
, Internet- (Internet Service Provider ISP)
, ,
, Internet-
,
.
2.
L2/L3
117
Web"
"
"
"
"
, ,
2" 3"
DSL
/ATM/FR
ISDN/
. 2.38.
(Virtual Private Network VPN)
, , , , "
Internet. VPN",
Internet "
VPN" .
Cisco
VPN". "
, "
, , Internet. VPN "
,
. "
"
.
VPN", . 2.39.
VPN (Access VPN)
/ (Small Office/Home Office """" SOHO)
(Intranet Extranet) "
. VPN" "
, ISDN, DSL,
IP"
I. CCNA 1:
118
, "
.
VPN Intranet ( )
"
. "
VPN" (Intranet) VPN" (Extranet) ,
.
VPN Extranet ( ) "
"
. VPN"
(Extranet) VPN" (Intranet) , "
, "
.
,
Cisco
PN
"
VPN"
,
Cisco
N"
VP
POP
PIX
VP
N"
VPN"
PIX"
Cisco
,
VPN"
VPN"
SOHO,
Cisco ISDN/DSL
. 2.39. VPN
VPN" :
VPN" "
TCP/IP. , "
;
2.
119
TCP/IP
VPN.
.
, ;
VPN
.
LAN Intranet (
). Web (Intranet) Web
, Intranet
. (Intranet)
, ,
. Web ,
,
, .
Extranet ( ) (Intranet),
.
(Intranet)
, Extranet
.
(Extranet) ,
;
(Extranet). (Extranet)
, Intranet ,
.
, (ID)
.
, (Extranet)
(Intranet)
(Intranet).
(Extranet) (Intranet)
. ,
, ,
(Intranet)
. . 2.40
(Intranet Extranet).
I. CCNA 1:
120
LAN WAN
""""
(
bandwidth). ,
,
. .
, "
, .
(bandwidth) ,
.
,
. "
?
. , "
, , "
.
, ,
. , "
56 /,
, "
.
2.
121
DSL ,
DSL ,
. ( ),
DSL, ,
( ). ,
DSL .
.
"
, ,
.
. LAN
, "
. WAN"
. "
"
, "
.
.
'
,
Internet. "
.
,
. Internet
, ,
.
, Internet """" .
. "
,
, , "
. ",
" ", "
.
IP", "
.
"
.
122
I. CCNA 1:
() "
,
. "
, .
,
(. 2.41).
.
2 ,
2 . "
. ,
, ,
. ,
(put in bigger pipes), "
.
, ,
. 2.41.
(. 2.42). .
( """" highways) ,
2.
123
.
, .
,
. , "
, ,
. ,
,
, .
;
, .
, ,
( "
).
STOP
, ,
,
. 2.42.
, "
, "
"
.
,
.
124
I. CCNA 1:
"
. ,
"
, .
, . ,
, "
.
"
, . , ,
T3 45 / , "
T1 1,544 /.
,
, , "
, "
. , T3 "
, T1.
. 2.2 .
2.2.
1 / """"
1 / = 1000 / = 103 /
, LAN WAN.
. "
,
, "
. "
,
. , "
, (Unshielded Twisted"
Pair """" UTP), ,
1 /,
2.
125
, , 10BASE"T, 100BASE"TX
1000BASE"TX Ethernet. "
, , ,
, , .. ,
, , "
, , NIC
.
. 2.3 , "
.
2.3.
(/)
()
50
(10BASE2 Ethernet, Thinnet)
10
185
50
(10BASE5 Ethernet, Thicknet)
10
500
UTP 5"
(10BASE"T Ethernet)
10
100
UTP 5"
(100BASE"TX Ethernet)
100
100
UTP 5"
(1000BASE"TX Ethernet)
1000
100
(62.5/125 ) (100BASE"FX
Ethernet)
100
2000
(62.5/125 ) (1000BASE"SX
Ethernet)
1000
220
(50/125 ) (1000BASE"SX
Ethernet)
1000
550
(9/125 ) (1000BASE"
LX Ethernet)
1000
5000
. 2.4 WAN
.
126
I. CCNA 1:
2.4. WAN
WAN'
56 / = 0,056 /
DSL
,
,
12 / 6,1 / =
0,128 / 6,1 /
ISDN
128 / = 0,128 /
Frame Relay
()
56 / 44,736 / ()
34,368 / () = 0,056 /
44,736 / () 34,368 /
()
T1
1,544 /
T3
44,736 /
STS"1 (OC"1)
51,840 /
STS"3 (OC"3)
155,251 /
STS"48 (OC"48)
2,488 /
,
.
"
.
LAN ,
100 /,
, "
100 /. "
. , .
(throughput) "
, "
Internet" .
,
2.
127
,
. ,
:
;
;
;
;
;
, ;
;
.
, , "
,
. . 2.43
, "
.
, "
. , "
.
.
<=
?
(Client PC)
LAN
( )
. 2.43. ,
128
I. CCNA 1:
,
, .
WAN" ,
? LAN
?
,
.
T = S/BW ( = / "
), ,
.
, , ,
,
.
:
, "
,
.
.
;
, , ,
"
(
,
).
"
, , "
. ,
/,
(), ().
,
8.
, T = S/BW,
( "
):
( 1,44 ) ISDN , "
10 "
OC"48?
. 2.44 .
2.
T=S/P
129
T=S/P
BW =
(
)
( )
P=
( )
T=
(
)
S=
. 2.44.
", " "
. "
, ,
, .
, ,
. ,
.
"
, . "
( """" Hz),
. ,
, .
(), () ().
"
( , 900 2,4 ). "
802.11a 802.11b
5 2,4 .
,
. "
,
, . ,
,
. "
, "
, "
.
, .
, "
,
I. CCNA 1:
130
. "
"
, . "
,
, .
. "
. "
,
(bandwidth) .
, , ,
, "
. , "
, ,
, . "
,
.
, "
. """"
OSI TCP/IP, .
"
, .
, , "
, .
?
, ?
?
?
, , "
(flow). "
. , ,
, ,
.
, . 2.5. ?
? "
? ?
2.
131
?
.
2.5.
,
,
,
:
,
,
,
,
(
),
,
,
..
. ,
,
. ,
.
.
,
.
.
132
I. CCNA 1:
, "
. ,
, "
.
, "
. ,
. "
.
, "
, .
. , "
, (Open
System Interconnection """" OSI) TCP/IP.
!
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
(OSI) .
OSI
, ,
.
OSI
LAN, MAN WAN "
. 80" XX "
. , ,
, "
,
, "
.
80"
. , "
,
. , , ,
(proprietary) .
,
, .
2.
133
. , ,
. , ,
.
(International
Organization for Standardization """" ISO) , ,
DECnet, (Systems Network Architecture """" SNA)
TCP/IP.
. "
ISO , "
,
. "
.
, , "
, . , "
, "
: , ,
.
",
" , "
.
OSI (OSI reference model), 1984 ,
, ISO. "
, "
"
, .
OSI ,
.
,
OSI, "
. OSI
"
.
OSI ,
. , , "
. , OSI , "
" (,
)
(, ) ",
,
.
134
I. CCNA 1:
OSI , "
.
7 '''' .
6 '''' .
5 '''' .
4 '''' .
3 '''' .
2 '''' .
1 '''' .
.
:
;
, "
;
;
,
"
;
,
.
"
OSI, ,
.
, "
.
. OSI.
,
,
.
OSI
"
OSI .
OSI.
2.
135
7:
(application layer) "
. ,
;
, OSI. "
(, Excel)
(, Word). "
, "
"
.
Telnet HTTP.
6:
(presentation layer) , "
, (),
(). "
"
, .
. "
PICT, TIFF JPEG.
,
, MIDI MPEG.
5:
, (session layer) "
,
. .
. """" , "
, "
, . "
(Network File
System """" NFS), X"Window AppleTalk (AppleTalk Session
Protocol """" ASP).
4:
(transport layer)
. "
.
, "
, ,
I. CCNA 1:
136
. "
, "
. , "
.
,
. "
. "
(Transmission Control Protocol """"
TCP), (User Datagram Protocol """" UDP)
(Sequenced Packet Exchange """" SPX).
3:
(network layer) ,
,
. ,
.
Internet" (IP), "
(Internetwork Packet Exchange """" IPX) AppleTalk.
2:
(data link layer)
. ( "
) , , ,
, .
1:
(physical layer) ,
, "
. "
, , "
, ,
.
. .
OSI
.
, ,
OSI " "
.
(peertopeer communication).
,
2.
137
. 2.45.
",
. , "
OSI, .
,
PDU "
PDU. ,
. ,
OSI, . "
(PDU) (segment).
.
, (packet), "
PDU . ,
, , ,
. "
. (frame),
PDU . , "
, (trailer) "
(Frame Check Sequence """" FCS),
, "
. , .
. "
,
I. CCNA 1:
138
( ) ( )
.
, , , ,
OSI.
, """" , "
"""" OSI. ,
(end"to"end) ,
().
TCP/IP
OSI "
, Internet
(Transmission Control Protocol """" TCP) Internet"
(IP),
TCP/IP. TCP/IP TCP/IP "
,
, , . TCP/IP
, , ,
, , ,
.
(Department of Defence """" DoD)
TCP/IP, , "
, . "
, "
, , "
, , .
, , ( )
(
). ,
"
.
TCP/IP, , "
Internet. TCP/IP "
, Internet; "
, , .
. 2.46, TCP/IP :
;
;
Internet";
.
2.
OSI
139
TCP/IP
(7" )
(6" )
(5" )
(4" )
(3" )
Internet
(2" )
(1" )
. 2.46. TCP/IP
, TCP/IP "
, OSI. "
.
, .
. OSI TCP/IP
OSI
TCP/IP. TCP/IP ,
.
"
, .. ". , , "
, . ( A) "
( ),
, .
(encapsulation)
. , "
OSI
( )
.
, ,
"
.
. , , ,
.
, , "
OSI, . 2.47.
, "
.
I. CCNA 1:
140
"
.
!
, ,
. ,
.
"
, ,
, .
, "
. ,
, "
"
.
. 2.47.
. 2.48, "
:
1.
2.
.
,
, .
.
. , "
2.
3.
4.
5.
141
.
.
, , "
. "
"
.
. "
. "
"
.
"
.
.
.
. , "
LAN,
WAN,
. "
, "
OSI.
,
. "
:
1.
2.
3.
, MAC"
.
, .
, ; "
.
,
,
,
.
(deencapsulation).
. "
:
, .
I. CCNA 1:
142
(
)
. 2.48.
:
,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
-.
. ,
, .
(Cyclical Redundancy Check CRC), CRC-. CRC-
, ,
, .
, .
,
. ,
.
2.3.7. OSI
, ,
.
2.
143
:
OSI .
, "
:
LAN WAN;
"
. ,
LAN,
MAN WAN.
OSI;
, "
. "
;
"
;
LAN Ethernet "
. "
. "
, , "
;
"
;
;
LAN , NIC, "
, ;
WAN LAN,
;
MAN "
, ;
(SAN) , "
;
(Intranet) ,
.
(Extranet)
144
I. CCNA 1:
, (Intranet) ,
;
, "
. VPN" "
, (Intranet Extranet);
"
, .. ;
/, /, /, /;
, "
LAN WAN
;
"
:
, , , "
;
:
T=S/BW ( = / );
, "
;
;
"
;
, "
, .
;
ISO "
OSI 1984 . OSI "
, "
, ;
OSI "
. OSI
: , ,
, , , ;
() "
;
2.
145
TCP/IP : ,
, Internet ( )
;
" "
".
OSI , ..
;
, "
,
Internet;
,
;
(hub) (repea
ter) , .
( ) "
. , , "
.
, ,
;
LAN "
MAC". Ethernet
LAN";
, "
. "
, "
, , ,
;
"
;
, "
, ;
, AAA" VPN"
;
, .
,
", : "
(e"Lab), ,
146
I. CCNA 1:
(PhotoZoom). "
, .
, MAC (Media Access Control
MAC) """" ,
. .
(firewall) """" ,
.
(Virtual Private Network VPN) """" , "
, , ,
Internet.
(Extranet) """" (Intranet)
,
.
(Intranet) """" LAN. Intranet"
, ,
.
(deencapsulation) """" "
.
(collision domain): Ethernet """" , "
. "
, "
LAN, .
(star topology) """" "
Ethernet.
, , "
; .
(hierarchical topology) """" "
. "
. ,
.
(encapsulation) """" "
.
(data link layer) """" OSI.
. "
, , , "
, .
2.
147
148
I. CCNA 1:
.
(peertopeer communication) """" ,
OSI "
.
(packet) """" ,
, () "
. "
.
(token passing) """" ,
"
, , .
(Network Interface Card NIC) ,
.
.
(repeater) """" ,
() OSI. "
,
.
(fullmesh topology) ,
() ,
.
(throughput) """" ,
.
(protocol) """" ,
.
(WideArea Network WAN) """" , "
, ,
, "
.
(extendedstar topology) ,
"
, .
(MetropolitanArea Network MAN) , "
, . MAN",
, , LAN,
, WAN.
(session layer) OSI. "
, "
.
2.
149
150
I. CCNA 1:
, ,
, . "
, .
1. , ?
) MAN.
) WAN.
) LAN.
) PAN.
2. ,
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
3. ?
) NIC.
) MAC".
) .
) LAN".
4. "
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
2.
151
5. TIA EIA?
) Television Industry Association, Electronic Industries Association (
,
).
) Telecommunications Industry Association, Electronic Industries Alliance (
,
).
) Telecommunications Industry Alliance, Electronic Industries Association (
,
).
) Tlphonique International Association, Elgraphique Industries Alliance
( ,
8).
6.
LAN? ( .)
) .
)
.
) Internet.
) .
7.
WAN?
) LAN,
.
) ,
.
) LAN
.
) ,
, .
8.
MAN?
) MAN ,
, , ,
.
. . .
152
I. CCNA 1:
) MAN , "
. "
, .
) MAN , "
, .
) MAN ,
.
9. SAN?
) SAN
.
) SAN .
) SAN .
) SAN .
10.
?
) Internet.
) .
) .
) WAN.
11. "
, ?
) VPN" .
) VPN" Intranet.
) VPN" Extranet.
) VPN" Internet.
12. ,
, ?
) Internet.
) Extranet.
) Intranet.
) LAN.
2.
153
13. ?
) (wrapping).
) .
) .
) .
14. OSI?
) .
) .
) .
) .
15. OSI?
) OSI ,
.
) OSI
" .
) OSI ,
, .
) .
16. ?
) 1 """" , 2 """" , 3 """" , 4 """" , 5 """"
, 6 """" , 7 """" .
) 1 """" , 2 """" , 3 """" , 4 """" , 5 """"
, 6 """" , 7 """" .
) 1 """" , 2 """" , 3 """" , 4 """" , 5 """"
, 6 """" , 7 """" "
.
) 1 """" , 2 """" , 3 """" , 4 """" , 5 """"
, 6 """" , 7 """"
.
17. OSI , "
, ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
154
I. CCNA 1:
18. ?
) ,
.
) .
) .
) .
19. A
B LAN.
. "
, ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
20. TCP/IP ,
?
) .
) .
) Internet.
) .
21.
?
)
.
) .
) .
) .
22. "
?
) OSI
IP".
) OSI
IP".
) OSI
MAC".
) OSI
MAC".
2.
155
23.
?
) .
) "
, .
) "
, "
.
) .
24. ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
25. ?
) ,
.
) AS5400 "
, , "
.
) DSLAM "
.
) .
...
;
,
;
;
,
;
,
;
,
;
,
;
;
;
;
;
158
I. CCNA 1:
,
:
, . 160,
, . 165,
, . 165,
, . 169,
, . 169,
, . 169,
, . 169,
, . 173,
, . 174,
, . 176,
, . 176,
, . 177,
, . 181,
, . 181,
, . 184,
, . 184,
, . 188,
, . 191,
, . 191,
, . 191,
, . 197,
, . 197,
, . 198,
, . 198,
, . 198,
, . 201,
, . 204,
, . 204,
, . 204,
, . 206,
, . 207,
, . 207,
, . 212,
, . 218.
3.
159
#
, #
. #
,
,
, #
. , , #
, , ,
#
.
, #
OSI. #
, #
, ,
, , , #
.
, #
#, :
(e#Lab), , #
(PhotoZoom). #
, .
,
(.. ) #
OSI.
####
. , #
.
, #
.
. #
. #
.
, , .
. #
; ,
.
. , #
, . , #
1 ,
.
I. CCNA 1:
160
. (
). ,
. ,
.
. 3500 4900
.
400 (F) (204
(C)).
,
.
(TwistedPair).
.
.
(Coaxial cable).
.
,
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( E3), .
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.
.
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() .
:
, ;
, ;
, .
.
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(Niels Bohr), ,
, . 3.2.
, ,
. ,
. ,
3.
161
, ,
.
,
; , .
1A 2A
1
H
3
Li
4
Be
11
Na
19
K
37
Rb
55
Cs
87
Li
12
Mg
20
Ca
38
Sr
56
Ba
88
Ra
8B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
1B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
V
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
Sc Ti
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Y
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag
57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
La Hf Ta
W Re Os Ir
Pt Au
89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Uuu
30
Zn
48
Cd
80
Hg
112
Uub
4A
5A
6A
7A
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
31
Ga
49
In
81
Tl
32
Ge
50
Sn
82
Pb
114
33
As
51
Sb
83
Bi
34
Se
52
Te
84
Po
35
Br
53
I
85
At
36
Kr
54
Xe
86
Rn
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61 62
Pm Sm
63
Eu
65
Td
66
Dy
67
Ho
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
95 96 97
Am Cm Bk
98
Cf
99
Es
94
Pu
64
Gd
2B
3A
8A
2
He
116
68
Er
69
Tm
118
70
Yb
71
Lu
. 3.1.
(n)
(+)
.
+
.
.
()
. 3.2.
I. CCNA 1:
162
#
. , #
.
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3.
163
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.
70 % , .
#### , ,
.
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164
I. CCNA 1:
#
. .
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V ( electromo#
tive force #### ).
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(, 12 V = 12 = 12 ).
:
(DirectCurrent voltage DC voltage).
. #
, #
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,
. ,
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. 3.3.
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,
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,
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3.
165
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166
I. CCNA 1:
12 ,
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3.
6V
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167
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.
,
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) , ,
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.
I. CCNA 1:
168
(DC),
(AC)
, ,
. 3.5.
: (V) (I) (R) #
. V = IR1,
#### , .
: (AC alternating current) #
(DC direct current). , #
,
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.
3.1.5.
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3.
169
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#
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.
#
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Electronics Engineers &&&& IEEE) , ,
. IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, IEEE 802.5 #### #
Token Ring. (Underwriters Laboratories)
, #
.
(Telecommunications Industry Associastion &&&&
TIA) (Electronics Industries Association &&&&
EIA) , #
TIA/EIA.
TIA/EIA.
TIA/EIA 568A #
.
,
, #
, #
.
TIA/EIA 568B
. #
. TIA/EIA 568#B.1
, #
#
. TIA/EIA 568#B.1.1 ,
(Unshielded
Twisted-Pair UTP) (Screened Twisted#Pair ####
ScTP), .
TIA/EIA 568#B.1.1 , #
#
, .
TIA/EIA 568#B.2.1 ,
6.
TIA/EIA 568#B.3. #
.
170
I. CCNA 1:
TIA/EIA 569B , #
. , #
, .
TIA/EIA 606 #
#
. ,
#
.
, #
.
TIA/EIA 607 ,
#
. #
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( ) , #
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, #
.
TIA/EIA#568#B #
,
. ( CAT 1 CAT 5), , #
TIA/EIA#568#B,
: CAT 3, CAT 4, CAT 5.
(CAT 5). #
CAT 5e CAT 6;
, CAT 7.
.
TIA/EIA#568#B
:
;
.
3.
171
UTP #
. #
:
STP c 150 ( Token Ring);
UTP c 100 ( Ethernet);
62,5/125 ( Ethernet);
( ,
, ).
RG#6 75 #
, #
, .
UTP, #
. ,
( #
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#
, 90 . , #
,
6 2. , ,
100 .
Ethernet #
:
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10BASE#T ,
10 /. ( BASE
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twisted ).
10BASE5 ,
10 / . 5 #
, #
500 ; , #
, .
10BASE5 , #
, #
.
, &
5 , 3 6 , . &&&& . .
I. CCNA 1:
172
10BASE2, , , #
. 2 #
, #
200 ; , ,
. 10BASE2 #
, ,
, #
.
, . 3.6,
:
;
;
;
.
; #
, , ,
. #
.
. , #
. #
BNC# ( British Naval Connector,
Bayonet Neill Concelman #### ).
BNC
. 3.6.
(LAN), #
.
3.
173
,
STP UTP. ,
, .
, ..
. , #
Internet.
RG#59, #
20 AWG. RG#6 #
,
18 AWG.
RG#11 14 AWG.
, .
, #
, #
(, , )
. .
(1 ) Ethernet, #
#
, .
; . 3.7.
, #
# .
, ,
. ,
.
, .
. 3.7.
, 0,35 ,
,
, Ethernet. ,
. 3.8, ,
.
, .
.
174
I. CCNA 1:
. 3.8.
, ,
,
. # #
Ethernet.
,
. #
IEEE #
Ethernet.
Ethernet UTP #
.
:
10 100 /;
;
;
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).
:
.
,
, ,
.
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
, (Teflon),
, .
, . ,
, .
3.
175
: (AWG)
(American Wire Gauge System AWG). AWG
.
, , 12 14 AWG.
, (UTP),
( ),
19 26 AWG. 22
26 AWG, 24 AWG.
AWG .
, , ,
.
24 AWG 1/24 .
,
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.
, ,
.
.
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.
,
.
,
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, ( ), #
. , ,
.
: (Shielded
Twisted#Pair STP) (Unshielded Twisted#Pair UTP). #
.
I. CCNA 1:
176
(STP)
(STP) #
, #
. ,
. , , #
.
. 3.9.
RJ45
. 3.9.
RJ45
. 3.10. (ScTP)
, , #
, . #
,
,
3.
177
. STP ScTP #
, ,
.
, . , #
.
:
10 100 /;
#### ;
;
#### 100 ( ).
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.
, #
, . 3.11.
. , ,
45 (Registered Jack 45 #### RJ#45). #
. 3.12.
RJ45
. 3.11.
(UTP) .
, .
UTP
, . #
, .
, .
178
I. CCNA 1:
. 3.12. RJ&45
(UTP),
, #
. .. UTP , #
() . UTP #
, , #
.
UTP #
, #
.
:
10 1000 /;
#### ;
#### ;
#### 100 ( ).
UTP:
1 (Category 1 CAT 1) #
, ;
2 (Category 2 CAT 2)
#### 4 /;
3 (Category 3 CAT 3) 10BASET Ethernet.
10 /;
4 (Category 4 CAT 4) Token Ring.
16 /;
5 (Category 5 CAT 5) #
100 /. ,
Fast Ethernet;
3.
179
180
I. CCNA 1:
3.1.9d.
, #
5 5e.
.
3.1.9e.
,
Ethernet 5 5e
TIA#568#B TIA#568#A. #
.
3.1.9f. UTP
,
, . #
.
#
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:
,
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;
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3.
181
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100 , .
.
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1
108
107
10
5
14
10
100
6
10
7
10
103
9
10
10
18
10
102
10
11
10
19
10
10
10
12
10
101
10
10
103
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11
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10
102
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13
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22
10
15
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16
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24
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,
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21
10
10
20
10
. 3.14.
1 1
10
17
10
10
10
104
10
100
10
100
8
10
16
10
105
10
15
10
10
13
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4
106
10
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10
10
100
1 .
10
10
3.
183
,
. , #
300 000 /, 186 000 /.
.
700 400 .
(0,000000001 ), . #
, 700 400 , #
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.
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:
184
I. CCNA 1:
, ;
( #
: ).
#
, .
,
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.
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(Index of Refrac#
tion IR) :
IR = ( )/( ).
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3.2.
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3.
185
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.
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,
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.
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.
().
I. CCNA 1:
186
, 90 ,
.
90 , , ,
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).
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). . 3.17.
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,
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3.
187
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:
I. CCNA 1:
188
#### ,
, #
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.
n1
0
n2
n1
2
NA = Sin 0 = n2 n1
:
n1
n2
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, #
(. 3.21).
,
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,
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3.
189
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.
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Tx
Rx
Rx
Tx
. 3.22.
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,
,
.
.
, . 2-, 4-, 8-,
12-, 24-, 48- .
.
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:
;
;
;
;
.
( )
( )
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,
.
( ) .
, ,
I. CCNA 1:
190
, . , ,
-
.
. 3.24.
,
.
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(Kevlar). .
,
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.
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,
; .
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) .
. 3.25.
125
= 5,8
()
125
= 60
. 3.25.
3.
191
. 3.3 .
3.3.
(10 )
,
(50 62,5 )
, ,
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, ,
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(LED)
:
.
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)
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I. CCNA 1:
192
, , ,
, .
.
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10 .
9 . 9/125
, 9 , #### 125 .
#
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#
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90 .
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, .
6560 . &&&& . .
3.
193
. 3.26.
, #
( ) , #
. 3000 #
, 2000 .
, #
. ,
#
(Wide#Area Network #### WAN) (,
).
. 3.27 #
.
,
,
,
, .
100/140
62.5/125
50/125
10/125
. 3.27.
:
1 /;
;
;
10 , 2# ####
.
I. CCNA 1:
194
:
(. 3.28):
- ;
.
. 3.28.
.
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
: .
,
, ,
.
3.
195
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. #
.
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:
(LightEmitting Diode LED)
850 1310 .
.
;
(Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
1310 1550 . #
,
(WAN),
. ,
.
.
#
. , #
. #
, .
, #
. #
,
.
,
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, ,
p#i#n (PIN#).
PIN# (850, 1310
1550 ), 4. #
,
. #
, , .
4
,
, . &&&& . .
196
I. CCNA 1:
, #
.
,
.
(Subscriber Connector SC); #
. 3.29. #
(Straight Tip ST),
. 3.30. SC# ST# .
#
#
RJ#45.
. 3.29. SC
. 3.30. ST
, ,
, #
, . #
.
;
, ,
, #
.
, .
. 3.31.
, #
.
3.
197
, , , #
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. 3.31.
3.2.8.
,
.
, #
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, #### ,
. #
, #
.
, , #
, ,
,
. ,
Gigabit# 10#Gigabit#
Ethernet, , #
2 . ( Ethernet 7, #
Ethernet.) , ,
Ethernet .
#
.
. ,
. #
, .
#### .
198
I. CCNA 1:
() ,
, . 3.32.
. 3.32.
, . #
,
.
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, ,
#.
# #
.
, #
, .
, #
. #### ,
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.
3.
199
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, . 3.34;
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: , #
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.
#
# #
,
. #
#
, .
. , , #
.
I. CCNA 1:
200
,
, .
#
, . , #
, . 3.35. . 3.36
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
. 3.35.
. 3.36.
#
. #
#
. ,
3.
201
. . 3.37
.
62,5
50
. 3.37.
#
.
.
,
. #
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, ;
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.
#### , , , #
####
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#
.
(optical link loss budget).
.
( ) , #
,
.
, #
(decibel dB, ). #
, , .
. #
. : #
(Optical Loss Meter) #
(Optical Time#Domain Reflectometer OTDR).
202
I. CCNA 1:
#
TIA .
, #
. , OTDR
.
:
,
, , .
,
.
.
, ();
.
. ,
, , , ,
,
.
.
, . 3
300 . ,
.
,
. 3.38.
.
(Infrared )
, ,
.
(Narrowband)
. .
(Spread spectrum)
.
. Cisco Aironet.
(Broadband personal communications
service PCS) , ;
.
(
Cellular Data and
Cellular Digital Packet Data, CDPD) ,
.
(Satellite) ,
.
3.
203
54 /
11 /
4 /
2 /
1 /
56 /
19.6 /
9.6 /
. 3.38.
, ,
:
, .. ?
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(WLAN)
?
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?
.
.
3.39,
:
.
;
. ,
;
.
.
.
,
, .
I. CCNA 1:
204
.
(, ..) .
. 3.39. ,
(. 3.40).
() ( )
.
() .
() () .
AM
. 3.40.
,
.
.
. /,
, .
,
3.
205
,
.
.
. ,
.
,
/ ( ).
,
. , .
, ,
(Federal Communication Commission FCC) .
, .
, .
, . 3.41.
900 ().
.
2,4 (). , 802.11b,
2,4 .
11 /.
5 .
5 . Cisco
5 , , Cisco Aironet
1200. ( 802.11b 802.11a).
802.11a 54 /.
,
. ,
. ,
,
.
, .
- , 900
, .
. ,
, , 900
( ),
2,4 . 900
1 /, .
2,4 ,
900 ,
25 . Cisco Aironet 340
11 / 2,4 .
Cisco 5
, ,
. Cisco Aironet,
5 , 54 /;
I. CCNA 1:
206
902928
26
(840 )
(1,9 )
2,4 2,4835
83,5
(IEEE 802,11)
5
(IEEE 802,11)
2
. 3.41.
,
.
.
(Spread Spectrum SS) 1940 .
, .
,
( -
).
, ..
.
,
. (band)
5
6
50 . &&&& . .
2500 . &&&& . .
3.
207
.
.
.
, . 3.42, ,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
.
( )
. 3.42.
, ,
.
:
(Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum FHSS)
(Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS). FHSS
DSSS .
FHSS DSSS
, FHSS DSSS
.
FHSS
. . 3.43 FHSS-:
C (2,42 ) A (2,40 ), D (2,43 ),
B (2,41 ) E (2,44 ).
,
, . ,
FHSS ,
, .
DSSS.
. 3.44,
, .
40% , ,
.
.
- 2 / FHSS
, ,
.
DSSS. , 802.11b,
, 11 /, DSSS.
FHSS 2 /.
I. CCNA 1:
208
()
2,42
2,40
2,43
2,41
2,44
3
A
2,45
()
2,44
2,42
2,41
2,40
2,43
. 3.43.
1 01 0
11001100100
11 0
11001100100
. 3.44. (DSSS)
,
, .
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
3.
209
,
. , #
,
.
.
,
, #
.
. #
#
. Internet #
, ,
,
. #
.
#
. , #
, . #
#
(IEEE), , #
(FCC).
, 802.11,
DSSS. , 1
2 /, DSSS,
11 /, , ,
2 /. (..
) 802.11b
11 /. DSSS FHSS #
, #
, IEEE
, .
IEEE 802.11b Wi#Fi (
) DSSS
1, 2, 5,5 11 /. , 802.11b,
, 802.11 #
DSSS. , #
.
, 802.11b, #
#
, 802.11,
210
I. CCNA 1:
. #
, 802.11b, #
10 /,
2#4 /.
802.11a , 5 .
, , #
802.11a (5 ), , #
802.11b (2.4 ). 802.11a
54 /, , #
,
108 /. ,
, 20 26 /.
802.11g ,
802.11a, #
. , #
, #
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing #### OFDM).
Cisco Systems , #
, 802.11a 802.11b, .
#
.
,
, #### . . 3.45 #
, . 3.46 #### #
USB#.
, .
,
, .
, . ,
, #
, , , #
. #
; ,
.
#
(Access Point AP),
. . 3.47.
, Internet.
, #
( );
.
3.
. 3.45.
. 3.46.
US&
. 3.47.
211
I. CCNA 1:
212
, , #
#
. 90 150 .
#
, 7
(roaming) , . 3.48.
, .
, ..
#
.
20#30. ,
.
Ethernet
Internet
. 3.48.
# #
, ,
. . #
, .
,
. #
(Service Set Identifier SSID) ,
7
. &&&& . .
3.
213
. #
, , #
, .
, , #
.
.
SSID,
. , #
,
.
, #
802.2.
802.3, Ethernet .
: ,
. ,
.
:
;
# ;
;
;
;
.
:
(Request To Send #### RTS);
(Clear To Send #### CTS);
(Acknowledgement).
.
802.3.
802.3 1500 ,
1518 .
2346 , #
1518 , #
Ethernet.
,
,
214
I. CCNA 1:
, , #
. # #
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Avoidance CSMA/CA).
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSMA/CD), #
Ethernet. CSMA/CD #
6, " Ethernet ".
,
(acknowledgment ACK),
50% .
#
5,0#
5,5 / , 802.11b, #
11 /.
# #
. , #
(Adaptive Rate Selec#
tion ARS), 11 /
5,5 /, 5,5 / 2 /, 2 / 1 /,
. 3.49.
OSI, ,
. #### #
,
.
#
.
.
, .
#.
, #
.
.
.
3.
215
11 /
115,5 /
5,52 /
21 /
. 3.49.
:
.
;
, .
, ;
. #
/ .
IEEE 802.11 #
:
(Open system).
SSID.
,
,
SSID ;
(Shared key). #
WEP (Wired Equivalent
Privacy #### ).
I. CCNA 1:
216
WEP , #
64# 128# . #
; #
. WEP #
, #
, .
.
. #
,
. #
,
() .
10 8
1/1000 . , ,
, ,
( ). #
.
, .
.
# #
.
, . #
, #
. #
.
,
, .
, ,
.
, , #
#
.
30 . &&&& . .
3.
217
Ethernet #
: #
. #
.
. ,
. #
.
#
. #
,
3000 4000
. #
.
.
. Bluetooth9 #
2,4
, 802.11b.
Bluetooth .
.
1
. #
, 2,4 .
. #
, , #
.
, #
.
, #
, #
. , #
#
, #
.
(Small Office/Home Office #### SOHO)
,
, (. 3.50).
9 Bluetooth ( ) &&&&
2,4 ,
X II " ", &
. &&&& . .
I. CCNA 1:
218
. 3.50.
, , #
.
.
,
,
. .
.
, #
. ,
, .
WEP
(WEP Wired Equivalent
Privacy) 802.11. #
. #
802.11q 40# .
, , , , #
Cisco, 128 .
WEP :
, #
WEP;
WEP.
WEP RC4,
(Ron Rivest), RSA Data Security Inc.
3.
219
(RSADSI). RC4 #
.
#
, , #
.
#
WEP, 802.11
, WEP.
, #
. WEP,
, , VPN #
.
I. CCNA 1:
220
LEAP #
Cisco. LEAP
, WEP
.
VPN :
#
, ,
;
#
;
, #
# .
VPN
,
, #
. ,
. #
#
.
,
:
. , #
. #### ;
#
. #
, #### . #
;
#### , #
, ,
;
. , #
, ;
, , , #
, ,
3.
221
; , #
.
;
.
, . #
, #
;
: #
, , #
;
UTP #
;
STP ,
. ScTP ;
,
: , ;
, ;
, ,
;
, , #
, .
;
;
#
, #
;
,
;
#
, ,
. ,
#
;
, #
, #
;
222
I. CCNA 1:
#
, , ,
, ;
, , #
, #
;
#
, ;
: #
, ;
, #
, ;
, #
, #
. : FHSS DSSS.
DSSS, #
;
. #
, #
, ;
( #
) .
;
#
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance CSMA/CA);
, #
;
: IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11a, IEEE
802.11b IEEE 802.11g;
WEP IEEE 802.11
;
#
: VPN, EAP, LEAP .;
, PCMCIA
, USB#, #
.
3.
223
( ) #### ()
.
(Telecommunications Industry Association &&&&
TIA) #### ,
.
(Electronics Industries Association &&&& EIA)
.
EIA TIA
.
#### ,
,
, ( #
) .
#### () #
.
#### #
() . #
().
#### #
.
(Shielded Twisted Pair &&&& STP) ,
, .
(Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers IEEE) #### , #
.
IEEE.
, #
.
####
, #
. #
#
.
#### ,
.
#### , #
, .
224
I. CCNA 1:
3.
225
(thinnet) &&&& #
,
10BASE2. 185 , #
.
####
.
#
, .
, , #
( #
, ).
####
.
#### .
#### .
( ) #### .
( ) #### .
#### ,
, .
(ElectroMagnetic Interference &&&& EMI)
,
, .
, ,
, . #
, .
1. .
1) .
) , .
2) .
) , ().
3) .
) , .
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
226
I. CCNA 1:
2. ?
) .
) .
) , #
.
) .
3. .
1) .
) .
2) .
) .
3) .
) .
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
4. __________ ____________.
) ; .
) ; .
) ; .
) ; .
5. STP?
) 100 .
) 150 .
) 100 .
) 1000 .
6. UTP?
) 2.
) 4.
) 6.
) 8.
7. UTP?
) STP.
) BNC.
) RJ#45.
) RJ#69.
3.
227
8. #
STP UTP?
) , #
10 / 100 /.
) .
)
.
) .
9. ?
) .
) .
) , .
) .
10. EIA/TIA?
) OSI.
) ,
.
)
, #
.
) .
11. ___________ , #
.
) .
) .
) .
) .
12. ?
) .
) .
) #
.
) , #
.
...
;
;
,
TIA/EIA;
;
,
;
;
;
;
6.
,
:
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 234,
, . 234,
, . 236,
, . 236,
, . 238,
, . 239,
, . 243,
, . 244,
, . 245,
, . 245,
NEXT, . 245,
FEXT, . 245,
PSNEXT, . 246,
TIA/EIA568B, . 248,
230
I. CCNA 1:
, . 237,
, . 238,
, . 238,
, . 238,
, . 238,
, . 248,
ELFEXT, . 248,
PSELFEXT, . 248,
, . 251,
, . 251.
,
, (LocalArea
Network LAN). LAN WAN ,
, Ethernet
10, 100, 1000 10 000 /.
, ,
.
,
( ).
, LAN WAN
.
. .
(,
( )) ;
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
,
,
, , , , .
, .
4.
231
(wave)
. ,
.
. ,
, . , ,
, .
,
. ,
. :
.
.
(frequency) , .
(amplitude)
, , .
,
, ,
.
( )
(hertz).
,
, (pulse).
, .
. 4.1 .
:
( ) ;
;
, .
, (sine waves),
, . 4.2.
:
( ,
);
(..
).
I. CCNA 1:
232
. 4.1.
A (
)
T (,
1 )
F (
) 1/T
t
A
. 4.2.
, ,
, (Ferris wheel)
, .
,
; .
4.
233
, ,
, , .
.
,
,
, . 4.3.
. , ,
, .
A ( )
( )
(1/0, /)
. 4.3.
1, ,
:
( , 2);
( 10);
( 16).
,
. , ()
(0 1), 10
( 0 9), 16 ( 0 9
A F).
, , 1010, 102 (10
, 10, , 10, ).
101010 103 (10 , 10,
, 10, ).
, 10 , 2 3
. .
I. CCNA 1:
234
y = 10
y = 10
x: 2
x: 3
y: 100
y: 1000
.
(base), .. ,
, . ,
1
, (base ).
, 10 16
.
, , ,
, .
109 , 1 000 000 000,
.
,
.
. .
, .. ,
. , , log.
,
. ,
, , log (109) 10, log (103) 3.
,
10, .
. ,
,
, .
, (decibel dB, ).
,
. , ,
.
dB = 10log10 (Pfinal/Pref)
dB = 20log10 (Vfinal/Vreference)
(),
().
4.
235
:
(dB) .
, """" ;
log10 , "
10;
Pfinal """" , ;
Pref """" , ;
Vfinal """" , ;
Vref """" , .
.
Pfinal = Pref10
(dB/10)
dB = 20,
Pref = 2 ,
Pfinal = 200 .
dB Pref
. , "
, "
, , .
.
Pfinal (, 10"6 ), Pref
(, 10"3 ),
? ?
: ?
, "84 ,
(Pfinal)
(, 10"3 ). "
?
, ,
(, 210"6 ); "
1 .
? ?
: ?
.
236
I. CCNA 1:
, , , , ,
, , ..
. ,
,
.
.
.
, .
,
, . (oscilloscope)
,
, ,
. X ,
Y . ,
, Y,
.
(timedomain analysis), X,
, .
.
X .
,
(spectrum analyzer),
. . 4.4
,
.
,
. ,
(Frequency Modulation FM) ,
, .
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
4.
237
().
?
.
,
.
. ?
,
. , ,
, , ,
.
? ,
.
0 < < 1
. 4.4.
, ,
(LAN), (noise) (. 4.5). ,
,
.
.
I. CCNA 1:
238
. ,
, . :
, , ;
,
;
() (Radio Frequency Interference RFI),
, ;
(Electromagnetic Interference EMI),
, , ;
,
.
1 NEXT A
2
3 /
4 EMI / RFI
5 NEXT B
A
1
t=0
B
5
V
1
?
t
. 4.5.
, ,
(white noise). ,
, (narrowband interference).
,
. (LAN)
,
. ,
,
, LAN, .
4.
239
. LAN
: .
(analog bandwidth)
.
,
.
, ..
, ().
3 , 20 ,
5 200
FM.
(digital bandwidth) ,
.
. , LAN
,
(/) (/), . 4.1.
,
.
4.1.
1 / =
1 / = 1000 / = 103 /
.
.
,
. ,
,
.
240
I. CCNA 1:
,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
, . ,
,
,
.
.
,
.
TIA/EIA568B
/ (Telecommunications Industry
Association/Electronics Industries Association).
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
. ,
. LAN
,
.
, 5 .
Ethernet
, ,
.
, .
,
4.
241
.
Ethernet,
:
(Unshielded TwistedPair UTP) 5 (Category 5 CAT 5)
, , ,
(punchdown block) .
: .
,
( ).
,
,
.
(. 4.6). ,
, .
.
, ;
,
, .
.
BNC
. 4.6.
,
:
(Shielded TwistedPair STP) (. 4.7);
(Unshielded TwistedPair UTP) (. 4.8).
I. CCNA 1:
242
()
G/W
R/W
B/W
O/W
G/W
BI/W
B/W
O/W
. 4.7.
Bl/W
O/W
G/W
G/W
BI/W
B/W
O/W
B/W
. 4.8.
STP, (Screened
TwistedPair ScTP) (Foil Twisted Pair FTP),
,
. STP
, . STP ,
, ,
UTP. UTP ,
4.
243
,
.
, . 4.9 4.10,
,
. ,
, .
,
.
.
,
, , ,
LAN.
. 4.9.
. 4.10.
(attenuation)
, . 4.11.
.
, .
(dB) (
).
( ).
:
;
( )
.
I. CCNA 1:
244
. 4.11.
(impedance)
(Alternating Current AC), . ()
5 (CAT 5) 100 .
CAT 5 , .
(impedance
discontinuity), (impedance mismatch).
,
, ,
. ,
,
,
,
.
.
(jitter1) .
(insertion loss).
, , .
,
, .
TIA/EIA568B ,
. UTP
, , ,
.
1
,
. . .
4.
245
(crosstalk)
.
.
.
, , ,
.
() , ;
, .
, ,
(alien crosstalk).
.
.
.
,
, ,
, . 4.12.
. UTP,
,
. LAN
.
UTP.
.
,
. 4.12. ,
:
2 (Nearend crosstalk NEXT);
(Farend crosstalk FEXT);
2
, . . .
I. CCNA 1:
246
(power
sum nearend crosstalk PSNEXT).
(Nearend crosstalk (NEXT),
. 4.13,
,
, .
(dB) .
,
, ,
,
. ,
NEXT.
30 dB ( 30) NEXT
NEXT ,
NEXT, 10 dB ( 10).
NEXT
NEXT
NEXT
. 4.13.
NEXT
UTP .
NEXT ,
TIA/EIA.
TIA/EIA568B .
NEXT
.
.
, (farend
crosstalk FEXT), ,
(NEXT), . 4.14. ,
FEXT, ,
. , FEXT ,
NEXT.
4.
247
FEXT
. 4.14.
PSNEXT
. 4.15.
(PSNEXT)
I. CCNA 1:
248
TIA/EIA568B ,
,
LAN Ethernet.
.
, ,
TIA/EIA568B, :
(Wire map);
(Insertion loss);
(Nearend crosstalk NEXT);
(Power sum
nearend crosstalk PSNEXT);
(Equallevel farend
crosstalk ELFEXT);
(Power sum equallevel farend crosstalk PSELFEXT);
;
;
;
(Delay Skew).
Ethernet , RJ45
, . 4.16. (Network Interface
Card NIC) 1 2,
3 6. UTP
.
.
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3
4
2 1 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
T568A
T568B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
4.
249
,
. ,
.
,
.
.
() (reversedpair fault) ,
,
. . 4.17,
( ,
) 1, 2, ,
, 2,
1, .
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
T568B
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
:
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
:
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8
. 4.17. ,
, , (splitpair
wiring fault), ,
.
. 4.17.
,
, .
250
I. CCNA 1:
(insertion loss).
.
, TIA/EIA568B ,
.
:
NEXT;
ELFEXT;
PSELFEXT;
(return loss).
NEXT
. NEXT, ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
, NEXT .
(Equal
level farend crosstalk ELFEXT) FEXT. ELFEXT
(dB) FEXT
, FEXT.
ELFEXT Ethernet,
1000BASET.
(power sum equallevel farend crosstalk PSELFEXT)
ELFEXT .
, .
,
, , ,
,
.
4.
251
(propagation delay)
,
.
, .
( ()
, .. 0,000000001 ). UTP
TIA/EIA568B
.
. TIA/EIA568B1 ,
.
(Time Domain Reflectometry TDR), .
, ,
, . TDR
,
, .
TDR ,
, ,
.
, , , ,
,
.
, , .
.
, (delay skew).
, , Ethernet 1000BASET,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
LAN ,
, TIA/EIA568B,
,
.
, ,
. ,
252
I. CCNA 1:
.
.
,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
(EMI)
. ,
, .
, UTP.
,
. ,
,
. , UTP,
.
,
, .
, .
, .
,
, ,
.
. , ,
, . ,
, .
.
,
.
.
20 2002 TIA568
6 . : ANSI/TIA/EIA568B.21.
Ethernet . ,
6 , .
4.
253
6 (CAT 6) CAT 5,
6 .
CAT 6 250
.
, Fluke DSP4000 Fluke
OMNIScanner2, ,
CAT 5, CAT 5e CAT 6 .
4.2.9a. Fluke 620:
LAN
CableMeter Fluke 620.
4.2.9b. Fluke 620:
, .. Pass/Fail
Fluke 620.
4.2.9c. Fluke 620:
Fluke 620.
4.2.9d. Fluke LinkRunner:
LinkRunner Fluke
, ; ,
.
ping.
4.2.9e. Fluke LinkRunner:
NIC
LinkRunner Fluke
, ,
(terminates).
NIC.
.
,
.
, , .
. .
254
I. CCNA 1:
( )
, ,
. .
.
(,
3
10 = 101010 = 1000).
.
10 ,
10 , (, log10 1000 =
3
=3, 10 = 1000).
.
,
.
.
.
, .
.
, (RFI)
(EMI). ,
.
,
, , ,
FM.
,
.
.
,
.
OSI ,
.
. LAN
.
.
, , .
4.
255
: ,
, .
.
TIA/EIA568B
,
Ethernet.
,
.
6 ,
5,
.
(amplitude) ,
, .
(spectrum analyzer) ,
.
(.. ) .
(analog bandwidth)
.
,
.
(white noise) ,
.
(alien crosstalk) , ,
.
(Wave) .
(insertion loss)
.
(hertz) ,
.
(decibel) %%%% ,
.
,
, ,
, .
(propagation delay) ,
,
.
256
I. CCNA 1:
(attenuation)
.
(impedance) ,
(AC), .
(pulse) .
,
.
(RFI radio frequency interference)
, .
, ,
.
(Oscilloscope) ,
, , .
(crosstalk)
.
, , ,
.
(FEXT farend crosstalk)
, ,
.
(ELFEXT equallevel far
end crosstalk) , FEXT.
(NEXT nearend crosstalk) ,
.
(square waves) ,
.
, ,
, .
(sine waves)
, ,
, , , ,
.
(delay skew)
.
.
TIA/EIA568B ,
,
Ethernet.
4.
257
, ,
, .
, .
1. ?
) , .
) ,
.
) , .
) ,
.
258
I. CCNA 1:
2. ?
) .
) .
) .
) , .
3. ?
) .
) .
)
.
) FM, ,
.
4.
TIA/EIAB? ( .)
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
5
LAN WAN
...
,
, ;
, Ethernet
;
Ethernet;
,
;
,
;
,
RJ45,
,
;
;
;
,
;
,
;
CSU/DSU;
,
,
;
, DTE
DCE;
;
;
;
;
,
Cisco;
BRI
;
I. CCNA 1:
260
DSL;
,
.
,
:
RJ45, . 264,
, . 266,
, . 266,
, . 269,
, . 269,
, . 272,
, . 274,
, . 274,
, . 274,
, . 281,
, . 297.
(LAN) ! ,
. !
, !
.
Ethernet! LAN.
(WAN)
: !
. !
, , !
. !
WAN.
, !
!, :
(e!Lab), , !
(PhotoZoom). !
, .
5. LAN WAN
261
OSI.
,
Ethernet,
LAN, .
,
Ethernet.
LAN
Ethernet
(campus LAN). ,
Ethernet, UTP.
Ethernet
. Ethernet ,
DIX ( Digital, Intel Xerox). DIX
LAN Ethernet,
1980 802.3
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer IEEE).
IEEE , 802.3,
, 802.3u (Fast Ethernet), 802.3z ( Ethernet
[Gigabit Ethernet over Fiber]) 802.3ab
( Ethernet UTP [Gigabit Ethernet
over UTP]).
LAN
(Open System Interconnection OSI). LAN
.
. 4.1 ,
Ethernet.
. , ,
z ; Ethernet
,
; Token Ring
, FDDI
, . 5.2.
LAN. LAN
( ),
,
I. CCNA 1:
262
.
.
IEEE 802.2
DIX
802.3
Ethernet
10 /
802.3u
Ethernet
100 /
(Fast Ethernet)
1000BASECX
1000BASET
100BASET4
100BASEFX
100BASETX
10BASEF
10BASET
10BASE5
10BASE2
Ethernet
802.3z
Ethernet
1000 /
(Gigabit Ethernet)
. 5.1. LAN
Token Ring
FDDI
Token
Ring
FDDI
Ethernet
. 5.2.
. .
, (,
CAT5), (,
).
:
;
;
;
.
5. LAN WAN
263
,
. ,
, 5 (Category
5 Unshielded TwistedPair cable CAT 5 UTP).
Ethernet
Ethernet,
, ,
Fast Ethernet.
10 / 100 / .
. 5.1, Ethernet 10 /
,
, , .
5.1. Ethernet
Ethernet 10BASET
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
(PC)
100 /
,
,
(
)
,
,
,
,
(low to medium
volume)
264
I. CCNA 1:
,
Gigabit Ethernet ,
.
. , ,
Ethernet, ,
: ,
.
Ethernet LAN
.
Fast Ethernet. Fast
Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet
, .
Fast Ethernet
;
Ethernet .
,
,
LAN.
LAN
, Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet .
Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet
.
Fast Ethernet
.
LAN (dual)
,
(load balance)
.
Fast Ethernet ( Gigabit Ethernet)
.
, .
Ethernet
Ethernet .
Ethernet
(
) (Electronic Industries
5. LAN WAN
265
AUI
. 5.3.
,
,
(Gigabit Interface Converter GBIC),
Ethernet .
:
RJ45 , ;
AUI ,
, , Ethernet
;
GBIC ,
Ethernet .
I. CCNA 1:
266
5.2. Ethernet
(,
)
10BASE2
50
(thinnet)
185 (606,94)
British Naval
Connector (BNC)
10BASE5
50
(thicknet)
500 (1640,4)
(Attachment
unit interface AUI)
10BASET
EIA/TIA CAT 3, 4,
5 UTP,
100 (328)
100BASETX
EIA/TIA CAT 5
UTP,
100 (328)
100BASEFX
62.5/125
400 (1312,3)
: ST SC
1000BASECX
STP
25 (82)
1000BASET
EIA/TIA CAT 5
UTP,
100 (328)
1000BASESX
62.5/50
275 (853)
62,5 ;
SC
62,5/50
; 9
440 (1443,6)
62,5 ;
SC
1000BASELX
550 (1804,5)
50
550 (1804,5)
50 ;
3000 10000
RJ-45
RJ45 .
RJ45 UTP
.
5. LAN WAN
267
(NIC)
, .
(Attachment Unit Interface AUI),
. 15
(NIC) Ethernet. Ethernet
10BASE5 (thicknet)
AUI . Ethernet
10BASE2 (thinnet) Ethernet
NIC .
:
(Gigabit Interface Converter GBIC)
(hot-swappable) -,
Gigabit Ethernet. GBIC
, .
1000BASE-X
( ) .
GBIC ,
, ,
. GBIC
:
(1000BASE-SX);
(1000BASE-LX/LH);
(1000BASE-ZX).
GBIC Ethernet-
Fiber Channel Gigabit Ethernet. . 5.4
GBIC, . 5.5 Gigabit Ethernet Cisco WS-X2931
GBIC.
. 5.4. GBIC
268
I. CCNA 1:
UTP
RJ45 UTP,
. .
( ) ( ) ;
(tip, T1 T4); ( R1 R4)
( )
(ring). tip ring ( )
.
.
T1 R1, T2 R2, ..
RJ45 .
(.. ),
8 1 , . 5.6. ,
. 5.7, (female)
, ,
. ,
1 8 .
,
EIA/TIA568A
EIA/TIA568B.
EIA/TIA
( ,
), ,
:
(straight
through),
, 1
;
5. LAN WAN
269
(crossover),
( )
.
. 5.6.
RJ45
. 5.7. RJ45
c RJ45,
( ).
, (straightthrough). . 5.8
, .
1
TD+
TD
RD+
NC
NC
RD
NC
NC
. 5.8. UTP
I. CCNA 1:
270
Ethernet, UTP 5
(TD) (RD) 1, 2, 3 6.
. . 5.8, RJ45
1, 2, 3 6 1, 2, 3 6
. Gigabit Ethernet .
, PC , , ,
. . 5.9,
,
, x1.
. 5.9.
RJ45
,
. , Ethernet
1 RJ45 3,
2 6, . 5.10.
TD+
TD+
RD
RD
RD+
RD+
NC
NC
NC
NC
TD+
TD
NC
NC
NC
NC
. 5.10. UTP
1
, ,
, . . .
5. LAN WAN
271
, ,
. . 5.11 ,
, ,
, x .
. 5.11.
.
:
;
;
.
:
;
;
;
;
;
.
:
.
:
.
. RJ45
RJ
45 .
272
I. CCNA 1:
LAN .
.
,
LAN. LAN ,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
5 UTP .
UTP 100 ( 333 ).
, .
Ethernet ,
,
.
,
, , ,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
, . 5.12 5.13,
,
.
,
.
Ethernet 10 /,
543,
LAN. ,
,
().
543 ,
.
.
.
2 , 4 24 , . 5.14.
, 10BASET 100BASET,
.
,
, .
5. LAN WAN
273
, ,
,
, , .
. 5.12.
. 5.13.
. 5.14.
274
I. CCNA 1:
:
,
;
(smart hubs).
,
.
,
;
.
;
.
.
, ,
. .
,
.
(hub).
5.1.7.
.
Ethernet .
LAN. ,
.
(radio frequency RF), ,
(infrared IR), .
, .
,
.
.
, , ,
.
,
. ,
5. LAN WAN
275
LAN ,
.
LAN ,
. 5.15. ,
, ,
, .
OSI. (
) ,
.
, , ,
, , LAN Ethernet
.
276
I. CCNA 1:
1
A
0050DA0DF52D
0050047C2B01
0050F1128A00
1
2
0050C2430F1B
0050B500928B
0050BA41443C
2
. 5.15.
, MAC
,
(),
. :
,
, ,
. 5.16. (filtering);
,
, . 5.17;
(..
), ,
. .
.
5. LAN WAN
277
A
Rk
Bh
Xc
U
B
XX
F
L
O
B
Ct
XX
Hh
Hh
O
B
U
A
XX
Hh
Rk
F
L
Q
V
Ct
Bh
Xc
Ct
V,
Xc.
.
. 5.16. :
A
Rk
Bh
Xc
U
B
XX
F
L
O
B
Ct
XX
Hh
Hh
O
O
B
U
A
XX
Hh
Rk
F
L
Q
V
Ct
Bh
Xc
Ct
Q
V,
Hh. ,
.
. 5.17. :
I. CCNA 1:
278
.
( ),
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
, , . 5.18.
0260.8c01.1111
MAC
E0
E0
E1
E1
0260.8c01.1111
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.4444
E0
E1
0260.8c01.1111
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.2222
. 5.18.
,
, . ,
, MAC .
, .
, .
Ethernet , , ,
(
).
,
Ethernet LAN
.
,
,
.
:
.
, , () ;
5. LAN WAN
279
.
.
, ,
, ,
VLAN (Virtual LAN).
Ethernet , ,
, ,
. 5.19.
.
,
.
LAN
. 5.19.
5.1.10. LAN
.
Ethernet NIC.
(NIC), . 5.20
5.21, ,
.
. NIC
.
.
280
I. CCNA 1:
NIC
OSI. ,
, (Media
Access Control MAC).
. MAC NIC
, , .
MAC .
, NIC .
NIC ,
. , NIC
.
. 5.20. ( )
. 5.21. ( )
NIC
, .
Cisco 2500. Ethernet
AUI,
Ethernet UTP 5. (
). Ethernet (
Ethernet)
(, 15
AUI RJ45).
5. LAN WAN
281
NIC .
, , ,
NIC .
, NIC (),
NIC.
LAN WAN
,
.
.
,
. ,
, .. .
,
. ,
. , ,
, .
(peertopeer network)
.
(workgroups). ,
, . ,
A ,
, A . A
, .
A . ,
A, ,
, , , .
A
.
.
, . 5.22 . 5.23.
,
.
,
. ,
,
. , ,
, .
282
I. CCNA 1:
. 5.22.
. 5.23.
.
,
, .
.
, .
, .
5. LAN WAN
283
.
. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
/.
5.1.12.
,
.
, IP
ping.
.
-
() , ,
, . 5.24.
, ,
, ,
. (Network
Operating System NOS) .
,
, ,
,
.
, . 5.25. ,
,
.
(account name) ,
,
. ,
.
, , ,
,
.
,
.
, .
I. CCNA 1:
284
. 5.24.
, .
,
, ,
.
.
.
.
,
.
. 5.3 5.4
.
5.3.
NOS
5. LAN WAN
285
. 5.25.
5.4.
NOS, , Windows NT/2000/XP, Novell
NetWare UNIX
,
,
,
286
I. CCNA 1:
5.1.13.
,
.
,
IP
ping.
5.1.13b.
, PC
Ethernet.
, IP
ping.
WAN (WideArea Network WAN).
WAN
,
(LAN),
, ,
.
,
LAN WAN.
,
(Basic Rate Interface BRI)
(Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN),
(Digital Subscriber Line DSL),
.
WAN.
WAN
, . . 5.26
,
WAN. ,
, , ,
.
WAN, ,
, ,
(PointtoPoint Protocol PPP) Frame Relay.
2400 /
T1 (1,544 /). WAN, , ISDN,
(dialondemand)
5. LAN WAN
287
EIA/TIA232
EIA/TIA449
X.21 V.24 V.35
Frame Relay
PPP
Cisco
(Highlevel Data Link Control HDLC)
:
WAN.
BRI
ISDN (
PPP)
DSL
RJ11
F
RJ45
:
:
:
BRI
TV
ISDN
Ethernet
. 5.26. WAN
WAN
,
.
,
. WAN
. , ,
.
( , )
288
I. CCNA 1:
. , ,
, 3 (, ).
(bandwidth).
, . . 5.5
EIA/TIA232,
EIA/TIA449, v.35, X.21 EIA530 WAN.
5.5.
(/)
()
EIA/TIA232
()
EIA/TIA449, V.35, X.21, EIA530
2400
60
1250
4800
30
625
9600
15
312
19,200
15
156
38,400
15
78
115,200
3,7
T1 (1,544 /)
15
WAN
.
, ,
, . . 5.27
.
. ,
Cisco 60 (.. smart serial
) ,
WAN.
, V.35.
, (clocking), ,
CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit
), ()
(Data Terminal Equipment DTE),
DTE.
. ,
; DCE
, (Data
Communications Equipment DCE) , ..
. ( ),
5. LAN WAN
289
,
DTE, DCE,
DTEDCE.
DTE
CSU/
DSU
DCE
EIA/TIA232
EIA/TIA449
V.35
X.21
EIA530
CSU/DSU
. 5.27. WAN
, ,
: (Data
Terminal Equipment DTE) (Data Communications
Equipment DCE). DTE
WAN. DCE ,
DTE
, WAN. . 5.28,
, (, ,
CSU/DSU), DTE,
DTE.
.
!
.
WAN
CSU/DSU.
DCE ,
. 5.29. ,
(backtoback), ..
I. CCNA 1:
290
, DTE,
DCE, .
:
WAN
:
;
DTE
S
S
DTE
CSU/DSU
DCE
DCE
S
S
DCE
DTE
S1 (DTE)
. 5.29.
, , . ,
.
. 5.30
(). (),
, , serial 0 ( ).
,
.
LED
LED
AUI
Ethernet
AUI
Ethernet
(DB15)
(DB60)
LED
BRI
AUX
. 5.30.
5. LAN WAN
291
5.31 .
, , (,
) .
,
/ / , , serial 1/0;
(, serial), ,
( 1),
( 0).
. 5.31.
5.2.3. LAN
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet.
.
5.2.3b. WAN
, (
), WAN
.
5.2.3c.
, ,
. IP
:
,
.
292
I. CCNA 1:
BRI ISDN
BRI
(ISDN) : BRIS/T BRIU.
BRI ISDN (U)
(Network Termination 1 NT1).
(T)
NT1 NT2,
(Private Branch Exchange PBX, ).
(System S)
NT1 ISDN, , ISDN.
BRI T S,
,
S/T.
, ,
, NT1 , ,
. NT1
ISDN ( ),
. NT1
, .
NT1
.
, , ISDN ISDN
.
!
:
ISDN-
NT1 ,
BRI- ISDN U-. U-
NT1. NT1, NT1
, S/T- ISDN.
ISDN,
.
U-, S/T-. ISDN
. . 5.32 ISDN.
5. LAN WAN
BRI: S/T U.
Ethernet
10BASET
BRI ISDN
. 5.32. ISDN
BRI ISDN
UTP 5 RJ-45. ,
BRI ISDN
Ethernet. . 5.6 S/T-
BRI ISDN.
5.6. S/T- BRI ISDN
(Tx+)
(Rx+)
(Rx)
(Tx)
293
294
I. CCNA 1:
DSL
DSL ,
. DSL
, ,
.
(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ADSL)
,
xDSL.
Cisco 800
, ,
IOS Cisco, .
. 5.33, ADSL Cisco 8274V ADSL
, Internet
LAN DSL.
!
,
DSL, DSL,
.
Cisco 8274V
5. LAN WAN
295
(Tx)
(Rx)
,
. ,
T1.
. Cisco uBR905
, (Small Office, Home
Office SOHO).
!
.
.
, ,
,
.
uBR905
(F), .
F. 59 (RG59)
RG6, RG6.
Cisco uBR905
, .
1.
2.
, .
,
.
296
3.
4.
5.
I. CCNA 1:
, ,
.
.
F ,
. 5.34. ,
,
, 1/6
.
,
,
( )
Cisco uBR905
.
F
(
TV)
TV
. 5.34. F
!
,
.
,
1/6 ,
.
5. LAN WAN
297
Cisco
. Cisco
(console port).
,
Cisco. ,
, ,
, (rollover cable); RJ45,
. 5.35.
PC
RJ45 RJ45
RJ45
DB9 (
)
. 5.35.
, ,
, RJ45,
Ethernet BRI ISDN.
:
1 8,
2 7,
3 6,
4 5,
5 4,
6 3,
7 2,
8 1.
Cisco ,
.
1.
2.
.
, , RJ45 DB9
RJ45 DB25 .
,
( COM):
I. CCNA 1:
298
9600 /;
8 (8 data bits);
(no parity);
1 (1 stop bit);
(hardware flow control).
!
(auxiliary AUX)
. AUX
. AUX
Cisco : 9600 /, 8
, , .
115200 /,
33600 /
.
:
.
5.2.7.
,
.
,
:
NIC
;
LAN
Ethernet, Token Ring FDDI;
Ethernet
CSMA/CD, Ethernet;
LAN Ethernet
: Ethernet IEEE 802.3, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet,
Ethernet 10G 10000 / Ethernet;
( ,
, );
5. LAN WAN
299
(, , ,
);
LAN:
;
WAN ;
DTE,
DCE, , CSU/DSU,
DTE;
BRI (ISDN)
: S/T U. BRI ISDN
UTP 5;
DSL
RJ11;
F;
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
RJ45 , .
(active hub)
( ),
.
(intelligent hub)
.
,
.
.
() (Attachment Unit Interface AUI)
15
Ethernet.
(Switch) ,
. , , (..
), ,
, .
300
I. CCNA 1:
, ,
, .
, .
1. 802.3u?
) 10BASEF.
) 10BASET.
) 100BASETX.
) 1000BASECX.
2. Ethernet
?
) Ethernet 10 /
LAN.
) Gigabit Ethernet
.
) Fast Ethernet
Ethernet .
) .
5. LAN WAN
301
3. ,
Ethernet?
) ISO.
) ANSI.
) TIA/EIA.
) IETF.
4.
?
) RJ45 ,
.
) AUI 15 ,
NIC Ethernet.
) GBIC ,
.
) .
5. (crossover)
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
6.
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
7.
WAN?
) DSL.
) ISDN.
) Frame Relay.
) Ethernet.
302
I. CCNA 1:
8. WAN?
) .
) .
) .
) .
9.
DCE?
) .
) , .
) , ,
.
) ,
.
10. BRI
ISDN ?
) UTP 5.
) UTP 5.
) .
) .
11. DSL?
) RJ45.
) RJ11.
) F.
) DB9.
12.
?
) RJ45.
) RJ11.
) F.
) AUI.
13.
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
6
Ethernet
...
Ethernet
IEEE;
,
OSI
Ethernet;
802.3;
(Media Access
Control MAC) MAC;
Ethernet;
Ethernet;
;
;
;
CSMA/CD;
Ethernet;
(FCS);
;
,
;
Ethernet.
,
:
Ethernet, . 304,
, . 305,
, . 306,
, . 319,
token ring, . 322,
fddi, . 322,
, . 325,
, . 325,
304
I. CCNA 1:
, . 313,
, . 325,
, . 326,
, . 327,
,
. 331,
, . 337,
, . 338,
, . 340,
, . 340,
, . 312,
, . 340.
Ethernet
(LocalArea Network LAN).
,
.
Ethernet ,
.
.
, , ,
, .
Ethernet Ethernet,
IEEE. Ethernet,
Ethernet ,
Ethernet.
.
, .
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
6. Ethernet
305
Ethernet
LAN ,
( ). LAN
, ,
,
.
Ethernet
LAN. , Inter
net, Ethernet .
Ethernet
LAN.
Ethernet
:
.
, 1973
3 /, 10 /.
Ethernet , ,
Ethernet, ,
. Gigabit
Ethernet , ,
, (metropolitanarea)
(widearea) .
Ethernet, Ethernet,
Ethernet Ethernet.
Ethernet
Ethernet
,
.
70 .
, ,
Alohanet. ,
Ethernet, .
MAC Ethernet,
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection
CSMA/CD). CSMA/CD .
Ethernet
LAN. 30 (Robert Metcalfe)
Xerox. Ethernet
Digital Equipment Company, Intel Xerox (DIX) 1980 .
306
I. CCNA 1:
, Ethernet ,
. DIX
, .. .
.
, Ethernet,
80 XX . Ethernet
10 / (
) 2 . Ethernet
.
(Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers IEEE) ,
. 1985 IEEE
LAN. IEEE
LAN
. 802.
Ethernet LAN 802.3.
IEEE
OSI ISO.
IEEE OSI :
(Media Access Control MAC)
(Logical Link Control LLC).
802.3
Ethernet.
DIX Ethernet 802.3 .
, Ethernet (Network
Interface Card NIC)
Ethernet, 802.3. Ethernet IEEE 802.3
. , , ,
Ethernet IEEE 802.3.
80 XX . Ethernet, 10 /,
. 90
,
,
Ethernet LAN. 1995 . IEEE
Ethernet 100 /. 1998
1999 . Gigabit Ethernet ( 1
). 2002 IEEE Ethernet
10 /.
Ethernet (802.3).
Ethernet
Ethernet. Ethernet ()
10 /,
Ethernet 10 /
Ethernet 100 /. , Ethernet ,
6. Ethernet
307
. Ethernet
, .
,
Ethernet.
Ethernet
. ,
, , Ethernet
. Ethernet 802.3
. ,
, . ,
Ethernet, ,
802.3 .
IEEE Ethernet
Ethernet
, Ethernet, Fast
Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet ( GigE) 10Gb Ethernet ( 10G). Ethernet
10 100 000 .
10, 100, 1000 10 000 /.
Ethernet (10BASET),
Fast Ethernet (100BASETX 100BASEFX), Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASET
1000BASEX), Ethernet 10 /.
Ethernet :
IEEE OSI.
, Ethernet
, IEEE
802.3.
, , Fast Ethernet 802.3u.
( ).
.
10BASE2 IEEE 802.3a.
10BASE5 IEEE 802.3.
100BASET IEEE 802.3i.
1000BASETX IEEE 802.3X.
, :
, ;
BASE, ()
;
(2 5),
( 185 200 , 2);
308
I. CCNA 1:
,
(F (fiber optical cable), T
(copper unshielded twisted pair)).
.
. , (
UTP
), .
( ) .
Ethernet .
, (broadband
signaling) Ethernet .
, ,
. ,
, .
.
, , .
IEEE, (Internatio
nal Organization for Standardization ISO), .
, ,
. IEEE
:
,
, Ethernet;
.
LAN
.
. , ,
LAN Ethernet ,
,
.
. ,
,
IEEE.
.
.
6. Ethernet
309
: 802 IEEE.
802 IEEE.
Ethernet OSI
LAN ,
OSI. LAN
. LAN
,
OSI.
,
. Ethernet
IEEE :
(Media Access Control MAC) (802.3).
, MAC
.
,
;
(Logical Link Control LLC) (802.2).
, LLC
.
(Service Access Point SAP) .
LLC, , ,
(,
, IP). IEEE 802.2
(encapsulation), , ,
Ethernet II ( LAN Ethernet
TCP/IP). .
. 6.1, IEEE 802.3
( ) MAC () .
. 6.2 OSI
.
Ethernet LAN. () OSI
, ,
, ,
, LAN.
,
. .
.
I. CCNA 1:
310
LLC
IEEE 802.2
OSI
IEEE 802.3ab
IEEE 802.3z
IEEE 802.3u
Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
MAC
LAN
802.11
802.12
802.14
802.15
LAN'
(VG)
802.9
802.5
Token Ring
802.6
802.4
DQDB
802.3
Ethernet
802.1
802.1
802 (802.1a)
802.2
OSI:
. 6.1,
.
LLC MAC
, ,
. MAC ,
. ,
LLC ,
. LLC
6. Ethernet
311
, , IP IPX,
.
. 6.3
Ethernet, OSI.
Ethernet,
.
6.1. ,
LLC
MAC
(
)
, ,
,
MAC
1000BASE'SX (220'550
) (MM)
SC
1000BASE'LX (550'5000 )
(MM)
SC
10BASE'( )
(MM
Sm) SC
100BASE'FX (228'412 )
(MM)
SC
10BASE2 (185 ) 50 ;
BNC
10BASE5 (500 ) 50 ;
N'
802.3
I. CCNA 1:
312
MAC-
Ethernet ,
, ..
. .
.
, (Media Access
Control MAC), NIC. MAC
: , NIC,
Ethernet.
MAC Ethernet
. (, , ..),
Ethernet LAN, MAC,
. MAC
48 12 .
, IEEE,
, ,
(Organizationally Unique Identifier OUI).
, . MAC
(BurnedIn Address BIA),
(ReadOnly Memory ROM)
(RandomAccess Memory RAM)
NIC. . 6.4 MAC.
(OUI)
( NIC, )
24
24
00 60 2F
3A 07 BC
Cisco
. 6.4. MAC
MAC LAN
, Ethernet .
(header),
MAC , (trailer).
6. Ethernet
313
, ,
.
.
LAN Ethernet 802.3 .
, ,
, ,
.
Ethernet ,
, ,
MAC. ,
MAC .
, , NIC
, , , MAC
, .
, . ,
NIC ,
.
,
, , IP
TCP.
,
.
,
. ,
, :
, ;
,
;
,
;
,
;
, .
,
.
OSI.
. . 6.5
.
I. CCNA 1:
314
0 1 0 1 0 11
A, B, C, D, E, F, , ,
. 6.5.
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
(); .
.
, (fields),
, , (. 6.6).
:
(Frame Start);
(Address field);
// (Length/Type/Control field);
(Data field);
(Frame Check Sequence FCS).
6. Ethernet
315
FCS
. 6.6.
.
:
,
,
, , : !
!. ,
, ,
.
, ,
- (MAC-) - (MAC-).
.
(Length field) .
(Type field), 3- , .
.
(
) - -.
, ,
( ). ,
-, .
IEEE
(Logical Link Control LLC). , LLC
3-
. ,
LLC.
( , )
. (Frame Check Sequence FCS)
, . -
FCS, .
, .
I. CCNA 1:
316
(Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC),
.
Ethernet
MAC Ethernet (10/100/1 000/10 000 /)
. Gigabit Ethernet
1000BASET W 10 / Ethernet ,
, MAC
,
.
Ethernet ,
.
SFD
1
46 1550
FCS
4
MAC
MAC
/ ( ,
0600,
)
46 to 100
6. Ethernet
317
: Ethernet II
DIX- Ethernet,
Ethernet- IEEE 802.3, (Preamble)
(Start Frame Delimiter SFD) ,
. / (Length/Type) IEEE ,
DIX- .
IEEE, ,
. DIX Ethernet,
Ethernet Version 2 (Ethernet 2), Ethernet II, ,
Ethernet- TCP/IP.
. 6.8 Ethernet II.
46 1550
FCS
4
. 6.8. Ethernet II
. 6.3 Ethernet II .
6.3. Ethernet II
MAC
6
2
46 1500
MAC
(Type Field), 46 ,
,
/
( Frame Check Sequence
FCS, CRC)
I. CCNA 1:
318
Ethernet-
Ethernet
802.3. Ethernet 802.3 . 6.8.
(Preamble). !
,
Ethernet 10 /
. Ethernet !
, , !
.
:
10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010.
(Start Frame Delimiter SFD).
.
10101011. DIX! Ethernet
.
, Ethernet IEEE, !
. !
, ,
SFD, , !
.
(Destination Address).
MAC! . !
( ), ( )
( ).
(Source Address). MAC!
. ,
Ethernet!.
, !
MAC! .
Ethernet MAC!
, ,
(broadcast domain). !
3.2.3
802.3, 1998 , Ethernet! 802.3 !
.
6. Ethernet
319
/ (Length/Type). 1536
( 0600), .
, LLC
.
( Ethernet). (Type)
,
Ethernet.
( IEEE 802.3).
, .
1536 ( 0600),
,
(Data field) .
Ethernet (Ethertype protocols)
RFC 1700, 168.
(Data and Pad field).
, .
(Maximum Transmission Unit MTU)
Ethernet 1500 ,
. .
,
. ,
46 1500 .
Ethernet .
, 64 1518 ,
.
.
MAC,
46 ( )
1500 .
(IEEE 802.3).
,
, .
, 64 ,
,
64 .
(Frame Check Sequence &&&& FCS).
(Cyclical Redundancy Check CRC),
,
,
.
320
I. CCNA 1:
CRC.
,
( ). ()
. ,
.
,
, . 6.7. , . 6.8, ,
SFD (Extension)
. FCS Ethernet,
(
).
,
FCS, ,
.
,
FCS.
Ethernet
, ()
,
.
,
Ethernet, CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection
).
, ,
CSMA/CD
Ethernet, :
UTP
(Tx) (Rx), UTP
,
, (
) ;
,
:
.
Ethernet 1000BASETX, Gigabit Ethernet,
,
. Ethernet
6. Ethernet
321
. 1000BASETX
,
UTP .
(Media Access Control MAC)
, ( )
, .
MAC LLC IEEE . MAC LLC
. MAC:
( );
(
(first come, first
served)).
Token Ring FDDI , Ethernet/802.3
( ).
MAC-
MAC
, .
Token
Ring.
. , ,
. ,
.
,
, .
. ,
Token Ring. Token Ring
, . 6.9.
. ,
, ,
, .
MAC-
MAC
(firstcome, firstserved FCFS).
MAC
CSMA/CD.
Ethernet
. ,
CSMA/CD, ,
322
I. CCNA 1:
. ,
(),
. ,
. , ,
, .
Token
Ring
Ethernet MAC-
Token Ring, FDDI
Ethernet. Ethernet ,
LAN. (, LLC, ,
MAC),
.
.
Ethernet
( ).
Token Ring
( , )
( ).
FDDI (
)
( ).
6. Ethernet
323
MAC-
Ethernet
. Ethernet CSMA/CD
:
;
OSI;
.
CSMA/CD ,
,
(listenbeforetransmit mode), (Carrier
Sense CS). Ethernet ,
,
, .
, , .
,
, ,
. ,
, . 6.10.
. Ethernet
. Ethernet
, 8, Ethernet.
,
.
(Collision Detect CD).
, , ,
,
. ,
, ,
(backoff).
(,
, ) ,
.
, ,
. ,
CSMA/CD, . 6.11.
I. CCNA 1:
324
(
)
. 6.10. CSMA/CD
Ethernet .
, ,
. .
, MAC MAC ,
, . Ethernet
, , IP IPX,
. MAC ,
IP IPX
.
MAC IP, ,
. ,
. ,
, . Ethernet
(connectionless)
(besteffort delivery).
6. Ethernet
325
jam'
=
+ 1
. 6.11. CSMA/CD
: ,
: ,
.
.
(simplex transmission), ,
. (),
I. CCNA 1:
326
,
. - ,
. 6.12.
. 6.12.
(half-duplex transmission)
, .
, ,
, . 6.13. Ethernet,
Ethernet 802.3, ,
.
.
CSMA/CD,
.
. 6.13.
(full-duplex), . 6.14,
.
.
, 8, Ethernet-.
,
. Ethernet
, - -
. Ethernet-
,
-,
. , Ethernet
. ,
Ethernet 10 / 20 /. 100 /
200 /.
:
. 6.14.
6. Ethernet
327
Ethernet
Ethernet ,
; ,
. CSMA/CD.
: , ,
,
.
Ethernet ,
. Ethernet,
. Ethernet
(
), ,
.
,
.
, Ethernet,
, ,
, .
, .
, , (..
propagation delay),
,
,
. .
,
, .
(timeslot) .
,
, .
64 ,
. :
MAC ;
;
( );
(FCS), ,
.
328
I. CCNA 1:
, , FCS
.
Ethernet 10 / ,
, 8
, . 100 /
Ethernet ,
.
SFD . ,
SFD ,
.
, .
,
, (Length/Type)
LLC, .
Ethernet 1998 2000 Ethernet
.
,
. 802.3
/ (Length/Type) (Length)
(/), 1536 ( 600),
MTU,
1500 ( 5DC).
Ethernet, 1000 /,
,
. Ethernet 10 / 100 /
512 (64 ). Ethernet
1000 / 4096 (512 ,
). Ethernet 10 /
, .
,
, ,
;
32 . ,
,
,
Ethernet , ,
,
. ,
,
. Ethernet 1000 /
6. Ethernet
329
,
(Extension), ,
, ,
.
1000 /;
(64 ) ,
. .
: Eth
ernet 10 / MAC 100
(). 100 / 10 ,
1000 / 1 . . 6.4
Ethernet.
6.4. Ethernet
(/)
()
10
100
100
10
1000 (1 /)
10 000 (10 /)
0,1
UTP 8 (20,3 ) .
UTP 100 ,
10BASET 100 5 (4,92
).
100 / 1000 /
, 49,2 100 / 492
100 /.
CSMA/CD Ethernet,
,
. 100 /
100 .
1000 / ,
,
UTP. , Ethernet
10 / .
. 6.5
,
FCS .
I. CCNA 1:
330
6.5.
( )
()
10 /
100 /
1 /
10 /
96
96
96
96
9,6
0,96
0,096
0,0096
Ethernet 10 / ,
,
96 (9,6 ),
. Ethernet
96 . ,
, , . 5.6.
, ,
,
.
6.6.
1 ( )
()
10 /
100 /
1 /
10 /
512
512
4096
51,2
5,12
4,096
, 64
( SFD) ,
. ,
, .
Ethernet
, ,
.
( ) Ethernet
,
.
.
, .
Ethernet. . .
6. Ethernet
331
( ), ,
, ,
, .
,
, .
,
. ,
.
:
:
k
0r<2 ,
r , , k
( 10).
:
r .
16,
10 .
.
, , ,
.
,
10BASE-T
0 r < 32 .
, 51,2 1638,4.
MAC- 16- ,
, .
.
, 16-
. , .
(, , ), ,
, .
,
. ,
. , ,
,
, ,
. ,
. ,
16- .
.
, .
, ,
I. CCNA 1:
332
( ) Ethernet
.
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
.
,
, (.. jam,
). ;
.
.
( ),
( ),
.
.
.
,
SFD. , (SFD),
, .
, ()
32 jam, .
. 6.15 , ,
, . 802.3
.
10 /
512 ; .
1
, . 2
.
6. Ethernet
333
FCS
JAM
FCS
2
JAM
. 6.15. ,
10 /
, . 6.15, . 1
,
. 2
. 2
, NIC . 2
32 jam. 2 .
jam, 2,
, ,
1. 2
32 jam
, 1. 1,
, . , ,
1,
32 jam .
32 jam 1 .
I. CCNA 1:
334
Jam ,
.
jam : 1, 0,
1, 0..., , .
5 A
. ()
, ,
( ). ,
64
FCS.
, ,
, .
, ,
,
SNMP. ,
,
. ,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
; ,
.
,
64
, .
,
.
Ethernet,
, :
;
;
.
. 6.16.
.
6. Ethernet
335
64
/
SFD
1
6
6
2
FCS
46 1550
. 6.16. : ,
: ,
(10BASE2 10BASE5) ,
.
,
, . ,
.
. NIC ,
.
1,5 , .
. 6.17 10BASE2/10BASE5,
.
. 6.17. 10BASE2/10BASE5
. 6.17 .
,
.
, ,
, jam- .
UTP (, 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX 1000BASE-T)
, , TX
336
I. CCNA 1:
(transmit), RX (receive).
,
(. . 6.17). UTP ,
.
,
. ,
. :
, , , ,
.
,
, FCS,
. -
, .
: RX TX.
, , .
UTP .
, , ,
(Remote Monitoring RMON),
,
.
64 ,
.
. ,
64 , .
, 64 , ,
Ethernet- NIC ,
, . ,
NIC, , ,
. , , ,
, .
, 802.3 ,
, . Gigabit Ethernet
, .
,
. ,
,
,
, ,
. ,
,
, jam-.
FCS.
6. Ethernet
337
Ethernet
Ethernet? : Ethernet
(LAN),
Ethernet, .
Ethernet,
. Ethernet
. ,
.
, ,
.
, .
Ethernet :
,
;
,
;
( jabber, ;
);
( ,
);
( FCS);
(
alignment error);
( );
jam ( ghost
).
. ,
, , , .
,
.
Ethernet.
(jabber) 802.3
.
, 20 00050 000 .
I. CCNA 1:
338
, ,
, , ,
, 20 00050 000
. , ,
1518
VLAN ,
. , ,
(jabber) FCS.
.
(long frame) ,
, . ,
FCS, .
,
(jabber). . 6.18 ,
1518 .
>1518
/
SFD
1
6
6
2
FCS
. 6.18.
,
. (jabber),
, . 802.1q ,
.
IEEE 802.1Q ,
(VLAN) LAN,
. IEEE 802.1Q
,
, .
,
64 ,
.
,
. ,
, .
6. Ethernet
339
(
) ,
64 .
. 6.19 , 64 .
< 64
SFD
1
6
6
2
FCS
. 6.19.
( )
, ,
. ,
FCS. ,
. Ethernet
SNMP, ,
74 , (64
10/100 /,
517 1000 /),
.
FCS
(
, CRC), ,
, .
FCS, , , ( ..),
, ,
,
. ,
, , , ,
, ,
.
FCS
NIC,
, . FCS
,
, ,
. ,
.
340
I. CCNA 1:
FCS .
.
(..
),
(alignment error). .. ,
,
( ), .
, ,
.
, ,
.
/, .
,
. ,
.
,
(Length field),
(Data field), (range error).
, ,
(Data field)
. ,
, .
-
Fluke Networks
(ghost) (),
, SFD.
,
72 ( ),
.
,
,
.
,
, .
,
. ,
.
, ,
6. Ethernet
341
NIC .
.
.
,
,
. ,
.. ( )
,
.
, .
, .
,
,
. .
jam
.
,
.
,
, , RMON,
.
Ethernet
Ethernet 10 100
1000 /,
,
10, 100 1000 /.
,
(autonegotiation) . ,
Fast Ethernet
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
10BASET , 16 ()
, .
I. CCNA 1:
342
,
(Normal Link Pulse NLP).
,
(Fast Link Pulse (FLP) burst). FLP
, NLP,
10BASET . . 6.20
NLP FLP.
16 (+/' 8 )
~
~
~
~
NLP
10BASET
+1 1 .
NLP 0 +1 .
NLP 100 . . 6.21 NLP
.
, 1000 /.
, 10/100 /
.
. 6.21. NLP
10BASET .
.
,
, ,
.
,
6. Ethernet
343
.
,
.
, , , ,
.
. 6.22 FLP.
. 6.22. FLP
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
D0
D1 D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
. 6.23.
,
.
,
.
,
,
FLP
(Acknowledge).
FLP ,
,
.
344
I. CCNA 1:
,
.
, ,
, .
, .
Ethernet
. Gigabit Ethernet
, .
Ethernet,
UTP.
, ,
, ,
10BASET, ,
(.. ,
).
10BASET 10BASET,
.
FLP, .
FLP, NLP,
, 10BASE
T.
FLP.
(..
2).
, , .
:
;
.
2
; ,
, , . . .
6. Ethernet
345
,
,
, .
,
3.
10 / Ethernet, .
,
().
FLP ,
Fast Ethernet
, .
, FLP
.
, ,
.
Ethernet
: .
.
. , UTP
, ,
. 10 /
.
.
,
. UTP
,
.
Ethernet
, ,
.
, , .
,
,
. . .
I. CCNA 1:
346
.
, Gigabit Ethernet:
;
.
,
,
. ,
, , ,
.
. , ,
.
,
,
. ,
Ethernet 10/100/1000 /
.
,
( ):
100 BASET ;
100 BASET ;
100 BASETX ;
100 BASETX ;
10 BASET ;
10 BASET .
Ethernet ,
. , .
,
Ethernet,
.
6. Ethernet
347
:
(Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers IEEE) ,
. IEEE
LAN
;
IEEE OSI
:
(Media Access Control MAC)
(Logical Link Control LLC);
Ethernet MAC ,
, NIC ;
,
;
( )
( );
Ethernet
(CSMA/CD);
(Halfduplex transmission)
, .
;
, ;
( )
Ethernet ;
Ethernet,
,
, ;
Ethernet (jabber),
, , ,
, ,
.
,
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
348
I. CCNA 1:
IEEE ( Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers) ,
. LAN, IEEE,
.
LLC (Logical Link Control )
, IEEE.
LLC , ,
MAC. LLC
IEEE 802.2,
, .
MAC (Media Access Control )
,
IEEE. MAC , ,
. . LLC.
MAC (MAC address) ,
, LAN.
,
. MAC
6 IEEE.
, MAC .
OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier )
IEEE 48
MAC .
(backoff) ,
.
(full duplex)
.
(header) ,
.
(propagation delay) ,
.
(encapsulation)
. ,
Ethernet.
, .
(trailer) ,
.
6. Ethernet
349
350
I. CCNA 1:
10 / Ethernet ,
,
.
Ethernet 10 /.
Token Ring ,
. IBM.
Token Ring 4 16 /
.
(simplex) ,
.
.
Ethernet LAN,
Xerox Xerox, Intel Digital Equipment.
Ethernet CSMA/CD
10, 100 1000 /. Ethernet IEEE 802.3
.
Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet,
IEEE 802.3z 1996 .
IEEE 802.2 IEEE LAN,
LLC OSI.
IEEE 802.2
() .
IEEE 802.3 IEEE LAN,
MAC (..
). IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD
.
IEEE 802.3
Fast Ethernet. IEEE 802.3
10BASE2, 10BASE5, 10BASEF, 10BASET 10BROAD36.
Fast Ethernet 100BASETX
100BASEFX.
Fast Ethernet. Eth
ernet, 100 /.
Fast Ethernet , 10 ,
Ethernet 10BASET, 10BASET,
, MAC MTU.
10BASET Fast Ethernet. Fast Ethernet
IEEE 802.3.
6. Ethernet
351
(connectionless)
.
(long frame) ,
, .
(ghost). Fluke Networks
(),
, SFD.
,
72 ,
.
, ,
, .
, .
1.
IEEE?
) (Media Access Control).
) (Data Link Control).
) (Logical Link Control).
) .
2. OSI IEEE
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
3. LLC?
) .
) .
) .
) .
4. MAC?
) .
) .
) .
) .
352
I. CCNA 1:
5. MAC _______ .
) 12.
) 24.
) 48.
) 64.
6. , Ethernet
?
) TCP/IP.
) CSMA/CD.
) CMDA/CS.
) CSMA/CA.
7. MAC?
) ().
) BIOS .
) (NIC).
) CMOS.
8.
LAN?
) MAC
.
LAN, ,
, .
) MAC
. ,
, ,
.
) MAC
.
.
)
,
, .
6. Ethernet
353
9. ?
) , .
) ,
.
) .
) .
10. (Media Ac
cess Control)?
) , NIC
.
) .
) , ,
.
) , .
11.
CSMA/CD?
) ,
.
) ,
MAC, IP.
)
, .
) .
12. LAN Ethernet IEEE 802.3?
) ,
.
) , ,
.
) ,
.
)
.
13. () ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
354
I. CCNA 1:
14.
MAC?
) .
)
.
) .
)
(talking stick) ,
(troublemakers).
7
Ethernet
...
Ethernet
10 /;
10BASE5;
10BASE T;
10BASE2;
10BASE
T;
10BASE FX;
10BASE
T;
Ethernet
100 /;
10BASE2;
Fast Ethernet
;
1000BASE
SX
1000BASE
LX;
100BASE
T
;
Fast Ethernet;
Gigabit Ethernet;
,
100BASE
TX UTP
;
Ethernet;
Ethernet
1000 /;
Ethernet
10 /
;
Ethernet, Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet;
Ethernet
10 /.
,
:
, . 359,
, . 360,
, . 360,
, . 361,
356
I. CCNA 1:
thicknet, . 361,
, . 363,
thinnet, . 363,
100BASETX, . 370,
100BASEFX, . 370,
, . 370,
, . 382,
, . 372,
1000BASET, 1000BASESX,
. 381,
1000BASELX, . 381,
8b1q4, . 382,
, . 392.
Ethernet
10 100 /
Ethernet. ,
,
Ethernet,
, Ethernet.
7. Ethernet
357
Ethernet
10BASE5.
. 10BASE2
, ;
500 185 .
10BASE
T. ,
, 100 ,
, (repeaters) (hubs).
10BASE
T
500 .
. 10BASE
T
,
,
.
, 10BASE
T
Internet ( )
.
Fast Ethernet. Fast Ethernet
100BASE
TX
.
10BASE
T (, 10 100 /).
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface
) Ethernet
100BASE
FX .
Ethernet MAC
,
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
CSMA/CD).
10- Ethernet
. 7.1 ,
Ethernet. 10BASE5, 10BASE2
10BASET .
Ethernet:
;
;
;
.
I. CCNA 1:
358
1000BASE!SX (220!550 )
(MM)
SC
1000BASE!LX (550!5000 )
(MM)
SC
10BASE!( )
(MM
Sm) SC
100BASE!FX (228!412 )
(MM)
SC
10BASE2 (185 ) 50 ;
BNC
10BASE5 (500 ) 50 ;
N!
802.3
. 7.1. Ethernet
Ethernet
.
. 7.1, 10BASE2, 10BASE5 10BASE
T
. ,
(
bit
time) 10 /
100 (), 0,1 (), 1
.
7.1. Ethernet 10 /
100
512
96 1
16
10
jam
32
1518
512 (64 )
, . . .
7. Ethernet
359
!
SFD
6
1
46 1550
FCS
4
. 7.2. Ethernet
Ethernet
OSI.
MAC
,
.
(Signal Quality Error
SQE). ,
, .
,
, .
SQE ;
, . SQE
:
4
8 ,
;
;
;
, , ,
( );
, ,
.
!
NRZ ( )
( 0 ) .
Ethernet 10 /
, MAC
, ,
(line
encoding).
,
. , ,
(nonreturn to zero NRZ), 5 ,
0 ,
. ,
.
10 /
360
I. CCNA 1:
. 7.3.
. ,
. 7.3, ,
,
.
0.
( ), ,
,
1.
,
(0
1
),
.
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
.
Ethernet .
Ethernet (shared Ethernet),
. Ethernet
7. Ethernet
361
10BASE5
Ethernet 10BASE5 ( 1980 )
10 / ,
, Thicknet.
10BASE5 :
, Ethernet.
.
,
. 10BASE5 ,
(
), , , ,
;
. ,
10BASE5
, .
I. CCNA 1:
362
, ,
6, Ethernet,
Ethernet 10 /.
10BASE5
. . 7.4 10BASE5,
0
1 . ,
10BASE5 ( 0 ) ,
.
0 1
0 1 0 1
0 1
SFD
0 0 0 0
. 7.4. 10BASE5
. 7.4 ,
, .
, Y ;
.
. 7.5 , 10BASE5
(Nominal Velocity of Propagation NVP) 0,77
( ) 50 .
N
.
500 2.
AUI
(Attachment Unit Interface
AUI, ),
50 . , ,
.
!
,
( ) .
70% 75%.
1640 . . .
7. Ethernet
363
. 7.5. 10BASE5
10BASE5
:
( );
10BASE5 ;
10BASE5 100 ,
.
7.1.2.
,
, OSI Ethernet
Ethernet
.
10BASE2
1985 10BASE2 ( 802.3
1985),
, ,
10BASE5.
, Thinnet.
10BASE2 .
10BASE2,
,
, . 10BASE2 ,
, .
, 10BASE5, 10BASE2
.
, ,
6, Ethernet,
Ethernet
10 /.
10BASE2
. 10BASE2 0
1
( Y ,
;
). 10BASE2 (0 )
, . 10BASE2
.
I. CCNA 1:
364
,
,
.
BNC
(British Naval Connector BNC)
, . 7.6.
.
,
. 10BASE2
Ethernet.
. 7.6 ,
( ,
, ;
).
0,65,
( 50 )
BNC
.
185 3,
BNC
,
.
. 7.6. BNC
10BASE-T
10BASE
T ( 802.3i
1990)
UTP (Unshielded
Twisted Pair
).
, ,
. , 10BASE
T,
, ,
UTP
,
, , . 10BASE
T
,
. Ethernet,
3
600 . . .
7. Ethernet
365
, 1990
10BASE
T UTP
5.
2,
, 3, .
, ,
, .
10BASE
T
UTP
3 (
5, 5 ).
Ethernet 10 /
,
, .
10BASE
T 125 ( )
(link pulse), .
, 10BASE
T .
(UTP)
10BASE
T, 90 ,
, 0,4
0,6 ( 26 22 AWG (American Wire Gauge
)). ,
10 , ,
, .
NVP, 0,585, 100
RJ
45, ISO/IEC 8877.
0 100 ( 0 328 ),
( ,
1000 ,
). UTP
0,5 (24 AWG)
100 .
3
10BASE
T,
5 .
568 568 .
( 1000BASE
T)
.
. 7.2 10BASE
T.
, (
).
. 7.7
.
(crossover cable),
R .
2 ( R R).
366
I. CCNA 1:
7.2. 10BASE"T
TD+. ,
TD . ,
RD+. ,
RD . ,
RJ45
1 RD+
2 RD
3 TD+
4
5
6 TD
7
8
RJ45
1 RD+
2 RD
3 TD+
4
5
6 TD
7
8
. 7.7.
10BASET
. 7.8 ,
() .
. . ,
,
.
.
.
,
,
UTP
.
,
7. Ethernet
367
Tx Rx. ,
(
, CSMA/CD) (
) .
, ,
.
IEEE, 802.3
1997 Full
Duplex.
, ,
,
CSMA/CD.
RJ45
1 RD+
2 RD
3 TD+
4
5
6 TD
7
8
RJ45
1 TD+
2
3
4
5
TD
RD+
6 RD
7
8
. 7.8.
10BASET
10BASE
T 10 /
,
20 / (
, ).
Ethernet
.
10BASE-T
10BASE
T
.
.
,
,
100 .
.
I. CCNA 1:
368
(
, ),
,
.
10BASE
T
, 10BASE2 10BASE5.
,
, , .
, .
(backplane)
; ,
.
(daisy
chaining) .
,
.
,
. ,
. .
. 7.9 1
. 10BASE
T
,
, .
.
4
3
1
. 7.9. 10 /
. 7.10 ( 1)
3
.
10BASE2 10BASE5,
(, ).
7. Ethernet
369
3
. 7.10.
10 /
10BASE
T 100
. ,
.
,
,
.
.
100 , 100
, ..
10BASE
T ,
,
.
, .
, ,
.
7.3. 10BASE"T
,
,
100
100 , 4
Ethernet 100 /
Ethernet 100 /,
Fast Ethernet (
Ethernet 10 /),
I. CCNA 1:
370
.
100BASETX ( UTP
)
100BASEFX ( ).
.
100BASE
TX 100BASE
FX :
;
;
.
. 7.4 Ethernet,
100 /.
7.4. 100 / Ethernet
( )
10
512
96
16
10
jam
32
1518
512 (64 )
100BASE
TX 100BASE
FX
. , Ethernet
100 / 10 , 0,01 ,
. 100 /
10 /.
Fast Ethernet
10 . . ,
, , .
; ,
.
. ,
, (Signalto
Noise Ratio SNR) 100 /,
.
, ,
, ,
.
4 /5 (4bit/5bit
7. Ethernet
371
4B/5B),
.
Ethernet,
100 /, 100BASE
TX 100BASE
FX, (
), MAC
.
;
(, ).
, ,
( ).
, .
4/5
( )
(
). 4
5 ,
125 .
,
. , ,
.
: 100BASE
TX
100BASE
FX.
100BASE-TX
1995
100BASE
T Fast Ethernet
( 802.3u
1995). 100BASE
T
Ethernet 100 /. 100BASE
TX,
100BASE
T UTP
5,
.
10/100,
Ethernet 10 /,
100 /.
Ethernet, ,
. ,
. 1997
Ethernet ; (
802.3),
. Ethernet
, .
Ethernet
.
372
I. CCNA 1:
,
6, Ethernet,
Fast Ethernet, .
100BASE
TX 4/5,
(scrambling )
MLT
3 (MultiLevel Transmit 3
), UTP
5. MLT
3
, .
(NonReturntoZero, Invert NRZI) MLT
3 ,
, NRZI.
!
NRZI
( 0 ),
.
.
. 7.11 MLT
3.
MLT
3 , 1
,
. 0
.
. 7.11.
MLT3
7. Ethernet
373
, . 7.11,
.
.
0.
,
, , .
.
, 0
. , (
), . ,
, ,
, .
. 7.11
.
1. , (
), ,
,
. ,
.
: ,
0,
1.
.
.
. 7.12 100BASE
TX,
. ( Y ,
.)
. 7.12. 100BASETX
4/5
.
100BASE
TX
10BASE
T. .
. 100 /
, .
10/100 / .
, Ethernet
100 / ,
10 /,
,
374
I. CCNA 1:
.
.
.
"
.
", " "
Fast Ethernet ":
. "
, "
Tx Rx ( ).
, (
CSMA/CD) ( "
)
. .
,
, "
. , "
, CSMA/CD.
: Fast Ethernet "
200 /? 100BASE"TX 100 /
( "
). 100BASE"TX
200 / (, ",
). "
"
Ethernet". 100BASE"TX
.
100BASE-FX
100BASE"FX (
802.3u"1995)? , Fast Ethernet
, "
, ,
, . 100BASE"
FX "
FDDI (
100 /).
Fast Ethernet 100BASE"TX. , "
100BASE"FX , "
Gigabit Ethernet "
,
, "
. , ,
7. Ethernet
375
. 7.13. NRZI
.
, ,
0.
0. , 0,
.
, , .
1, ,
.
.
, 0,
1.
, NRZI,
. ,
/ ,
.
, .
I. CCNA 1:
376
. 7.5 100BASEFX.
:
ST SC.
7.5. 100BASE
FX
Tx ( LED)
Rx ( )
. 7.14 .
,
.
100Base FX
( , )
Tx
SC ST
LED
Rx
( , )
Rx
Tx
LED
. 7.14.
MAC ,
,
Rx Tx. 100BASE
FX ,
. ,
,
.
, , CSMA/CD,
Tx Rx.
200 /,
? , UTP
, 100BASEFX
, ,
200 / .
7. Ethernet
377
Fast Ethernet
Fast Etehernet
.
,
.
.
UTP
100 ,
.
Class (
) I II ,
I II (Class I Class II).
140 . ,
(100BASE
TX 100BASE
FX), I.
,
I. . 7.15
I 100BASE
TX.
,
,
.
I
100
100
. 7.15.
II 92
.
, .
. 7.16
100BASE
TX.
,
,
.
I. CCNA 1:
378
II
5
100
100
. 7.16.
Ethernet 10 /,
100 /. .
, ,
. , ,
,
.
100BASE
TX .
,
29 802.3,
. ,
, , 10 100 /,
OSI. ,
,
.
, .
UTP
100BASE
TX
10BASE
T, ,
5 ISO Class D. 100BASE
TX II 5 .
,
. 7.6,
,
(round
trip
). Fast Ethernet,
.
,
,
.
,
.
7. Ethernet
379
,
.
.
. 7.6 Fast Ethernet.
7.6.
100BASE"TX ()
100BASE"FX ()
100BASE"TX
100BASE"FX ()
,
,
(
)
100
412
, I
()
200
272
100 TX
, II
()
200
320
100 TX
, II
()
205
228
105 TX
160,8 FX
208 FX
211,2 FX
100BASE
TX 100 .
,
.
, ,
. 7.6 .
.
100 ,
, ..
Fast Ethernet, .
: ,
.
, .
7.1.9a. Network Inspector
Fluke Networks
Network Inspector (NI)
.
,
.
380
I. CCNA 1:
7.1.9b. Protocol Inspector
Fluke Networks
Protocol Inspector
. ,
.
: Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet.
10- Ethernet
Fast Ethernet (100 /)
Ethernet (10 /).
, (Gigabit Ethernet)
Fast Ethernet, IEEE,
. Gigabit Ethernet,
1000 /, 100
10BASE
T. MAC
, CSMA/CD ,
, ,
Ethernet, MAC
,
.
10/100/1000 /.
.
.
Gigabit Ethernet
.
,
10 /
100 /
Ethernet UTP
5. Gigabit Ethernet
.
40, 100 160 /. Ethernet
, ,
, .
Ethernet 1000 /
1998 802.3z
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE)
1000BASE
X.
7. Ethernet
381
1 /,
100 10BASE
T. 1000BASE
T,
1 / UTP
5, 1999 .
. 7.7 Ethernet,
1000 /
7.7. Gigabit Ethernet
4096
96 4
16
10
jam
32
1518
512 (64 )
65536
, . . .
I. CCNA 1:
382
, ,
/.
MAC
, , ,
, .
( ).
Fast Ethernet. 1000BASE
T
, 8bit1Quinary quarter (
8B1Q4).
(4dimensional 5 level pulse amplitude
modulation 4DPAM5).
8B1Q4 4D
PAM5 ,
/,
. 1000BASE
X
8
bit/10
bit (8B/10B) ( ,
4B/5B) NRZ
.
1000BASE-T
1000BASE
T (802.3ab
1999 Gigabit Ethernet over twisted
pair) :
5;
,
5,
;
10BASE
T 100BASE
TX;
, ,
,
;
Fast Ethernet,
, .
5 . 5
125 /. ,
250 /
,
7. Ethernet
383
1000 / (1 /).
,
(
).
,
6, Ethernet,
Ethernet,
1000 /.
1000BASE
T 8B1Q4
4D
PAM5 5.
1 /
.
, ,
Ethernet
.
,
,
(voltage patterns). ,
,
(echo cancellation),
.
,
1 (Layer 1 Forward Error Correction FEC).
. 7.17 (Tx) 1000BASE
T ( Y
, X , ).
, UTP
.
. 7.18 ,
. Y
, X .
,
UTP
.
I. CCNA 1:
384
. 7.18. 1000BASET
,
, , 9 ,
17 .
. , . 7.18 ,
, ,
: .
,
.
,
. Gigabit Ethernet ,
, .
. 7.8 UTP
. A, B, C D .
, ,
, .
7.8. 1000BASE"T
BI_DA+ ( , )
BI_DA ( , )
BI_DB+ ( , )
BI_DB ( , )
BI_DC+ ( , )
BI_DC ( , )
BI_DD+ ( , )
BI_DD ( , )
. 7.19
.
,
,
Fast Ethernet.
, Gigabit, Fast 10BASE
T
Ethernet .
, ,
5, RJ
45 ,
7. Ethernet
385
Gigabit, Fast
10BASE
T Ethernet. , Fast Ethernet
10/100 , 10/100/1000.
,
.
T
R
T
R
T
R
T
R
. 7.19. 1000BASET
1000BASE
T
CSMA/CD .
1000BASE
T ,
,
(Tx), (Rx).
,
,
,
. (..
) ,
.
, .
386
I. CCNA 1:
, (
). (
) .
: 1 ,
1 . /
.
1000BASE
X (1000BASE
SX 1000BASE
LX)
1000BASE
T.
1000BASE-SX 1000BASE-LX
Gigabit Ethernet
.
:
1000 /,
Fast Ethernet;
;
,
;
1000BASE
X;
.
Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 802.3z
1998 1000BASE
X Gigabit Ethernet.
, 1000BASE
SX 1000BASE
LX
, .
1000BASE
T
, , 10/100/1000 /
.
1000BASE
X 8B/10B
,
NRZ
.
850 (
) (1000BASE
SX,
S )
1310 (1000BASE
LX, L
).
NRZ
.
, , .
, . 7.20, .
,
. 0.
7. Ethernet
387
. 7.20. NRZ
, .
1. , ,
0, .
,
. ,
0,
1.
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
.
, NRZ
,
1000BASE
SX
1000BASE
LX.
,
,
. ,
.
I. CCNA 1:
388
. 7.9
Gigabit Ethernet .
SC
.
7.9. Gigabit Ethernet
Tx ( )
Rx ( )
( ,
,)
Sc! MTRJ!
Sc or MTRJ
Connector
Tx
!
Rx
Sc! MTRJ!
Rx
Tx
C!
. 7.21. 1000BASESX
( ,
,)
( ,
,)
Tx
Sc! MTRJ!
Rx
Rx
Tx
. 7.22. 1000BASELX
7. Ethernet
389
MAC
. ,
. Gigabit Ethernet
.
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet
, ,
, 100 / 1000 /, OSI.
.
,
. 6.9 6.10,
, .
Gigabit Ethernet
,
,
.
1000BASE
SX
. 1000BASE
LX ,
.
. 7.10 7.11
1000BASE
SX 1000BASE
LX.
Gigabit Ethernet.
,
.
, .
7.10. 1000BASE"SX
(
, )
()
62,5
160
220
62,5
200
275
50
400
500
50
500
550
. 7.11. 1000BASE"LX
()
()
62,5,
500
550
50,
400
550
50,
500
550
10,
5000
I. CCNA 1:
390
UTP
1000BSE
T
10BASE
T 100BASE
TX, ,
5 ISO
D (2000).
, 10
100
/
Ethernet,
.
.
1000BASE
T . 100
1000BASE
T
.
.
, 802.3,
.
, . 7.12,
, . ,
. Gigabit
Ethernet, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
. Gigabit Ethernet , , .
,
OSI ,
.
,
,
Gigabit Ethernet .
. 7.12 .
Gigabit Ethernet ,
, . 7.10 7.11.
7.12.
1000BASE"T ()
1000BASE"SX/LX
()
1000BASE"SX/LX
1000BASE"T ()
100
316
200
220
100, 1000BASE
T
110, 1000BASE
SX/LX
7. Ethernet
391
Ethernet 10 /
2002 IEEE 802.3ae.
10 /. 802.3 802.3 ( Ethernet),
Ethernet .
Ethernet 10 / (10GbE)
Ethernet
. 10GbE ,
,
. 10GbE ?
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet
. Ethernet
10 / Ethernet (10GbE,
10 000 000 000 /).
,
10GbE.
,
Ethernet
.
Internet
Gigabit Ethernet.
Internet 10GbE
.
10GbE , (POP
Point Of
Presence), , ,
.
10GbE
. Ethernet
. 10GbE
( 40 )
(SONET)
(SDH). 40
10GbE .
SONET/SDH, 9,584640 /
(
192), 10GbE
. 10GbE
.
10GbE
Ethernet.
10GbE ,
: , Fast Ethernet, Gigabit
10 / Ethernet .
392
I. CCNA 1:
0,1 .
.
CSMA/CD,
.
1 2 OSI
802.3
40
SONET/SDH.
, ,
.
,
,
.
, CSMA/CD, IEEE
802.3. 802.3
10GBASE. ,
, :
10GBASE"SR
. 26
82 ;
10GBASE"LX4
(WavelengthDivision Multiplexing WDM).
240 300
, 10
;
10GBASE"LR 10GBASE"ER 10 40
;
10GBASE"SW, 10GBASE"LW 10GBASE"EW
OC
192/STM SONET/SDH .
IEEE 802.3 10 Gb Ethernet (10 GEA)
.
10 Gb Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ae) 2002
. ,
.
.
40 ( 25 ).
Ethernet
40, 80 100 /.
Ethernet, ,
.
, Ethernet ,
7. Ethernet
393
,
. ,
Ethernet.
, .
, Ethernet
(), 1500 .
, .
Ethernet.
,
. ,
Ethernet
. ,
, (
) . ,
( )
,
. ,
, .
,
, ,
Ethernet
( Jumbo
). Jumbo
Ethernet
, 1500 .
Jumbo
9000 .
Jumbo
IEEE
802.3ae. , Ethernet
Jumbo
Ethernet
. IEEE
802.3
.
. 7.13 10
Ethernet.
7.13. Ethernet" 10 /
0,1
966
5 Ethernet ,
, , . . .
6 , . . .
I. CCNA 1:
394
. 7.13
jam
1518
512 (64 )
104
, 10
,
Ethernet 10, 100 1000 /.
,
10GbE
10
Gb Ethernet 10
Gigabit Ethernet. , Gigabit Ethernet,
(0,1 ),
. ,
,
, .
,
/ 10 / Ethernet
. ,
, ,
,
/.
,
( , ,
).
( ).
Gigabit Ethernet. 8/10
(
4/5),
.
. 7.23 , 8/10
. 10
Gb
Ethernet
,
, , 8/10 64/66.
:
10GBASEW. . .
7. Ethernet
395
0, 1.
10GbE,
10GBASE
LX4,
(Wide Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WWDM)
, .
SFD
MAC!
000011111010000000010
MAC!
0
0
0000
10101010
/ Start /
0
10101010
10101010
10101010
10101010
10101011
10101010
XGMII
. 7.23 , MAC
UTP
.
. 7.24
8.
.
, ,
MAC
.
10GbE
.
10GbE.
,
. 10GbE
.
: 10
, 50 62,5
8 PMD Physical Medium Dependent, ,
,
. . .
I. CCNA 1:
396
.
,
.
0
PMD
. 7.24. 10GBASELX4
SC
.
10GbE ,
1 Rx
2,
. ,
10GbE,
. . 7.14 10GbE.
7.14. 10GbE
Tx ( )
Rx ( )
Ethernet
, .
, , CSMA/CD,
.
10GbE
. ,
10GbE , ,
Ethernet
. ,
7. Ethernet
397
,
Gigabit Ethernet.
10GbE
. 62,5 50
,
10
.
,
. 10
Ethernet
,
.
, 10, 100 1000 /,
.
.
.
,
802.3, .
. 7.15 10
Ethernet. R W
(, 10GBASE
E 10GBASE
ER, 10GBASE
EW).
7.15. 10" Ethernet
()
( )
(/)
()
10GBASE LX4
1310
62,5,
500
2 300
10GBASE LX4
1310
50,
400
2 240
10GBASE LX4
1310
50,
500
o 2 300
10GBASE LX4
1310
10,
o 2000 10 000
10GBASE S
850
62,5,
160
o 2 26
10GBASE S
850
62,5,
200
o 2 33
10GBASE S
850
50,
400
o 2 66
10GBASE S
850
50,
500
o 2 82
10GBASE S
850
50,
2000
2 300
10GBASE L
1310
10,
2000 10 000
10GBASE E
1550
10,
2000 30 000i9
40 , . . .
I. CCNA 1:
398
10GbE.
,
,
.
Ethernet
Ethernet,
, Fast, Gigabit .
(,
), Ethernet
. Ethernet
,
. Ethernet
,
, .
. 7.25 ,
Ethernet.
(MAN)
(LAN)
(WAN):
Ethernet!,
TCP/IP!
. 7.25. Ethernet
10
Ethernet, IEEE 10
GB
Ethernet
40, 100 160 /.
, ,
, .
Ether
net, CSMA/CD. ,
10BASE5,
10BASE2, 10BASE
T 100BASE
TX .
7. Ethernet
399
UTP
,
,
.
:
( 1000 /, ,
);
( 1000 /,
, );
(
10 000 /,
).
,
,
.
. Ethernet
, ,
.
Ethernet ,
(Quality of
Service QoS), .
, IP
.
Ethernet,
, ,
,
, Ethernet,
. , ,
1990
,
, Ethernet, .
Ethernet, 30 ,
.
:
Ethernet: Ethernet,
Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet 10
Gigabit Ethernet.
;
I. CCNA 1:
400
Ethernet 10 / (
Ethernet) ,
;
10BASE
T
UTP;
10BASE
T
,
;
:
( 1000 /, ,
);
( 1000 /,
, );
(
10 000 /,
).
,
,
: (e
Lab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .
1000BASELX
Gigabit Ethernet
1000 /,
.
10 000 (32808,4 ).
1000BASESX
Gigabit Ethernet
1000 /,
. 550
(1804,5 ).
1000BASET
Gigabit Ethernet
1000 /, UTP
5 100 (328 ).
100BASEFX
10 Fast Ethernet
100 /,
.
10 ,
; .
. .
7. Ethernet
401
402
I. CCNA 1:
(Manchester encoding)
, IEEE 802.3 Ethernet,
; 1
.
(WDM WavelengthDivision Multiplexing)
,
.
.
, ,
, .
, .
1. Ethernet
?
) TCP/IP.
) CSMA/CD.
) CMDA/CS.
) CSMA/CA.
2.
Ethernet ?
) 185 .
) 250 .
) 500 .
) 800 .
3. Ethernet 10 /
____ ,
____ .
) , .
) , .
) , .
) , .
7. Ethernet
403
4.
Fast Ethernet?
) 5 /.
) 10 /.
) 100 /.
) 1000 /.
5. Gigabit Ethernet.
) 1000BASE
TX.
) 1000BASE
FX.
) 1000BASE
SX.
) 1000BASE
LX.
) 1000BASE
X.
6. 1000BASE
SX?
)
.
) UTP
5.
) STP
150 .
) .
7. Gigabit Ethernet 4D
PAM5
?
) 1000BASE
LX.
) 1000BASE
SX.
) 1000BASE
T.
) 1000BASE
CX.
8. IEEE
10
Gb Ethernet?
) 802.3z.
) 802.3u.
) 802.3ae.
) 803.3.
9.
1000BASE
T?
) .
) .
)
.
) / .
404
I. CCNA 1:
10. ,
10 / Ethernet?
) 82 .
) 240 .
) 10 .
) 40 .
) 82 .
) .
8
Ethernet-
...
;
,
,
OSI
,
!!!! ;
;
:
,
,
;
;
;
;
(STP);
,
,
,
.
STP;
;
,
:
, . 406,
, . 406,
, . 406,
, . 413,
, . 413,
, . 413,
, . 420,
, . 428,
, . 430.
406
I. CCNA 1:
Ethernet !
. , ,
, .
, !
. !
,
. !
,
Ethernet.
!
.
Ethernet .
,
, ,
. !
. !
,
, !
.
.
!
. ,
. !
Catalyst.
. !
!
.
!
.
,
OSI, MAC!,
. MAC! , !
. !
.
,
, ,
1. (Spanning Tree Protocol STP)
!!!! ,
1
( ) ,
, TTL, . $$$$ . .
8. Ethernet-
407
!
.
Ethernet-
!
Ethernet. :
OSI;
;
;
;
;
.
,
OSI, ,
.
.
,
, () !
.
MAC! , !
, !
. :
MAC!
MAC!, ;
MAC! ,
, !
; !
, (.. ) !
, ;
, MAC!
, ,
. .
!
;
, MAC!
, , !
;
408
I. CCNA 1:
MAC! , !
, !
. (flooding).
:
,
.
, .
MAC!
.
, ,
. , !
, , , !
, ,
() . (
) ,
. !
, . , !
, , !
.
!
,
.
, !
. . 8.1
, . !
( ): !
, !!!! .
(. 8.2).
, , MAC!
. , ,
! (. 8.3).
!
, ! ,
. , .
,
( ), !
(. 8.4).
,
. , !
4 (. 8.5).
8. Ethernet-
409
10 /
1
10 /
1 2 3 4
X
. 8.1.
10 /
A
1
10 /
. 8.2.
10 /
A
1
10 /
1
A
. 8.3.
I. CCNA 1:
410
10 /
10 /
4
2
. 8.4.
10 /
A
1
10 /
4
1
X
X
. 8.5.
,
. 3, ,
(. 8.1).
,
MAC!,
.
8. Ethernet-
411
. ,
.
, . !
.
.
, !
. (Content
Addressable Memory !!!! CAM), , !
. , !
. CAM! !
, MAC!,
. !
(Application Specific Integrated Circuit !!!! ASIC) !!!! , !
,
.
ASIC , !
, .
, !
.
,
, .
Ethernet! !.
, , ,
,
. !
. , !
.
10 / !
10 / 10 / !!!!
, 20 / .
100 /
200 / (. 8.6). !
1 /.
I. CCNA 1:
412
10 /, 100 /, 1 /
10 /, 100 /, 1 /
10 /, 100 /, 1 /
10 /, 100 /, 1 /
. 8.6. :
!
. !
!
.
, , , !
. !
!
.
, (propagation
delay), ,
. !
. :
,
;
, ,
;
, !
;
, , ,
(,
,
MAC! ).
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
!!!! (store!and!forward),
(cut!through) (fragment!free) !!!! !
.
8. Ethernet-
413
!
,
,
. . 8.7
. ,
. , !
. , !
. ,
, ,
, .
.
.
.
. 8.7.
!
,
(. 8.8).
, !
.
. !
, !
.
, ,
.
I. CCNA 1:
414
MAC-
.
. 8.8.
!
, !
. ,
, (synchronous switching). ,
,
.
(asynchronous switching).
. ( !
)
, , 100 1000 /.
! , !
,
.
!
. . 8.9 , !
.
. 8.10 ,
, !
!!!! !
.
8. Ethernet-
415
Cat-6
Cat-1
Cat-2
Cat-7
Cat-3
Cat-5
Cat-4
. 8.9. STP
Ethernet
SWA
SWB
Ethernet
. 8.10.
. 8.10 .
1.
2.
3.
4.
1 .
SW SW .
SW SW.
SW SW.
I. CCNA 1:
416
5. !
, ,
.
,
. . 8.11 8.12, !
,
(Bridge Protocol Data Units $$$$ BPDU), !
. !
(Spanning Tree
Algorithm !!!! STA) . !
(blocking). !
,
! , .
!
(Spanning Tree
Protocol $$$$ STP); BPDU. !
,
.
1
,
: 1
: 12345111
: 0
: 12345111
: 8002
1
Bridge ID 12345111
2
Ethernet
100 /
10 /
3
Bridge ID 12345556
AA-11
: 1
: 12345555
: 0
: 12345555
: 8001
. 8.11. BPDU
8. Ethernet-
417
!
:
(Blocking).
BPDU!, . !
;
(Listening). BPDU!, !
.
;
(Learning). MAC!
. ;
(Forwarding). !
. BPDU! ;
(Disabled).
STP. , BPDU!
.
?
?
-
BPDU?
-
BPDU?
. 8.12. BPDU
. 8.13 !
STP (
STP ).
I. CCNA 1:
418
1/2
1/1
Cat-A
1/1
1/1
Cat-B
Cat-C
1/2
1/2
. 8.13.
, !
.
.
.
.
, ,
, .
() .
. 8.14,
, .
. !
, .
, !
,
,
. ,
.
Ethernet! Eth!
ernet! (.. UTP).
8. Ethernet-
419
. !
, ,
,
. !
. !
.
.
!
. , !
,
, Internet !
. !
,
.
( )
( )
. 8.14.
: ,
; ,
. . 8.15 ,
. .
(Circuit-switched) ,
.
().
I. CCNA 1:
420
. ,
.
,
.
.
.
, .
, ,
- , .
. 8.15. ,
,
. !
. !
, , , .
, !
. 8.16, . .
(collision) ,
.
,
. ,
, !
.
,
(.. ) . !
. ,
, .
; ,
.
8. Ethernet-
421
STOP
STOP
. 8.16.
LAN! Ethernet,
, !
. !
, OSI.
,
(. 8.17).
(segmentation).
. 8.17.
, , ,
Ethernet. !
.
.
() ,
, , ,
422
I. CCNA 1:
. !
,
, !
. , ,
. 8.18, LAN
, , .
. 8.18.
Ethernet ,
!
, . 8.19.
10BASET, , !
,
,
, .
. 8.19. Ethernet
8. Ethernet-
423
:
, NIC. !
,
. !
(late collisions). , !
64! . !
NIC
. ,
(consumption delay). !
. !
Ethernet 5!4!3!2!1. !
, :
, ,
5 ;
4 ;
3 , ;
2 ( );
.
:
!
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Detection !!!! CSMA/CS).
. ,
, . !
, !
, .<