Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
MINERAL
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Mineral disintesa dan dapat menghasilkan plastik, obatobatan, detergen, pelumas, produk kertas, kain dan cat untuk kebutuhan industri kimia. Mineral alami/ natural berasal dari hewan, tumbuhan, air, udara, batubara, minyak dan batu mineral (Be, Cd/Zn, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Rb, Sn) Mineral dasar terdiri dari : Bromine : Bromoalkana CaO : Besi (Flux) Chlorine : Cl N2 : Amonia Batu Fosfat : Asam Fosfat Potassium : Pupuk Sodium Carbonate : Kaca, Pembersih Sodium Chloride : Chlorine, Campuran Aspal Sulfur : Asam Sulfat Mineral memiliki sifat toksik dan bernilai ekonomi (see Inorganic Toxicant).
PETROLEUM
1. Bahan bakunya berasal dari campuran organik dan organo-metalik. Terdiri dari :
Parafin, merupakan senyawa paling volatil Naftalene, rantainya alisiklik hidrokarbon Aromatik, rantainya dari benzena ke PAH
2. Minyak mentah atau crude oil. Agar bisa menjadi bensin, minyak tanah, avtur, solar, bitumen/ aspal; minyak mentah harus dikonversi menjadi campuran yang sederhana. By-product minyak mentah adalah S dan N. 3. Minyak mentah berwarna hitam dan lengket tetapi tidak bersifat toksik akut terhadap vertebrata. Toksiknya berasal dari komponen aromatik dan fenol.
Effects of Oil
Sea birds have a high risk of contact to spilled oil due to the amount of time they spend on or near the surface of the sea and on oil affected foreshores. Sea birds may also come in contact with spilled oil while searching for food, since several species of fish are able to survive beneath floating oil Effects of oil on marine mammals are dependent upon species but may include: hypothermia due to conductance changes in skin, resulting in metabolic shock, toxic effects and secondary organ dysfunction due to ingestion of oil, congested lungs, damaged airways, interstitial emphysema due to inhalation of oil droplets and vapour, gastrointestinal ulceration and haemorrhaging due to ingestion of oil during grooming and feeding, eye and skin lesions from continuous exposure to oil, decreased body mass due to restricted diet and stress due to oil exposure and behavioural changes.
http://www.amsa.gov.au/marine_environment_protection/national_plan/general_info rmation/oiled_wildlife/oil_spill_effects_on_wildlife_and_non-avian_marine_life.asp
INDUSTRI PETROKIMIA
1. Bahan baku industri petrokimia : metana, etana, propana, butana, toluen dan xylene. Biasanya untuk mendapatkan jumlah yang banyak, bahan baku tersebut dipisahkan melalui metode destilasi fraksional. 2. Industri petrokimia biasanya menghasilkan pupuk dan bahan-bahan kimia lainnya, seperti amoniak, asam sulfat, asam fosfat, cement reterder, alumunium florida, karbondioksida cair, karbondioksida kering, asam klorida, oksigen, nitrogen, hidrogen, gypsum.