Cisco CCNA 1 2

Cisco Networking Academy Program

CCNA 1 and 2 Companion Guide

Revised Third Edition

Cisco Press
201 West 103rd Street
Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA

Cisco CCNA 1 2

,


2005

 32.973.26018.2.75
78
681.3.07

. ..
. , . , .. ,
. .. .. , .. , ..
. .. ..
:
info@williamspublishing.com, http://www.williamspublishing.com
115419, , / 783; 03150, , / 152

Cisco Systems, Inc.

78

Cisco CCNA 1 2. ,
3 ., .: . .  .: , 2005.  1168 .: . 
. . .
ISBN 5845908426 (.)


, . 
, ,
, , IP, 
. OSI, 
, , . ,
Ethernet Ethernet. ,
IOS, TCP/IP
.
32.973.26
018.2.75

.

, , 
,
Cisco Press.
Authorized translation from the English language edition published by Cisco Press, Copyright 2004 by The
Cisco Systems, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage retrieval system,
without permission from the Publisher.
Russian language edition published by Williams Publishing House according to the Agreement with R&I
Enterprises International, Copyright 2005
Cisco, http://www.academy.ciscopress.ru.
ISBN 5845908426 (.)
ISBN 1587131501 (.)

, 2005
by The Cisco Systems, Inc., 2004

27
29

I. CCNA 1:

37

1.

39

2.

79

3.

157

4.

229

5. LAN WAN

259

6. Ethernet

303

7. Ethernet

355

8. Ethernet,

405

9. TCP/IP IP,

437

10.

489

11.
TCP/IP

547

II. CCNA 2:

581

12.

583

13.

631

14.

665

15.

697

6
16. Cisco IOS

723

17.

757

18. ,

797

19.
TCP/IP

845

20.

869

21. TCP/IP

905

22.

933

III.
.

973
975

1095

1109

1145

Cisco Systems

23
23
25
26

27

29
29
29
30
31
35
36
36

I. CCNA 1:
1.
Internet
Internet




TCP/IP
ping
Web)
Internet


,

37
39
41
41
42
47
49
51
51
52
53
55
56
56
56
59
60

( 32(


IP(

62
64
66
66
69
70
71
72
76

2.























OSI
OSI

TCP/IP

79
81
81
85
87
102
110
111
112
114
115
117
119
120
120
122
124
124
126
128
129
130
130
132
132
134
136
138
139
143
146
150

3.

(STP)











,

157
159
160
163
164
165
166
169
172
175
176
177
180
181
183
184
185
187
191
192
194
197
199
208
209
210
213
214
216
217
218
220
223
225

4.

229
230
231
231
233
234
236
236

10

5. LAN WAN


Ethernet
Ethernet

UTP

(


WAN

BRI ISDN
DSL

237
239
240
240
243
244
248
250
251
252
252
253
255
257
259
261
261
263
264
265
268
272
272
274
275
278
279
281
283
286
286
287
289
292
294
295
297
298
299
300

11

6. Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
IEEE Ethernet
Ethernet OSI
MAC(

Ethernet
Ethernet(
Ethernet

MAC(
Ethernet



Ethernet
FCS
Ethernet

303
305
305
307
309
312
313
316
318
320
321
323
327
329
332
334
337
339
341

7. Ethernet
Ethernet 10 100 /
10( Ethernet
10BASE5
10BASE2
10BASE(T
10BASE(T
Ethernet 100 /
100BASE(TX
100BASE(FX
Fast Ethernet
10( Ethernet
Ethernet 1000 /
1000BASE(T
1000BASE(SX 1000BASE(LX
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet 10 /
, 10GbE
Ethernet

355
356
357
361
363
364
367
369
371
374
377
380
380
382
386
389
391
394
398

344
347
348
351

12

399
400
402

8. Ethernet,
Ethernet(

405
407
407
408
411
412
412
414
418
418
420
423
424
428
429
430
432
433
434

9. TCP/IP IP,
TCP/IP
TCP/IP


Internet(

OSI TCP/IP
Internet
Internet
IP(

IPv4
IP(: A, B, C, D E
IP(

IP 4 IP 6
IP(
Internet(

437
438
439
440
442
443
445
446
447
450
450
453
455
458
461
464
466
468
470
470


IP(
IP( RARP
IP( BOOTP
DHCP

(ARP)

10.


IP


IP(
IP(

(



IP(



A B
AND

13
471
472
474
476
478
479
483
484
485
489
491
491
494
495
497
499
500
501
503
507
509
512
514
516
518
521
523
524
524
527
529
533
534
536
539
542

14
11.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
TCP/IP

,

TCP
UDP
TCP UDP


DNS
FTP TFTP
HTTP
SMTP
SNMP
Telnet

II. CCNA 2:

12.


,

WAN*

547
548
548
550
551
553
554
556
557
559
559
562
562
566
567
568
570
571
571
572
573
575

581
583
584
584
587
588
591
592
605
607
609
609
614
615
616
617
619
620

15
623
624
625

13.
Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS


Cisco IOS
Cisco IOS




,

Cisco IOS


show version

631
632
632
632
633
634
638
639

14.




show


Ethernet(




,

665
666
666
674
674
676
678
679
680
681
681
682
682
683
684
684

639
645
646
648
650
652
656
657
659
660
660
661
661

16

685
686
692
693
693

15.

CDP
, CDP
, CDP%

CDP
CDP

Telnet
telnet%
telnet%
Telnet

, IP%

697
698
698
699
702
704
704
705
706
706
707
708
709
710
716
717
717
718

16. Cisco IOS

Cisco IOS
boot system

Cisco IOS
Cisco
IOS
Cisco IOS
TFTP


Cisco
TFTP%
Cisco IOS
Xmodem

723
724
725
726
727
729
730
733
733
736
737
740
742
744
747

17
749
750
751
752

17.













(





IGP EGP

757
758
758
759
762
766
767
768
769
772
774

18. ,
(
(
(

797
799
799

774
775
775
778
783
786
787
789
790
791
792
793

800
801
803
804
805
806

18

RIP
RIP
RIP
ip classless
RIP
RIP
RIP

RIP

RIP
IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
IGRP
RIP IGRP
IGRP
IGRP

19.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
Internet (ICMP)

ICMP

ping

(


TCP/IP

ICMP /

807
808
808
810
811
814
816
819
819
821
823
826
826
828
829
830
832
833
835
837
839
840
842

845
846
847
847
848
849
850
853
855
856
857
858
858
859
860
862

20.

show ip route

( (










OSI

ping
telnet


show interfaces

show interfaces

show cdp

traceroute

show ip route show ip protocol

show controllers
debug

19
862
864
865
865
866
867
867
869
870
870
872
873
874
874
875
877
877
879
879
879
880
881
883
884
887
888
888
892
892
893
895
897
898

20

901
901
902

21. TCP/IP
TCP
,




UDP


,
,


MAC(, IP(

905
911
912
913
914
916
919
919
921
921
924
924
925
925
926
928
928
929

22.





any
host


ACL

933
934
936
939
940
943
946
947
947
948
948
952
960
963
965
966
968
969
970


III.
.
,







,

21
973
975
977
977
978
980
981
983
985
989
996
997
1000
1001
1001
1003
1005
1006
1009
1013
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1019
1019
1021
1021
1023
1024
1024
1026
1026
1026
1028
1029
1034
1036
1037

22

:
FARB Software Development








FARB

1037
1037
1038
1039
1042
1044
1047
1051
1052
1055
1056
1062
1063
1064
1068
1070
1070
1072
1074
1074
1074
1076
1077
1077
1078
1080
1080
1082
1082
1083
1084
1084
1087
1088
1088
1088
1090

1095

1109

1145


Cisco Press , 
. 
. ,

.
 .
 , 
, 
,
networkingacademy@Ciscopress.com. , ,
ISBN.
Cisco .

(Bill Chapman)
(Arcadia). ,
++ Java, , 
CCNA CompTIA A+. 
(Academic Mentor Planning Committee),
(Emergency Planning Committee), 
(Certified District Technology
Instructor) . 
(Pasadena)
, 
Cisco CompTIA A+ 
 (Los Angeles County Regional Occupational Program). 

Cisco 
, . 
Cisco CCNA
CompTIA A+, Network+ INet+.
(Allan Johnson)
10 . 1999 
.
A&MCorpus Christi :  
.
(Mary Carroll High School)
(Del Mar) Corpus Christi . ,

CCNA/CCNP Cisco.

24

(Rick Graziani) 
20 . 
(Cabrillo)
(Aptos), .
(Loyola Marymount) 

(California State University Monterey Bay). 
, , OSPF 3, MANET.
CCNP CCAI.
(Mark Boolootian), (Dave Barnett),
(Jim Warner) (Fred Baker)
(Teri)
.
(Elanie Horn) Cisco
(CATC), 1998 .

, .
27 .
TriRivers ( 
 CATC, Cisco Academy Training Centre) 
Cisco , , .
CCNA, CCDA CCAI.
(Andrew Large)
1998 . ,
. 
13
Cisco . 

Cisco 
. CCNA, CCNP CCAI.
. (Antoon W. Rufi)  , 
 2000 . 20
, 
II 
. 
ECPI .

. 
 ,

(Maryland) .
CCNA, CompTIA Network+ 
, CCNP.


Cisco Systems
Cisco Systems, Inc
.
, .

Catalyst

DSU/CSU
DSU/CSU

ISDN/
Frame Relay

Sun

Macintosh

Web%

Token
Ring
Token Ring

Ethernet

CiscoWorks

IBM

FDDI

FDDI



, IOS
(IOS Command Reference).
:
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;
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{ } ;
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( )
,
(, show).

Internet
,
. 

.
,
, .
, , 
.

. , , 
, , , ,
, , 
. ,

. 
.
, , 
.

, Cisco Systems 
(Cisco Networking Academy Program CNAP).
 , 

Internet .
,
Web , , 
, ,
.
Cisco .
, 
Web , 
,
. , Cisco
.
, ,
, Cisco

28

Systems . 

.
Cisco (Cisco Global Learning Network)

Cisco . :
Internet , ,
. Cisco
.

. Worldwide Education (
) Cisco Press 

Cisco, Web. 

Cisco Systems ,
,
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, , , 
Cisco Systems Internet . 
, 
, . ,

Cisco, 
, 
, . Cisco,
, (Cisco Learning
Partners) 
. , 
(elrarning), (selfpaced)
. 
, , Cisco
, 
. , ,
Learning & Events ( ) Web 
,
.
, 
Cisco.
(Kevin Warner)
,
,
Cisco Systems, Inc.


, Cisco.
,
.
, , ,
,
CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate). 
, , .

,
(Local Area networks LAN). , 
,
, , IP,
. OSI, , 
, . ( 
), Ethernet Ethernet.
,
IOS, TCP/IP
(ACL  Access Control List).

CCNA, CompTIA Network+.

 Cisco
, , 
Cisco. 
,
Cisco.

 , 
.
, ,
. 
.

30

. 
, 
, .

, 
. :
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. , 
, .
:

. 
, 
, :
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom).

31

, . 
:

22 , 3 : CCNA1
CCNA2.

I, CCNA 1:
1, , 
Internet.

.
2, .
, OSI
,
OSI.
.
3, , 
. , 
OSI. 
, ; 
, ,
,  .
4, .
,
(Local Area Networks
LANs).
.
. , 
,
, , , , 
, . 
, ,
.
5, LAN WAN, 
WAN LAN. LAN
, .
Ethernet, 
Ethernet . WAN 
:

32

. , 
. 
.
6, Ethernet.
Ethernet, Ether
net (framing), Ethernet.
, , 
. 
, .
7, Ethernet, 
OSI. STP
(SpanningTree Protocol  ),

.
Ethernet,
.
10 Ethernet,
, .
8, Ethernet,
Ethernet. , 
,
.

Ethernet. 
; , 
,
.
9, TCP/IP IP,
TCP/IP,
, .
TCP/IP OSI;
TCP/IP 
.
10, , 
, IP. 

,
. 
:  (distance
vector), (linkstate) 
, ,
.

33

11, TCP/IP,
, .
,
OSI, , ,
,

. 
,
.

II, CCNA2:
12, , 
, . 
.
13, , , 
,
.

(setup dialog), 

Cisco IOS.
14, .

; ,
, , 
Cisco IOS. 
, 
.
15, ,
Cisco (Cisco Discovery Protocol CDP),
, .
16, Cisco IOS, 
,
Cisco IOS, 
.

.
TFTP 
.
17, . 

34

(OSI) 
. 

.
, 
, , 
.
18,  ,

RIP IGRP;
.
19, TCP/IP.
ICMP, ICMP, 
, 
ICMP.

ICMP, , 
.
20, ,
.

, 
,
.
21, TCP/IP.
TCP/IP
,
TCP/IP: , 
, . 



. ARP
RARP.
22, , , ,

(ACL), ,
. 
,
.

35

III,
A, , 
, , 
; 
,
,
, , 
.
, ,
.
CCNA, , 
.
, , 
, .
, , 
.

, , 
. , 
, , 
CCNA, ,
, ,
. 

.  Packet
Tracer 3.1, ,
, 
CCNA.
,
. 
,
.


, , 

3.1 Cisco (Cisco Networking Academy Pro
gram). Cisco Systems , 

.
CCNA; , 
 , 
: 
.
,
. Cisco Systems, 
,
, , CCNA.
CCNA Cisco

(Cisco Certified Network Associate). ,
, . ,
, 
.
 .

, , .
, , 
. ,
.
.
Web 
. , ,
, , 
.
, ,
. 
. 
:
Email:

info@williamspublishing.com

WWW:

http://www.williamspublishing.com

:
:

115419, , / 783
03150, , / 152

 I
CCNA 1:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

LAN WAN

6.

Ethernet

7.

Ethernet

8.

Ethernet-

9.

TCP/IP IP-

10.

11.

TCP/IP

...
,

Internet;

,
;

,

;

,
;

, Ethernet
,
;

,

;

(NIC);

,
;

,

;

, ,
;

ping;

IP;

Web;

,

;

,
.
Internet, . 41,
, . 42,
, . 42,

, . 42,
Web, . 42,
, . 42,

40

I. CCNA 1:

, . 42,
/
Internet, . 42,
, . 43,
, . 43,
, . 44,
, . 44,
, . 44,
, . 44,
USB, . 44,
, . 45,
, . 45,
, . 45,
, . 45,

, . 45,
, . 46,
, . 46,
, . 46,
, . 46,
, . 46,
, . 47,
, . 47,
, . 47,
PCMCIA, . 47,
, . 49,
ping, . 52,

, . 43,
, . 43,
, . 53,
, . 53,

, . 56,
, . 57,
, . 57,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 58,
, . 60,
 , . 66,
MAC, . 66,
, . 67,
, . 69,
IP, . 70,
, . 70.

 1.

41

, 
Internet.
.
,
, : 
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom). 
, .

Internet
Internet ,
, 
. ,
Internet, . 
, ,
. 
, , 
, 
.
.
, 
Internet;
Web. , 
.

Internet
, Internet.
Internet
.  ,
Internet. Internet,
Internet . ,
.
,
. :
, 
. 
,  ,
 Web.
Internet 
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line  ) 

, .
Internet ;

42

I. CCNA 1:

,
.
Internet  . 
, 
. 
.
Internet :
, 

, ,
.

Internet;

, .
, , 
. Internet 
. TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol  
/ Internet) Internet.
TCP/IP  ,
. TCP/IP
9, TCP/IP IP;
, 
;
.
Internet:
Web (HyperText Markup
Language  HTML) Web, (File Trans
fer Protocol  FTP)
Internet. Web
, , ,
.
, Internet ,
, ,
, Internet
.

, 
.

 1.

43

, .
.
, , , 
, 
, . 
, 
.
( ),
.
!

.
,
IT Essentials .

.
, .. 
. 
, 
; .
!

, ,
.

(backplane) 
, .
.
(Network Interface Card  NIC)  , 
. 

Ethernet.
 
. 

.
 , 
.
,
.
, , .

44

I. CCNA 1:
, 
,
. , 
.
, , 
.

.
.

.
(Universal Serial Bus port  USB
port)  , ,
, , , , 
. USB, 
, .
1.1.2.
.

, . 

. Windows
.

,
.
,
. 
.
, 
.
.
,
. 
.
, , 
.
,
.
, .

 1.

45

, , :
(COM), (LPT), USB (Universal Serial Bus 
) .
(Light Emitting Diode  LED)  ,
, .
.
:
,
.
, , ,
.
.
(Printed circuit board PCB) ,
.
.
- (CD-ROM) ,
-. -
(CD-R, CD-RW) DVD-, .
(Central Processing Unit CPU) ,
(. 1.1).
(Floppy Disk Drive FDD) ,
(. 1.2).
(Hard Disk Drive HDD)

.

. 1.1.

. 1.2.

46

I. CCNA 1:

, .
, .
(. 1.3).
, .. .

; ,
.
,
.
. ,
(Industry-Standard Architecture ISA),
(Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI) .
(Random-Access Memory RAM),
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RAM ,
. ,
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, , ,
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.
(Read-Only Memory ROM, )
, .
. ,
, (Electronically Erasable
Programmable Read-Only Memory EEPROM) .
Flash-. - (Basic Input/Output
System BIOS) .

1.3.

 1.

47

, ,
(. 1.4).
.
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, ,
.
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() .
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(Personal Computer
Memory Card International Association card PCMCIA card), PC card.
, , (
), PCMCIA. . 1.5
(WLAN Wireless LAN) PCMCIA-.

. 1.4.

. 1.5. PCMCIA

. 1.6 Ethernet,
(LAN adapter). , 

.

 I. CCNA 1:

48

. 1.6.
!

, IT Essentials
.
, (Interrupt ReQuest  IRQ),  (I/O),
, .

( 
),  .

(IRQ) , 
 
(, Windows Linux), , 
. 
, ,
. 
.
. ,
, .  (I/O)
, 
.
:
. , 
, Ethernet
Ethernet. Ethernet, Token Ring Fiber Distributed
Data Interface (FDDI  
 ), Ethernet  
;

 1.

49

 ,
, : ,
,  .
;
. , 
, PCI ISA. .. PCI , 
ISA, .
: .
.

Internet :
.
,
. 
(Public Switched
Telephone Network  PSTN). . 1.7 .
. , 
, 
. 
. 

, 
.

. 1.7.

, 
.
/. 
:

50

I. CCNA 1:

USB. 
,
Internet (Internet Service Provider  ISP). 
, 56 /,
53 /. DSL
,
,
.

.

.
PCMCIA.

.
, 
, .
.
.
10 /
100 /.
(. . 1.8) 
.
,
. 

(plugandplay),
 .

, .

( 
).
, 
IRQ, ,
(Direct Memory Address  DMA), 

.

 1.

51

1.8.

1960 
 .
, 
.  300
(/), .. 30 .
1970 , 
(Bulletin Board Systems  BBS), 
.
300 / , 
.
1980 , 
.
300 / , 
. 1990 . 
9600 /  56000 /, 1998 .
,
, , , 
(Digital Subscriber Line  DSL)
. 
. ,
, 
,
. 

Internet .

TCP/IP
TCP/IP  , 
.
Internet,

52

I. CCNA 1:

, TCP/IP. 
TCP/IP
. 
IP, ,
(Domain Name Server  DNS). 

(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol  DHCP). ,
TCP/IP, 
Internet. 
: Windows,
Apple Macintosh, Unix. TCP/IP, DHCP DNS
.
1.1.6. TCP/IP
.

, , MAC ( 
) ( ).

ping
Ping ,
TCP/IP. (), 

. Ping Packet Internet Groper 
Internet.
ping IP
, 
. ping 

. ,
. ping
, 
TCP/IP,
. ping.
ping 127.0.0.1 ( )  
TCP/IP 
(. 1.9).
ping IP-  
TCP/IP .
ping IP-  
.

 1.

53

ping IP-  

.

. 1.9. ping 127.0.0.1

1.1.7. ping tracert.
ping traceroute
.
IP.

Web

Web  , , 
:
Web;
;
;
.
(HyperText Markup
Language  HTML), , 
Web. , ,
1 (Standard Generalized Markup Language  SGML)
(Extensible Markup Language  XML),
Web
HTML. HTML
, , 
.  ,
1

, ISO.  . .

 I. CCNA 1:

54

HTML Web 

.
Internet Explorer (IE) Netscape  Web.
,
. Web , 
.
. 1.1 .
1.1. Internet Explorer Microsoft Netscape Communicator
Internet Explorer

Netscape Communicator

Microsoft

HTML,
,

HTML,
,

Web
.
(plugin). 
.

.
Flash Shockwave (Flash player, Shockwave player)  
, , 
Macromedia Flash.
Adobe Acrobat Reader  ,
PDF (Adobe
Portable Document Format  
Adobe).
Windows Media  , 
 .
Quicktime  , Apple,
 
.
Real Player  , 
.

 1.

55

1.1.8. Web.

Internet
Internet, 
(Uniform Resource Locator  URL). 
Web ,
Web .
:
.
,
, , Microsoft Office Lotus Smart Suite.
:
,
.
;
,
.
,
;
,
, , , .
,
, , ;
,
,
;
,
, ,
.

Internet

.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .

 I. CCNA 1:

56

1.1.9.
.

, ,
.


, .
, .

,
, .
,
. 
, : 
( 1 0).

 , : 
.
( ). 
, 0 
.

, .
(American standard code for
information interchange  ASCII)
 . 
, 
. , ,
: 1 0. 

.

,
, 0 1. 
(/) 
/ , .
0
().
+5 .

 1.

57

, 8 .
8 . 1 
.
, , ASCII .
256 ( 28).
0 255. , 
(. 1.2).

 KB Kb, MB Mb ( , ). , 

. ,
(, 45 /,
45 bps).
. ,
45 /
5,6 /.
, 
. , ,

 (/) (/). 
8,
.
1.2.

(b, )

1/8

(B, )

(KB, )

1024
( 1000 )

8096
( 8000 )

(MB, )

(GB, )

(TB, )

.
.
1 0 , 
, .
,

; , . 1
8 .

58

I. CCNA 1:
()  1024 ,
1000 .
() 1024 , 
1000 .
() 1 .
() 1 048 576 , 
1 . 
.
.
.
() 1 . 
.
.
() 1 . 

.
(/)  . 

.
(/)  . 

.
(/)  . 

. Ethernet 
10 /.
(/)  . 

.
(/)  . 

. 10 / Ethernet
10 /.
(/)  . 

.
Internet 1 /.
()  .
,
, , 1 ,
().

 1.

59

() . 
, , 
. 
, (, 900 ).
() , (1 000 000 000) 
. 
, , .
(, 
802.11b 2,4 ).
!

.
, 1980 ,
10 ( IBM
4,77 ).
3 . .
.


, .
,
, . 
, .
. 

, .

.
, ,
10.  0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 9. 
(. . 1.3).
1.3.

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9

103

1000

: 2 134

210

102

101

100
3

110

100

10
2

310

1
1

4100

 I. CCNA 1:

60

10.
10 ( ), 
( ). , 10, 
. 
, () 100 (1),
 101 (10),  102 (1010 = 100). , ,
106 (101010101010 = 1 000 000), . .,
.
2134:
2134 = (2103) + (1102) + (3101) + (4100).
4 , 3  
, 1  2  . 
,
, ,
. 
, , . IP 
, 4 ,
 ,
, ,
172.16.14.188. ,
IP 32 , .. ,
8
. .

, ,
2. (0 1)
, ( 10).
2 ( ), (
) (20, 21, 22, 23, 24, ..), . 1.4.
1.4.

0,1

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

128

64

32

16

: 10110

 1.

61

.
10110 = (124 = 16) + (023 = 0) + (122 = 4) + (121 = 2) + (020 = 0) =
= (16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0) = 22.
(10110) , 1 16,
0  8, 1  4,  2 0  
1. , 22. IP
32 (4 ).
:
16 (, hexadecimal, hex)
, ..
. ,
,
.
16 .
. 10
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9),
, : A, B, C, D, E F.
10, B 11, 12, D 13, E 14
F 15 (. . 1.5).
() 16,
. ,
160 ( 1), 161 ( 16), 162 ( 256), ..
,
.
1.5.

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

163

162

161

160

65536

256

16

: 1A2C

.
1A2C = (1163 = 65536) + (10(A)162 = 2560) + (2161 = 32) + (12() 160 = 12) =
= (65536 + 2560 + 32 + 12) = 68144.

 I. CCNA 1:

62

.
. 1.10.
,
.  ,
.

, .
.
168 .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

128 , 168, ,
1. 168128 = 40.
64 , 40, , 0.
32 , 40, , 1.
4032 = 8.
16 , 8, , 0.
8 8 (,
); 1. 88 = 0,
, 0.
10101000 
168.


255. 11111111.
, . 1.10, 
255 .
, IP.

, 2,
. , 650 
29 = 512,
.
1.2.5.
.

.

 1.

63

128

64

32

16

. 1.10.

 I. CCNA 1:

64

,
. , . 1.11, 
.

,
.
!

, . ,
0
, 1, , 2 = 1.

01110000 .
0

02 = 0
+
1
02 = 0
+
2
02 = 0
+
3
02 = 0
+
4
12 = 16
+
5
12 = 32
+
6
12 = 64
+
7
02 = 0
112
( 2, 1.)
, (. . 1.10),  . 1.11 
255 
, . 

2. , , 10 ,
512, 9  256, 1.
1.2.6.
.

.

 1.

65

128

64

32

16

. 1.11.

 I. CCNA 1:

66

32

, Internet
(IP), 32 . 32
, :
8 .

.
, 
, 10.15.129.201.  
32 . 
32 , ,
. 
 , 
, ( ) , 
. 128,
,
.
, ,  10.15.129.201
00001010.00001111.10000001.11001001:
10 = 00001010,
15 = 00001111,
129 = 10000001,
201 = 11001001.



. Cisco Systems
16 .
, , 0010000100000010
2102 .
MAC (Media Access Control addresses  OSI)
.
!

MAC .

.

 1.

67

Ethernet Token Ring 48 ,

6 ( ). (Oct  .)
6 ,
12 . 4 
4
(2 = 16), . 1.6.

10101010.11110000.11000001.11100010.01110111.01010001

:
AA.F0.C1.E2.77.51.
A = 1010,
A = 1010,
F = 1111,
0 = 0000,
C = 1100,
1 = 0001,
E = 1110,
2 = 0010,
7 = 0111,
7 = 0111,
5 = 0101,
1 = 0001.
MAC
4 ,
AAF0.C1E2.7751.

0x 
. , 
, , , 0x1234 ,
1234.
(, ..), 

(16), . , 
,  0 9
A F. . 1.6 
.
,
4 .
AC (.. 0xAC) A 1010,

 I. CCNA 1:

68

C  1100 . AC 
10101100.
, 4 
; , 
4 , .

8  ( :
4 ). , 
, . , 
, 00011111
115. ? 115 115?
115, 10110101,
. 1F,
00011111.
1.6.

0000

0001

0010

0011

0100

0101

0110

0111

1000

1001

1010

10

1011

11

1100

12

1101

13

1110

14

1111

15


. 8 ,

, . ,
0x, ,
5D 0x5D.

 1.

69

.
1.2.8. .

.

,
.
 
, , ,
.  , 

. ( ) 
(AND), (OR) (NOT).
, . (0
1)
.
( ), 
 
, .
(. 1.7) .
1, 0, 0 
1.
1.7. (NOT)

(. 1.8) .
, ,
. 
,  .
IP
.
(. 1.9) 
. 1, 
, . , 
, , ,
,  .

 I. CCNA 1:

70

1.8. (AND)

1.9. (OR)


, 
. 
, .

IP

Internet 32 IP (Internet
Protocol address, IPaddress). 
IP . 9,
TCP/IP IP.
IP
IP , 
. IP
. , , 
(host). , IP 
 ,
.
IP 
, 32 , .
,
. 1;
, , 0.
, 0,
. .
1:
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000, 
 255.0.0.0.

 1.

71

2:
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000, 
 255.255.0.0.
, 
24  . 16 
, 16  .
IP 10.34.23.134 ,
00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110.
IP,
IP , 
. IP 0
0. 0 1 0.
. 
.
3: (255.0.0.0).
00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110  IP.
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000  .
00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000  .
 10.0.0.0.
4: (255.255.0.0).
00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110  IP.
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000  .
00001010.00100010.00000000.00000000  .
 10.24.0.0.

IP. 
IP.

:
.
, ;

;
TCP/IP Internet;
ping  
;

 I. CCNA 1:

72


. Web 
;

;

.
;
 .
;
, 
. 0 1;

. 
: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, F;
 , .
 , ;
IP  32 , Internet.

.

MAC (Media Access Control address  OSI). 
,
, .
, 
. MAC 6 , 
IEEE.
ping. Packet Internet Groper, Internet. 
, IP
.
Web. 
, Web
Internet, , Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator.
(American standard code for
information interchange  ASCII).
 ,
, .

 1.

73

. , 
, , 
, . 1 8 .
. . 1
0 , 
, . 
(/) /
, .
. , .
.
( 
) ( ).

, .
, . , , 
.
(). 1 .
. 
.
(/). .
.
10G Ethernet 10 /.
. ,
HTML Web .
.
. 0 1,

( ).
. , 
.
(). 1024 ,
1000 .
(/). .
.
(). 1024 ,
1000 .
(/). .
.
. , 
.

74

I. CCNA 1:

. .
(). 1 048 576 , 
1 . . 
. 
.
(/). . 
.
(). 1 .
(/). .
.
Ethernet 10 /.

(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association  PCMCIA). 
,
, PCMCIA (  PC). , 
, 

.
. , .
(modem). , 
.
, .

.
. ,
, .
(backplane). ,
.
. 8 .
, .. 8 .
(Randomaccess memory  RAM).
, 
. .
. ,
. 
, , .
(Printed circuit board  PCB). , 
.
. , Web
.

 1.

75

. IP  , . 
 ,
,
.
. .
. .
(Universal Serial Bus port  USB port).
, , , , 
, , 
.
. , 
, .
(Readonly memory  ROM). 
, .
 (CDROM). , 
.
(Floppy disk drive  FDD). , 
.
(Hard disk drive  HDD). 
,
.
. , 
,
.
Internet.
Internet (Internet Protocol  IP). 
TCP/IP;
.
(File Transfer Protocol  FTP). 
, TCP/IP,
.
/ Internet (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol  TCP/IP). ,
1970 . TCP IP  
.
. , 
, .
. , , 

.

 I. CCNA 1:

76

(NIC). , 
.
Internet. ,
. Internet , ,
.
. .
(). 1 . 
.
(/). .
. 
Internet
1 /.
 . 32 , 
8 , ,
8 . IP
Internet, , 192.67.67.20.
.
, , 
, .
(Central processing unit  CPU). 
, .
(Bus). ,
.
. 
.
(HyperText Markup Language  HTML).
,
( )
, , Web.

, ,
, . 
, .
1. Internet?
a) .
) .
) .
) .

 1.

77

2. ?
) .
) .
) .
) .

3. PCMCIA?
) , .
) , .
) .
) .

4. ?
) .
) , .
) , Ethernet.
) OSI.

5.
?
) , .
) .
) .
) .

6. 2?
) .
) .
) .
) ASCII.

7. , .
.
.
/.
.
) .
) 
.
) ;
,
.

 I. CCNA 1:

78

) , ,
, 
.

8. 1 ?
) 254.
) 256.
) 255.
) 257.

9. 151?
) 10100111.
) 10010111.
) 10101011.
) 10010011.

10. 11011010?
) 186.
) 202.
) 218.
) 222.

11.
0010000100000000?
) 0x2100.
) 0x2142.
) 0x0082.
) 0x0012.

12. 0x2101?
) 0010 0001 0000 0001.
) 0001 0000 0001 0010.
) 0100 1000 0000 1000.
) 1000 0000 1000 0100.

13. ping ?
) ping .
) Ping  packet Internet groper.
) ping 127.0.0.1
TCP/IP .
) .

...

;

,
OSI
;
,
,
, ,

;


;
;

LAN, WAN, MAN, SAN

;
,

VPN;

;


;

;

;

;


;

;

OSI;


OSI;


OSI;

TCP/IP;


;
,
, ,
,
;

, DSLAM,
CMTS
;
,
" VPN";

,

80

I. CCNA 1:

;

;

,

.

,
.
, . 84,
, . 85,
, . 87,
, . 88,
, . 89,
., . 90,
, . 90,
MAC, . 90,
, . 91,
, . 92,
, . 93,
, . 93,
, . 93,
, . 94,
, . 95,
, . 98,
, . 104,
, . 105,
, . 106,
, . 106,
, . 107,
, . 109,
, . 109,
,
, . 109,

, . 110,
, . 110,
, . 115,
, . 116,
, . 117,
Intranet, . 119,
Extranet, . 119,
, . 120,
, . 126,
OSI, . 132,
, . 135,
, . 135,
, . 135,
, . 135,
, . 136,
, . 136,
, . 136,
, . 136,
, . 137,
, . 137,
, . 137,
, . 139,
, . 141.

 2.

81

,

. , 

. , 
OSI ,
OSI.
OSI,
,
.
,
.
,
, : 
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom). 
, .


. 
:
(LocalArea Networks LAN);
(WideArea Networks  WAN);
(MetropolitanArea Networks  MAN);
(StorageArea Networks SAN);
(Data center);
(Intranet);
(Extranet);
(Virtual Private Networks VPN).

 , 

.
,
, 
. . 2.1
, ,
.

82

I. CCNA 1:

. 2.1.

!

,  ,
,
; . ,
, ,
, ,
, .
(sneakernet 1). . 2.2.

,

. 
.

, . 
:
1 Sneakernet ()  
.  (floppy),
.  . .

 2.

83

?
?
?
, "
.
, , "
. 80" XX
.

. 2.2.

, 80" ,
. ,
, "
, "
.
. , ,
; , "
.

(LocalArea Network  LAN).
"
, "
"
LAN. . 2.3 .
,
, , "
. LAN" "
,
. 2.4.
LAN"
,

 I. CCNA 1:

84

.
(MetropolitanArea Network  MAN) (WideArea Network 
WAN). WAN , "
,
, ,
. 2.5. "
, , , ..

Internet

FDDI

F0
T0

G
E0

1
E1
K

M
N

. 2.3.

. 2.4. (LAN)

Token
Ring
J

 2.

85

. 2.5. (WAN)

; 35
.
. 2.1
Internet. "
, "
.
40" XX "
, . 1946 "

. 50" "
", ,
. 50" .
, "
,
. 60" "
, "
.
60" """" 70" "
, (
). 1977 Apple Computer "
, (Personal Computer """" PC).
1981 IBM PC.

86

I. CCNA 1:

Apple Macintosh,
IBM PC
PC , .
2.1.

40" XX .

1947

50"

.

,
( """" )

60"

60" 70" XX .

1977

Apple Computer ,
(Personal Computer """" PC)

1981

IBM

80"

, ,
,
() ,
.
",

80" , "
, () , "
. 
, . "
,
. "
2 (bulletin board).
, , "
,
.
2 BBS  Bulletin Board System, , 
, (
) Internet. . 
. .

 2.

87

,
. ,
, .
, , , "
.

, .
, , 500 "
!
60" 90" XX
(U.S. Department of Defense """" DoD) "
WAN" .
", .
"
. , "
.
,
, "
. Internet.

, ,
(device).
:
. , "
, , ,
;
. , "

.
, , "
(host). . 2.6 "
"""" .
, "
.
, "
.
(Network Interface Card  NIC),
.
, , ,
. NIC
, ()

 I. CCNA 1:

88

"
. NIC
PCMCIA.

. 2.6. 

NIC , MAC". MAC"

. ,
NIC .
.
, "
, .
, "
. "
,
. ,
, , , , "
. "
.

(repeater) , "
() OSI.
, , , "
, "
, .
(signals).
, .
,
.
,
.

 2.

89

(repeater)
. "
. OSI "
, "
.

(hub) "
. "
. . 2.7, "
.
LAN.
. , "
"
LAN".

. 2.7.

,
(multiport repeater).
, "
. ,
4 20 , . 2.8.
:
;
;
;

 I. CCNA 1:

90

;
.

. 2.8.

, 10BASE"T 100BASE"T
( Ethernet 7, Ethernet). "
.
,
.
,
( ). "
,
( ).
Ethernet "
. , , "
. (collision) ,
. ,
, 
(collision domain). "
, "
(bandwidth domain). 6,
Ethernet.
, "
.
, , . , "
, "
.

( ) (Network Interface Card """" NIC), "
, ,
,
(Media Access Control  MAC),
MAC".
LAN. NIC
. . 2.9 NIC.

 2.

91

. 2.9.

(bridge) ,
LAN, "
. ,
. "
LAN" , "

() LAN" .
NIC" MAC".
, ()
MAC", "
MAC".
MAC" . "
.
,
, , "
MAC" . "
.
, "
. ,
( )
.
LAN"
.
3, "
, .
MAC".
. 2.10 . "
.
3

.  . .

 I. CCNA 1:

92

. 2.10.

.
MAC", "
,
. .
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

,
MAC" "
.
,
MAC" MAC"
, .
, MAC"
, , "
. 
(filtering).
,
.
, MAC" ,
, "
.
MAC" ,
, , .
(flooding). "
.
( "
), MAC"

 2.

93

. MAC" , , "
,
. , ( "
) ,
, MAC" ,
"
, ,
. ,
.
!

, .
,
.

(broadcast) , "
. (broadcast domain) ,
, , "
" .
(" FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF) "
, . ,
, "
.
, ,
(switch) ,
. "
.

, "
(LAN), ;

. . 2.11 .
, LAN",
MAC" ,
, .
, .
, "
"
. , "
MAC".

 I. CCNA 1:

94

. 2.11.

,
, ,
4.
.
. "
.
(microsegmentation) , "
, . "
,
. "
, "
.
, ,
. , ,
.
,
,
. , Cisco 6500 8500
. . 2.12 Cisco Catalyst 8500
ATM"
, ATM" "
, .
Catalyst 8500 "
( , ..)
MAN, "
, Intranet""
, .
ATM" ,
,
Catalyst 8500 ATM Gigabit
Ethernet . "
CCNA,
.

, , 
.  . .

 2.

95

. 2.12. Catalyst 8500

(router) ,

(. 2.13). "
. ,
MAC"
.
, , Ethernet, Token Ring
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI """" "
" ). "
,
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode """" ATM) . "
,
Internet "
IP.

. 2.13.

 I. CCNA 1:

96

( "
, ), "
. "
, .

.
"
.

, DSL-,

"

:
, "
;
DSLAM,
DSL" "
;
(Cable Modem Termination System """"
CMTS),

;

, .
"
.
:
(gateway) ,
.
Cisco AS5400
, , ,
. . 2.14 Cisco AS5400,
,
, .
DSLAM
(Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplexer DSLAM) ,
DSL-. DSLAM
. . 2.15
DSL Cisco 6100.

 2.

. 2.14. Cisco AS5400

. 2.15. DSLAM Cisco 6100

CMTS
(Cable
Modem Termination System CMTS)
Internet,
.
(Universal Broadband Router) CMTS
uBR7100 MTU (multitenant units
), , . ,
uBR10012, . 2.16,
.

97

98

I. CCNA 1:

. 2.16. CMTS Cisco uBR1001

,
, . . 2.17

(Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing DWDM) Cisco ONS 15454.
.

Internet- Extranet- ,

, .
, AAA- VPN-.

(firewall) ,
, .

. ,
, ,

 2.

99

. ,
, .
. 2.18 Cisco PIX 535,
.

. 2.17. Cisco ONS 15454 DWDM

. 2.18. Cisco PIX

AAA
AAA (AAA server) ,
.
, . - ,
, ( ),
, ( ),
,
( ). - .
- ,
, ,
(). , ,
(),
(). . 2.19 -.

 I. CCNA 1:

100

 (HQ)

(HQ)
AAA


(HQ)


(HQ)

. 2.19. 
VPN
(Virtual Private Network VPN)
VPN-,
VPN-. VPN- Cisco 3000
VPN-
,
, ,
, . . 2.20
VPN- Cisco 3000.

. 2.20. VPN Cisco 3000

(Wireless LAN WLAN)
LAN, ,
Ethernet, .
NIC,
. .

NIC,
. PCMCIA
PCI

 2.

101

, .
PC NIC ,
.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect 32-
) ISA (Industry-Standard Architecture ,
)
LAN ,
. . :
PCMCIA , PCI-
. ,
. . 2.21 .

. 2.21.

(Access Point AP), (. 2.22),
LAN,
, .. ,
. AP
(roaming),
,
.

(. 2.23) (11 /)
5 ( 25 ) Ethernet.
Cisco
( ).

 .  . .

 I. CCNA 1:

102

. 2.22.

. 2.23.
: Cisco 1503 Micro Hub.
Cisco 1503 Micro
Hub.
: Cisco Catalyst 1924.

Cisco.
: Cisco 2621.
Cisco 2162.

,
, . ,
, , 
. .

 2.

103

, .
"
. :
;
;
;
;
;
.
. 2.24 .

. 2.24.

, "
.
. . 2.25 "
, "
. "
, .
"
.

 I. CCNA 1:

104

Internet

FDDI

F0
T0

G
E0

1
E1
K

Token
Ring
J

M
N

. 2.25.

(linear bus) (bus topology)
(. 2.26).
, ,
6.

. 2.26.

 bus topology  

.  . .

 2.

105

"
, ,
. , "
, ,
.

(star topology), . 2.27, "
Ethernet"
, . "
.
, "
, , , "
.
, "
, .
"
, "
. ,
, LAN Ethernet
.
"
,
.
, .

. 2.27.

 I. CCNA 1:

106

"
, ("
), 
(extendedstar topology). . 2.28.

. 2.28.

(ring topology). ,
, . "
,
. "
,
. , "
. " ,
. "
, ,
.
.

 2.

107

:
;
.
, . 2.29,
, "
. . "
"
, .

. 2.29.

, . 2.30. "
, .. "
.
(wrap) , ..
.

(hierarchical topology)
.
. (trunk node),
(branches) , . 2.31. "
() : """" "
; """"
", .

108

I. CCNA 1:

. 2.30.

. 2.31.

 2.

109

-
(fullmesh topology) () "
, ( """" )
, . 2.32.
. "
, ,
. " , "
,
. , ,
,
. ,
, .

WAN.

. 2.32.

(partialmesh topology) ( "

) "
; , , .
.2.33.

. " , "
, . "
,
Internet.

. "
, "
.
, "
"
NIC .
"
. , """"

 I. CCNA 1:

110

(First come, first served). ,

Ethernet.
.
"
. ,
. ,
, , , .
, , Token Ring
FDDI, "
.

.2.33.

,
.
, "
. , "
, .

.
.
, , "
.
:
(Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers IEEE);

 2.

111

(American National Standards

Institute ANSI);
(Telecommunications Industry
Association TIA);
(Electronic Industries Alliance """"
EIA);
(International Telecommunications
Union """" ITU), "
(Consultative Committee for International
Telephone and Telegraphy """" CCITT).

(Local"Area Network """" LAN) ,
(network interface cards), , "
. . 2.34
LAN.
"
,

. ,
.

. 2.34. (LAN)

 I. CCNA 1:

112

, :
;
"
;
,
;
.
:
Ethernet;
Token Ring;
FDDI.

(Wide"Area Networks """" WAN) "
LAN, LAN" "
, .
WAN" ,
,
(. 2.35).

"

. 2.35. (WAN)

 2.

113

, "
LAN "
. WAN
. "
(Instant Message """" IM)
, "
, .
,
"
. "
"""" (telecommuters), ,
.
WAN :
, ;
"
;

;
, World Wide Web,
Internet.
:
;
(Integrated Services Digital Net"
work ISDN);
(Digital Subscriber Line """" DSL);
, Frame Relay;
T" () E" () """" T1, E1, T3, E3 ..;
(Synchronous Optical Network """" SONET) """"
1" (STS"1) (
[OC]"1), STS"3 (OC"3) ..
:
Internet-,
Ethernet.
, , ,
,
,
.
,
, , , Internet.
(Local Exchange Carrier LEC)

 I. CCNA 1:

114

, , DSL ,
.
Internet,
.
Cisco
, DSL.
, ,
,
. ,
Internet,
IP (Voice over IP VoIP),

Internet , ,
.

(Metropolitan"Area Network """" MAN) "
, ,
. MAN LAN, "
, ,
. 2.36. , MAN" ,
. "
LAN",
. MAN"
"
. , "
, MAN"
, . MAN"
LAN" WAN" :
MAN" , "
, LAN", ,
WAN";
MAN" ( "
WAN");
MAN" "
LAN "
.
: ,

, LAN
.
,
. Intranet-
Extranet-, VPN.
.

 2.

115

POP 1

POP 2

SAN

. 2.36.

(StorageArea Network  SAN) "
,
. "
,
(. 2.37). SAN"
", " ".
,
, . SAN"
.
. SAN" "
"
, "
.
. SAN" "
, SAN
10 7.
. LAN/WAN, SAN "
. "
,
.

6,2 .  . .

116

I. CCNA 1:

Internet

IP

. 2.37.
:
. 2.38, (data center)
, ,
Internet. IP-
,
, , .

.

,
.
Web- ,
.
, Internet- (Internet Service Provider ISP)
, ,
, Internet-
,
.

 2.

L2/L3

117

Web"

"

"

"

"

, ,
2" 3"

DSL

/ATM/FR

ISDN/

. 2.38.

(Virtual Private Network  VPN)
, , , , "
Internet. VPN",
Internet "
VPN" .
Cisco
VPN". "
, "
, , Internet. VPN "
,
. "
"
.
VPN", . 2.39.
VPN (Access VPN)
/ (Small Office/Home Office """" SOHO)
(Intranet Extranet) "
. VPN" "
, ISDN, DSL,
IP"

 I. CCNA 1:

118

, "
.
VPN Intranet ( )
"
. "
VPN" (Intranet) VPN" (Extranet) ,
.
VPN Extranet ( ) "
"
. VPN"
(Extranet) VPN" (Intranet) , "
, "
.

,
Cisco

PN

"

VPN"

,
Cisco

N"
VP
POP

PIX

VP
N"

VPN"

PIX"

Cisco

,

VPN"

VPN"

SOHO,
Cisco ISDN/DSL

. 2.39. VPN

VPN" :
VPN" "
TCP/IP. , "
;

 2.

119

TCP/IP
VPN. 
. 
, ;
VPN
.

LAN Intranet (
). Web (Intranet) Web
, Intranet
. (Intranet) 
, ,

. Web ,
,
, .
Extranet ( ) (Intranet),
.
(Intranet) 
, Extranet 
.
(Extranet) ,
; 

(Extranet). (Extranet) 
, Intranet , 
.
, (ID) 
. 
, (Extranet) 
(Intranet) 
(Intranet).
(Extranet) (Intranet)
. , 
, , 
(Intranet) 
. . 2.40
(Intranet Extranet).

 I. CCNA 1:

120

. 2.40. Intranet Extranet

LAN WAN
""""
(
bandwidth). ,
,
. .
, "
, .

(bandwidth) ,
.
,
. "
?
. , "
, , "
.
, ,
. , "
56 /,
, "
.

 2.

121

DSL ,
DSL ,
. ( ),
DSL, ,
( ). ,
DSL .

.
"
, ,
.
. LAN
, "
. WAN"

. "
"
, "
.

.
'
,
Internet. "

.
,
. Internet
, ,
.
, Internet """" .
. "
,
, , "
. ",
" ", "
.
IP", "
.
"
.

122

I. CCNA 1:

() "
,
. "
, .
,
(. 2.41).
.
2 ,
2 . "
. ,
, ,
. ,
(put in bigger pipes), "
.

, ,

. 2.41.

(. 2.42). .
( """" highways) ,

 2.

123

.
, .
,
. , "
, ,
. ,
,
, .
;
, .
, ,
( "
).

STOP

, ,
,

. 2.42.

, "
, "
"
.
,
.

124

I. CCNA 1:

"
. ,
"
, .

, . ,
, "
.
"
, . , ,
T3 45 / , "
T1 1,544 /.
,
, , "
, "
. , T3 "
, T1.
. 2.2 .
2.2.

1 / """"

1 / = 1000 / = 103 /

1 / = 1 000 000 / = 106 /

1 / = 1 000 000 000 / = 109 /

, LAN WAN.
. "
,
, "

. "
,
. , "
, (Unshielded Twisted"
Pair """" UTP), ,
1 /,

 2.

125

, , 10BASE"T, 100BASE"TX
1000BASE"TX Ethernet. "
, , ,
, , .. ,
, , "
, , NIC
.
. 2.3 , "
.
2.3.

(/)

()

50
(10BASE2 Ethernet, Thinnet)

10

185

50
(10BASE5 Ethernet, Thicknet)

10

500

UTP 5"
(10BASE"T Ethernet)

10

100

UTP 5"
(100BASE"TX Ethernet)

100

100

UTP 5"
(1000BASE"TX Ethernet)

1000

100

(62.5/125 ) (100BASE"FX
Ethernet)

100

2000

(62.5/125 ) (1000BASE"SX
Ethernet)

1000

220

(50/125 ) (1000BASE"SX
Ethernet)

1000

550

(9/125 ) (1000BASE"
LX Ethernet)

1000

5000

. 2.4 WAN
.

126

I. CCNA 1:

2.4. WAN
WAN'

56 / = 0,056 /

DSL

,
,

12 / 6,1 / =
0,128 / 6,1 /

ISDN

128 / = 0,128 /

Frame Relay

()

56 / 44,736 / ()
34,368 / () = 0,056 /
44,736 / () 34,368 /
()

T1

1,544 /

T3

44,736 /

STS"1 (OC"1)

51,840 /

STS"3 (OC"3)

155,251 /

STS"48 (OC"48)

2,488 /

,
.
"
.
LAN ,
100 /,
, "
100 /. "
. , .
(throughput) "
, "
Internet" .
,

 2.

127

,
. ,
:
;
;
;
;
;
, ;
;
.

, , "
,
. . 2.43
, "
.
, "
. , "

.
.
<=

?
(Client PC)

LAN

( )

. 2.43. ,

128

I. CCNA 1:

,
, .
WAN" ,
? LAN
?
,
.
T = S/BW ( = / "
), ,
.
, , ,
,
.
:
, "
,
.
.
;
, , ,
"
(
,
).
"
, , "
. ,
/,
(), ().
,
8.
, T = S/BW,
( "
):
( 1,44 ) ISDN , "
10 "
OC"48?
. 2.44 .

 2.
T=S/P

129
T=S/P

BW =

(
)


( )

P=

( )

T=

(
)

S=

. 2.44.

", " "
. "
, ,
, .
, ,
. , 
.
"
, . "
( """" Hz),
. ,
, .
(), () ().
"
( , 900 2,4 ). "
802.11a 802.11b
5 2,4 .
,
. "
,
, . ,
,
. "
, "
, "
.
, .
, "
,

 I. CCNA 1:

130

. "
"
, . "
,
, .

. "
. "
,
(bandwidth) .

, , ,
, "
. , "
, ,
, . "
,
.
, "
. """"
OSI TCP/IP, .

"
, .
, , "
, .
?
, ?
?
?
, , "
(flow). "
. , ,
, ,
.
, . 2.5. ?
? "
? ?

 2.

131

?

.
2.5.

,
,
,

:
,

,

,
,

(
),

,

,

..

. ,
,

. ,

.
.
,
.
.

132

I. CCNA 1:

, "
. ,
, "
.

, "
. ,
. "
.
, "
, .
. , "
, (Open
System Interconnection """" OSI) TCP/IP.
!

,
. ,
, ,
.
,
(OSI) .
OSI
, ,
.

OSI
LAN, MAN WAN "
. 80" XX "
. , ,
, "
,
, "
.
80"
. , "
,
. , , ,
(proprietary) .
,
, .

 2.

133

. , ,

. , ,
.

(International
Organization for Standardization """" ISO) , ,
DECnet, (Systems Network Architecture """" SNA)
TCP/IP.
. "
ISO , "
,
. "
.
, , "
, . , "
, "
: , ,
.
",
" , "
.
OSI (OSI reference model), 1984 ,
, ISO. "
, "
"
, .
OSI ,
.
,
OSI, "
. OSI
"
.
OSI ,
. , , "
. , OSI , "
" (,
)
(, ) ",
,
.

134

I. CCNA 1:

OSI , "
.
7 '''' .
6 '''' .
5 '''' .
4 '''' .
3 '''' .
2 '''' .
1 '''' .
.
:

;
, "
;

;
,
"
;
,
.
"
OSI, ,
.
, "
.
. OSI.
,
,
.

OSI
"
OSI .
OSI.

 2.

135

7:
(application layer) "
. ,
;
, OSI. "
(, Excel)
(, Word). "
, "
"
.
Telnet HTTP.

6:
(presentation layer) , "
, (),
(). "
"
, .
. "
PICT, TIFF JPEG.
,
, MIDI MPEG.

5:
, (session layer) "
,
. .

. """" , "
, "

, . "
(Network File
System """" NFS), X"Window AppleTalk (AppleTalk Session
Protocol """" ASP).

4:
(transport layer)
. "

.
, "
, ,

 I. CCNA 1:

136

. "
, "
. , "
.
,
. "

. "
(Transmission Control Protocol """"
TCP), (User Datagram Protocol """" UDP)
(Sequenced Packet Exchange """" SPX).

3:
(network layer) ,
,
. ,
.
Internet" (IP), "
(Internetwork Packet Exchange """" IPX) AppleTalk.

2:
(data link layer)
. ( "
) , , ,
, .

1:
(physical layer) ,
, "
. "
, , "
, ,
.
. .
OSI
.

, ,
OSI " "
.
(peertopeer communication).
,

 2.

137

(Protocol Data Unit """" PDU).

" PDU
".

. 2.45.

",
. , "
OSI, .
,
PDU "
PDU. ,
. ,
OSI, . "
(PDU) (segment).
.

, (packet), "
PDU . ,
, , ,
. "
. (frame),
PDU . , "
, (trailer) "
(Frame Check Sequence """" FCS),
, "
. , .
. "
,

 I. CCNA 1:

138

( ) ( )
.
, , , ,
OSI.
, """" , "
"""" OSI. ,
(end"to"end) ,
().

TCP/IP
OSI "
, Internet
(Transmission Control Protocol """" TCP) Internet"
(IP),
TCP/IP. TCP/IP TCP/IP "
,
, , . TCP/IP
, , ,
, , ,
.
(Department of Defence """" DoD)
TCP/IP, , "
, . "
, "
, , "
, , .
, , ( )

(
). ,
"
.
TCP/IP, , "
Internet. TCP/IP "
, Internet; "
, , .
. 2.46, TCP/IP :
;
;
Internet";
.

 2.
OSI

139
TCP/IP

(7" )
(6" )

(5" )
(4" )

(3" )

Internet

(2" )

(1" )

. 2.46. TCP/IP

, TCP/IP "
, OSI. "
.
, .
. OSI TCP/IP
OSI
TCP/IP. TCP/IP ,
.

"
, .. ". , , "
, . ( A) "
( ),
, .

(encapsulation)
. , "
OSI
( )
.
, ,
"
.
. , , ,
.
, , "
OSI, . 2.47.
, "
.

 I. CCNA 1:

140

"
.
!

, ,
. ,
.

"
, ,
, .
, "
. ,
, "
"
.

. 2.47.

. 2.48, "
:
1.

2.

.
,
, .
.
. , "

 2.

3.

4.

5.

141

.
.
, , "
. "
"
.
. "

. "
"
.
"
.
.

.
. , "
LAN,
WAN,
. "
, "
OSI.

,
. "
:
1.

2.
3.

, MAC"
.
, .
, ; "
.
,
,
,
.

(deencapsulation).
. "
:
, .

 I. CCNA 1:

142

(
)

. 2.48.
:
,
. , ,
, ,
. ,

-.
. ,
, .

(Cyclical Redundancy Check CRC), CRC-. CRC-
, ,
, .
, .
,
. ,
.

2.3.7. OSI

, ,
.

 2.

143

:

OSI .

, "
:

LAN WAN;
"
. ,
LAN,
MAN WAN.
OSI;
, "
. "
;
"
;
LAN Ethernet "
. "

. "
, , "
;
"
;
;
LAN , NIC, "
, ;
WAN LAN,
;
MAN "
, ;
(SAN) , "

;
(Intranet) ,
.
(Extranet)

144

I. CCNA 1:
, (Intranet) ,

;
, "
. VPN" "
, (Intranet Extranet);
"
, .. ;
/, /, /, /;
, "
LAN WAN
;
"
:
, , , "
;
:
T=S/BW ( = / );
, "
;

;
"
;
, "
, .
;
ISO "
OSI 1984 . OSI "
, "
, ;
OSI "
. OSI
: , ,
, , , ;

() "
;

 2.

145

TCP/IP : ,
, Internet ( )
;
" "
".
OSI , ..
;
, "
,
Internet;
,
;
(hub) (repea
ter) , .
( ) "

. , , "
.
, ,
;
LAN "

MAC". Ethernet
LAN";
, "

. "
, "
, , ,
;
"
;
, "
, ;
, AAA" VPN"
;

, .
,
", : "
(e"Lab), ,

146

I. CCNA 1:

(PhotoZoom). "
, .

, MAC (Media Access Control 
MAC) """" ,
. .
(firewall) """" ,

.
(Virtual Private Network  VPN) """" , "
, , ,
Internet.
(Extranet) """" (Intranet)
,
.
(Intranet) """" LAN. Intranet"
, ,
.
(deencapsulation) """" "
.
(collision domain): Ethernet """" , "
. "
, "
LAN, .
(star topology) """" "
Ethernet.
, , "
; .
(hierarchical topology) """" "
. "
. ,
.
(encapsulation) """" "
.
(data link layer) """" OSI.
. "
, , , "
, .

 2.

147

(collision): Ethernet """" , "

.
.
(ring topology) """" ,
. "
, ,
.
(switch) """" , LAN
MAC" , "
.
.
, .
(hub)  . "
.
. "
, ,
LAN".
(flooding) , "
, , "
, ,
, .
(localarea network LAN) 
, "
( ). "
, , "
, "
.
(router) """" ,

( ).
.
(microsegmentation) "
, "
.
,
.
(bridge) """" ,
LAN,
.
(partialmesh topology) """" ,
, "
, .

148

I. CCNA 1:

.
(peertopeer communication) """" ,
OSI "
.
(packet) """" ,
, () "
. "
.
(token passing) """" ,
"
, , .
(Network Interface Card NIC) ,
.
.
(repeater) """" ,
() OSI. "
,
.
(fullmesh topology) ,
() ,
.
(throughput) """" ,
.
(protocol) """" ,
.
(WideArea Network  WAN) """" , "
, ,
, "
.
(extendedstar topology) ,
"
, .
(MetropolitanArea Network  MAN) , "
, . MAN",
, , LAN,
, WAN.
(session layer) OSI. "
, "
.

 2.

149

(segment): TCP """" "

OSI.
(network layer) OSI. "
.
.
(StorageArea Network  SAN)
,
.
(protocol suite) """" "
, "
OSI. "
;
.
TCP/IP.
(transport layer)
OSI. . "
, ,
, "
.
(presentation layer) "
OSI. ()
.
(application layer)  OSI.
(, , "
), OSI.
(physical layer) """" OSI. "
, , "
, "
.
(frame) """" ,
.
(data center)  , "
, "
Internet.
(bus topology)  , "
; .
, .
(bandwidth)  ,
.
(broadcast)  .
.

150

I. CCNA 1:

(broadcast domain)  , "

.
(Open System Interconnection 
OSI reference model)  , "
(ISO). , "
, , ,
, , "
. OSI "
.

, ,
, . "
, .
1. , ?
) MAN.
) WAN.
) LAN.
) PAN.
2. ,
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
3. ?
) NIC.
) MAC".
) .
) LAN".
4. "
?
) .
) .
) .
) .

 2.

151

5. TIA EIA?
) Television Industry Association, Electronic Industries Association (
, 
).
) Telecommunications Industry Association, Electronic Industries Alliance (
,
).
) Telecommunications Industry Alliance, Electronic Industries Association (
, 
).
) Tlphonique International Association, Elgraphique Industries Alliance
( , 
8).
6.
LAN? ( .)
) .
) 
.
) Internet.
) .
7.
WAN?
) LAN, 
.
) ,
.
) LAN 
.
) ,
, .
8. 
MAN?
) MAN , 
, , , 
.


.  . .

152

I. CCNA 1:
) MAN , "
. "
, .
) MAN , "
, .
) MAN ,

.

9. SAN?
) SAN
.
) SAN .
) SAN .
) SAN .
10.
?
) Internet.
) .
) .
) WAN.
11. "
, ?
) VPN" .
) VPN" Intranet.
) VPN" Extranet.
) VPN" Internet.
12. ,
, ?
) Internet.
) Extranet.
) Intranet.
) LAN.

 2.

153

13. ?
) (wrapping).
) .
) .
) .
14. OSI?
) .
) .
) .
) .
15. OSI?
) OSI ,
.
) OSI
" .
) OSI ,
, .
) .
16. ?
) 1 """" , 2 """" , 3 """" , 4 """" , 5 """"
, 6 """" , 7 """" .
) 1 """" , 2 """" , 3 """" , 4 """" , 5 """"
, 6 """" , 7 """" .
) 1 """" , 2 """" , 3 """" , 4 """" , 5 """"
, 6 """" , 7 """" "
.
) 1 """" , 2 """" , 3 """" , 4 """" , 5 """"
, 6 """" , 7 """"
.
17. OSI , "
, ?
) .
) .
) .
) .

154

I. CCNA 1:

18. ?
) ,
.
) .
) .
) .
19. A
B LAN.
. "
, ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
20. TCP/IP ,
?
) .
) .
) Internet.
) .
21.
?
)
.
) .
) .
) .
22. "
?
) OSI
IP".
) OSI
IP".
) OSI
MAC".
) OSI
MAC".

 2.

155

23.
?
) .
) "
, .
) "
, "
.
) .
24. ?
) .
) .
) .
) .
25. ?
) ,
.
) AS5400 "
, , "
.
) DSLAM "
.
) .

...

;

,
;

;
,
;
,
;
,

;

,
;


;

;

;

;

158

I. CCNA 1:

, 
:
, . 160,
, . 165,
, . 165,
, . 169,

, . 169,

, . 169,

, . 169,
, . 173,
, . 174,
, . 176,
, . 176,
, . 177,
, . 181,
, . 181,
, . 184,
, . 184,
, . 188,

, . 191,
, . 191,
, . 191,
, . 197,
, . 197,
, . 198,
, . 198,
, . 198,
, . 201,
, . 204,
, . 204,
, . 204,

, . 206,

, . 207,

, . 207,
, . 212,

, . 218.

 3.

159

#
, #
. #
,
,
, #
. , , #
, , ,
#
.
, #
OSI. #
, #
, ,
, , , #
.
, #
#, :
(e#Lab), , #
(PhotoZoom). #
, .

,
(.. ) #
OSI.
####
. , #
.
, #
.
. #
. #
.
, , .
. #
; ,
.
. , #
, . , #
1 ,
.

 I. CCNA 1:

160

. ( 
). ,
. , 
.
. 3500 4900
.
400 (F) (204
(C)).
,
.
(TwistedPair).
. 
.
(Coaxial cable). 
. 

, 
, , , T3
( E3), .

, ,
. : , 
.
.
. , 
. , . 3.1,
() .
:
, ;
, ;
, .

. 
, , , , .
(Niels Bohr), , 
, . 3.2.
, ,
. , 
. ,

 3.

161

, ,
.
,
; , .

1A 2A
1
H
3
Li

4
Be

11
Na
19
K
37
Rb
55
Cs
87
Li

12
Mg
20
Ca
38
Sr
56
Ba
88
Ra

8B
3B

4B

5B

6B

7B

1B

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
V
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
Sc Ti
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Y
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag
57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
La Hf Ta
W Re Os Ir
Pt Au
89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Uuu

30
Zn
48
Cd
80
Hg
112
Uub

4A

5A

6A

7A

5
B

6
C

7
N

8
O

9
F

10
Ne

13
Al

14
Si

15
P

16
S

17
Cl

18
Ar

31
Ga
49
In
81
Tl

32
Ge
50
Sn
82
Pb
114

33
As
51
Sb
83
Bi

34
Se
52
Te
84
Po

35
Br
53
I
85
At

36
Kr
54
Xe
86
Rn

58
Ce

59
Pr

60
Nd

61 62
Pm Sm

63
Eu

65
Td

66
Dy

67
Ho

90
Th

91
Pa

92
U

93
Np

95 96 97
Am Cm Bk

98
Cf

99
Es

94
Pu

64
Gd

2B

3A

8A
2
He

116

68
Er

69
Tm

118

70
Yb

71
Lu

100 101 102 103

Fm Md No Lr

. 3.1.

(n)
(+)



.

+

.



.

()

. 3.2.

 I. CCNA 1:

162

#
. , #
.

. ,
, . #
#
. .
# , #
. .
#
. ,
, .
, #
.
,
, . #
, . . 3.1
, .

#### , , #
,
. , , ,
, , ( #
).
3.1.

, , , ,
,

(Cu), (Ag), (Au), ,

(C), (Ge),
(GaAs) (Si)

#### , , #
#
.
, . #
. 3.1
: (Cu), (Ag)

 3.

163

(Au). , #
, (Pb) (Sn), ,
.
70 % , .

#### , ,
.
(Si).
: (C) (Ge).
(GaAs) , #
(Ga) (As). .
#
, . #
(Silicon Valley),
, #
, .
. #
, #
.
3.1.1.

#
#### .

,
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,
: , #
, .
, #
, , ,
.
, .
. , #
#
, .
, (...),
, #
. #
.
,

164

I. CCNA 1:

#
. .
( ), #
( ) ( ).
V ( electromo#
tive force #### ).
(), , #
(, 12 V = 12 = 12 ).
:
(DirectCurrent voltage  DC voltage).
. #
, #
;
(AlternateCurrent voltage  AC voltage) #
,
. ,
, . 3.3.
#
.

. 3.3.
.

.

,
,
.
,
. , ,
. #
, .

 3.

165

R. #
, ().

. #
, . #
Z. , ,
, ().
.

.

#### ,
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, #
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( ).
I. #
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amp. ####
, .
,
; #
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(DC) #
, .
(AC), #
.

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, #
#### ,
. #
(W). #
(W = IV). #
, , ,
, ,
.
. , ,
,
. , ,
, .

166

I. CCNA 1:

12 ,
, .
,
.

,
.
( ) ,
.
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#### . #
#
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.
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.
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.

 3.

6V

6V

167

()

. 3.4. &&&&

. 3.4 , #
.
, .
, ,
.
. 3.4 , .
, #
. #
,
.
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, , #
. ,
.
,
. 3.5. #
. .
, . , #
, ( #
) , ,
, . ,
, #
.

 I. CCNA 1:

168

(DC),
(AC)

, ,

. 3.5.

: (V) (I) (R) #
. V = IR1,
#### , .
: (AC alternating current) #
(DC direct current). , #
,
, .. ####
, #
, .
,
() .
, #### . #
,

.
(, #
).
.
3.1.5.

.

U. &&&& . .

 3.

169

, , #
#
. , OSI
.
#
, .
(Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers &&&& IEEE) , ,
. IEEE 802.3
Ethernet, IEEE 802.5 #### #
Token Ring. (Underwriters Laboratories)
, #
.
(Telecommunications Industry Associastion &&&&
TIA) (Electronics Industries Association &&&&
EIA) , #
TIA/EIA.
TIA/EIA.
TIA/EIA 568A #
.
,
, #
, #
.
TIA/EIA 568B
. #
. TIA/EIA 568#B.1
, #
#
. TIA/EIA 568#B.1.1 ,
(Unshielded
Twisted-Pair UTP) (Screened Twisted#Pair ####
ScTP), .
TIA/EIA 568#B.1.1 , #
#
, .
TIA/EIA 568#B.2.1 ,
6.
TIA/EIA 568#B.3. #
.

170

I. CCNA 1:
TIA/EIA 569B , #

. , #
, .
TIA/EIA 606 #
#
. ,
#
.
, #
.
TIA/EIA 607 ,
#
. #
, , #
.
,

,
.

TIA/EIA

( ) , #
, #
. TIA/EIA #
, #
.
TIA/EIA#568#B #
,
. ( CAT 1 CAT 5), , #
TIA/EIA#568#B,
: CAT 3, CAT 4, CAT 5.
(CAT 5). #
CAT 5e CAT 6;
, CAT 7.

.
TIA/EIA#568#B
:
;
.

 3.

171

UTP #
. #
:
STP c 150 ( Token Ring);
UTP c 100 ( Ethernet);
62,5/125 ( Ethernet);
( ,
, ).
RG#6 75 #
, #
, .
UTP, #
. ,
( #
, patch cord), 3 . ,
#
, 90 . , #
,
6 2. , ,
100 .
Ethernet #
:
10BASE#T;
10BASE5;
10BASE2.
10BASE#T ,
10 /. ( BASE
) (
twisted ).
10BASE5 ,
10 / . 5 #
, #
500 ; , #
, .
10BASE5 , #
, #
.

, &
5 , 3 6 , . &&&& . .

 I. CCNA 1:

172

10BASE2, , , #
. 2 #
, #
200 ; , ,
. 10BASE2 #
, ,
, #
.

, . 3.6,
:
;
;
;
.
; #
, , ,
. #
.
. , #
. #
BNC# ( British Naval Connector,
Bayonet Neill Concelman #### ).

BNC

. 3.6.

(LAN), #
.

 3.

173

,
STP UTP. ,
, .
, ..
. , #

Internet.
RG#59, #
20 AWG. RG#6 #
,
18 AWG.
RG#11 14 AWG.
, .
, #
, #
(, , )
. .
(1 ) Ethernet, #
#
, .
; . 3.7.
, #
# .
, ,
. ,
.
, .

. 3.7.

, 0,35 ,
,
, Ethernet. ,
. 3.8, ,
.
, .
.

174

I. CCNA 1:

. 3.8.

, ,
,
. # #

Ethernet.
,
. #
IEEE #
Ethernet.
Ethernet UTP #
.
:
10 100 /;
;
;
500 (
).
:
.
,
, ,
.
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
, (Teflon),
, .
, . ,
, .

 3.

175

: (AWG)

(American Wire Gauge System AWG). AWG
.
, , 12 14 AWG.
, (UTP),
( ),
19 26 AWG. 22
26 AWG, 24 AWG.
AWG .
, , ,
.
24 AWG 1/24 .

,
Ethernet, . ,
.
, ,
.
.
, , #
, , #
(). ,
, , , ,
, . #
.
.
,
.
,
. , #
, , #
. . , #
, .
, ( ), #
. , ,
.
: (Shielded
Twisted#Pair STP) (Unshielded Twisted#Pair UTP). #
.

 I. CCNA 1:

176

(STP)
(STP) #
, #
. ,
. , , #
.
. 3.9.

RJ45

. 3.9.

(Screened twisted#pair ScTP) #

STP.
, ,
, . 3.10. (STP ScTP)
. #
.

RJ45

. 3.10. (ScTP)

, , #
, . #
,
,

 3.

177

. STP ScTP #
, ,
.
, . , #

.
:
10 100 /;
#### ;
;
#### 100 ( ).

(Unshielded Twisted&Pair &&&& UTP) #### #
.
, #
, . 3.11.
. , ,
45 (Registered Jack 45 #### RJ#45). #
. 3.12.

RJ45

. 3.11.

(UTP) .
, .
UTP
, . #

, .
, .

178

I. CCNA 1:

. 3.12. RJ&45

(UTP),
, #
. .. UTP , #

() . UTP #
, , #
.
UTP #
, #
.
:
10 1000 /;
#### ;
#### ;
#### 100 ( ).
UTP:
1 (Category 1  CAT 1) #
, ;
2 (Category 2  CAT 2)
#### 4 /;
3 (Category 3  CAT 3) 10BASET Ethernet.
10 /;
4 (Category 4  CAT 4) Token Ring.
16 /;
5 (Category 5  CAT 5) #
100 /. ,
Fast Ethernet;

 3.

179

5e (Category 5e  CAT 5e)

Gigabit Ethernet (GigE). #
1000 / (1 /);
6 (Category 6  CAT 6).
3 2003 . .
6# Giga#
bit Ethernet (GigE).
5
24 AWG.
3 5 #### .
5e .
,
.
UTP STP :
#
(LAN);
UTP , STP. UTP
, #
#### ;
#
UTP,
, #
. ,
. , , #
3, #
Fast Ethernet, 5.
3.1.9a.
.
3.1.9b. Fluke 620
,
.
Fluke 620

.
3.1.9c.
,
Ethernet 5 5e. #
#
.

180

I. CCNA 1:
3.1.9d.
, #
5 5e.
.
3.1.9e.
,
Ethernet 5 5e
TIA#568#B TIA#568#A. #
.
3.1.9f. UTP
,
, . #
.

#
, , ,
(Wide#Area Network #### WAN).
:
,
. #
;
,
;
,

;

,
;
#

#
;
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;
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;

 3.

181

,
;
;
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, ;

.

100 , .
.
,
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,
.

, , #### #
. , #
,
.
, , , , , .
(. 3.13).

. 3.13.

#, , , ,
, #
.
, ,
. 3.14.

, . ,
, .

. ,
.
, .

1
108

107

10

5

14

10

100

6

10

7

10

103

9

10

10

18

10

102

10

11

10

19

10

10

10

12

10

10
1

10

10

10
3

12

10

11

100

10
10
2

10

, ,

13

10

22

10

15

10

10

16

10

24

14

23

10

,
,

(

10

21

10

10

20

10

. 3.14.

1 1

10

17

10

10

10

104

10

100

10

100

8

10

16

10

105

10

15

10

10

13

10

4

106

10

,
, ,

10

10

100

1 .

10

10

 3.

183

,
. , #
300 000 /, 186 000 /.
.

700 400 .
(0,000000001 ), . #
, 700 400 , #
. , 700
, . 400
.
, .
, #
.
. . #
, , #
. ,
:
850 ;
1310 ;
1550 .
, #
, .

, , #
, .
.
, , . #
300 000 /. #
, , , , #
, . (
) (, #
) (, ), #
.
. , , #
.
, , .
.
. ,
:

184

I. CCNA 1:

, ;
( #
: ).
#
, .
,
. #### #
, , #
.
. #
(Index of Refrac#
tion IR) :
IR = ( )/( ).
, #
. ,

, .
. 3.2 , ,
.
3.2.

1,000

1,523

2,419

1,333

, , ,
,
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.
,
#
.

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, #### ,
. 3.15. ,
. #
.
, ,

 3.

185

,
. 3.16. ,
.

. 3.15.
,
, .

,

.

. 3.16.

. #
, .
.
, , ,
, .

, ,
, .
() , , #
.
().

 I. CCNA 1:

186

, 90 ,
.
90 , , , 
. 
. , 
, .

, (
). 
, (
). . 3.17.

. 3.17.

,
, 90 , ,
, ,
. 3.18.
1,523 2,419.
( ). 
,
. ,
1,000.

. 3.18.

 3.

187

#

(). ,
,
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,
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, ,
(. 3.19).

. 3.19.

. #

# :
#
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;

.
,
.
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#

. , ,
, .
, (
, ), . #
, .
:

 I. CCNA 1:

188

#### ,
, #
. 3.20;
( ), #
.

n1
0

n2
n1
2

NA = Sin 0 = n2 n1

:
n1
n2

. 3.20.

, #
, #
(. 3.21).

,

n0
n1

. 3.21.
:
,
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. ,
,
,
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, ,
.

 3.

189

, ,
, .
, ,
.
, .
.
, (Tx )
(Rx ), ,
, . 3.22.
, , .
Tx

Rx

Rx

Tx

. 3.22.
,
,
,
.
.
, . 2-, 4-, 8-,
12-, 24-, 48- .

.
, .
. 3.23 3.24, ,
:
;
;
;
;
.
( )

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. 3.23.
,
.
( ) .
, ,

 I. CCNA 1:

190

, . , ,
-
.

. 3.24.
,
.
, ,
. , ,
(Kevlar). .
,
. , ,
.
, ,
. ,
, . ,

. .
,
; .
, (
) .
. 3.25.

125

= 5,8

()

125

= 60

. 3.25.

 3.

191

. 3.3 .
3.3.

(10 )

,

(50 62,5 )

, ,

( 3 (9842 ))

, ,
( 2 (6560 ))

(LED)

:
.

,
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.

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,
.
(
)
, 62,5 50 ,

 I. CCNA 1:

192

125 . 62,5/125 50/125, #

( ).
,
,
,
.
(Light#Emitting Diode LED) #
.
, ,

, . (62,5/125) #
, 2000 3. #
.

, , ,
, .
.
,
. ,
. , ,
.

,
. #
, , 8
10 .
9 . 9/125
, 9 , #### 125 .
#
. #
#
; , ,
90 .
, , #
, , #
. 3.26. #
, .

6560 . &&&& . .

 3.

193

. 3.26.

, #
( ) , #
. 3000 #
, 2000 .
, #
. ,
#
(Wide#Area Network #### WAN) (,
).
. 3.27 #
.
,
,
,
, .

100/140

62.5/125

50/125

10/125

. 3.27.

:
1 /;
;
;
10 , 2# ####
.

 I. CCNA 1:

194

:
(. 3.28):
- ;
.


. 3.28.

.
.

,
.
.

, ,
.
, , 

 . 
: .
, 
, ,
.

 3.

195

, , #
. #
.
, #
:
(LightEmitting Diode  LED)
850 1310 .

.
;
(Laser  Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

1310 1550 . #
,
(WAN),
. ,
.

.

#
. , #
. #
, .
, #
. #
,
.
,
, , . #
, ,
p#i#n (PIN#).
PIN# (850, 1310
1550 ), 4. #
,
. #
, , .
4
,
, . &&&& . .

196

I. CCNA 1:

, #
.

,
.
(Subscriber Connector SC); #
. 3.29. #
(Straight Tip ST),
. 3.30. SC# ST# .
#
#
RJ#45.

. 3.29. SC

. 3.30. ST

, ,
, #
, . #
.
;
, ,
, #
.
, .
. 3.31.
, #
.

 3.

197

, , , #
( ).

. 3.31.
3.2.8.

,
.

, #
. ? #
, #### ,
. #
, #
.
, , #
, ,
,
. ,
Gigabit# 10#Gigabit#
Ethernet, , #
2 . ( Ethernet 7, #
Ethernet.) , ,
Ethernet .
#
.
. ,
. #
, .
#### .

198

I. CCNA 1:

() ,
, . 3.32.

. 3.32.

, . #
,
.
. .
, ,
#.
# #
.

, #
, .
, #
. #### ,

(. 3.33).

. 3.33.

,
. #
. #
.

 3.

199

, . #
.
. #
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.

,
# #
. ,
,
. #
,
#.
, ,
, #
.
# :
. . #
,
, , .
, , . ,
, . 3.34;
, #
: , #
, , . 3.34.

.
#
# #
,
. #
#
, .

. , , #
.

 I. CCNA 1:

200

,
, .
#
, . , #
, . 3.35. . 3.36
.


.

,


,
.

,

,
.

. 3.35.

. 3.36.

#
. #
#
. ,

 3.

201

. . 3.37
.
62,5

50

. 3.37.

#
.
.

,
. #
, .

, ;
, . #
.
#### , , , #
####
. #
, #
, , #
.
#
.
(optical link loss budget).
.
( ) , #
,
.
, #
(decibel dB, ). #
, , .

. #
. : #
(Optical Loss Meter) #
(Optical Time#Domain Reflectometer OTDR).

202

I. CCNA 1:

#
TIA .
, #
. , OTDR


.
:
,
, , .
,

.
.
, ();
.
. ,
, , , ,
,
.
.


, . 3
300 . ,
.
,
. 3.38.

.
(Infrared )
, ,
.
(Narrowband)
. .
(Spread spectrum)
.
. Cisco Aironet.
(Broadband personal communications
service PCS) , ;
.
(
Cellular Data and
Cellular Digital Packet Data, CDPD) ,
.
(Satellite) ,
.

 3.

203

54 /
11 /
4 /

2 /

1 /

56 /
19.6 /

9.6 /

. 3.38.

, ,
:
, .. ?
, ..
(WLAN)
?
, ..
?

.

.
3.39,
:
.
;
. ,
;
.
.
.

,
, .

 I. CCNA 1:

204

.

(, ..) .

. 3.39. ,
(. 3.40).
() ( )
.
() .
() () .

AM

. 3.40.

,
.
.
. /,
, .
,

 3.

205

,
.


.
. ,

.
,
/ ( ).
,
. , .

, ,
(Federal Communication Commission FCC) .
, .

, .
, . 3.41.
900 ().
.
2,4 (). , 802.11b,
2,4 .
11 /.
5 .
5 . Cisco
5 , , Cisco Aironet
1200. ( 802.11b 802.11a).
802.11a 54 /.
,
. ,
. ,
,
.
, .
- , 900
, .

. ,
, , 900
( ),
2,4 . 900
1 /, .
2,4 ,
900 ,
25 . Cisco Aironet 340
11 / 2,4 .
Cisco 5
, ,
. Cisco Aironet,
5 , 54 /;

 I. CCNA 1:

206

802.11a UNII-1 UNII-2.

Cisco Aironet 1200
,
, .
20 /
. 5
, .
5 15,29 5 764,5 6
- .


902928
26

(840 )

(1,9 )




 

2,4  2,4835
83,5
(IEEE 802,11)

5
(IEEE 802,11)

2

. 3.41.

,
.
.
(Spread Spectrum SS) 1940 .
, .
,
( -
).
, ..
.
,
. (band)
5
6

50 . &&&& . .
2500 . &&&& . .

 3.

207

.
.
.

, . 3.42, ,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
.

( )

. 3.42.
, ,
.
:
(Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum FHSS)
(Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS). FHSS
DSSS .
FHSS DSSS
, FHSS DSSS
.
FHSS
. . 3.43 FHSS-:
C (2,42 ) A (2,40 ), D (2,43 ),
B (2,41 ) E (2,44 ).
,
, . ,
FHSS ,
, .
DSSS.
. 3.44,
, .
40% , ,
.
.
- 2 / FHSS
, ,
.
DSSS. , 802.11b,
, 11 /, DSSS.
FHSS 2 /.

 I. CCNA 1:

208

()

2,42

2,40

2,43

2,41

2,44

3
A

2,45

()

2,44

2,42

2,41

2,40

2,43

. 3.43.

1 01 0

11001100100

11 0

11001100100

. 3.44. (DSSS)

,
, . 
,
. 
.
, ,
.
,
.

 3.

209

,
. , #
,
.

.
,
, #
.
. #
#
. Internet #
, ,
,
. #
.

#
. , #
, . #
#
(IEEE), , #
(FCC).
, 802.11,
DSSS. , 1
2 /, DSSS,
11 /, , ,
2 /. (..
) 802.11b
11 /. DSSS FHSS #
, #
, IEEE
, .
IEEE 802.11b Wi#Fi (
) DSSS
1, 2, 5,5 11 /. , 802.11b,
, 802.11 #
DSSS. , #
.
, 802.11b, #
#
, 802.11,

210

I. CCNA 1:

. #
, 802.11b, #
10 /,
2#4 /.
802.11a , 5 .
, , #
802.11a (5 ), , #
802.11b (2.4 ). 802.11a
54 /, , #
,
108 /. ,
, 20 26 /.
802.11g ,
802.11a, #
. , #
, #
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing #### OFDM).
Cisco Systems , #
, 802.11a 802.11b, .
#
.

,
, #### . . 3.45 #
, . 3.46 #### #
USB#.
, .
,
, .
, . ,
, #
, , , #
. #
; ,
.
#
(Access Point AP),
. . 3.47.

, Internet.
, #
( );
.

 3.

. 3.45.

. 3.46.
US&

. 3.47.

211

 I. CCNA 1:

212

, , #
#
. 90 150 .
#
, 7
(roaming) , . 3.48.
, .
, ..
#
.
20#30. ,

.

Ethernet

Internet

. 3.48.

# #
, ,
. . #
, .
,

. #
(Service Set Identifier SSID) ,
7

. &&&& . .

 3.

213

. #
, , #
, .
, , #
.
.
SSID,
. , #
,
.

, #
802.2.
802.3, Ethernet .
: ,
. ,
.
:
;
# ;
;
;
;
.
:
(Request To Send #### RTS);
(Clear To Send #### CTS);
(Acknowledgement).
.
802.3.
802.3 1500 ,
1518 .
2346 , #
1518 , #
Ethernet.
,
,

214

I. CCNA 1:

, , #
. # #
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Avoidance CSMA/CA).

(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSMA/CD), #
Ethernet. CSMA/CD #
6, " Ethernet ".
,
(acknowledgment ACK),
50% .
#
5,0#
5,5 / , 802.11b, #
11 /.

# #
. , #
(Adaptive Rate Selec#
tion ARS), 11 /
5,5 /, 5,5 / 2 /, 2 / 1 /,
. 3.49.

OSI, ,
. #### #
,
.
#
.
.
, .
#.

, #
.

.
.

 3.

215

11 /

115,5 /
5,52 /

21 /

. 3.49.

:
.
;
, .
, ;
. #
/ .

IEEE 802.11 #
:
(Open system).
SSID.
,
,
SSID ;
(Shared key). #
WEP (Wired Equivalent
Privacy #### ).

 I. CCNA 1:

216

WEP , #
64# 128# . #
; #

. WEP #
, #
, .


.

. #
,
. #
,
() .
10 8
1/1000 . , ,
, ,

( ). #
.

, .

.
# #
.
, . #
, #
. #
.
,
, .
, ,
.
, , #
#
.

30 . &&&& . .

 3.

217

Ethernet #
: #
. #
.
. ,
. #
.
#
. #
,
3000 4000
. #
.
.
. Bluetooth9 #
2,4
, 802.11b.
Bluetooth .

.
1
. #
, 2,4 .
. #
, , #
.
, #
.
, #
, #
. , #
#
, #
.
(Small Office/Home Office #### SOHO)
,
, (. 3.50).
9 Bluetooth ( ) &&&&
2,4 ,
X II " ", &
. &&&& . .

 I. CCNA 1:

218

. 3.50.

, , #
.
.
,
,
. .
.
, #
. ,
, .

WEP
(WEP Wired Equivalent
Privacy) 802.11. #
. #
802.11q 40# .
, , , , #
Cisco, 128 .
WEP :
, #
WEP;

WEP.
WEP RC4,
(Ron Rivest), RSA Data Security Inc.

 3.

219

(RSADSI). RC4 #
.
#
, , #
.
#
WEP, 802.11
, WEP.
, #

. WEP,
, , VPN #
.

VPN, EAP LEAP

,
#
, , (Virtual Private Network VPN)
(Extensible Authentication Protocol
EAP). , EAP,
; ,
.
VPN , #
, , IP.
,
.
EAP LEAP.
EAPMD5 Challenge ( MD5 EAP). EAP #
#
(Challenge
Handshake Authentication Protocol CHAP),
. EAP
, ,
, ,
RADIUS.
(Lightweight Extensible
Authentication Protocol  LEAP). Cisco
EAP, , #
LEAP.
, , #
.
#
.

 I. CCNA 1:

220

LEAP #
Cisco. LEAP
, WEP
.
VPN :
#
, ,
;
#
;
, #
# .
VPN
,
, #
. ,

. #
#
.

,
:
. , #
. #### ;

#
. #
, #### . #
;
#### , #
, ,
;

. , #
, ;
, , , #
, ,

 3.

221

; , #
.
;
.
, . #
, #
;
: #
, , #
;
UTP #
;
STP ,
. ScTP ;
,
: , ;

, ;
, ,
;
, , #
, .

;
;
#
, #
;

,
;
#
, ,
. ,
#
;
, #
, #
;

222

I. CCNA 1:
#
, , ,
, ;
, , #
, #
;
#
, ;
: #
, ;
, #
, ;
, #
, #
. : FHSS DSSS.
DSSS, #
;
. #
, #
, ;
( #
) .
;
#
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance CSMA/CA);
, #
;
: IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11a, IEEE
802.11b IEEE 802.11g;
WEP IEEE 802.11
;
#
: VPN, EAP, LEAP .;
, PCMCIA
, USB#, #
.

 3.

223

( ) #### ()
.
(Telecommunications Industry Association &&&&
TIA) #### ,
.
(Electronics Industries Association &&&& EIA)
.
EIA TIA
.
#### ,
,
, ( #
) .
#### () #
.
#### #
() . #
().
#### #
.
(Shielded Twisted Pair &&&& STP) ,
, .
(Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers IEEE) #### , #
.

IEEE.
, #
.
####
, #
. #
#
.
#### ,
.
#### , #
, .

224

I. CCNA 1:

(Unshielded Twisted Pair &&&& UTP) ####

, #
.
.
#### ,
;
.
, (backbone) #### ,
, .
#### #
. , #
, .
.
, ,
( ), .
() ####
( ).
####
.
(Wired Equivalent
Privacy &&&&WEP) #### ,
802.11,
.
#### , # #
.
(Direct&Sequence Spread
Spectrum &&&& DSSS) , #
, (0 1)
, .
(Frequency&Hopping
Spread Spectrum &&&& FHSS) #### #
.
,
.
#### , 1940#
, #
. , #
, /.
(thicknet) #
, 10BASE5.

500 .

 3.

225

(thinnet) &&&& #
,
10BASE2. 185 , #
.
####
.
#
, .
, , #
( #
, ).
####
.
#### .
#### .
( ) #### .
( ) #### .
#### ,
, .
(ElectroMagnetic Interference &&&& EMI)
,
, .

, ,
, . #
, .
1. .
1) .
) , .
2) .
) , ().
3) .
) , .
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.

226

I. CCNA 1:

2. ?
) .
) .
) , #
.
) .
3. .
1) .
) .
2) .
) .
3) .
) .
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
) 1#, 2#, 3#.
4. __________ ____________.
) ; .
) ; .
) ; .
) ; .
5. STP?
) 100 .
) 150 .
) 100 .
) 1000 .
6. UTP?
) 2.
) 4.
) 6.
) 8.
7. UTP?
) STP.
) BNC.
) RJ#45.
) RJ#69.

 3.

227

8. #
STP UTP?
) , #
10 / 100 /.
) .
)
.
) .
9. ?
) .
) .
) , .
) .
10. EIA/TIA?
) OSI.
) ,
.
)
, #
.
) .
11. ___________ , #
.
) .
) .
) .
) .
12. ?
) .
) .
) #
.
) , #
.

...

;

;

,

TIA/EIA;
;

, 

;

;

;

;
6.

,
:
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 231,
, . 234,
, . 234,
, . 236,
, . 236,

, . 238,
, . 239,
, . 243,
, . 244,
, . 245,
, . 245,
NEXT, . 245,
FEXT, . 245,
PSNEXT, . 246,
TIA/EIA568B, . 248,

230

I. CCNA 1:

, . 237,
, . 238,
, . 238,
, . 238,
, . 238,

, . 248,
ELFEXT, . 248,
PSELFEXT, . 248,
, . 251,
, . 251.

,
, (LocalArea
Network LAN). LAN WAN ,
, Ethernet 
10, 100, 1000 10 000 /.
, ,
. 
,
( ). 
, LAN WAN
.

. .
(,
( )) ;
.
,
, : 
(eLab), , 
(PhotoZoom).
, .

, 
,

, , , , .
, .

 4.

231

(wave)
. , 
.

. , 
, . , ,
, .
,
. ,
. :

. 
.
(frequency) , .
(amplitude) 
, , .
,
, , 
. 
( ) 
(hertz).
,
, (pulse).
, .
. 4.1 . 
:
( ) ;
;

, .

, (sine waves), 
, . 4.2.
:
( ,
);
(..
).

 I. CCNA 1:

232

. 4.1.

A  (
)
T  (,
1 )
F  (
)  1/T

t
A

. 4.2.


, ,
, (Ferris wheel)
, .
,
; .

 4.

233

, , 
, , . 
.
, 
, 
, . 4.3.
. , , 
, .
A  ( )

( )
(1/0, /)

. 4.3.

1, ,
:
( , 2);
( 10);
( 16).
,
. , ()
(0 1),  10 
( 0 9),  16 ( 0 9
A F).
, , 1010, 102 (10 
, 10, , 10, ). 
101010 103 (10 , 10, 
, 10, ).
, 10 , 2 3 
. .

 I. CCNA 1:

234
y = 10

y = 10

x: 2

x: 3

y: 100

y: 1000

. 
(base), .. , 
, . ,
1
, (base ).
, 10  16 
.
, , , 
, . 
109 , 1 000 000 000,
.
, 
.


. .
, .. , 
. , , log.
, 
. ,
, , log (109) 10, log (103) 3.
,
10, . 
. , 
,
, .

, (decibel dB, ).
,
. , , 
.
dB = 10log10 (Pfinal/Pref)

dB = 20log10 (Vfinal/Vreference)


(), 
 ().

 4.

235

:
(dB) .

, """" ;
log10 , "
10;
Pfinal """" , ;
Pref """" , ;
Vfinal """" , ;
Vref """" , .
.
Pfinal = Pref10

(dB/10)

dB = 20,
Pref = 2 ,
Pfinal = 200 .

dB Pref
. , "
, "

, , .

.
Pfinal (, 10"6 ), Pref
(, 10"3 ),
? ?
: ?
, "84 ,
(Pfinal)
(, 10"3 ). "
?
, ,
(, 210"6 ); "
1 .
? ?
: ?
.

236

I. CCNA 1:

, , , , , 
, , .. 
. , 
,
. 
.
. 
, .
,
, . (oscilloscope)
,
, ,
. X ,
Y  . ,
, Y,
.

(timedomain analysis), X,
, .
. 
X .
,
(spectrum analyzer),
. . 4.4
, 
.
,
. , 
(Frequency Modulation  FM) ,
, . 
, 
.

, ,

, ,
. 
,
.

 4.

237

().
?
. 
, 
.
. ? 
,
. , ,
, , , 
. 
? , 
.

0 < < 1

. 4.4. 

, ,
(LAN), (noise) (. 4.5). ,
,
. 

.

 I. CCNA 1:

238

. , 
, . :
, , ;
,
;
() (Radio Frequency Interference RFI),
, ;
(Electromagnetic Interference EMI), 

, , ;
, 
.
1  NEXT  A
2 
3  /


4  EMI / RFI
5  NEXT  B

A
1

t=0

B
5

V
1

?
t

. 4.5.

, , 
(white noise). ,
, (narrowband interference). 

, 
. (LAN)
, 
. ,
, 
, LAN, .

 4.

239


. LAN
: .
(analog bandwidth) 
.
, 
.
, .. 
, (). 
3 , 20  ,
5  200  
FM.
(digital bandwidth) ,

. 
. , LAN
,
(/) (/), . 4.1. 
, 
.
4.1.

1 / =

1 / = 1000 / = 103 /

1 / = 1000 000 / = 106 /

1 / = 1 000 000 000 / = 109 /


.
.
, 
. ,
,
.

240

I. CCNA 1:

,
.
, 
, , 
. 
, ,
, . ,
,
,
.

.
,
.

TIA/EIA568B
/ (Telecommunications Industry
Association/Electronics Industries Association).
. 
.
, 
.

.

, 
.
, 
.
. ,
. LAN
,
. 
, 5 .
Ethernet
, ,
.
, .
,

 4.

241

. 

Ethernet,
:
(Unshielded TwistedPair  UTP) 5 (Category 5  CAT 5) 
, , ,
(punchdown block) .
: .
, 
( ).
,
,
.

(. 4.6). ,
, .

.
, ;
, 
, . 

.

BNC

. 4.6.

,
:
(Shielded TwistedPair  STP) (. 4.7);
(Unshielded TwistedPair  UTP) (. 4.8).

 I. CCNA 1:

242

()

G/W
R/W
B/W
O/W

G/W  
BI/W  
B/W  
O/W  

. 4.7.
Bl/W

O/W
G/W
G/W 
BI/W 
B/W 
O/W 
B/W

. 4.8.

STP, (Screened
TwistedPair  ScTP) (Foil Twisted Pair  FTP),
, 
. STP

, . STP , 
, , 
UTP. UTP ,

 4.

243

, 
.
, . 4.9 4.10, 
,
. , 
, . 
,
.
.
,
, , ,
LAN.

. 4.9.

. 4.10.

(attenuation)
, . 4.11. 
. 

, .
(dB) ( 
). 
( ). 
:

;

( ) 
.

 I. CCNA 1:

244

. 4.11.

(impedance)
(Alternating Current  AC), . () 
5 (CAT 5) 100 .
CAT 5 , .
(impedance
discontinuity), (impedance mismatch).
, 
, , 
. , 
,
,
,
. 
. 
(jitter1) .

(insertion loss). 

, , .

,
, . 
TIA/EIA568B , 
. UTP
, , , 
.
1

,
.  . .

 4.

245

(crosstalk)
. 
. 
.
, , , 
.
() , ;
, .
, , 
(alien crosstalk).

.


.

.
, 
, , 
, . 4.12.

. UTP,
,
. LAN
.
UTP.

.
,

. 4.12. ,

:
2 (Nearend crosstalk  NEXT);
(Farend crosstalk  FEXT);
2

,  .  . .

 I. CCNA 1:

246

(power
sum nearend crosstalk  PSNEXT).
(Nearend crosstalk (NEXT), 
. 4.13,
,
, . 
(dB) .
,
 , , 
, 
. ,
NEXT. 
30 dB ( 30) NEXT 
NEXT , 
NEXT, 10 dB ( 10).
NEXT

NEXT

NEXT

. 4.13.

NEXT
UTP .

NEXT ,
TIA/EIA.
TIA/EIA568B .
NEXT
.

.

, (farend
crosstalk FEXT), ,
(NEXT), . 4.14. ,  
FEXT, , 
. , FEXT ,
NEXT.

 4.

247

(Power sum nearend

crosstalk  PSNEXT), . 4.15, 
NEXT . 
PSNEXT
NEXT . 

.
TIA/EIA568B, PSNEXT .

FEXT

. 4.14.

PSNEXT

. 4.15.
(PSNEXT)

Ethernet, , , 10BASET 100BASE

TX, 
. , , 1000BASET, 

,
.

 I. CCNA 1:

248

TIA/EIA568B , 
, 
LAN Ethernet.
. 
, , 
TIA/EIA568B, :
(Wire map);
(Insertion loss);
(Nearend crosstalk  NEXT);
(Power sum
nearend crosstalk  PSNEXT);
(Equallevel farend
crosstalk  ELFEXT);

(Power sum equallevel farend crosstalk  PSELFEXT);
;
;
;
(Delay Skew).
Ethernet , RJ45
, . 4.16. (Network Interface
Card  NIC) 1 2,
3 6. UTP
. 
.
2

1 
2
3 
4
5 
6
7 
8

3
4

2 1 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

T568A

T568B

. 4.16. Ethernet RJ45

1 
2
3 
4
5 
6
7 
8

 4.

249

,
. ,
.
,
.
. 
() (reversedpair fault) ,
,
. . 4.17,
 ( ,
) 1,  2, ,
, 2,
1, .
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8

1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8

T568B
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8

1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8

:

1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8

1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8

:
1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8

1
2
3
6
5
4
7
8

. 4.17. ,

, , (splitpair
wiring fault), ,
. 
. 4.17.
,
, .

250

I. CCNA 1:

(transposedpair wiring fault) ,


. ,
.
,
(punchdown block) ( T568A T568B)
.


(insertion loss).

. 
, TIA/EIA568B ,
.
:
NEXT;
ELFEXT;
PSELFEXT;
(return loss).
NEXT

. NEXT, ,
,
. , ,
, , ,
, NEXT .
(Equal
level farend crosstalk  ELFEXT) FEXT. ELFEXT
(dB) FEXT 
, FEXT.
ELFEXT Ethernet,
1000BASET.

(power sum equallevel farend crosstalk  PSELFEXT)
ELFEXT .

, .
,
, , ,
, 
.

 4.

251

(propagation delay) 
,
.
, .
( () 
, .. 0,000000001 ). UTP
TIA/EIA568B
. 
. TIA/EIA568B1 ,

.
(Time Domain Reflectometry  TDR), .
, ,
, . TDR
, 
, .
TDR , 
, ,
. 
, , , ,
, 
.

, , .


.
, (delay skew).
, , Ethernet 1000BASET,
.
, 
,
.
, 
,
.
LAN ,
, TIA/EIA568B,
, 
.
, , 
. ,

252

I. CCNA 1:

.
.

,
. 
,  .
, , 
. , 
(EMI) 
. ,
, . 
, UTP.
, 

. ,
, 
. , UTP,

.
,

, . 
, . 

, .
,
, , 
.
. , , 
, . , 
, .
.
,
. 
.

20 2002 TIA568 
6 . : ANSI/TIA/EIA568B.21.

Ethernet . , 
6 , .

 4.

253

6 (CAT 6) CAT 5,
6 .
CAT 6 250
.
, Fluke DSP4000 Fluke
OMNIScanner2, ,
CAT 5, CAT 5e CAT 6 .
4.2.9a. Fluke 620:

LAN 
CableMeter Fluke 620.
4.2.9b. Fluke 620:

, .. Pass/Fail 
Fluke 620.
4.2.9c. Fluke 620:

Fluke 620.
4.2.9d. Fluke LinkRunner:
LinkRunner Fluke
, ; , 
.
ping.
4.2.9e. Fluke LinkRunner:
NIC
LinkRunner Fluke
, ,
(terminates).
NIC.


.
, 
. 
, , .

. .

254

I. CCNA 1:
( ) 
, ,
. .

. 
(,
3
10 = 101010 = 1000).
.
10 ,
10 , (, log10 1000 =
3
=3, 10 = 1000).
. 
,  
.

.

.

, .
.
, (RFI) 
(EMI). ,
.
, 
, , , 
FM.
,

. 
.

,
.
OSI ,
. 

. LAN
.
. 
, , .

 4.

255

: , 
, . 
.
TIA/EIA568B 
, 
Ethernet.
,
.
6 , 
5, 
.

(amplitude) ,
, .
(spectrum analyzer)  , 
.
(.. ) .
(analog bandwidth)  
.
, 
.
(white noise)  ,
.
(alien crosstalk)  , , 
.
(Wave) .
(insertion loss) 
.
(hertz)  ,
.
(decibel) %%%% , 
.
,
, ,
, .
(propagation delay)  ,
,
.

256

I. CCNA 1:

(attenuation) 
.
(impedance)  , 
(AC), .
(pulse) .
,
.
(RFI  radio frequency interference)
, .
 , ,
.
(Oscilloscope)  , 
, , .
(crosstalk)  
.
, , , 
.
(FEXT  farend crosstalk)
, , 

.
(ELFEXT  equallevel far
end crosstalk)  , FEXT.
(NEXT  nearend crosstalk)  ,

.
(square waves)  ,
. 
, , 
, .
(sine waves) 
, ,
, , , , 
.
(delay skew)  

.
.
TIA/EIA568B , 
, 
Ethernet.

 4.

257

(PSNEXT  power sum nearend

crosstalk)  , NEXT
.
(power sum equallevel
farend crosstalk  PSELFEXT) ELFEXT
.
(narrowband interference) ,
.
( , jitter) 
,
. ,
. 
, . 
.
(digital bandwidth) ,

.
(frequency)  .
(noise) 
. 
.
(EMI  electromagnetic interference) 
, , .

, ,
, . 
, .
1. ?
) , .
) , 
.
) , .
) ,
.

258

I. CCNA 1:

2. ?
) .
) .
) .
) , .
3. ?
) .
) .
) 
.
) FM, ,
.
4.
TIA/EIAB? ( .)
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .

 5

LAN WAN

...
,
, ;
, Ethernet
;

Ethernet;

,

;

,

;

,
RJ45,
,
 ;

;

;

,

;

,
;

CSU/DSU;

,
,
;

, DTE
DCE;

;


;
;

;
,

Cisco;
BRI
;

 I. CCNA 1:

260

DSL;

,

.

,
:
RJ
45, . 264,

, . 266,

, . 266,
, . 269,
, . 269,

, . 272,
, . 274,

, . 274,
, . 274,
, . 281,
, . 297.

(LAN) ! ,
. !
, !
.
Ethernet! LAN.
(WAN)
: !
. !
, , !
. !
WAN.
, !
!, :
(e!Lab), , !
(PhotoZoom). !
, .

 5. LAN WAN

261


OSI.
, 
Ethernet, 
LAN, .

,
Ethernet.
LAN 
Ethernet
(campus LAN). , 
Ethernet, UTP.

Ethernet
. Ethernet , 
DIX ( Digital, Intel Xerox). DIX 
LAN Ethernet, 
1980 802.3
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer  IEEE). 
IEEE , 802.3, 
, 802.3u (Fast Ethernet), 802.3z ( Ethernet
[Gigabit Ethernet over Fiber]) 802.3ab
( Ethernet UTP [Gigabit Ethernet
over UTP]).
LAN 
(Open System Interconnection  OSI). LAN
.
. 4.1 ,
Ethernet.

. , , 
z ; Ethernet 
,
; Token Ring
, FDDI  
, . 5.2.

LAN. LAN
( ),
,

 I. CCNA 1:

262

.
.
IEEE 802.2

DIX

802.3
Ethernet
10 /

802.3u
Ethernet
100 /
(Fast Ethernet)

1000BASECX

1000BASET

100BASET4

100BASEFX

100BASETX

10BASEF

10BASET

10BASE5

10BASE2

Ethernet

802.3z
Ethernet
1000 /
(Gigabit Ethernet)

. 5.1. LAN

Token Ring

FDDI

Token
Ring

FDDI

Ethernet

. 5.2.


. . 
, (,
CAT5), (,
). 
:
;
;
;
.

 5. LAN WAN

263

, 
. ,
, 5 (Category
5 Unshielded TwistedPair cable  CAT 5 UTP).

Ethernet
Ethernet, 
, , 
Fast Ethernet.

10 / 100 / . 
. 5.1, Ethernet 10 /
,

, , .
5.1. Ethernet
Ethernet 10BASET

Fast Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet

(PC)

100 /

,
,

(

)

,
,

,
,

(low to medium
volume)

264

I. CCNA 1:

, 
Gigabit Ethernet , 

.
. , ,
Ethernet, , 
: , 
.
Ethernet LAN
.

Fast Ethernet. Fast
Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet 
, .
Fast Ethernet 
; 
Ethernet .
 , 
,
LAN. 
 LAN
, Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet . 
Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet
.
Fast Ethernet 
. 
LAN (dual)
,
(load balance)
.
Fast Ethernet ( Gigabit Ethernet) 
. 

, .

Ethernet

Ethernet .
Ethernet
( 
) (Electronic Industries

 5. LAN WAN

265

Association/Telecommunications Industry Association  EIA/TIA).

Ethernet EIA/TIA568 (SP2840)
. EIA/TIA
UTP RJ45. RJ 
registered jack ( ), 45 
, .
. 5.2 
Ethernet. ,
Ethernet 10 /, , Ethernet,
100 / 1000 /, .
,
10 / 1000 /, 
UTP CAT 5 Fast Ethernet.
.5.3 ,
.

ISO 8877 (RJ45)

AUI

. 5.3.

, 
,  
(Gigabit Interface Converter  GBIC), 
Ethernet .
:
RJ45  , ;
AUI ,
, , Ethernet  
;
GBIC ,
Ethernet .

 I. CCNA 1:

266

5.2. Ethernet

(, 
)

10BASE2

50
(thinnet)

185 (606,94)

British Naval
Connector (BNC)

10BASE5

50
(thicknet)

500 (1640,4)

(Attachment
unit interface AUI)

10BASET

EIA/TIA CAT 3, 4,
5 UTP,

100 (328)

ISO 8877 (RJ45)

100BASETX

EIA/TIA CAT 5
UTP,

100 (328)

ISO 8877 (RJ45)

100BASEFX

62.5/125

400 (1312,3)

: ST SC

1000BASECX

STP

25 (82)

ISO 8877 (RJ45)

1000BASET

EIA/TIA CAT 5
UTP,

100 (328)

ISO 8877 (RJ45)

1000BASESX

62.5/50

275 (853)

62,5 ;

SC

62,5/50

; 9

440 (1443,6)

62,5 ;

SC

1000BASELX

550 (1804,5)

50

550 (1804,5)

50 ;
3000 10000

RJ-45
RJ45 . 
RJ45 UTP
.

 5. LAN WAN

267

(NIC)
, . 
(Attachment Unit Interface AUI),
. 15
(NIC) Ethernet. Ethernet
10BASE5 (thicknet)
AUI . Ethernet
10BASE2 (thinnet) Ethernet 
NIC .
:
(Gigabit Interface Converter GBIC)
(hot-swappable) -,
Gigabit Ethernet. GBIC
, .
1000BASE-X
( ) .
GBIC ,
, ,
. GBIC
:
(1000BASE-SX);
(1000BASE-LX/LH);
(1000BASE-ZX).
GBIC Ethernet-
Fiber Channel Gigabit Ethernet. . 5.4
GBIC, . 5.5 Gigabit Ethernet Cisco WS-X2931
GBIC.

. 5.4. GBIC

268

I. CCNA 1:

. 5.5. Gigabit Ethernet Cisco WS

X2931 GBIC

UTP
RJ45 UTP,
. .
( ) ( ) ; 
(tip, T1 T4); ( R1 R4)
( )
(ring). tip ring ( ) 
. 
.
T1 R1,  T2 R2, ..
RJ45 .
(.. ), 
8 1 , . 5.6. , 
. 5.7, (female)
, , 
. , 
1 8 .
,
EIA/TIA568A
EIA/TIA568B.
EIA/TIA 
( , 
), ,
:
(straight
through), 
, 1
;

 5. LAN WAN

269

(crossover),
( )
.

. 5.6.
RJ45

. 5.7. RJ45

c RJ45,
( ).
, (straightthrough). . 5.8
, .

1

TD+

TD

RD+

NC

NC

RD

NC

NC









. 5.8. UTP

 I. CCNA 1:

270

Ethernet, UTP 5 
(TD) (RD) 1, 2, 3 6.
. . 5.8, RJ45
1, 2, 3 6 1, 2, 3 6
. Gigabit Ethernet .

, PC , , , 
. . 5.9, 
,
, x1.

. 5.9.

RJ45
,
. , Ethernet 
1 RJ45 3,
2  6, . 5.10.

TD+

TD+

RD

RD

RD+

RD+

NC

NC

NC

NC

TD+

TD

NC

NC

NC

NC









. 5.10. UTP
1

, ,
,  .  . .

 5. LAN WAN

271

, , 
. . 5.11 , 
, , 
, x .

. 5.11.

.
:
;
;
.
:
;
;
;
;
;
.
:
.
:
.
. RJ45
RJ
45 .

272

I. CCNA 1:

LAN . 
.
, 
LAN. LAN ,
, , , 
.
, , 
.
5 UTP . 
UTP 100 ( 333 ). 
, . 
Ethernet ,
,
.
,
, , , 
, , , 
.
, ,  
.
, . 5.12 5.13,
,
. 
, 
. 
Ethernet 10 /,
543, 
LAN. , 
,
().
543 ,
.

.

.
2 , 4 24 , . 5.14.
, 10BASET 100BASET,
.
, 
, .

 5. LAN WAN

273

, , 
,
, , .

. 5.12.

. 5.13.

. 5.14.

274

I. CCNA 1:

:

, 
;
(smart hubs). 
,
.
, 
;

.
;
. 

.
, ,
. .
,
.
(hub).
5.1.7.

.
Ethernet .

LAN. , 
. 

(radio frequency  RF), ,
(infrared  IR), . 
, .
,
.

. 
, , , 
.
, 
. ,

 5. LAN WAN

275

(electromagnetic  EM), 

.
. 
, . 
, (),
. LAN
.

(infrared  IR) (radio frequency 
RF). IR . ,

. IR ,
, ,
. IR ,

 .
IR, .
RF , 
.
.
RF . 

. , ,
. 
,

.

LAN ,
.
LAN ,
. 5.15. ,
, ,
, .
OSI. (
) , 
. 
, , ,
, , LAN Ethernet
.

276

I. CCNA 1:

1
A
0050DA0DF52D

0050047C2B01

0050F1128A00

1
2

0050C2430F1B

0050B500928B

0050BA41443C

2
. 5.15.

, MAC
,
(),
. :
 ,
, ,
. 5.16. (filtering);
 
, 
, . 5.17;
 (..
), ,
. .

.

 5. LAN WAN

277
A

Rk

Bh

Xc

U
B

XX

F
L

O
B

Ct

XX
Hh

Hh

O
B

U
A

XX
Hh

Rk

F
L

Q
V

Ct

Bh
Xc

Ct

V,
Xc.
.

. 5.16. :
A

Rk

Bh

Xc

U
B

XX

F
L

O
B

Ct

XX
Hh

Hh

O
O
B

U
A

XX
Hh

Rk

F
L

Q
V

Ct

Bh
Xc

Ct
Q

V,
Hh. ,
.

. 5.17. :

 I. CCNA 1:

278

.
( ),
, ,
. , 
, 
.
, 
, , . 5.18.

0260.8c01.1111

MAC

E0
E0
E1
E1

0260.8c01.1111
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.4444
E0

E1

0260.8c01.1111

0260.8c01.2222

0260.8c01.2222

. 5.18.

, 
, . ,
, MAC .
, . 
,  .
Ethernet , , ,
( 
).
, 
Ethernet LAN
.
, 
, 
.

:
. 
, , () ;

 5. LAN WAN

279

.

.
, , 
, ,
VLAN (Virtual LAN).
Ethernet , ,

, , 
. 5.19.
. 

, 
.

LAN

. 5.19.
5.1.10. LAN

.
Ethernet NIC.

(NIC), . 5.20
5.21, , 
. 
. NIC
.
.

280

I. CCNA 1:

NIC
OSI. ,
, (Media
Access Control  MAC).
. MAC NIC 
, , .
MAC . 
, NIC .
NIC , 

. , NIC
.

. 5.20. ( )

. 5.21. ( )

NIC 
, .
Cisco 2500. Ethernet
AUI,
Ethernet UTP 5. (
). Ethernet  (
Ethernet)
(, 15
AUI RJ45).

 5. LAN WAN

281

NIC .
, , ,
NIC . 
, NIC (),
NIC.

LAN WAN 
,
.
.
, 
. ,
, .. .
, 
. , 
. , , 
, .
(peertopeer network) 
.
(workgroups). , 
, . ,
A , 
, A . A 
,  . 
A . ,
A, , 
, , , .
A
.
. 
, . 5.22 . 5.23.
,
.
,

. ,
,
. ,  ,

, .

282

I. CCNA 1:

. 5.22.

. 5.23.

.
,
, . 

.
, . 

 , .

 5. LAN WAN

283

. 

. , , 
, , 
. 
, ,
/.
5.1.12.
,
. 
, IP
ping.
.

-

() , , 
, . 5.24.
, ,
, , 
. (Network
Operating System  NOS) .
,
, ,
,
.

, . 5.25. , 
, 
.
(account name) , 
, 
. , 
 
.
, , , 
,
.
, 
.  

, .

 I. CCNA 1:

284

. 5.24. 


, . 
,
, ,
.
. 
. 
.
,
.
. 5.3 5.4
.
5.3. 

NOS

 5. LAN WAN

285

. 5.25.
5.4. 

NOS, , Windows NT/2000/XP, Novell
NetWare UNIX

,
,
,

286

I. CCNA 1:
5.1.13.
, 
. 
, 
IP
ping.
5.1.13b.
, PC 
Ethernet. 
, IP 
ping.


WAN (WideArea Network  WAN).
WAN 
, 
(LAN),
, ,
.
, 
LAN WAN. 
,
(Basic Rate Interface  BRI) 
(Integrated Services Digital Network  ISDN),
(Digital Subscriber Line  DSL), 
.

WAN.
WAN
, . . 5.26
, 
WAN. ,
, , , 
.
WAN, ,
, , 
(PointtoPoint Protocol  PPP) Frame Relay. 
2400 /
T1 (1,544 /). WAN, , ISDN, 
(dialondemand)

 5. LAN WAN

287

(dialbackup). BRI ISDN 

 64 / (B),
 (D) 16 /, 
.
B PPP.
() 
DSL . DSL
T1/E1 . , 
, 
DSL,
.

EIA/TIA
232
EIA/TIA
449
X.21 V.24 V.35

Frame Relay

PPP

Cisco
(Highlevel Data Link Control HDLC)

:

WAN.

BRI
ISDN (
PPP)

DSL

RJ11
F
RJ45
:
:
:


BRI
TV
ISDN

Ethernet

. 5.26. WAN

WAN
,
.
, 
. WAN 
. , ,
.
(  , )

288

I. CCNA 1:

. , , 
, 3 (, ).
(bandwidth).

, . . 5.5
EIA/TIA232,
EIA/TIA449, v.35, X.21 EIA530 WAN.
5.5.
(/)

()
EIA/TIA232

()
EIA/TIA449, V.35, X.21, EIA530

2400

60

1250

4800

30

625

9600

15

312

19,200

15

156

38,400

15

78

115,200

3,7



T1 (1,544 /)



15

WAN
.
, ,
, . . 5.27 
.

. , 
Cisco 60 (.. smart serial 
) ,
WAN.

, V.35.

, (clocking), ,
CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit
), ()
(Data Terminal Equipment DTE),
DTE. 
. , 
; DCE
, (Data
Communications Equipment  DCE) , ..
. ( ),

 5. LAN WAN

289

,
DTE,  DCE, 
DTEDCE.

DTE

CSU/
DSU

DCE

EIA/TIA232

EIA/TIA449

V.35

X.21

EIA530

CSU/DSU

. 5.27. WAN

, , 
: (Data
Terminal Equipment  DTE) (Data Communications
Equipment  DCE). DTE 
WAN. DCE , 
DTE
, WAN. . 5.28, 

, (, , 
CSU/DSU), DTE, 
DTE. 
.
!

.
WAN
CSU/DSU.

DCE , 
. 5.29. ,
(backtoback), ..

 I. CCNA 1:

290

, DTE, 
DCE, .
:


WAN

:

;

DTE

S
S
DTE

CSU/DSU

DCE

DCE

S
S
DCE

DTE

. 5.28. : DTE DCE

S0 (DCE)
A

S1 (DTE)

. 5.29.


, , . , 
.
. 5.30 
(). (),
, , serial 0 ( ). 
, 
.
LED
LED

AUI
Ethernet

AUI

Ethernet
(DB15)

(DB60)

LED

BRI
AUX

. 5.30.

 5. LAN WAN

291

5.31 .
, , (, 
) .
,
/ / , , serial 1/0; 
(, serial), , 
( 1), 
( 0).

. 5.31.
5.2.3. LAN
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet.
.
5.2.3b. WAN

, ( 
), WAN 
.
5.2.3c.


, ,
. IP
:
,
.

292

I. CCNA 1:

BRI ISDN
BRI 
(ISDN) : BRIS/T BRIU.
BRI ISDN (U) 

(Network Termination 1  NT1). 
(T) 
NT1 NT2,
(Private Branch Exchange  PBX, ).
(System  S) 
NT1 ISDN, , ISDN. 
BRI T S,
, 
S/T.
, , 
, NT1 , ,
. NT1
ISDN ( ), 

. NT1
,  . 
NT1

.
, , ISDN ISDN
.
!

, , BRI ISDN, ISDN

ISDN. BRI ISDN ,
, ISDN.

:
ISDN-
NT1 ,
BRI- ISDN U-. U-
NT1. NT1, NT1
, S/T- ISDN.
ISDN,
.
U-, S/T-. ISDN
. . 5.32 ISDN.

 5. LAN WAN

BRI: S/T U.

Ethernet
10BASET

BRI ISDN

. 5.32. ISDN
BRI ISDN
UTP 5 RJ-45. ,
BRI ISDN
Ethernet. . 5.6 S/T-
BRI ISDN.
5.6. S/T- BRI ISDN

(Tx+)

(Rx+)

(Rx)

(Tx)

293

294

I. CCNA 1:

DSL
DSL ,

. DSL
, , 
. 
(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line  ADSL) 
,
xDSL.
Cisco 800 
, , 

IOS Cisco, .
. 5.33, ADSL Cisco 8274V ADSL
, Internet 
LAN DSL.
!

,
DSL, DSL,
.

Cisco 8274V

. 5.33. Cisco 8274V

: DSL-
ADSL ADSL ,
.
1. ADSL .
2 ().
DSL
RJ-11. DSL . . 5.7,
RJ-11.

 5. LAN WAN

295

5.7. S/T- BRI ISDN

(Tx)

(Rx)

, 
. ,
T1. 

. Cisco uBR905

, (Small Office, Home
Office  SOHO).
!

.
.
, ,
,
.

uBR905
(F), .

F. 59 (RG59)
RG6, RG6.
Cisco uBR905
, .
1.
2.

, .
, 
.

296
3.

4.

5.

I. CCNA 1:
, ,
. 


.
F ,
. 5.34. , 
,
, 1/6 
.
, 
, 
( )
Cisco uBR905
.

F
(
TV)

TV

. 5.34. F
!

,
. 
,
1/6 ,
.

 5. LAN WAN

297

Cisco
. Cisco
(console port). 
,
Cisco. ,
, , 
, (rollover cable); RJ45, 
. 5.35.

PC

RJ
45 RJ
45

RJ
45
DB
9 (
)

. 5.35.

, , 
, RJ45, 
Ethernet BRI ISDN.
:
1 8,
2 7,
3 6,
4 5,
5 4,
6 3,
7 2,
8 1.

Cisco , 
.
1.

2.

. 
, , RJ45 DB9
RJ45 DB25 .
,
( COM):

 I. CCNA 1:

298

9600 /;
8 (8 data bits);
(no parity);
1 (1 stop bit);
(hardware flow control).
!

(auxiliary AUX)
. AUX
. AUX
Cisco : 9600 /, 8
, , .
115200 /,
33600 /
  .
:
.
5.2.7.

,
.

,
:
NIC
;
LAN
Ethernet, Token Ring FDDI;
Ethernet 
CSMA/CD, Ethernet;
LAN Ethernet 
: Ethernet IEEE 802.3, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet,
Ethernet 10G 10000 / Ethernet;

( , 
, );

 5. LAN WAN

299


(, , , 
);
LAN: 
;
WAN ;
DTE, 
DCE, , CSU/DSU, 
DTE;
BRI (ISDN)
: S/T U. BRI ISDN 
UTP 5;
DSL
RJ11;

F;

.
,
, : 
(eLab), ,
(PhotoZoom). 
, .

RJ45  , .
(active hub) 
( ),
.
(intelligent hub) 
.
,
.
.
() (Attachment Unit Interface  AUI) 
15
Ethernet.
(Switch)  , 
. , , (.. 
), , 
, .

300

I. CCNA 1:

(Gigabit Interface Converter  GBIC) 

/, Gigabit Ethernet 
.
(peertopeer network)  , 
. 
,
.
(crossover cable)  , ,
,
.
(Repeater)  ,
, 
.
(straightthrough cable)  ,
. 
1 , 
1.

, ,
, .
, .
1. 802.3u?
) 10BASEF.
) 10BASET.
) 100BASETX.
) 1000BASECX.
2. Ethernet
?
) Ethernet 10 / 
LAN.
) Gigabit Ethernet
.
) Fast Ethernet

Ethernet .
) .

 5. LAN WAN

301

3. ,
Ethernet?
) ISO.
) ANSI.
) TIA/EIA.
) IETF.
4. 
?
) RJ45 , 
.
) AUI 15 , 
NIC Ethernet.
) GBIC , 
.
) .
5. (crossover)
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
6. 
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
7.
WAN?
) DSL.
) ISDN.
) Frame Relay.
) Ethernet.

302

I. CCNA 1:

8. WAN?
) .
) .
) .
) .
9.
DCE?
) .
) , .
) , , 
.
) , 
.
10. BRI
ISDN ?
) UTP 5.
) UTP 5.
) .
) .
11. DSL?
) RJ45.
) RJ11.
) F.
) DB9.
12. 
?
) RJ45.
) RJ11.
) F.
) AUI.
13.
?
) .
) .
) .
) .

 6
Ethernet

...

Ethernet
IEEE;
,
OSI
Ethernet;
802.3;

(Media Access
Control  MAC) MAC;

Ethernet;

Ethernet;

;

;
;

CSMA/CD;

Ethernet;

(FCS);

;
,
;

Ethernet.

,
:
Ethernet, . 304,

, . 305,

, . 306,

, . 319,
token ring, . 322,
fddi, . 322,
, . 325,
, . 325,

304

I. CCNA 1:

Fast Ethernet, . 307,

Gigabit Ethernet, . 307,
10Gb Ethernet, . 307,

, . 309,

, . 309,
IEEE 802.2, . 309,
IEEE 802.3, . 309,
MAC, . 312,

, . 312,

, . 313,
, . 325,
, . 326,
, . 327,
,
. 331,
, . 337,
, . 338,
, . 340,
, . 340,
, . 312,
, . 340.

Ethernet
(LocalArea Network  LAN).


,
.
Ethernet , 

.
.
, , , 
, .
Ethernet Ethernet, 
IEEE. Ethernet,
Ethernet ,
Ethernet. 
. 
, .
, 
, :
(eLab), , 
(PhotoZoom). 
, .

 6. Ethernet

305

Ethernet
LAN ,

( ). LAN 
, ,
,
.
Ethernet
LAN. , Inter
net, Ethernet .
Ethernet 
LAN.
  Ethernet
: 
.
, 1973
3 /, 10 /.
Ethernet , ,
Ethernet, ,
. Gigabit
Ethernet , ,
, (metropolitanarea) 
(widearea) .
Ethernet, Ethernet,
Ethernet Ethernet.

Ethernet
Ethernet
,
.

70 . 

, ,
Alohanet. , 
Ethernet, .
MAC Ethernet,
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection 
CSMA/CD). CSMA/CD .
Ethernet
LAN. 30 (Robert Metcalfe)
Xerox. Ethernet 
Digital Equipment Company, Intel Xerox (DIX) 1980 .

306

I. CCNA 1:

, Ethernet , 
. DIX
, .. . 
.
, Ethernet,
80 XX . Ethernet 
10 / ( 
) 2 . Ethernet 
.
(Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers  IEEE) , 
. 1985 IEEE 
LAN. IEEE
LAN
. 802.
Ethernet LAN 802.3.
IEEE
OSI ISO. 
IEEE OSI : 
(Media Access Control  MAC) 
(Logical Link Control  LLC).
802.3
Ethernet. 
DIX Ethernet 802.3 . 
, Ethernet (Network
Interface Card  NIC) 
Ethernet, 802.3. Ethernet IEEE 802.3 
. , , , 
Ethernet IEEE 802.3.
80 XX . Ethernet, 10 /,
. 90 
,
, 
Ethernet LAN. 1995 . IEEE 
Ethernet  100 /. 1998
1999 . Gigabit Ethernet ( 1
). 2002 IEEE Ethernet
10 /.  
Ethernet (802.3).
Ethernet
Ethernet. Ethernet ()
10 /,
Ethernet 10 /
Ethernet 100 /. , Ethernet ,

 6. Ethernet

307

. Ethernet 
, .
,
Ethernet.
Ethernet
. ,
, , Ethernet 
. Ethernet 802.3
. ,
, . ,
Ethernet, , 
802.3 .

IEEE Ethernet
Ethernet 
, Ethernet, Fast
Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet ( GigE) 10Gb Ethernet ( 10G). Ethernet
10 100 000 . 
10, 100, 1000 10 000 /. 
Ethernet (10BASET), 
Fast Ethernet (100BASETX 100BASEFX), Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASET
1000BASEX), Ethernet 10 /. 
Ethernet :
IEEE OSI.
, Ethernet 
, IEEE
802.3.  
, , Fast Ethernet 802.3u.
( ).
.
10BASE2  IEEE 802.3a.
10BASE5  IEEE 802.3.
100BASET  IEEE 802.3i.
1000BASETX  IEEE 802.3X.
, :
, ;
BASE, () 
;
(2 5),
( 185 200 , 2);

308

I. CCNA 1:
, 
(F  (fiber optical cable), T 
(copper unshielded twisted pair)).


. 
. , ( 
UTP 
), .
( ) .
Ethernet .
, (broadband
signaling) Ethernet . 
, ,
. ,
, . 
.
, , .
IEEE, (Internatio
nal Organization for Standardization  ISO), .
, , 
. IEEE 
:
, 
, Ethernet;
.
LAN
.

. , , 
LAN Ethernet ,
,
.

. , 
, 
IEEE. 
.

.

 6. Ethernet

309

: 802 IEEE.

802 IEEE.

Ethernet OSI
LAN ,

OSI. LAN
. LAN 
, 

OSI.
, 
. Ethernet 
IEEE :
(Media Access Control  MAC) (802.3).
, MAC
. 
,
;
(Logical Link Control  LLC) (802.2).
, LLC 

.
(Service Access Point  SAP) .
LLC, , ,
(, 
, IP). IEEE 802.2
(encapsulation), , ,
Ethernet II ( LAN Ethernet
TCP/IP). .
. 6.1, IEEE 802.3
( ) MAC () .
. 6.2 OSI
. 
Ethernet LAN. () OSI
, ,
, , 
, LAN. 
,
. .
.

 I. CCNA 1:

310

LLC

IEEE 802.2

OSI

IEEE 802.3ab

IEEE 802.3z

IEEE 802.3u

Ethernet

IEEE 802.3

MAC

LAN

. 6.1. Ethernet OSI

OSI:

802.11

802.12

802.14

802.15

LAN'

(VG)

802.9

802.5
Token Ring

802.6

802.4

DQDB

802.3
Ethernet

802.1

802.1

802 (802.1a)

802.2

OSI:

. 6.2. LAN OSI

. 6.1, 
.
LLC MAC
, , 
 . MAC , 
. , 
LLC , 
. LLC

 6. Ethernet

311

, , IP IPX,
.
. 6.3 
Ethernet, OSI. 
Ethernet, 
.
6.1. ,

LLC

MAC

(
)

, ,

,

MAC

1000BASE'SX (220'550
) (MM)
SC
1000BASE'LX (550'5000 )
(MM)
SC
10BASE'( )
(MM
Sm) SC

1000BASE'T (100 ) 100

UTP, RJ45

100BASE'FX (228'412 )
(MM)
SC

10BASE'TX (100 ) 100

UTP RJ45

10BASE'T (100 ) 100

; UTP, RJ45

10BASE2 (185 ) 50 ;
BNC

10BASE5 (500 ) 50 ;
N'

802.3

. 6.3. Ethernet OSI

 I. CCNA 1:

312

MAC-
Ethernet , 
, ..
. .
.
, (Media Access
Control  MAC), NIC. MAC 
: , NIC,
Ethernet.
MAC Ethernet 
. (, , ..),
Ethernet LAN, MAC,
. MAC
48 12 .
, IEEE, 
, , 
(Organizationally Unique Identifier OUI). 

, . MAC
(BurnedIn Address BIA), 
(ReadOnly Memory  ROM) 
(RandomAccess Memory  RAM)
NIC. . 6.4 MAC.

(OUI)

( NIC, )

24

24

00 60 2F

3A 07 BC

Cisco

. 6.4. MAC

MAC LAN
, Ethernet .
(header), 
MAC , (trailer).

 6. Ethernet

313

, ,
. 
.
LAN Ethernet 802.3 .
, ,
, ,
.
Ethernet ,
, , 
MAC.  ,
MAC .
, , NIC 
, , , MAC 
, .
, . ,
NIC , 
.
,
, , IP
TCP.

, 
.
, 
. , 
, :
, ;
, 
;
, 
;
, 
;
, .
, 
.
OSI.
. . 6.5
.

 I. CCNA 1:

314

0 1 0 1 0 11

A, B, C, D, E, F, , ,

. 6.5.


.
, ,

.
,
. , 
.
(); .
.
, (fields), 
, , (. 6.6).
:
(Frame Start);
(Address field);
// (Length/Type/Control field);
(Data field);
(Frame Check Sequence  FCS).

 6. Ethernet

315

FCS

. 6.6.

.
:

,
,
, , : !
!. ,
, ,
.

, ,
- (MAC-) - (MAC-).

.
(Length field) .
(Type field), 3- , .
.

(
) - -.
, ,
( ). ,
-, .
IEEE
(Logical Link Control LLC). , LLC
3-
. ,
LLC.

( , )

. (Frame Check Sequence FCS)
, . -
FCS, .
, .

 I. CCNA 1:

316

(Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC),
.

Ethernet
MAC Ethernet (10/100/1 000/10 000 /)
. Gigabit Ethernet
1000BASET W 10 / Ethernet , 
, MAC 
, 
.
Ethernet ,
.

Ethernet- IEEE 802.3

802.2,
802.3, IEEE. 802.2,
Ethernet .
. 6.7 Ethernet IEEE 802.3.
FCS

SFD
1

46 1550

FCS
4

. 6.7. Ethernet 802.3 IEEE

. 6.2 Ethernet 802.3

.
6.2. Ethernet IEEE 802.3

(Start Frame Delimiter SFD)

MAC

MAC

/ ( ,
0600,
)

46 to 100

(Frame Check Sequence  FCS,

CRC)

 6. Ethernet

317

: Ethernet II
DIX- Ethernet,
Ethernet- IEEE 802.3, (Preamble)
(Start Frame Delimiter SFD) ,
. / (Length/Type) IEEE ,
DIX- .
IEEE, ,
. DIX Ethernet,
Ethernet Version 2 (Ethernet 2), Ethernet II, ,
Ethernet- TCP/IP.
. 6.8 Ethernet II.

46 1550

FCS
4

. 6.8. Ethernet II
. 6.3 Ethernet II .
6.3. Ethernet II

( 802.3 SFD 10101011)

MAC

6
2

46 1500

MAC
(Type Field), 46 ,
,

/
( Frame Check Sequence 
FCS, CRC)

. 6.3, (Type field) Ethernet II

802.3.
, .
, / .
600,
Ethernet II.
600, 802.3,
. .
, (Data field)
802.3. , ,
; , ,
(Logical Link Control (LLC)
LLC-, 802.2.
AAAA,
802.2/802 (Subnetwork Access Protocol SNAP).
FFFF,
raw IPX Novell (Internetwork
Packet Exchange ).

 I. CCNA 1:

318

Ethernet-
Ethernet
802.3. Ethernet 802.3 . 6.8.
(Preamble). !
,
Ethernet 10 /
. Ethernet !
, , !
.
:
10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010.
(Start Frame Delimiter SFD).
.
10101011. DIX! Ethernet
.
, Ethernet IEEE, !
. !
, ,
SFD, , !
.
(Destination Address).
MAC! . !
( ), ( )
( ).
(Source Address). MAC!
. ,
Ethernet!.
, !
MAC! .
Ethernet MAC!
, ,
(broadcast domain). !
3.2.3
802.3, 1998 , Ethernet! 802.3 !
.

 6. Ethernet

319

/ (Length/Type). 1536
( 0600), . 
, LLC 
.
( Ethernet). (Type)
,
Ethernet.
( IEEE 802.3). 
, . 
1536 ( 0600),
,
(Data field) . 
Ethernet (Ethertype protocols) 
RFC 1700, 168.
(Data and Pad field). 
, .
(Maximum Transmission Unit  MTU) 
Ethernet 1500 ,
. .

,
. , 
46 1500 . 
Ethernet . 
, 64 1518 ,
. 

. 
MAC, 
46 ( )
1500 .
(IEEE 802.3). 
,
, .
, 64 ,
, 
64 .
(Frame Check Sequence &&&& FCS).

(Cyclical Redundancy Check  CRC), 
,
,
.

320

I. CCNA 1:
CRC. 
,
( ). ()

. , 
. 
, 
, . 6.7. , . 6.8, ,
SFD (Extension) 
. FCS Ethernet,
(
).
, 
FCS, ,
.

,
FCS.

Ethernet
, ()
, 
.
,
Ethernet,  CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection 
).
, ,
CSMA/CD
Ethernet, :
UTP
(Tx) (Rx), UTP
, 
, ( 
) ;
, 
:
 .
Ethernet  1000BASETX, Gigabit Ethernet, 
,
. Ethernet

 6. Ethernet

321

. 1000BASETX
, 
UTP .

(Media Access Control  MAC)
, ( ) 
, .
MAC LLC IEEE . MAC LLC 
. MAC:
( );
( 
 (first come, first
served)).
Token Ring FDDI , Ethernet/802.3 
( ).

MAC-
MAC
, .
Token
Ring.
. , ,
. ,
.
, 
,  .
. , 
Token Ring. Token Ring
, . 6.9. 
.  ,
, ,
, .

MAC-
MAC
 (firstcome, firstserved  FCFS).
MAC
CSMA/CD.
Ethernet 
. ,
CSMA/CD, ,

322

I. CCNA 1:

. ,
(), 
. ,
. , ,

, .

Token
Ring

. 6.9. Token Ring

Ethernet MAC-
Token Ring, FDDI
Ethernet. Ethernet ,

LAN. (, LLC, , 
MAC),
.
.
Ethernet
( ).
Token Ring
( , ) 
( ).
FDDI (
) 
( ).

 6. Ethernet

323

MAC-
Ethernet
. Ethernet CSMA/CD
:
;

OSI;
.
CSMA/CD ,
,
(listenbeforetransmit mode), (Carrier
Sense  CS). Ethernet ,
, 
, .
, , . 
,
, , 
. , 
, . 6.10.
. Ethernet

. Ethernet
, 8, Ethernet.
,
. 
(Collision Detect  CD).
, , ,
,
. , 
, , 
(backoff).
(,
, ) ,
. 
, ,
. , 
CSMA/CD, . 6.11.

 I. CCNA 1:

324

(
)

Jam' Jam' Jam' Jam' Jam' Jam'

. 6.10. CSMA/CD

Ethernet .
, ,
. .
, MAC MAC , 
, . Ethernet
, , IP IPX,
. MAC , 
IP IPX
.
MAC IP, ,
. , 
.  , 
, . Ethernet
(connectionless) 
(besteffort delivery).

 6. Ethernet

325

jam'

=

+ 1

. 6.11. CSMA/CD
: ,
: ,
.
.
(simplex transmission), ,
. (),

 I. CCNA 1:

326

,
. - ,
. 6.12.

. 6.12.
(half-duplex transmission)
, .
, ,
, . 6.13. Ethernet,
Ethernet 802.3, ,
.
.
CSMA/CD,
.

. 6.13.
(full-duplex), . 6.14,
.
.
, 8, Ethernet-.
,
. Ethernet
, - -
. Ethernet-
,
-,
. , Ethernet
. ,
Ethernet 10 / 20 /. 100 /
200 /.
:

. 6.14.

 6. Ethernet

327

Ethernet
Ethernet , 
; ,

. CSMA/CD.
: , ,
, 
.

Ethernet ,
. Ethernet,

. Ethernet 
(
), , 
. 
,
.
, Ethernet,
, ,
, .
, . 
, , (.. 
propagation delay),
, 
, 
. .
, 
, . 

(timeslot) .
, 
, .

64 ,
. :
MAC ;
;
( );
(FCS), ,
.

328

I. CCNA 1:

, , FCS

.
Ethernet 10 / ,
, 8 

, . 100 / 
Ethernet , 
.
SFD . , 
SFD , 
.
, .
, 
, (Length/Type)
LLC, .
Ethernet 1998 2000 Ethernet
.
,
. 802.3 
/ (Length/Type) (Length)
(/), 1536 ( 600),
MTU,
1500 ( 5DC).
Ethernet, 1000 /,
, 
. Ethernet 10 / 100 / 
512 (64 ). Ethernet
1000 / 4096 (512 , 
). Ethernet 10 /
, .
,

, , 
; 
32 . ,
,
, 
Ethernet , ,
,

. ,
,
. Ethernet 1000 /

 6. Ethernet

329

, 
(Extension), ,
, , 
. 
1000 /;
(64 ) , 
. .
: Eth
ernet 10 / MAC 100 
(). 100 / 10 ,
1000 /  1 . . 6.4
Ethernet.
6.4. Ethernet
(/)

()

10

100

100

10

1000 (1 /)

10 000 (10 /)

0,1

UTP 8 (20,3 ) . 
UTP 100 , 
10BASET 100 5 (4,92 
).
100 / 1000 / 
, 49,2 100 / 492
 100 /.
CSMA/CD Ethernet, 
,
. 100 / 
100 .
1000 / , 

,
UTP. , Ethernet
10 / .

. 6.5 
, 
FCS .

 I. CCNA 1:

330
6.5.

( )

()

10 /
100 /
1 /
10 /

96
96
96
96

9,6
0,96
0,096
0,0096

Ethernet 10 / , 
,
96 (9,6 ),
. Ethernet
 96 . , 
, , . 5.6.
, , 
,
.
6.6.

1 ( )

()

10 /
100 /
1 /
10 /

512
512
4096

51,2
5,12
4,096


, 64 
( SFD) , 

. ,
, .
Ethernet
, , 
.
( ) Ethernet 
,
.


.
, .

Ethernet.  . .

 6. Ethernet

331


( ), ,
, ,
, .

,
, .
, 

. ,
.
:
:
k

0r<2 ,
r , , k
( 10).
:
r .
16,
10 .
.
, , ,
.
,
10BASE-T
0 r < 32 .

, 51,2 1638,4.
MAC- 16- ,
, .

.
, 16-

. , .
(, , ), ,
, .
,
. ,
. , ,
,
, ,
. ,
. ,
16- .
.
, .
, ,

 I. CCNA 1:

332

(Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP),

. , , ,
.
Ethernet (),
, .

( ) Ethernet
. 
. 
,
. ,
 ,
.
.
.
, 
, (.. jam, 
). ;
.
. 
( ), 
( ), 
.
. 
.
,
SFD. , (SFD), 
, .
, ()
32 jam, .
. 6.15 , ,
, . 802.3
.

10 /
512 ; .
1
, . 2
.

 6. Ethernet

333

FCS

JAM

FCS

2
JAM

. 6.15. ,
10 /

, . 6.15, . 1
,
. 2
. 2
, NIC . 2

32 jam. 2 .
jam, 2, 
, , 
1. 2 
32 jam
, 1. 1, 
, . , ,
1, 
32 jam .
32 jam 1 .

 I. CCNA 1:

334

Jam ,
.
jam : 1, 0,
1, 0..., , . 
5 A
. ()
, ,
( ). ,
64  
FCS.

, , 
, .

, , 
, 
SNMP. ,
,
. ,
.
, 
. , 
, 
. ,
; , 
.
 ,
64 
, . 
,
.
Ethernet, 
, :
;
;
.
. 6.16. 
.

 6. Ethernet

335

64

/
SFD

1
6
6
2

FCS

46 1550

. 6.16. : ,
: ,

(10BASE2 10BASE5) ,
.
,
, . ,
.
. NIC ,
.
1,5 , .
. 6.17 10BASE2/10BASE5,
.

. 6.17. 10BASE2/10BASE5
. 6.17 .
,
.
, ,
, jam- .
UTP (, 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX 1000BASE-T)
, , TX

336

I. CCNA 1:

(transmit), RX (receive).
,
(. . 6.17). UTP ,
.
,
. ,
. :
, , , ,
.

,
, FCS,

. -
, .

: RX TX.
, , .
UTP .
, , ,
(Remote Monitoring RMON),
,
.

64 ,
.
. ,
64 , .
, 64 , ,
Ethernet- NIC ,
, . ,
NIC, , ,
. , , ,
, .
, 802.3 ,
, . Gigabit Ethernet
, .
,
. ,
,
,
, ,
. ,
,

, jam-.
FCS.

 6. Ethernet

337

Ethernet
Ethernet? : Ethernet
(LAN),

Ethernet, .

Ethernet, 
. Ethernet
. , 
.
, , 
.
, .
Ethernet :
, 
;
,
;

( jabber, ;
);
( ,
);
( FCS);
( 
alignment error);

( );
jam (  ghost
).
. ,
, , , . 
,
. 
Ethernet.

(jabber) 802.3 
. 
, 20 00050 000 .

 I. CCNA 1:

338

, ,
, , , 
, 20 00050 000 
. , , 
1518
VLAN ,
. , ,
(jabber) FCS. 
.

(long frame) , 
, . ,
FCS, .
,
(jabber). . 6.18 , 
1518 .
>1518

/
SFD

1
6
6
2

FCS

. 6.18.

, 
. (jabber), 
, . 802.1q ,
.
IEEE 802.1Q , 
(VLAN) LAN,
. IEEE 802.1Q
,

, .

, 
 64 ,
. 
, 
. , 
, .

 6. Ethernet

339

( 
) , 
64 .
. 6.19 , 64 .
< 64

SFD
1
6

6
2

FCS

. 6.19.

 ( )
, ,
. ,
FCS. ,
. Ethernet 
SNMP, ,
74 , (64
10/100 /, 
517 1000 /),
.

FCS
( 
, CRC), ,
, .
FCS, , , ( ..), 
, ,
, 
. ,
, , , ,
, ,
.
FCS
NIC,
, . FCS
,
, , 

. , 
.

340

I. CCNA 1:

FCS . 
.

(..
), 
(alignment error). .. ,
,
( ), .
, , 
.
, , 
.
/, .
,
. ,
.

,
(Length field),
(Data field), (range error).
, , 
(Data field) 
. ,
, .

-
Fluke Networks 
(ghost) (),
, SFD.
,
72 ( ), 
.
  , 
, 
.
, 
, .
, 
. , 
.
 , ,

 6. Ethernet

341

NIC .

.
 
.
, 
, 
. ,
.. ( )
, 
.
 
, . 
, .
, 
, 
. . 
 jam
.

, 
. 
,
, , RMON,
.

Ethernet
Ethernet 10 100 
1000 /,
, 
10, 100 1000 /.
,
(autonegotiation) . ,
Fast Ethernet
, 
. ,
,
.
, 
.
10BASET , 16 ()
, .

 I. CCNA 1:

342

, 
(Normal Link Pulse  NLP).
,
(Fast Link Pulse (FLP) burst). FLP
, NLP,
10BASET . . 6.20
NLP FLP.
16 (+/' 8 )

~
~
~
~

NLP

. 6.20. NLP FLP

10BASET
+1 1 .
NLP 0 +1 . 
NLP 100 . . 6.21 NLP
. 
, 1000 /. 
, 10/100 /
.

. 6.21. NLP

10BASET . 
.
,
, ,
.
 ,

 6. Ethernet

343

.
,
.
, , ,  , 
.
. 6.22 FLP.

. 6.22. FLP

FLP 33 , 16 

, 17 .
62,5 (7 ).
. 
, .

. . 6.23, 17
. 16
, , , 
16 . , 
, .

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

D0

D1 D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15

. 6.23.

, 
.
, 
.
,
, 
FLP 
(Acknowledge).
FLP , 
,
.

344

I. CCNA 1:

, 
.


, , 
, .

, .
Ethernet 
. Gigabit Ethernet 
, .
Ethernet, 
UTP.
, , 
, ,
10BASET, , 
(.. , 
).
10BASET 10BASET, 
. 

FLP, . 
FLP, NLP,
, 10BASE
T. 
FLP.
(..
2).

, , . 
:
;

.

2 
; ,
, , .  . .

 6. Ethernet

345

,

, 
, .
, 
3. 
10 / Ethernet, .
,

(). 
FLP ,
Fast Ethernet
, . 

, FLP  
.
, , 
.

Ethernet
: .

. 
. , UTP 
, ,
. 10 / 
.

.
,
. UTP
,
.
Ethernet 
, ,
.
 
, , .
,
 ,

.  . .

 I. CCNA 1:

346

. 
, Gigabit Ethernet:
;
.
, 
, 
. , 
 , , , 
.

. , , 
.

, 
, 
. , 
Ethernet 10/100/1000 /

.
,
( ):
100 BASET ;
100 BASET ;
100 BASETX ;
100 BASETX ;
10 BASET ;
10 BASET .
Ethernet ,

. , .
, 
Ethernet, 

.

 6. Ethernet

347

:
(Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers  IEEE) ,
. IEEE
LAN 
;
IEEE OSI
:
(Media Access Control  MAC)
(Logical Link Control  LLC);
Ethernet MAC , 
, NIC ;

,
;

( )
( );
Ethernet 
(CSMA/CD);
(Halfduplex transmission) 
, . 
;

, ;
( )
Ethernet ;
Ethernet,
, 
, ;
Ethernet (jabber), 
, , , 
, ,
.
,
, : 
(eLab), , 
(PhotoZoom).
, .

348

I. CCNA 1:

IEEE (  Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers)  , 

. LAN, IEEE, 
.
LLC (Logical Link Control  ) 
, IEEE.
LLC , ,
MAC. LLC 
IEEE 802.2, 
, .
MAC (Media Access Control  ) 
,
IEEE. MAC , , 
. . LLC.
MAC (MAC address)  ,
, LAN. 
,
. MAC
6 IEEE. 
, MAC .
OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier  )
IEEE 48
MAC .
(backoff)  ,
.
(full duplex) 
.
(header)  , 
.
(propagation delay)  ,
 .
(encapsulation)  
. , 
Ethernet. 

, .
(trailer)  ,
.

 6. Ethernet

349

(Maximum Transmission Unit  MTU) 

,
.
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/
Collision Detect  CSMA/CD) ,
, , 
, .
, . 
, , 
.

. CSMA/CD 
Ethernet IEEE 802.3.
(alignment error) , 
.
(range error) ,
(Length field),
, (Data
field) .
(half duplex)

.
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol  
)  , , , 
TCP/IP. SNMP
, ,
,
.
(FDDI  Fiber Distribu
ted Data Interface) 3T9.5 LAN,
(American National Stan
dards Institute  ANSI), 
100 / 2 . 
FDDI .
(jabber). 802.3 
20000 50000 .

, , 
, 2000050000
.
Ethernet 10 / (10Gb Ethernet).
, LAN,

350

I. CCNA 1:

10 / Ethernet , 

,
.
Ethernet 10 /.
Token Ring  , 
. IBM.
Token Ring 4 16 /
.
(simplex)  , 

. 
.
Ethernet  LAN,
Xerox Xerox, Intel Digital Equipment.
Ethernet CSMA/CD
10, 100 1000 /. Ethernet IEEE 802.3
.
Gigabit Ethernet  Ethernet,
IEEE 802.3z 1996 .
IEEE 802.2  IEEE LAN, 
LLC OSI.
IEEE 802.2
() .
IEEE 802.3  IEEE LAN, 
MAC (.. 
). IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD
.
IEEE 802.3
Fast Ethernet. IEEE 802.3
10BASE2, 10BASE5, 10BASEF, 10BASET 10BROAD36.
Fast Ethernet 100BASETX
100BASEFX.
Fast Ethernet. Eth
ernet, 100 /.
Fast Ethernet , 10 , 
Ethernet 10BASET, 10BASET,
, MAC MTU. 

10BASET Fast Ethernet. Fast Ethernet
IEEE 802.3.

 6. Ethernet

351

(connectionless)
.
(long frame)  , 
, .
 (ghost). Fluke Networks
(), 
, SFD.
, 
72 ,
.

, ,
, . 
, .
1. 
IEEE?
) (Media Access Control).
) (Data Link Control).
) (Logical Link Control).
) .
2. OSI IEEE
?
) .
) .
) .
) .
3. LLC?
) .
) .
) .
) .
4. MAC?
) .
) .
) .
) .

352

I. CCNA 1:

5. MAC _______ .
) 12.
) 24.
) 48.
) 64.
6. , Ethernet 
?
) TCP/IP.
) CSMA/CD.
) CMDA/CS.
) CSMA/CA.
7. MAC?
) ().
) BIOS .
) (NIC).
) CMOS.
8. 
LAN?
)  MAC
.
LAN, , 
, .
)  MAC
. ,
, , 
.
)  MAC
 . 
.
) 
,
, .

 6. Ethernet

353

9. ?
) , .
) ,
.
) .
) .
10. (Media Ac
cess Control)?
) , NIC
.
) .
) , ,
.
) , .
11.
CSMA/CD?
) ,
.
) , 
MAC, IP.
) 
, .
) .
12. LAN Ethernet IEEE 802.3?
) ,
.
) , ,
.
) ,
.
)
.
13. () ?
) .
) .
) .
) .

354

I. CCNA 1:

14. 
MAC?
) .
)
.
) .
) 
(talking stick) , 
(troublemakers).

 7
Ethernet

...
Ethernet

10 /;

10BASE5;

10BASE T;

10BASE2;

10BASE T;

10BASE FX;

10BASE T;
Ethernet

100 /;

10BASE2;

Fast Ethernet

;
1000BASE SX
1000BASE LX;
100BASE T
;

Fast Ethernet;

Gigabit Ethernet;

,
100BASE TX UTP


;

Ethernet;

Ethernet
1000 /;

Ethernet
10 /

;

Ethernet, Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet;

Ethernet
10 /.

,
:
, . 359,
, . 360,

, . 360,
, . 361,

356

I. CCNA 1:

thicknet, . 361,
, . 363,
thinnet, . 363,
100BASETX, . 370,
100BASEFX, . 370,
, . 370,

, . 382,

, . 372,
1000BASET, 1000BASESX,
. 381,
1000BASELX, . 381,
8b1q4, . 382,

, . 392.

Ethernet IEEE 802.3

. 
Ethernet, , 
.
. , 
Ethernet , 
.

Ethernet . ,
Ethernet Ethernet.
Ethernet .

,
.
, 
, :
(eLab), , 
(PhotoZoom). 
, .

Ethernet
10 100 /

Ethernet. , 
,
Ethernet, 
, Ethernet.

 7. Ethernet

357

Ethernet
10BASE5.
. 10BASE2 
, ;
500 185 .

10BASE T. ,
, 100 ,
, (repeaters) (hubs).
10BASE T
500 .

. 10BASE T
,
,
.
, 10BASE T

Internet ( )
.
Fast Ethernet. Fast Ethernet
100BASE TX
.

10BASE T (, 10 100 /).

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface
) Ethernet
100BASE FX .
Ethernet MAC ,

(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSMA/CD).

10- Ethernet
. 7.1 ,
Ethernet. 10BASE5, 10BASE2
10BASET .

Ethernet:
;
;
;
.

 I. CCNA 1:

358

1000BASE!SX (220!550 )
(MM)
SC
1000BASE!LX (550!5000 )
(MM)
SC
10BASE!( )
(MM
Sm) SC

1000BASE!T (100 ) 100

UTP, RJ45

100BASE!FX (228!412 )
(MM)
SC

10BASE!TX (100 ) 100

UTP RJ45

10BASE!T (100 ) 100

; UTP, RJ45

10BASE2 (185 ) 50 ;
BNC

10BASE5 (500 ) 50 ;
N!

802.3

. 7.1. Ethernet

Ethernet
.
. 7.1, 10BASE2, 10BASE5 10BASE T
. ,
( bit time) 10 /
100 (), 0,1 (), 1
.
7.1. Ethernet 10 /

100

512

96 1

16

10

jam

32

1518

512 (64 )

10BASE2, 10BASE5 10BASE T

. . 7.2 Ethernet , MAC .
1

, .  . .

 7. Ethernet

359

!

SFD
6
1

46 1550

FCS
4

. 7.2. Ethernet

Ethernet
OSI.
MAC
,
.
(Signal Quality Error SQE). ,
, .
,
, .
SQE ;
, . SQE
:
4 8 ,
;
;
;

, , ,
( );
, ,
.
!

NRZ ( )
( 0 ) .

Ethernet 10 /
, MAC , ,
(line encoding).
,
. , ,
(nonreturn to zero  NRZ), 5 ,
0 ,
. ,
.
10 /

360

I. CCNA 1:

(manchester encoding). . 7.3

: Y ,
X .

. 7.3.

. ,
. 7.3, ,
,
.

0.
( ), ,
,
1.
,
(0 1 ),

.
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
.
Ethernet .
Ethernet (shared Ethernet),
. Ethernet

 7. Ethernet

361

(10BASE2, 10BASE5, 10BASE T

..).
,

.
.
:
;
;
( ,
);
;
.
: 5-4-3
Ethernet 10 /
, 5 .
, . ,
, .
, , ,

.
; (link segments).
,
. , , 10BASE-T,
.

10BASE5
Ethernet 10BASE5 ( 1980 )
10 / ,
, Thicknet.
10BASE5 :
, Ethernet.
.
,

. 10BASE5 ,
(
), , , ,
;
. ,
10BASE5
, .

 I. CCNA 1:

362

, ,
6, Ethernet,
Ethernet 10 /.
10BASE5
. . 7.4 10BASE5,
0 1 . ,
10BASE5 ( 0 ) ,
.

0 1

0 1 0 1

0 1
SFD

0 0 0 0

. 7.4. 10BASE5

. 7.4 ,
, .
, Y ;
.
. 7.5 , 10BASE5

(Nominal Velocity of Propagation NVP) 0,77
( ) 50 .
N .
500 2.
AUI (Attachment Unit Interface
AUI, ),
50 . , ,

.
!

,
( ) .
70% 75%.

1640 .  . .

 7. Ethernet

363

. 7.5. 10BASE5

10BASE5
:

( );
10BASE5 ;
10BASE5 100 ,
.
7.1.2.
,
, OSI Ethernet
Ethernet .

10BASE2
1985 10BASE2 ( 802.3 1985),
, ,
10BASE5.
, Thinnet.
10BASE2 .
10BASE2,
,
, . 10BASE2 ,
, .
, 10BASE5, 10BASE2
.
, ,
6, Ethernet,
Ethernet
10 /.
10BASE2
. 10BASE2 0 1
( Y , ;

). 10BASE2 (0 )
, . 10BASE2
.

 I. CCNA 1:

364

,
,
. BNC
(British Naval Connector BNC)
, . 7.6.
.
,
. 10BASE2
Ethernet.
. 7.6 ,
( ,
, ;
).
0,65,
( 50 )
BNC .
185 3,
BNC ,
.

. 7.6. BNC

10BASE-T
10BASE T ( 802.3i 1990)
UTP (Unshielded
Twisted Pair ).
, ,
. , 10BASE T,
, ,
UTP
,
, , . 10BASE T
,
. Ethernet,
3

600 .  . .

 7. Ethernet

365

, 1990
10BASE T UTP 5.
2,
, 3, .
, ,
, .
10BASE T
UTP 3 ( 5, 5 ).
Ethernet 10 /
,
, .
10BASE T 125 ( ) 
(link pulse), .
, 10BASE T .
(UTP)
10BASE T, 90 ,
, 0,4
0,6 ( 26 22 AWG (American Wire Gauge
)). ,
10 , ,
, .
NVP, 0,585, 100
RJ 45, ISO/IEC 8877.

0 100 ( 0 328 ),
( ,
1000 ,
). UTP
0,5 (24 AWG)
100 .
3
10BASE T,
5 .
568 568 .

( 1000BASE T)
.
. 7.2 10BASE T.
, (
).
. 7.7
.
(crossover cable), R .
2 ( R R).

366

I. CCNA 1:

7.2. 10BASE"T

TD+. ,

TD . ,

RD+. ,

RD . ,

RJ45
1 RD+
2 RD
3 TD+
4
5
6 TD
7
8

RJ45
1 RD+
2 RD
3 TD+
4
5
6 TD
7
8

. 7.7.
10BASET

. 7.8 ,
() .

. . ,
,
.
.

.
,
,
UTP .
,

 7. Ethernet

367

Tx Rx. ,
(
, CSMA/CD) (
) .
, ,
.
IEEE, 802.3 1997 Full Duplex.
, ,
,
CSMA/CD.

RJ45
1 RD+
2 RD
3 TD+
4
5
6 TD
7
8

RJ45
1 TD+
2
3
4
5

TD
RD+

6 RD
7
8

. 7.8.
10BASET

10BASE T 10 /
,
20 / (
, ).
Ethernet .

10BASE-T
10BASE T
.

.
,
,
100 .
.

 I. CCNA 1:

368

(
, ),
,
.
10BASE T
, 10BASE2 10BASE5.
,
, , .
, .

(backplane)
; ,
.
(daisy chaining) .
,
.
,

. ,
. .
. 7.9 1
. 10BASE T
,
, .
.
4

3
1

. 7.9. 10 /

. 7.10 ( 1)
3 .
10BASE2 10BASE5,
(, ).

 7. Ethernet

369
3

. 7.10.
10 /

10BASE T 100
. ,
.
,
,
.
.
100 , 100
, ..
10BASE T ,
,
.
, .
, ,
.
7.3. 10BASE"T

,
,

100

100 , 4

Ethernet 100 /
Ethernet 100 /,
Fast Ethernet (
Ethernet 10 /),

 I. CCNA 1:

370

.
100BASETX ( UTP )
100BASEFX ( ).
.
100BASE TX 100BASE FX :
;
;
.
. 7.4 Ethernet,
100 /.
7.4. 100 / Ethernet

( )

10

512

96

16

10

jam

32

1518

512 (64 )

100BASE TX 100BASE FX
. , Ethernet
100 / 10 , 0,01 ,
. 100 /
10 /.
Fast Ethernet
10 . . ,
, , .
; ,
.
. ,
,  (Signalto
Noise Ratio SNR) 100 /,
.
, ,
, ,
.
4 /5 (4bit/5bit

 7. Ethernet

371

4B/5B),
.
Ethernet,
100 /, 100BASE TX 100BASE FX, (
), MAC .
;
(, ).
, ,
( ).
, .
4/5 ( )
(
). 4 5 ,
125 .
,
. , ,

.
: 100BASE TX
100BASE FX.

100BASE-TX
1995
100BASE T Fast Ethernet
( 802.3u 1995). 100BASE T
Ethernet 100 /. 100BASE TX,
100BASE T UTP 5,
.
10/100,
Ethernet 10 /,
100 /.
Ethernet, ,
. ,
. 1997
Ethernet ; (
802.3),
. Ethernet

, .

Ethernet .

372

I. CCNA 1:

,
6, Ethernet,
Fast Ethernet, .
100BASE TX 4/5,
(scrambling )
MLT 3 (MultiLevel Transmit 3
), UTP
5. MLT 3
, . 
(NonReturntoZero, Invert  NRZI) MLT 3 ,

, NRZI.
!

NRZI
( 0 ),
.
.

. 7.11 MLT 3.
MLT 3 , 1
,
. 0
.

. 7.11.
MLT3

 7. Ethernet

373

, . 7.11,
.
.
0.
,
, , .
.
, 0
. , (
), . ,
, ,
, .
. 7.11
.
1. , (
), , ,
. ,
.
: ,
0, 1.
.
.
. 7.12 100BASE TX,
. ( Y , .)

. 7.12. 100BASETX

4/5 .
100BASE TX
10BASE T. .

. 100 /
, .

10/100 / .
, Ethernet
100 / ,
10 /, ,

374

I. CCNA 1:

.

.
.
"
.
", " "
Fast Ethernet ":
. "
, "
Tx Rx ( ).
, (
CSMA/CD) ( "
)
. .
,
, "
. , "
, CSMA/CD.
: Fast Ethernet "
200 /? 100BASE"TX 100 /
( "
). 100BASE"TX
200 / (, ",
). "
"
Ethernet". 100BASE"TX
.

100BASE-FX
100BASE"FX (
802.3u"1995)? , Fast Ethernet
, "
, ,
, . 100BASE"
FX "
FDDI (
100 /).
Fast Ethernet 100BASE"TX. , "
100BASE"FX , "
Gigabit Ethernet "
,
, "
. , ,

 7. Ethernet

375

6, Ethernet, Fast Ethernet

100 /, .
100BASEFX 4B/5B 
NRZI .
. NRZI

. 100BASEFX 
.
. 7.13 NRZI ( 
,  ).

. 7.13. NRZI

.
, , 
0.
0. , 0,
.
, , .
1, ,
.
.
, 0, 
 1.
, NRZI, 
.  , 
/ ,
.
,  .

 I. CCNA 1:

376

. 7.5 100BASEFX.
:
ST SC.
7.5. 100BASE FX

Tx ( LED)

Rx (  )

. 7.14 .
, 
.
100Base  FX

( , )

Tx

SC ST

LED

Rx

( , )

Rx

Tx
LED

. 7.14.

MAC ,
, 
Rx Tx. 100BASE
FX ,
. ,
, 
. 
, , CSMA/CD,
Tx Rx.
200 /,
? , UTP 
, 100BASEFX
, ,
200 / .

 7. Ethernet

377

Fast Ethernet
Fast Etehernet
.
,
.
.
UTP 100 ,
.
Class ( 
) I II ,
I II (Class I Class II).
140 . ,
(100BASE TX 100BASE FX), I.
,
I. . 7.15
I 100BASE TX.
,
,
.
I

100

100

. 7.15.

II 92 .

, .
. 7.16
100BASE TX.
,
,
.

 I. CCNA 1:

378

II

5
100

100

. 7.16.

Ethernet 10 /,

100 /. .
, ,
. , ,
,
.
100BASE TX .
,
29 802.3,
. ,
, , 10 100 /,
OSI. ,
,
.
, .
UTP 100BASE TX
10BASE T, ,
5 ISO Class D. 100BASE
TX II 5 .
,
. 7.6,
,
(round trip
). Fast Ethernet,
.
,
,
.

,
.

 7. Ethernet

379

,
.
.
. 7.6 Fast Ethernet.
7.6.

100BASE"TX ()

100BASE"FX ()

100BASE"TX
100BASE"FX ()

,
,
(
)

100

412

, I
()

200

272

100 TX

, II
()

200

320

100 TX

, II
()

205

228

105 TX

160,8 FX

208 FX

211,2 FX

100BASE TX 100 .
,
.
, ,
. 7.6 .

.
100 ,
, ..

Fast Ethernet, .
: ,
.
, .
7.1.9a. Network Inspector
Fluke Networks

Network Inspector (NI)
.
,
.

380

I. CCNA 1:
7.1.9b. Protocol Inspector
Fluke Networks

Protocol Inspector
. ,

.
: Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet.

10- Ethernet
Fast Ethernet (100 /)
Ethernet (10 /).
, (Gigabit Ethernet)
Fast Ethernet, IEEE,
. Gigabit Ethernet,
1000 /, 100

10BASE T. MAC , CSMA/CD ,
, ,
Ethernet, MAC ,
.

10/100/1000 /.

.
.
Gigabit Ethernet
.
,
10 / 100 /
Ethernet UTP 5. Gigabit Ethernet
.

40, 100 160 /. Ethernet
, ,
, .

Ethernet 1000 /
1998 802.3z
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE)
1000BASE X.

 7. Ethernet

381

1 /,
100 10BASE T. 1000BASE T,
1 / UTP
5, 1999 .
. 7.7 Ethernet,
1000 /
7.7. Gigabit Ethernet

4096

96 4

16

10

jam

32

1518

512 (64 )

65536

1000BASET, 1000BASESX 1000BASELX

. , 1 (
) 1000 / 1 , .. 0,001 ,
1 . ,
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet ,
.
Ethernet 1000 / (Gigabit)
, 10 100 /.
Gigabit Ethernet,
, .
Gigabit Ethernet 10
Fast Ethernet. , Fast Ethernet,
:
(1 ), ,
. ,
,
. ,
/ Gigabit Ethernet
.
,
4

, .  . .

 I. CCNA 1:

382

, ,
/.
MAC
, , ,
, .
( ).

Fast Ethernet. 1000BASE T
, 8bit1Quinary quarter (
8B1Q4).

(4dimensional 5 level pulse amplitude
modulation  4DPAM5).
8B1Q4 4D PAM5 ,
/,

. 1000BASE X
8 bit/10 bit (8B/10B) ( ,
4B/5B) NRZ .

1000BASE-T
1000BASE T (802.3ab 1999 Gigabit Ethernet over twisted
pair) :

5;
,
5,
;
10BASE T 100BASE TX;

, ,
,
;

Fast Ethernet,
, .

5 . 5
125 /. ,
250 /
,

 7. Ethernet

383

1000 / (1 /).
,
(
).
,
6, Ethernet,
Ethernet,
1000 /.
1000BASE T 8B1Q4
4D PAM5 5.
1 /
.
, ,
Ethernet . 
,
,
(voltage patterns). ,
,
(echo cancellation),
.
,

1 (Layer 1 Forward Error Correction FEC).
. 7.17 (Tx) 1000BASE T ( Y
, X , ).

, UTP .

. 7.17. (Tx) 1000BASET

. 7.18 ,
. Y
, X .
,
UTP .

 I. CCNA 1:

384

. 7.18. 1000BASET

,
, , 9 ,
17 .
. , . 7.18 ,
, ,
: .
,
.
,
. Gigabit Ethernet ,
, .
. 7.8 UTP
. A, B, C D .
, ,
, .
7.8. 1000BASE"T

BI_DA+ ( , )

BI_DA ( , )

BI_DB+ ( , )

BI_DB ( , )

BI_DC+ ( , )

BI_DC ( , )

BI_DD+ ( , )

BI_DD ( , )

. 7.19
. ,
,
Fast Ethernet.
, Gigabit, Fast 10BASE T
Ethernet .
, ,
5, RJ 45 ,

 7. Ethernet

385

Gigabit, Fast
10BASE T Ethernet. , Fast Ethernet
10/100 , 10/100/1000.
,
.

T
R

T
R

T
R

T
R

. 7.19. 1000BASET

1000BASE T
CSMA/CD .
1000BASE T ,
,
(Tx), (Rx).
,
,
, . (..
) ,
.
, .

386

I. CCNA 1:

, (
). (
) .
: 1 ,
1 . /
.
1000BASE X (1000BASE SX 1000BASE LX)
1000BASE T.

1000BASE-SX 1000BASE-LX
Gigabit Ethernet
.
:
1000 /,
Fast Ethernet;
;
,
;
1000BASE X;
.
Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 802.3z 1998 1000BASE X Gigabit Ethernet.
, 1000BASE SX 1000BASE LX
, .
1000BASE T
, , 10/100/1000 /
.
1000BASE X 8B/10B ,
NRZ .
850 (
) (1000BASE SX,
S )
1310 (1000BASE LX, L
).
NRZ

.
, , .
, . 7.20, .
,
. 0.

 7. Ethernet

387

. 7.20. NRZ

, .
1. , ,
0, .
,
. ,
0, 1.
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
.
, NRZ ,
1000BASE SX
1000BASE LX. ,
,
. ,
.

 I. CCNA 1:

388

. 7.9
Gigabit Ethernet .
SC .
7.9. Gigabit Ethernet

Tx ( )

Rx ( )

. 7.21 1000BASE SX.

(
).
1000Base!SX

( ,
,)

( ,

,)

Sc! MTRJ!
Sc or MTRJ
Connector

Tx
!

Rx

Sc! MTRJ!

Rx

Tx
C!

. 7.21. 1000BASESX

. 7.22 1000BASE LX.

,
5000 .
1000BASE!LX

( ,
,)

( ,
,)

Tx

Sc! MTRJ!

Rx

Rx

Tx

. 7.22. 1000BASELX

 7. Ethernet

389

MAC
. ,

. Gigabit Ethernet
.

Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet , ,
, 100 / 1000 /, OSI.

.
,
. 6.9 6.10,
, .
Gigabit Ethernet ,
, .
1000BASE SX
. 1000BASE LX ,
.
. 7.10 7.11
1000BASE SX 1000BASE LX.
Gigabit Ethernet.
,
.
, .
7.10. 1000BASE"SX
(
, )

()

62,5

160

220

62,5

200

275

50

400

500

50

500

550

. 7.11. 1000BASE"LX
()

()

62,5,

500

550

50,

400

550

50,

500

550

10,

5000

 I. CCNA 1:

390

UTP 1000BSE T
10BASE T 100BASE TX, ,
5 ISO
D (2000).
, 10 100 / Ethernet,
.
.
1000BASE T . 100
1000BASE T
.

.

, 802.3,
.
, . 7.12,

, . ,
. Gigabit
Ethernet, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
. Gigabit Ethernet , , .
,
OSI ,
.
,
,


Gigabit Ethernet .
. 7.12 .
Gigabit Ethernet ,
, . 7.10 7.11.
7.12.

1000BASE"T ()

1000BASE"SX/LX
()

1000BASE"SX/LX
1000BASE"T ()

100

316

200

220

100, 1000BASE T
110, 1000BASE SX/LX

 7. Ethernet

391

Ethernet 10 /
2002 IEEE 802.3ae.

10 /. 802.3 802.3 ( Ethernet),
Ethernet .
Ethernet 10 / (10GbE)
Ethernet . 10GbE ,
,
. 10GbE ?
Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet
. Ethernet
10 / Ethernet (10GbE,
10 000 000 000 /).

,
10GbE.
,
Ethernet .
Internet

Gigabit Ethernet.
Internet 10GbE

.
10GbE , (POP Point Of
Presence), , ,
.
10GbE
. Ethernet
. 10GbE
( 40 )
(SONET)
(SDH). 40
10GbE .
SONET/SDH, 9,584640 /
( 192), 10GbE
. 10GbE
.
10GbE
Ethernet.
10GbE ,
: , Fast Ethernet, Gigabit
10 / Ethernet .

392

I. CCNA 1:
0,1 .
.
CSMA/CD,
.
1 2 OSI
802.3
40
SONET/SDH.
, ,
.
,
,
.

, CSMA/CD, IEEE
802.3. 802.3
10GBASE. ,
, :
10GBASE"SR
. 26
82 ;
10GBASE"LX4
(WavelengthDivision Multiplexing WDM).
240 300
, 10
;
10GBASE"LR 10GBASE"ER 10 40
;
10GBASE"SW, 10GBASE"LW 10GBASE"EW
OC 192/STM SONET/SDH .
IEEE 802.3 10 Gb Ethernet (10 GEA)
.
10 Gb Ethernet (IEEE 802.3ae) 2002
. ,
.
.
40 ( 25 ).
Ethernet
40, 80 100 /.
Ethernet, ,
.
, Ethernet ,

 7. Ethernet

393

,
. ,

Ethernet.

, .
, Ethernet
(), 1500 .
, .
Ethernet.
,
. ,

Ethernet . ,
, (
) . ,
( )
,
. ,
, .
,
, ,
Ethernet ( Jumbo ). Jumbo
Ethernet , 1500 .
Jumbo 9000 .
Jumbo IEEE
802.3ae. , Ethernet
Jumbo Ethernet
. IEEE
802.3
.
. 7.13 10
Ethernet.
7.13. Ethernet" 10 /

0,1

966

5 Ethernet ,
, , .  . .
6 , .  . .

 I. CCNA 1:

394

. 7.13

jam

1518

512 (64 )

104

, 10 ,
Ethernet 10, 100 1000 /.

,
10GbE
10 Gb Ethernet 10
Gigabit Ethernet. , Gigabit Ethernet,
(0,1 ),
. ,
,
, .
,
/ 10 / Ethernet
. ,
, ,
,
/.
,
( , ,
).
( ).

Gigabit Ethernet. 8/10 (
4/5),
.
. 7.23 , 8/10 . 10 Gb Ethernet
,
, , 8/10 64/66.
:

10GBASEW.  . .

 7. Ethernet

395

0, 1.
10GbE,
10GBASE LX4,
(Wide Wavelength Division Multiplexing WWDM)

, .

SFD

MAC!
000011111010000000010

MAC!

0
0
0000

10101010
/ Start /
0

10101010
10101010

10101010
10101010

10101011
10101010

XGMII

. 7.23. MAC 4 10 Ethernet

. 7.23 , MAC
UTP

.
. 7.24
8.

.
, ,
MAC
.
10GbE

.
10GbE.

,
. 10GbE
.
: 10 , 50 62,5
8 PMD  Physical Medium Dependent, , 
, 
.  . .

 I. CCNA 1:

396

.
,
.
0
PMD

. 7.24. 10GBASELX4

SC .
10GbE ,
1 Rx 2,
. ,
10GbE,
. . 7.14 10GbE.
7.14. 10GbE

Tx ( )

Rx ( )

Ethernet
, .
, , CSMA/CD,
.
10GbE
. ,
10GbE , ,

Ethernet . ,

 7. Ethernet

397

,
Gigabit Ethernet.
10GbE
. 62,5 50 ,
10 .
,
. 10 Ethernet
,
.
, 10, 100 1000 /,
.

.
.
,

802.3, .
. 7.15 10
Ethernet. R W
(, 10GBASE E 10GBASE ER, 10GBASE EW).
7.15. 10" Ethernet

()

( )

(/)

()

10GBASE LX4

1310

62,5,

500

2 300

10GBASE LX4

1310

50,

400

2 240

10GBASE LX4

1310

50,

500

o 2 300

10GBASE LX4

1310

10,

o 2000 10 000

10GBASE S

850

62,5,

160

o 2 26

10GBASE S

850

62,5,

200

o 2 33

10GBASE S

850

50,

400

o 2 66

10GBASE S

850

50,

500

o 2 82

10GBASE S

850

50,

2000

2 300

10GBASE L

1310

10,

2000 10 000

10GBASE E

1550

10,

2000 30 000i9

40 , .  . .

 I. CCNA 1:

398

10GbE.
,
,
.

Ethernet
Ethernet,
, Fast, Gigabit .
(,
), Ethernet
. Ethernet
,
. Ethernet
,
, .
. 7.25 ,
Ethernet.

(MAN)

(LAN)

(WAN):
Ethernet!,
TCP/IP!

. 7.25. Ethernet

10
Ethernet, IEEE 10 GB Ethernet
40, 100 160 /.
, ,
, .
Ether
net, CSMA/CD. ,
10BASE5,
10BASE2, 10BASE T 100BASE TX .

 7. Ethernet

399

UTP ,
,

.
:
( 1000 /, ,
);
( 1000 /,
, );
(
10 000 /, ).
,
,

.

. Ethernet
, ,
.
Ethernet ,
(Quality of
Service QoS), .
, IP
.
Ethernet,
, ,
,
, Ethernet,
. , ,
1990
,
, Ethernet, .
Ethernet, 30 ,
.

:
Ethernet: Ethernet,
Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
;

 I. CCNA 1:

400

Ethernet 10 / (
Ethernet) ,
;
10BASE T
UTP;
10BASE T
,
;
:
( 1000 /, ,
);
( 1000 /,
, );
(
10 000 /, ).

, ,
: (e Lab), ,
(PhotoZoom).
, .

1000BASELX Gigabit Ethernet
1000 /,
.
10 000 (32808,4 ).
1000BASESX Gigabit Ethernet
1000 /,
. 550
(1804,5 ).
1000BASET Gigabit Ethernet
1000 /, UTP
5 100 (328 ).
100BASEFX 10 Fast Ethernet
100 /,
.
10 , 
; . 
. .

 7. Ethernet

401

100BASE FX 400 (1312 ).

IEEE 802.3.
100BASETX  Fast Ethernet
100 /, UTP
STP. , .
100BASE OX
100 (328 ). IEEE 802.3.
10BASE2 Ethernet
10 /,
50 . IEEE 802.3;
185 (606 ).
10BASE5  Ethernet
10 /,
50 . IEEE 802.3;
500 (1640 ).
10BASET Ethernet
10 /,
( 3, 4, 5): , .
IEEE 802.3; 100 (328
).
4DPAM5 ,
1000BASE T. (4D) ,
8B1Q4 ,
(PAM5). .
8B1Q4 , IEEE 802.3,
, 1000BASE T
GMII (Q4),
(1Q4).
Thinnet ,
10BASE2.
(NRZI nonreturn to zero
inverted) ,
( 0 )
.
,
.
(NRZ  nonreturn to zero) ,

( 0 ) .

.

402

I. CCNA 1:

(Manchester encoding)
, IEEE 802.3 Ethernet,
; 1
.
(WDM WavelengthDivision Multiplexing) 
,
.
.

, ,
, .
, .
1. Ethernet
?
) TCP/IP.
) CSMA/CD.
) CMDA/CS.
) CSMA/CA.
2.
Ethernet ?
) 185 .
) 250 .
) 500 .
) 800 .
3. Ethernet 10 /
____ ,
____ .
) , .
) , .
) , .
) , .

 7. Ethernet

403

4.
Fast Ethernet?
) 5 /.
) 10 /.
) 100 /.
) 1000 /.
5. Gigabit Ethernet.
) 1000BASE TX.
) 1000BASE FX.
) 1000BASE SX.
) 1000BASE LX.
) 1000BASE X.
6. 1000BASE SX?
) .
) UTP 5.
) STP 150 .
) .
7. Gigabit Ethernet 4D
PAM5 ?
) 1000BASE LX.
) 1000BASE SX.
) 1000BASE T.
) 1000BASE CX.
8. IEEE 10 Gb Ethernet?
) 802.3z.
) 802.3u.
) 802.3ae.
) 803.3.
9.
1000BASE T?
) .
) .
)
.
) / .

404

I. CCNA 1:

10. ,
10 / Ethernet?
) 82 .
) 240 .
) 10 .
) 40 .
) 82 .
) .

 8
Ethernet-

...

;

,
,
OSI
,
!!!! ;

;

:
,

,
;

;

;


;

(STP);

,
,
,
.

STP;


;

,
:
, . 406,
, . 406,

, . 406,

, . 413,

, . 413,

, . 413,
, . 420,
, . 428,
, . 430.

406

I. CCNA 1:

Ethernet !
. , ,
, .
, !
. !
,
. !
,

Ethernet.
!
.
Ethernet .
,
, ,
. !

. !
,
, !
.

.
!
. ,
. !
Catalyst.
. !
!
.
!
.
,
OSI, MAC!,
. MAC! , !
. !
.
,
, ,
1. (Spanning Tree Protocol STP)
!!!! ,
1

( ) ,
, TTL, . $$$$ . .

 8. Ethernet-

407

!
.

Ethernet-
!
Ethernet. :
OSI;
;
;
;
;
.

,
OSI, ,
.
.
,
, () !
.
MAC! , !
, !
. :
MAC!
MAC!, ;
MAC! ,
, !
; !
, (.. ) !
, ;
, MAC!
, ,
. .
!
;
, MAC!
, , !
;

408

I. CCNA 1:
MAC! , !
, !
. (flooding).
:
,
.

, .
MAC!
.
, ,
. , !
, , , !
, ,
() . (
) ,
. !
, . , !
, , !
.
!
,
.
, !
. . 8.1
, . !
( ): !
, !!!! .
(. 8.2).
, , MAC!
. , ,
! (. 8.3).
!
, ! ,
. , .
,
( ), !
(. 8.4).
,
. , !
4 (. 8.5).

 8. Ethernet-

409
10 /

1
10 /

1 2 3 4
X

. 8.1.
10 /
A

1
10 /

. 8.2.
10 /
A

1
10 /

1
A

. 8.3.

 I. CCNA 1:

410

10 /

10 /

4
2

. 8.4.
10 /
A

1
10 /

4
1

X
X

. 8.5.

,
. 3, ,
(. 8.1).
,
MAC!,
.

 8. Ethernet-

411

. ,
.
, . !

.
.
, !
. (Content
Addressable Memory !!!! CAM), , !
. , !
. CAM! !
, MAC!,
. !
(Application Specific Integrated Circuit !!!! ASIC) !!!! , !
,
.
ASIC , !
, .

, !
.

,
, .
Ethernet! !.
, , ,
,
. !
. , !
.
10 / !
10 / 10 / !!!!
, 20 / .
100 /
200 / (. 8.6). !
1 /.

 I. CCNA 1:

412

10 /, 100 /, 1 /

10 /, 100 /, 1 /

10 /, 100 /, 1 /

10 /, 100 /, 1 /

. 8.6. :

!
. !
!
.
, , , !
. !
!
.

, (propagation
delay), ,
. !
. :
,
;
, ,
;
, !
;
, , ,
(,
,
MAC! ).
,
, ,
.

, ,
.
!!!! (store!and!forward),
(cut!through) (fragment!free) !!!! !
.

 8. Ethernet-

413

!
,
,
. . 8.7
. ,
. , !
. , !
. ,
, ,
, .

.
.

.

. 8.7.

!
,
(. 8.8).
, !
.

. !
, !
.
, ,
.

 I. CCNA 1:

414

MAC-
.

. 8.8.

!
, !
. ,
, (synchronous switching). ,
,
.
(asynchronous switching).
. ( !
)
, , 100 1000 /.
! , !
,
.

!
. . 8.9 , !
.
. 8.10 ,

, !
!!!! !
.

 8. Ethernet-

415

Cat-6

Cat-1

Cat-2

Cat-7

Cat-3

Cat-5
Cat-4

. 8.9. STP

Ethernet

SWA

SWB

Ethernet

. 8.10.

. 8.10 .
1.
2.
3.
4.

1 .
SW SW .
SW SW.
SW SW.

 I. CCNA 1:

416

5. !
, ,
.
,
. . 8.11 8.12, !
,
(Bridge Protocol Data Units $$$$ BPDU), !
. !
(Spanning Tree
Algorithm !!!! STA) . !
(blocking). !
,
! , .
!
(Spanning Tree
Protocol $$$$ STP); BPDU. !
,
.
1
,

: 1
: 12345111
: 0
: 12345111
: 8002

1
Bridge ID 12345111
2

Ethernet

100 /

10 /

3
Bridge ID 12345556

AA-11

: 1
: 12345555
: 0
: 12345555
: 8001

. 8.11. BPDU

 8. Ethernet-

417

!
:
(Blocking).
BPDU!, . !
;
(Listening). BPDU!, !
.
;
(Learning). MAC!
. ;
(Forwarding). !
. BPDU! ;
(Disabled).
STP. , BPDU!
.

?
?
-
BPDU?
-
BPDU?

. 8.12. BPDU

. 8.13 !
STP (
STP ).

 I. CCNA 1:

418

1/2

1/1

Cat-A

1/1

1/1

Cat-B

Cat-C
1/2

1/2

. 8.13.

, !
.
.
.
.

, ,
, .

() .
. 8.14,
, .
. !
, .
, !
,
,
. ,
.
Ethernet! Eth!
ernet! (.. UTP).

 8. Ethernet-

419

. !
, ,
,
. !

. !
.
.
!
. , !
,
, Internet !
. !
,
.

( )

( )

. 8.14.
: ,
; ,

. . 8.15 ,
. .
(Circuit-switched) ,

.
().

 I. CCNA 1:

420

. ,
.
,
.
.

.
, .
, ,
- , .

. 8.15. ,

,
. !
. !
, , , .
, !
. 8.16, . .
(collision) ,
.
,
. ,
, !
.
,
(.. ) . !
. ,
, .

; ,
.

 8. Ethernet-

421

STOP

STOP

. 8.16.

LAN! Ethernet,
, !
. !
, OSI.
,
(. 8.17).

(segmentation).

. 8.17.

, , ,
Ethernet. !
.
.
() ,
, , ,

422

I. CCNA 1:

. !
,
, !
. , ,
. 8.18, LAN
, , .

. 8.18.

Ethernet ,
!
, . 8.19.
10BASET, , !
,
,
, .

. 8.19. Ethernet

 8. Ethernet-

423

:
, NIC. !
,
. !
(late collisions). , !
64! . !
NIC
. ,
(consumption delay). !
. !
Ethernet 5!4!3!2!1. !
, :
, ,
5 ;
4 ;
3 , ;
2 ( );
.
:
!
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access
with Collision Detection !!!! CSMA/CS).

. ,
, . !
, !
, .<