. .

// . . .: . . .:
, 1999, . 41 -60

40

3.


. .
. 1980 - .
( ) ,
,
.
, , .
. ( , ), 1970 - .
" " 80 -90% ,
1980- - 50-60% , 1990 - . - 70% . , ,
1
, .
1990- . , 11 . ., 20%
" " 50%
.
1941 .
" " (S ociety for A pplied
A nthropology), 1978 . "
" (P racticing A nthropology). ,
1983 .
"
" (N ational A ssociation for the P ractice of A nthropology),
1

.
" ", X III
(. , 1993 .) - .: F iske S h., C ham bers E . T he
Institutionalization of P ractice in the U nited S tates. P aper for the 13th IC A E S , C om ission
on A nthropology in P olicy and P ractice. - M exico, A ugust 1993

41

 " ".
900 1990 ., , " " . 25% , ( ) , 7,5%
( 100 ) . 4% " " . 25,5% 2
.
( / )
1980 - 1990 - . , 3
, .
, ,
4
.

, X III (. , 1993 .)

( ) " " .

5
1995 . (. ) . ,
(. )
,
.

B aba, M arietta L . IU A E S C om m ission on A nthr opology in P olicy and P ractice. A P r oposal, M arch 1992
4

V an W illigen, John. A nthropology in U se: A S ource B ook on A nthropological P ra ctice.

- B oulder: W estview P ress, 1991
5

IU A E S C om ission on A nthropology in P olicy and P ractice. M em orandum , S eptem ber 1,

1993. (P repared by C om ission C hair M . B aba). ,
X III
1996 . . ( ) , .: B aba M ., H ill C . (eds.) T he G lobal P ractice of
A nthropology. - D etroit: C ollege of W illiam and M ary P ress, 1996

42



.
1990- .
-

6
, 1975 - 1993 ., 7

, . , . ,
" " , (developm ent projects) , . , . . , ,
,
8
.
, ,
/

.

.

van W illigen J. A nthropology in U se: A S ource B ook on A n thropological P ractice. B oulder: W estview P ress, 1991
7

C ernea M ., w ith A . A dam s. S ociology, A nthropology, and D evelopm ent: A n A nn o tated

B ibliography of W orld B ank P ublications 1975 - 1993. - W ashington: T he W orld B ank,
1994
8

S erageldin I. F orew ord //C e rnea M . w ith A .A dam s. S ociology, A nthropology, and D evelopm ent: A n A nnotated B ibliography of W orld B ank P ublications 1975 -1993. - W ashington: T he W orld B ank, 1994

43

 ,

9
,
10
.
,
.
?
, ,
/ /
(1) ,
( ), , , , ; (2) ,
11
.

, . , , - . 6 , 26 , . - 47 . , .
" " .
, ,
. , ,
12
.

van W illigen J. A nthropology in U se: A S ource B ook on A nthropological P ractice. B oulder: W estview P ress, 1991, pp. 2, 7
10

C ernea M ., w ith the assistance of A pril A dam s. S ociology, A nthropology, and D eve lopm ent: A n A nnotated B ibliography of W orld B ank P ublications 1975 - 1993. - W ashin gton: T he W orld B ank, 1994, p. 5
11

. . // ,
1983, N 1
12

.: . .
: // :
. .: . ., . ., . . - .: , 1991;

44

 . 530 . 55 " " (9 ), " " (7 ), " " (3 ), " " (15 ), " " (21 ). , ,
, . 475
, . 42
" ". .
413 .
, . .
, , .
, .
1 2.
1 : . 25% , . - 34% ,
.
" "
( ) ( . ).

( -

)
. ,

. ., . . // . .:
. ., . . - .: , 1989

45

(van W illigen , 1991)

(C ern ea, 1994)

475 .=100%

413 .=100%

25%

34%

, , ,
,

17%

1%

. . ,

9%

19%

17%

17%

, ,
,
, ,

5%

5%

(
, ,
, );
( , );

6%

1%

12%

18%

10%

5%

, - , "
(environm enta lly sustainable developm ent)" . ,
, ,

46

13

, . , ,
,
,
.
. ,
. , ,
. , ,
,
, 14
.
. , :
"P racticing A nthropology", "B ulletin of the N atio nal A ssociation for the
P ractice of A nthropology", "Training M anuals in A pplied A nthropology".
, , 1980 - .
: G reen E . (ed.) P racticing D eve lopm ent A nthropology. - B oulder:
W estview , 1986; P aine R . A dvocacy and A nthropology: First E ncounters.
- S t.John's: M em orial U niversity, 1985; van W illigen J., R ylko -B auer B .,
M cE lroy A . (eds.) M aking O ur R esearch U seful: C ase S tudies in U tiliz ation of A nthropological K now ledge. - B oulder: W es tview , 1989; W ulff R .,
Fiske S h. (eds.) A nthropological P raxis: Translating K now ledge into
A ction. - B oulder: W estview , 1987.
, , 1980 . .
" ",

: (1) 1860 . - ; (2) 1860 -1941 .
13

S erageldin I. F orew ord //C ernea M . w ith A .A dam s. S ociology, A nthropology, and D evelopm ent: A n A nnotated B ibliography of W orld B ank P ublications 1975 -1993. - W ashington: T he W orld B ank, 1994
14

C ernea M ., w ith the assistance of A pril A dam s. S ociology, A nthro - pology, and D eve lopm ent: A n A nnotated B ibliography of W orld B ank P ublications 1975 - 19 93. - W ashin gton: T he W orld B ank, 1994, pp. 1 -2, 5

47

 " " , ; (3) 1941 -1970 .

-
-
; (4)
1970 . -
, " " 15
.
. " ", ,
-

1980- ., 16
.
. . , 17
.
- " ", ,
18
, " " .
, ,
( . 1),
. .
,
, - - ,

15

van W illigen J. A nthropology in U se: A S ource B ook on A nthropological P ractice. B oulder: W estview P ress, 1991, pp. 3 -7
16

C ernea M ., w ith the assistance of A pril A dam s. S ociology, A nthropology, and D eve lopm ent: A n A nnotated B ibliography of W orld B ank P ublications 1975 - 1993. - W ashin gton: T he W orld B ank, 1994, p. 3
17

. .

18

. ., . . // .
.: . ., . . - .: , 1989

48

 . , ("
"); (" ");
(" , "); (" ").
" " , , .
, 34 , .
" ", 13
" "; 20 , , ( " ");
1
( " ").
.
.
" ,
" , ( )
;
;
;
( "com m unity
developm ent"); ("developm ent studies").
,

( " ")
( "
, ").

49


. -
,
.

,
" ".
; ,
; ( . ),
, ( . ).
" " .
( . )

( ).
, " " .
2, .
, .

, , , , . ,
.
. . ,

50

(van W illigen , 1991)

(C ern ea, 1994)

117 .=100%

142 .=100%

19%

38%

43%

20%

5%

5%

5%

7%

6%

20%

3%

4%

3%

2%

3%

2%

3%

6%

1%

4%

1%

" " ;

, ;

;

.
,
, .
, ,
.

51

 , , . , " "
.

"
" (social im pact assessm ent)
,

, , .

- .
,

( ),
.
, , , , , . ,
, " " -
,
.
" "
, ( , )
. ,
.
,

52

 , , . , , . .


. , , ,
. " ",
, ,
,
" ".
- . -
.
:
( ) ( " "),
,
( "
").
,

,
.
, ,
. , ,

53

 . ,
- ?
, , . (The W orld B ank)
-

(International
B ank
for
R econstruction
and
D evelopm ent).
-
-
1974 . - ,
, .
,
, . 57
30,
, . 18,5% ,
, ,
- 9% , . .
.
: , , 1971 . " , " , 1983 .
19
" " .
20
.

19

C ernea M .M . S ociological W ork w ithin a D evelopm ent A gency: E xperiences in the

W orld B ank. W ashington: T he W orld B ank D iscussion P aper 51, A ugust 1993
20

C ernea, M ichael M . (ed.) P utting P eople F irst: S ociological V ariables in R ural D eve lopm ent. 2nd ed., revised and expanded. - N ew Y ork: O xford U niversity P ress, 1991

54

 21
. .
. - ,
" " , ,
,
(. X II).

. : " ( - . .)
... ,
" (. 37).

.
9
.
. ,
(
, , ) , , .
, : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) , ; 5)
(.16).
. " ", , . " "
. ,
, "
",
-
21

. . . .
// , 1995,
N 2, . 164 -167; Y am skov A . A pplied S ocial R esearch: P utting P eople F irst
//D evelopm ent N ew s, W eekly S upplem ent. - W ashington: T he W orld B ank, June 23,
1995, p. 37

55


. ,
, , (. 24).
.
. ,
. .
. . , . .
.
. ,
. -
- , , ,
. ( ,
)
, , , ,
(. 145). , . , "
". : 1)
; 2) ,
; 3) , ;
4) , (. 154).
: ) , ;
) ; ) ; )
, (. 160).
. . ,
56

 .
,

,
(. 195). . , , , , .

(. 208).
- . ,
, , .

,
. . - , .
, . , , . .
- , . -
. ,

, .
, ( , , ). , . .
. , , ,
,
.
57

 " : " . 68 , 1960 - 1970 . - .

.
" " ( , , ,
,
),
, , " ", " ", " " . .
, ( , ),

.
"
,
..." (. 438 -439) ( ).
. "
" . . . .
,
, , .
-
- .
,
. .
"
", . .
58

( ;
;
)

- , . "
" (rapid rural appraisal) , ( )
, , , ( ) ,
( . . 523 -526).
,
, , ( ) ,
,
. . , 1980 -
. " "
, . , ,
, ( , , ) .
, . , , -
.
, ,
, .
. , , , , , .

59


, ,
.
22
.
,
- " ". ,
.

23
.
20 - , ,
. -
" ", ,
. , 10 , :
( 1989 .)
- .

22

:
F oster G . A pplied A nthropology. - B oston: L ittle & B row n P ress, 1969; E ddy E .,
P artridge W . (eds). A pplied A nthropology in A m erica: P ast C ontributions and F uture D irec- tions. - N ew Y ork: C olum bia U niversity P ress, 1987; G reen E . (ed.). P racticing D evelopm ent A nthropology. - B oulder: W estview P ress, 1986; van W illigen J., R ylko -B auer
B ., M cE lroy A . (eds.). M aking O ur R esear - ch U seful: C ase S tudies in the U tilization of
A nthropological K now ledge. - B oulder: W estview P ress, 1989; W ulff R ., F iske S h. (eds.).
A nth - ropological P raxis: T ranslating K now ledge into A ction. - B oulder: W est- view
P ress, 1987
23

(. ), .

60