Mpif 35 PM Structural 2007

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MPIF Standard 35
Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

Issued 1965
Revised 1974, 1976, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003 and 2007
Scope
MPIF Standard 35 is issued to provide the design and materials engineer with the information necessary for specifying powder metallurgy (PM) materials that have been developed by the PM parts manufacturing industry. This section of Standard 35 deals with conventional PM materials for structural parts. It does not apply to materials for PM self-lubricating bearings, powder forged (P/F) or metal injection molded (MIM) products which are covered in separate editions of MPIF Standard 35. The same materials may appear in more than one section of the standard depending upon their common use, e.g., some structural materials may also be used in bearing applications and vice versa. Each section of this standard is divided into subsections based on the various types of PM materials in common commercial use within that section. Notes at the beginning of each subsection discuss the characteristics of that material. The use of any MPIF Standard is entirely voluntary. MPIF Standards are issued and adopted in the public interest. They are designed to eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer and the purchaser and to assist the purchaser in selecting and obtaining the proper material for a particular product. Existence of MPIF Standards does not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of MPIF from manufacturing or selling products that use materials or testing procedures not included in MPIF Standards. Other such materials may be commercially available. By publication of these Standards, no position is taken with respect to the validity of any patent rights nor does MPIF undertake to ensure anyone utilizing the Standards against liability for infringement of any Letters Patent or accept any such liability. Neither MPIF nor any of its members assumes or accepts any liability resulting from use or non-use of any MPIF Standard. In addition, MPIF does not accept any liability or responsibility for the compliance of any product with any standard, the achievement of any minimum or typical values by any supplier, or for the results of any testing or other procedure undertaken in accordance with any Standard. MPIF Standards are subject to periodic review and may be revised. Users are cautioned to refer to the latest edition. New, approved materials and property data may be posted periodically on the MPIF Website. Between published editions, go to www.mpif.org to access data that will appear in the next printed edition of this standard. Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selection, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes, that may affect the part application.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Copyright 2007 ISBN No. 0-9762057-8-5
Published by Metal Powder Industries Federation 105 College Road East Princeton, New Jersey 08540-6692 U.S.A. Tel: (609) 452-7700 Fax: (609) 987-8523 E-mail: info@mpif.org Website: www.mpif.org
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MPIF Standard 35 - 2007 Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts Explanatory Notes and Definitions
Minimum Value Concept The Metal Powder Industries Federation has adopted the concept of minimum strength values for PM materials for use in a structural application. These strength values may be used in designing for a PM part application. It should be noted that the powder metallurgy process offers equivalent minimum tensile strength values over a wide range of materials. It is seen as an advantage of the process that equivalent strengths can be developed by varying chemical composition, particle configuration, density and/or processing techniques. As an aid to the user in selecting materials, in addition to minimum strength values, typical values for other properties are listed. This makes it possible for the user to select and specify the exact PM material and properties most suitable for a specific application. The data provided define values for listed materials and display typical mechanical properties achieved under commercial manufacturing procedures. Physical and mechanical property performance characteristics may be changed by the use of processing steps beyond those designated in this standard. To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manufacturer. Minimum Value For structural PM materials in the as-sintered condition the minimum value is expressed in terms of the yield strength (0.2% offset method) in thousand pounds per square inch (103 psi) or megapascals (MPa). For structural PM materials in the heat treated condition (quenched and tempered), the minimum value expressed is ultimate tensile strength in thousand pounds per square inch (103 psi) or megapascals (MPa). When PM materials are heat treated, tensile properties and hardness increase; nevertheless, the failure mode is such that 0.2% offset yield points are not always attainable. The yield and ultimate tensile strengths are therefore approximately the same for heat treated materials. (See Heat Treatment and Sinter Hardening page 3). For soft-magnetic materials the maximum value is expressed in terms of the coercive field in oersteds x 10. The tensile properties utilized for establishing this Standard were obtained from tensile specimens prepared specifically for evaluating PM materials. Tensile properties of specimens machined from commercial parts may vary from those obtained from individual specimens prepared specifically for evaluating PM materials. 2 (See MPIF Standard 10 for additional details on tensile test specimens.) What Minimum Value Means When Specifying a PM Material The recommended method of demonstrating minimum strength values is through the use of a static or dynamic proof test (see Proof Testing page 6) by the manufacturer and the purchaser using the first production lot of parts and a mutually agreed upon method of stressing the part. For example, from the design of a given part, it is agreed that the breaking load should be greater than a given force. If that force is exceeded in proof tests, the minimum strength is demonstrated. The first lot of parts can also be tested in service and demonstrated to be acceptable. The static or dynamic load to fracture is determined separately and these data are analyzed statistically to determine a minimum breaking force for future production lots. Exceeding that minimum force on future lots is proof that the specified strength has been met. Acceptable strength can also be demonstrated on tensile or transverse rupture test specimens. These should be of the same lot of material, have the same density as the parts themselves and should be sintered and heat treated along with the production parts. This method becomes less reliable when the parts are much larger than the test specimens. If transverse rupture test specimens are selected as the evaluating medium, manufacturer and purchaser must agree on minimum values because these may be lower than the typical values shown in the tables of data. The least desirable method for demonstrating a minimum property is to machine a test specimen from the part itself. This is particularly difficult with small or heat treated parts. If this method is to be used, manufacturer and purchaser must agree on the location from which the test specimen will be removed. This is necessary because density and strength can vary from point to point in a complex PM multi-level part. The tensile data reported in this specification are based on a 0.190 inch (4.83 mm) diameter gauge section, 1.0 inch (25.4 mm) long for hardened specimens, and 0.140 inch (3.56 mm) thick as-pressed specimens as per Figure 1 in MPIF Standard 10 for as-sintered values. If other sizes are used, it must be demonstrated separately that equivalent results are obtained. Utilization of MPIF Standard 35 to specify a PM material means that unless the purchaser and manufacturer have agreed otherwise, the material will have the minimum value specified in the Standard. It is understood that
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MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts 2007 Edition if a test specimen is used to determine this value it shall have the dimensions and other characteristics determined by the manufacturer and prepared specifically for evaluating such material under conditions equivalent to those used in the manufacture of the part. (See Material Properties beginning on page 10.) Typical Value For each PM material listed, a set of typical values is shown for properties in addition to strength, e.g., density, hardness, elongation, etc., some or all of which may be important for a specific application. Typical values at the densities shown were determined by interpolation and extrapolation of graphs of average mechanical properties versus density. The mechanical property data were derived from interlaboratory studies for the sintering and heat-treating of test bars under commercial conditions. The typical values are listed for general guidance only. They should not be considered minimum values. While achievable through normal manufacturing processing, they may vary somewhat depending upon the area of the component chosen for evaluation, or the specific manufacturing process utilized. Those properties listed under the typical value section for each material which are required by the purchaser should be discussed thoroughly with the PM parts manufacturer before establishing the specification. Required property values, other than those expressed as minimum, should be separately specified for each PM part, based on its intended use. Chemical Composition The chemical composition table for each material lists the principal elements by minimum and maximum mass percentage. Other elements include the total other elements and is reported as a maximum percentage. These may include other minor elements added for specific purposes. The chemical composition table for each material specifies the basic material before any oil impregnation, resin impregnation, steam treating or other such process has taken place. Mechanical Properties Mechanical property data indicate the minimum and typical properties that may be expected from test specimens conforming to the density and chemical composition criteria listed. It should be understood that mechanical properties used in this Standard were derived from individual test specimens prepared specifically for material evaluation and sintered under commercial production conditions. The impact energy (unnotched Charpy) and transverse rupture strength data were derived from standard test specimens designed for this purpose. (See MPIF Standards 40 and 41 for additional details.) Hardness values of heat treated specimens are given first as apparent hardness and second, when available, as microindentation hardness values. Microindentation 3 hardness values shown as Rockwell C were converted from 100 g load (0.981 N) Knoop microindentation hardness measurements. (See MPIF Standard 51.) Heat Treatment Ferrous PM parts containing 0.3% or higher combined carbon can be quench-hardened and tempered for increased strength, hardness and wear resistance. The percentages of carbon and other alloying elements effectively combined in the material and its density, determine the degree of hardening possible for any given quench condition. Microindentation hardness values of 650 HK 100 g (56 HRC) and higher can be obtained by quench hardening. The recommended procedure for heat treatment and/ or carburization of ferrous PM parts is with a gas type atmosphere or vacuum. The use of liquid salts is not recommended because of the possibility of surface absorption and subsequent bleed-out of the salts and internal corrosion. Low density parts may carburize throughout while higher density parts (7.0 g/cm3 or higher) may develop a carburized case. Process control is necessary to ensure that specified carbon levels are maintained. (See MPIF Standard 52 for additional details.) Tempering or stress relief is required after quenching for maximum strength and durability; typically one (1) hour at temperature per 1 in. (25.4 mm) of section thickness. A compromise between hardness and such properties as impact energy is necessary because the tempering temperature to achieve surface hardness will not necessarily provide optimum strength properties. The tempering temperature is a major factor in determining final hardness. Sinter Hardening Some PM materials may, in effect, be quench hardened during the cooling cycle following sintering; this is known as sinter hardening. This is especially the case with prealloyed nickel, molybdenum and manganese steels containing admixed copper. It is also true for martensitic stainless steels. Tempering or stress relief after hardening is required for maximum strength and durability. Surface Finish The overall finish and surface reflectivity of PM materials depends on density, tool condition and secondary operations. Conventional profilometer readings give an erroneous impression of surface finish because a different surface condition exists from that found on the machined or ground surfaces of wrought materials. Conventional readings take into account the peaks and valleys of machined surfaces, while PM parts have a series of very smooth surfaces that are interrupted with varying sized pores. Effective surface smoothness of PM components compares favorably with ground or ground and polished surfaces of wrought and cast components. Surface finish can be improved further by secondary operations such as
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MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts 2007 Edition repressing, honing, burnishing or grinding. The surface finish requirements and methods of determination must be established by mutual agreement between purchaser and producer, considering end use of the part. (See MPIF Standard 58 for additional details.) Microstructure The examination of the microstructure of a PM part can serve as a diagnostic tool and reveal the degree of sintering and other metallurgical information critical to the powder metallurgy process. There are several observations common to most sintered materials, as described briefly below. Comments on specific materials will be found in the subsections devoted to those particular materials. In selecting a section of a PM part for microstructural analysis, an interior plane, parallel to the pressing direction is preferred for mounting and polishing. Coarse and fine polishing should be continued until all of the pores are opened to view and the area fraction of porosity represents the density of the part. For example, an 80% dense part should show 20% of its area as pores. Parts with interconnected porosity can be impregnated with liquid epoxy during preparation of the specimen for microstructural examination. This will help prevent distortion of the voids during grinding or polishing. Sintered parts are always examined first in the unetched condition. In an average sinter there will be very few or no original particle boundaries seen at 200X. The more rounded the pores, the higher the strength, ductility and impact resistance. For mixes of iron and carbon with low nickel and copper content, the approximate carbon content can be estimated by the area fraction of pearlite. For an iron-copper carbon alloy with less than 5% copper, one hundred percent pearlite corresponds to approximately 0.8% combined carbon. Lesser amounts of pearlite mean proportionally less carbon. In nickel steels, even with only 2 to 4% by mass of nickel, the nickel-rich areas occupy a substantial area fraction. These should be discounted in estimating the area fraction of pearlite. The nickel-rich areas should not be confused with ferrite. Loss of surface carbon is generally to be avoided because of the lower hardness and wear resistance. If a part is to have 0.6-0.9% carbon, decarburization is indicated if a surface layer measures less than 0.6% carbon. Minor amounts of surface decarburization are seldom a problem but if the layer is deeper than 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) it may be necessary to prove that function has not been impaired. (See ASTM E 1077 for measuring the depth of decarburization.) Heat treated ferrous parts generally show a mixture of martensite and fine pearlite. This is particularly true for the PM nickel and carbon steels that are of low hardenability. The maximum tensile strength has been found to occur in parts with 10% to 35% fine pearlite. The prealloyed steels usually show all martensite because of their greater hard4 enability. The formation of a carbide network embrittles the martensite in a hardened part and is generally to be avoided. Minor amounts of carbide in the outer 0.005 inch (0.13 mm) of parts usually cause no problem. Minor amounts of retained austenite toughen the martensitic structure and usually cause no problem. Higher percentages are generally avoided because retained austenite can transform to brittle martensite in service. In preparing PM specimens for microstructural examination, the following etchants and procedures are recommended. Ferrous parts containing carbon are generally etched in 2% nital or concentrated picral. Austenitic stainless steel may be etched in glyceregia (10 mL HNO3, 20 mL HCI, 30 mL glycerine) by swabbing for one to two minutes. Discard the solution after 30 minutes. Marbles reagent may also be used (10 grams Cu2SO4, 50 mL HCI, 50 mL H2O). Swab 5 to 60 seconds. To develop grain boundaries in small grain clusters in bronze, etch by swabbing for 10 to 20 seconds in a mixture of 2 grams of K2Cr2O7, 4 mL of concentrated NaCl solution, 8 mL of H2SO4, 100 mL of H2O. To develop a red color in copper-rich regions in bronze, etch by swabbing 10 to 20 seconds in 4% FeCl3 and H2O. For etching brasses, swab for 20 seconds in a solution of 5 mL of NH4OH, three drops of H2O2, 5 mL of H2O. This solution is unstable and should be replaced after 20 minutes of usage. The K2Cr2O7 solution may also be used on nickel silver. PM Material Code Designation The PM material code designation or identifying code in the case of structural PM parts defines a specific material as to chemical composition and minimum strength expressed in 103 psi. For example, FC-0208-60 is a PM copper steel material containing nominal 2% copper and 0.8% combined carbon possessing a minimum yield strength of 60 X 103 psi (60,000 psi) (410 MPa) in the assintered condition. A coding system offers a convenient means for designating both the chemical composition and minimum strength value of any standard PM material. It is based on the system established by the industry with the addition of a two-or three-digit suffix representing minimum strength in place of a suffix letter indicating density range. The density is given for each standard material as one of the typical values. Code designations in this Standard and revisions thereof apply only to PM materials for which MPIF Standards have been adopted. In order to avoid confusion, the MPIF coding system is intended for use only with such materials and should not be used to create non-standard materials. The explanatory notes, property values, and other contents of this Standard have no application to any other materials. In the coding system, the prefix letters denote the general type of material. For example, the prefix CT represents copper (C) and tin (T) which is known as bronze.
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MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts 2007 Edition Prefix Letter Code A Aluminum C Copper CT Bronze CNZ Nickel Silver CZ Brass F Iron FC Iron-Copper or Copper Steel FD Diffusion-Alloyed Steel FF Soft-Magnetic Iron FL Prealloyed Ferrous material except Stainless Steel FN Iron-Nickel or Nickel Steel FS Iron Silicon FX Copper-Infiltrated Iron or Steel FY Iron Phosphorus G Free graphite M Manganese N Nickel P Lead S Silicon SS Stainless Steel (prealloyed) T Tin U Sulfur Y Phosphorus Z Zinc NOTE: When a clear pearlite to ferrite ratio cannot be determined metallographically, such as with heat treated steels and materials made from prealloyed base powders or diffusion-alloyed powders, then determination of combined carbon by normal metallographic methods is not practical. It is recommended that the carbon content of these materials should be reported as total carbon using the combustion method (ASTM E 1019). The test method used should be identified in the report and identified as metallurgically combined carbon or total carbon. While total carbon will approximate the combined carbon in many materials, free graphite and other carbonaceous material will raise the total carbon content above the level of combined carbon, possibly causing the total carbon content to exceed the combined carbon level specified for the material. Illustration of PM ferrous material designation coding:
% Major Alloying Element Minimum Yield Strength
Prefix and Numeric Code The numeric code following the prefix letter code refer to the composition of the material. In nonferrous materials, the first two numbers in the numeric code designate the percentage of the major alloying constituent. The last two numbers of the numeric code designate the percentage of the minor alloying constitutent. For improved machinability lead is sometimes the third alloying element in a nonferrous alloy system. Lead will only be indicated by the letter P in the prefix. The percentage of lead or any other minor alloying element that is excluded from the numeric code is represented in the Chemical Composition that appears with each standard material. Illustration of PM nonferrous material designation coding:
% Major Alloying Element Minimum Yield Strength
PM Nickel Steel:
FN
Basic Element
02 05
% Combined Carbon
35
PM Nickel Silver:
CNZP
Basic Element
18 16
% Minor Alloying Element
13
In ferrous materials, the major alloying elements (except combined carbon) are included in the prefix letter code. Other elements are excluded from the code but are represented in the Chemical Composition that appears with each Standard material. The first two digits of the numeric code indicate the percentage of the major alloying constituent present. Combined carbon content in ferrous materials is designated by the last two digits in the numeric code. The individual chemical composition tables show limits of carbon content for each alloy. The range of carbon that is metallurgically combined is indicated by the coding system. The combined carbon level can be estimated metallographically for sintered PM steels that have a well defined ferrite/pearlite microstructure. For compositions with very low allowable carbon levels (< 0.08 %) total carbon determined analytically (ASTM E 1019) is the recommended method.
In the case of PM stainless steels and PM prealloyed low-alloy steels, the numeric code is replaced with a designation derived from modifications of the American Iron and Steel Institute alloy coding system, e.g., SS-316L-15, FL-4605-100HT. When a prealloyed steel powder is modified with elemental additions to create a hybrid low-alloy steel or a sinter-hardened steel, an alpha-numeric designator is used, e.g. FLN-4205-40, FLN2-4405-12HT or FLN4C-4005-60. If the base prealloyed composition has been modified (slight change to increase or decrease one or two elements) then a numeric designator will be added to the material designation code immediately after the first two digits for the prealloyed grade, e.g., FLC-48108-50HT. As with other PM materials, the suffix number denotes the specified minimum strength value expressed in 103 psi. In the case of soft-magnetic alloys, the phosphorus containing irons are treated differently, since the amount of phosphorus is usually less than 1%. To indicate more accurately the nominal amount of phosphorus the code takes the nominal percent phosphorus, multiplies by 100 and uses this number for the first two digits in the code. The last two digits remain 00 since no carbon is required. For example, the iron-0.45% phosphorus alloy would be designated as: FY-4500. Suffix Digit Code The two- or three-digit suffix represents the minimum strength value, expressed in 103 psi, that the user can expect from the PM material possessing that chemical composition. In the as-sintered condition the strength is tensile yield; in the heat treated condition, it is ultimate tensile. (See Minimum Value page 2.) 5
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MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts 2007 Edition
Examples of PM Material Designation Coding Material PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM Bronze Nickel Silver Nickel Silver Brass Brass Iron Steel Copper Steel Nickel Steel Infiltrated Iron Infiltrated Steel Phosphorus Iron Stainless Steel (austenitic) Stainless Steel (martensitic) 4600 Steel (prealloyed) 4200 Steel (hybrid low-alloy) Compositions by Percent Cu-90, Cu-64, Cu-64, Cu-90, Cu-78, Sn-10 Ni-18, Zn-18 Ni-18, Zn-16, Pb-2 Zn-10 Zn-20, Pb-2 Complete Code for Material, Composition & Minimum Strength (103 psi) CT-1000-13 CNZ-1818-17 CNZP-1816-13 CZ-1000-11 CZP-2002-12 As-sintered F-0000-20 F-0008-35 FC-0208-60 FN-0205-35 FX-2000-25 FX-2008-60 FY-4500-20W SS-316N1-25 FL-4605-45 FLN-4205-40
Fe, 99, C-0.2 Fe, 98, C-0.8 Fe, 96, Cu-2, C-0.8 Fe, 96, Ni-2, C-0.5 Fe, 78, Cu-20 Fe, 77, Cu-20, C-0.8 Fe, P-0.45 AISI 316 (modified) AISI 410 (modified) AISI 4600 (modified), C-0.5 AISI 4200 (modified), Ni-1.5, C-0.5
Heat Treated F-0008-85HT FC-0208-95HT FN-0205-180HT FX-2008-90HT SS-410-90HT FL-4605-140HT FLN-4205-105HT
Suffix Letter Code When the code designation HT appears after the suffix digits it is understood that the PM material specified has been quench hardened and tempered and that the strength represented is ultimate tensile in 103 psi. In the case of the soft-magnetic alloys the suffix does NOT designate yield or tensile strength, but rather the maximum coercive field (10 times the value in oersteds) and an alphabetic designator for the minimum density as follows: Minimum Designator Density (g/cm3) U 6.5 V 6.7 W 6.9 X 7.1 Y 7.3 Z 7.4 For example, a pure iron material at a minimum density of 6.9 g/cm3 and coercive field of 2.3 Oe would be designated as F-0000-23W. The iron-0.45% phosphorus alloy at a 7.1 g/cm3 minimum density and coercive field of 2.0 Oe would be designated as FY-4500-20X. Grade Selection Before a particular grade of material can be selected, a careful analysis is required of the design of the part and its end use, including dimensional tolerances and an analysis of part design versus tool design. In addition, the final property requirement of the finished part should be considered, e.g., static and dynamic loading, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, machinability, brazability, pressure tightness and any other requirements pertinent to the application. It is recommended that all of the above 6
aspects be subjects of discussion between the manufacturer and the purchaser prior to the final grade selection. (See Powder Metallurgy Design Manual published by the Metal Powder Industries Federation.) Proof Testing It is highly recommended that a proof test and/or destructive test method be established between the purchaser and the PM parts manufacturer to ensure that the actual PM part meets the intent of the design. If possible, this test should be related to the actual function of the part, e.g., gear tooth break load, crush test, pull test, etc. It may require a special fixture or sub-assembly for use by both the PM parts manufacturer and the purchaser. Establishment of values should be determined by actual testing of production lots. It is recommended that such tests supplement the material specification designated on the engineering drawing. Chemical Analysis The chemical composition of PM materials is determined by standard analytical test methods, such as optical emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, or titration/gavimetric (see ASTM standards for appropriate test methods). For the elements carbon, nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur the ASTM E 1019 test method describes appropriate combustion-infra-red absorption and inert gas fusion methods. The carbon method of ASTM E 1019 determines total carbon content, that may include both metallurgically combined carbon (in steel) as well as free carbon (such as soot, oil or graphite). Metallurgically combined carbon can be estimated metallographically for sintered structural steels with a micro-
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MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts 2007 Edition structure of ferrite and pearlite. For compositions with very low allowable carbon levels (< 0.08 %) total carbon is the recommended method. If chemical composition is critical to the product application then identification of the appropriate analytical test method should be agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser during contract review. Density Density is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). Dry density is the mass per unit volume of an unimpregnated PM part. Wet density is the mass per unit volume of a PM part impregnated with oil or other nonmetallic materials. Normally, density of structural components is reported on a dry basis and density of bearings on a fully impregnated basis. A method commonly used is as follows: Aw Aw D = ________ = ________ B-C+E B - (C-E) Where: D = density, in grams per cubic centimeter, A = mass of the unimpregnated sample in air, in grams, B = mass of the oil impregnated sample in air, in grams, C = mass of the oil impregnated sample immersed in water, in grams, and E = mass (tare) of suspending wire or basket, in water, in grams. w = density of water at test temperature, in grams per cubic centimeter. Note 1. Mass A, B and C shall be determined to within 0.1 percent. Note 2. The effect of the surface tension of water in weighing the test sample should be minimized by the addition of a wetting agent to the water in the amount of 0.05 to 0.1 volume percent. Note 3. Water density may usually be approximated as 1 gram per cubic centimeter; at usual 66 F72 F (19 C-22 C) test temperatures, a density of 0.998 grams per cubic centimeter is more precise. (See MPIF Standard 42 for additional details.) Density, and therefore mechanical properties, may vary within a PM part. The location of critical areas should be identified on the engineering drawing. Transverse Rupture Strength Transverse rupture strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa), is the stress, calculated from the bending strength formula, required to break a specimen of a given dimension. The specimen is supported near the ends with a load applied midway between the fixed centerline of the supports. From the value of the break load, the transverse rupture strength can be calculated as follows: 3XPXL 1 S = _________ x ____ 2 2 X T X W 1000 7 Where: S = transverse rupture strength, in 103 psi (MPa), P = break load in pounds (N), L = distance between the supporting members of the test fixture, in inches (mm) (usually 1.000 inch) (25.4 mm), T = thickness of the piece in inches (mm), and W = width of the piece, in inches (mm). This strength formula is strictly valid only for non-ductile materials; nevertheless, it is widely used for materials that bend before fracture, and is useful for establishing comparative strengths. Data for such materials are included as typical properties in this Standard. (See MPIF Standard 41 for additional details.) Impact Energy Impact energy, measured in foot-pounds (J), is a measurement of the energy absorbed in fracturing a specimen with a single blow. The unnotched Charpy specimen is most commonly used in powder metallurgy. (See MPIF Standard 40 for additional details.) Ultimate Tensile Strength Ultimate tensile strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa), is the ability of a test specimen to resist fracture when a pulling force is applied in a direction parallel to its longitudinal axis. It is equal to the maximum load divided by the original cross-sectional area. (See MPIF Standard 10 for additional details.) Yield Strength Yield strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa), is the load at which a material exhibits a 0.2% offset from proportionality on a stress-strain curve in tension divided by the original cross-sectional area. (See MPIF Standard 10 for additional details.) Elongation Elongation (plastic), expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length (usually 1.0 in.) (25.4 mm), is based on measuring the increase in gauge length after the fracture, providing the fracture takes place within the gauge length. Elongation can also be measured with a breakaway extensometer on the tensile specimen. The recorded stress strain curve displays total elongation (elastic and plastic). The elastic strain at the 0.2% yield strength must be subtracted from the total elongation to give the plastic elongation. Compressive Yield Strength Compressive yield strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa), is the stress at which a material exhibits a specified permanent set. The 0.1% permanent offset was measured utilizing a clip-on extensometer on a 0.375 inch (9.53 mm) diameter by 1.05 inch (26.7 mm) long specimen.
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MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts 2007 Edition For certain heat treated steels listed in the data tables, the hardenability of the alloy is not sufficient to completely through-harden the 0.375 inch (9.53 mm) diameter test specimen. Due to variation in hardenability among the heat treated steels listed in the data tables, the compressive yield strength data are appropriate only for 0.375 inch (9.53 mm) sections. Typically, smaller cross sections have higher compressive yield strengths and larger sections somewhat lower strengths due to the hardenability response. Since the cross section of the tensile yield test specimen is smaller than the compressive yield specimen a direct correspondence between tensile and compressive yield strength data is not possible. Shear Strength The yield strength in shear for a limited number of PM steel alloys (both sintered and heat treated) was determined using a hollow torsional specimen. The results found the shear yield equal to 55% of the tensile yield for these materials, confirming the established ratio for wrought steels. Macrohardness (Apparent) The hardness value of a PM part when using a conventional indentation hardness tester is referred to as apparent hardness because it represents a combination of matrix hardness plus the effect of porosity. Apparent hardness measures the resistance to indentation or brinelling. Following is a recommended procedure for measuring the apparent hardness of a PM material: A. Specify a region for evaluation. B. Remove any burrs that might affect the indentation hardness reading both on indentor and support surfaces. C. Obtain a minimum of five hardness readings per part, eliminating gross anomalies. D. Average the readings. E. Report the average results to the nearest whole number. Because of possible density variations in a finished PM part, the location of critical apparent hardness measurements should be specified on the engineering drawing of the purchased part. The manufacturer and purchaser should agree on the hardness, the measuring procedure, and the hardness scale, e.g., HRB or HRC, for each part tested. Also, because of the effect of possible void closure as a result of polishing or machining, on hardness readings, the surface condition should be specified and agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. (See MPIF Standard 43 for additional details.) Microindentation Hardness Microindentation hardness is determined by utilizing Knoop (HK) or Vickers (HV) indentors with a microindentation hardness tester. It measures the true hardness of the structure by eliminating the effect of porosity, and thus is a measure of resistance to abrasive and adhesive wear. Microindentation hardness measurements are convertible 8 to equivalent Rockwell hardness values for comparison with other materials. Care should be taken in converting Knoop to HRC because the conversion chart listed in ASTM E 140 is based on a 500 gf load, while the recommended load for a PM material is 100 gf. A description of the microstructure must be reported. The specimen shall be polished to reveal the porosity and lightly etched to view the phases in the microstructure and to determine where to place the hardness indentation. If the indentor strikes an undisclosed pore, the diamond mark will exhibit curved edges and the reading must be discarded. Since the data tend to be scattered compared with pore-free material, it is recommended that a minimum of 5 indentations be made, anomalous readings discarded, and an average taken of the remainder. (See MPIF Standard 51 for additional details.) Fatigue Limit and Fatigue Strength Fatigue strength, expressed in units of 103 psi (MPa), is the maximum alternating stress that can be sustained for a specific number of cycles without failure, the stress being reversed with each cycle unless otherwise stated. The number of cycles survived should be stated with each strength listed. The fatigue limit is the stress sustainable for an indefinite number of cycles, and no cycle number is given. For PM ferrous materials, like wrought ferrous materials, fatigue strengths of 107 cycles duration using smooth, unnotched specimens on R. R. Moore testing machines are considered to be sustainable indefinitely and are therefore stated as fatigue limits (also termed endurance limits). By contrast, nonferrous PM materials do not have 107 cycle maximum fatigue strengths sustainable for indefinite times and therefore these stress limits remain as simply the 107 cycle fatigue strengths. The fatigue limits in this standard were generated through statistical analysis of rotating bending fatigue strength data. Due to the limited number of data points available for the analysis, these fatigue limits were determined as the 90% survival stress, i.e. the fatigue stress at which 90% of the test specimens survived 107 cycles. Elastic Constants Data for the elastic constants in this standard were generated from resonant frequency testing. An equation relating the three elastic constants is: E = ___ 1 2G Youngs Modulus (E) Youngs modulus, expressed in 106 psi (GPa), is the ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below the proportional limit of the material. Shear Modulus (G) Shear modulus, expressed in 106 psi (GPa), is the ratio
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MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts 2007 Edition of shear stress to corresponding shear strain below the proportional limit of the material. Poissons Ratio () Poissons ratio is the absolute value of the ratio of transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit of the material. Soft-Magnetic Alloys This standard includes four characteristic properties of soft-magnetic materials, measured under DC magnetization conditions. These properties are illustrated in the graph and described below: Bm is the maximum magnetic induction measured in the material at a specific magnetizing field. For this standard the Bm value was measured at a field of 15 Oe. Br is the remnant magnetic induction that remains in the material after the magnetizing field has been reduced to zero from the maximum applied field. Hc is the coercive field strength or magnetic field remaining in the material when the magnetic induction has been decreased to zero. max is the maximum slope of the initial magnetization curve. SI Units (See page 58.) Data were determined in inch-pound units and converted to SI units in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10. Engineering Information (See page 59.) Hardenability See page 60. Axial Fatigue See page 62. Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) See page 63. Machinability See page 64. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) See page 65. Fracture Toughness See page 65. Corrosion Resistance See page 66. Steam Oxidation of Ferrous PM Materials See page 67. Guidelines for Specifying a PM Part See page 70. 9
Idealized Magnetic Hysteresis Curve

Reference: Soft Magnetism, Fundamentals for Powder Metallurgy and Metal Injection Molding, Chaman Lall, Metal Powder Industries Federation, 1992, p. 11.
Comparable Standards Standards for powder metallurgy structural and softmagnetic parts have been issued by both ASTM and ISO. The ASTM standards for structural parts were adapted from MPIF Standard 35 and use the MPIF nomenclature system. The ISO standards provide information on various powder metallurgy materials. ASTM B 783 Standard Specification for Materials for Ferrous Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Structural Parts ASTM B 823 Standard Specification for Materials for Nonferrous Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Structural Parts ASTM A 811 Standard Specification for Soft Magnetic Iron Parts Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Techniques ASTM A 839 Standard Specification for Iron-Phosphorus Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Parts for Soft Magnetic Applications ASTM A 904 Standard Specification for 50 Nickel-50 Iron Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Soft Magnetic Parts ISO 5755 Sintered Metal Materials-Specifications IEC 404-8-9 Standard Specification for Soft Magnetic Materials Additional PM materials and properties are under development. When available, data will be published in subsequent editions of this standard. New, approved materials and property data may be posted periodically on the MPIF Website. Between published editions, go to www.mpif.org to access data that will appear in the next printed edition of this standard.
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PM Structural Material Section2007
MPIF Standard 35
Iron and Carbon Steel

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from elemental iron powders that are essentially free of other alloying elements except carbon. Material Characteristics These materials are manufactured by pressing and sintering iron powder with or without graphite additions to introduce carbon. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, it may be reached by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Application Unalloyed PM iron (F-0000) materials are typically used for lightly loaded structural applications and also for structural parts requiring self-lubrication when strength is not critical. At high densities, unalloyed iron is used for softmagnetic applications. (See pages 32 and 56.) PM carbon steel (F-0005) materials are used primarily where moderate strength and hardness combined with machinability (drilling, tapping, lathe turning, milling, etc.) are desired. PM steels with higher carbon content (F-0008) are used when loading is moderate. F-0008 is more difficult to machine than F-0005. F-0008 and F-0005 materials may be heat treated to enhance strength and wear resistance. They may also be steam treated for improved shelf life, pore closure and to increase hardness. All of the iron and carbon steel materials with densities of 7.0 g/cm3 or less may be oil impregnated when selflubricating properties are required. Microstructure The carbon content of a sintered structure can be estimated metallographically from the area fraction of pearlite where 100% pearlite is equivalent to approximately 0.8% carbon. Carbon dissolves rapidly in iron; therefore, after about five minutes at 1900 F (1038 C) it is unusual to see uncombined carbon.
Chemical Composition, % Iron and Carbon Steel Material Designation F-0000 F-0005 F-0008 Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. C 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition. (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3). (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT) materials: 350 F (177 C). N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selection, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
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PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) TENSILE PROPERTIES
Material Designation Code Minimum Strength (A) (E) Yield Ultimate 103 psi Yield Strength (0.2%) 103 psi
T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
Unnotched Charpy Impact Energy ft lbf Transverse Rupture Strength 103 psi Compressive Yield Strength (0.1%) 103 psi
HARDNESS
Microindentation (converted) Fatigue Limit 90% Survival 103 psi
Ultimate Strength 103 psi
Elongation (in 1 in.) %
Young's Modulus 106 psi
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
F-0000 -10 -15 -20 F-0005 -15 -20 -25
10 15 20 15 20 25 50 60 70 20 25 30 35 55 65 75 85
18 25 38 24 32 38 60 70 80 29 35 42 57 65 75 85 95
13 18 25 18 23 28 (D) 25 30 35 40 (D)
1.5 2.5 7.0 <1.0 1.0 1.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5
15.0 17.5 23.5 15.0 16.5 19.5 16.5 18.5 20.5 12.5 16.0 16.5 20.5 16.5 16.5 19.5 21.5
0.25 0.25 0.28 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27
3.0 6.0 35.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 3.5 4.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 5.0
36 50 95 48 64 76 105 120 140 51 61 74 100 100 115 130 145
16 18 19 18 23 28 43 52 61 28 31 31 36 70 80 90 100
40 HRF 60 80 25 HRB 40 55
N/D
7 10 14 9 12 15 23 27 32 11 14 17 25 26 30 34 38
6.1 6.7 7.3 6.1 6.6 6.9 6.6 6.8 7.0 5.8 6.2 6.6 7.0 6.3 6.6 6.9 7.1
N/D
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F-0005 -50HT -60HT -70HT F-0008 -20 -25 -30 -35 F-0008 -55HT -65HT -75HT -85HT
20 HRC 58 HRC 22 58 25 58 35 HRB 50 60 70 N/D
22 HRC 60 HRC 28 60 32 60 35 60
2007 Edition Approved: 1984
Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000
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MPIF Standard 35
Iron-Copper and Copper Steel

This subsection covers PM materials produced from admixtures of elemental iron powder and elemental copper powder with or without graphite powder (carbon). The proportions of each depend on the strength levels required and whether the material is to be used in the as-sintered or heat treated condition. Material Characteristics Because graphite diffuses readily into an iron powder matrix during sintering, combined carbon of 0.8% or more is attainable. Copper powder is added to increase strength, hardness and wear resistance. Wear resistance can be enhanced by heat treatment. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Application PM iron-copper and copper-steel materials find wide usage in medium strength structural applications. Copper contents of 2% are typical. When secondary machining is required, combined carbon contents of less than 0.5% should be specified. Material in this category also can be heat treated to increase strength and wear resistance. Higher copper content materials (in the range of 5%) are recommended when maximum wear resistance is required and when heat treating is not practical. Low density parts can be oil-impregnated for self-lubrication in use. Microstructure Admixed copper powder melts at approximately 1980 F (1082 C), flows between the iron particles and into small pores, and thus helps the sintering of the steel. Normally sintered alloys with 2% copper show little or no undissolved copper. At higher percentages, the copper will be seen as a separate phase. The copper dissolves in the iron but does not penetrate to the center of the larger iron particles. When copper melts, it diffuses or migrates leaving behind fairly large pores. These pores remain and can easily be seen in the microstructure.
Chemical Composition, % Iron-Copper and Copper Steel Material Designation FC-0200 Fe Cu C Element
Bal. 1.5 0.0 Minimum Bal. 3.9 0.3 Maximum Bal. 1.5 0.3 Minimum FC-0205 Bal. 3.9 0.6 Maximum Bal. 1.5 0.6 Minimum FC-0208 Bal. 3.9 0.9 Maximum Bal. 4.0 0.3 Minimum FC-0505 Bal. 6.0 0.6 Maximum Bal. 4.0 0.6 Minimum FC-0508 Bal. 6.0 0.9 Maximum Bal. 7.0 0.6 Minimum FC-0808 Bal. 9.0 0.9 Maximum Bal. 9.0 0.0 Minimum FC-1000 Bal. 11.0 0.3 Maximum Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes.
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ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
FC-0200 -15 -18 -21 -24 FC-0205 -30 -35 -40 -45 FC-0205 -60HT -70HT -80HT -90HT FC-0208 -30 -40 -50 -60 FC-0208 -50HT -65HT -80HT -95HT FC-0505 -30 -40 -50 FC-0508 -40 -50 -60 FC-0808 -45 FC-1000 -20
15 18 21 24 30 35 40 45 60 70 80 90 30 40 50 60 50 65 80 95 30 40 50 40 50 60 45 20
25 28 31 34 35 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 35 50 60 75 65 75 90 105 44 58 71 58 68 82 55 30
20 23 26 29 35 40 45 50 (D)
35 45 55 65 (D)
36 47 56 50 60 70 50 26
1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 <0.5 <1.0
14.0 16.5 16.5 19.5 14.0 16.5 17.5 21.5 16.0 15.5 18.5 20.5 12.5 16.5 17.5 22.5 15.0 17.5 18.5 21.5 12.5 16.5 17.5 13.0 16.5 18.5 14.0 14.0
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.27
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 <2.0 3.0 5.0 8.0 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 <2.0 2.0 5.0 7.0 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 3.0 4.5 5.0 3.0 3.5 4.5 3.0 3.5
45 51 56 63 60 75 95 115 95 110 120 135 60 90 125 155 95 110 130 150 77 102 124 100 120 145 85 53
18 21 23 26 35 40 45 50 57 71 86 95 40 45 50 55 58 72 91 105 50 54 58 58 63 68 62 33
60 65 26 36 37 48 60 72 99 25 31 36 50 61 73 84 20 27 35 43 51 62 72 60 68 80 65
HRF HRF HRB HRB HRB
N/D
N/D
HRB HRC HRC HRC HRB
58 HRC 58 58 58 N/D
HRC 60 HRC 60 60 60 HRB N/D HRB N/D HRB N/D N/D
10 11 12 13 13 15 21 31 27 30 34 38 13 17 23 33 25 30 35 40 17 22 27 22 26 31 21 11
6.0 6.3 6.6 6.9 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.1 6.2 6.5 6.8 7.0 5.8 6.3 6.7 7.2 6.1 6.4 6.8 7.1 5.8 6.3 6.7 5.9 6.3 6.8 6.0 6.0
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MPIF Standard 35
Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from admixtures of elemental iron powder, elemental nickel powder and graphite powder (carbon), if required. Nickel additions are typically in the range of 1 to 4%. If no carbon is present the product is designated PM iron-nickel. The proportions of each element used will depend on the strength levels required and whether the material is to be used in the as-sintered or heat treated condition. Other elements, such as molybdenum, also may be admixed when appropriate, within the ranges shown for other elements. Material Characteristics Unlike carbon, complete diffusion of nickel into the iron matrix is not attained with normal commercial sintering cycles. The heterogeneous metallurgical structures developed contain nickel-rich phases which can impart significant improvements in toughness, tensile properties and hardenability. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Application PM nickel steels are used typically for heat-treatable structural parts requiring the combination of strength, wear resistance and impact properties. Microstructure The fine nickel powder mixed with the iron and graphite normally do not completely diffuse during ordinary sintering. As-sintered nickel steels show light colored, austenitic nickel-rich islands with needles of martensite or bainite around their edges. Sintering at elevated temperatures, above 2100 F (1149 C), will reduce the volume fraction of austenitic nickel-rich islands. In the heat treated condition, the nickel-rich islands are light colored, austenitic at their center and with martensitic needles at the peripheries (viewed at 1000X). This heterogeneous structure is normal. The matrix is martensite and, depending on quenching rate, 0-35% fine pearlite.
Chemical Composition, % Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel Material Designation FN-0200 FN-0205 FN-0208 FN-0405 FN-0408 Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Ni 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 5.5 C 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 Cu 0.0 2.5 0.0 2.5 0.0 2.5 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
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ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
FN-0200 -15 -20 -25 FN-0205 -20 -25 -30 -35 FN-0205 -80HT -105HT -130HT -155HT -180HT FN-0208 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50 FN-0208 -80HT -105HT -130HT -155HT -180HT FN-0405 -25 -35 -45 FN-0405 -80HT -105HT -130HT -155HT -180HT FN-0408 -35 -45 -55
15 20 25 20 25 30 35 80 105 130 155 180 30 35 40 45 50 80 105 130 155 180 25 35 45 80 105 130 155 180 35 45 55
25 35 40 40 50 60 70 90 120 145 160 185 45 55 70 80 90 90 120 145 170 195 40 60 90 85 110 135 160 185 45 65 80
17 25 30 25 30 35 40
(D)
35 40 45 50 55
(D)
30 40 50
(D)
40 50 60
3.0 5.0 10.0 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 3.0 4.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
16.5 20.5 23.5 16.5 19.5 22.5 24.5 16.5 19.5 21.5 22.5 24.5 17.5 19.5 21.5 23.5 24.5 17.5 19.5 20.5 22.5 24.5 15.5 20.5 24.5 15.5 18.5 20.5 23.5 24.5 15.5 19.5 22.5
0.25 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.28
10.0 20.0 50.0 6.0 12.0 21.0 34.0 3.5 4.5 6.0 7.0 9.5 5.5 8.0 11.0 16.0 21.0 4.0 4.5 5.5 7.0 8.0 4.5 14.5 33.5 4.0 5.0 6.5 9.5 13.0 4.0 7.5 11.0
50 80 105 65 100 125 150 120 160 190 215 250 85 105 130 155 170 120 150 185 220 250 65 120 175 115 145 200 245 280 75 115 150
16 18 20 25 30 35 40 60 80 100 120 140 35 40 45 50 55 99 124 136 162 188 33 40 45 67 89 103 124 132 37 50 59
55 75 80 44 59 69 78 23 29 33 36 40 63 71 77 83 88 26 31 35 39 42 49 71 84 99 25 31 37 40 67 78 87
HRF N/D HRB N/D HRC 55 HRC 55 55 55 55 HRB N/D
HRC 57 HRC 57 57 57 57 HRB N/D HRB HRC HRC HRC HRC HRB 55 HRC 55 55 55 55 N/D
10 13 15 14 18 22 26 26 35 42 47 54 16 20 25 28 32 29 38 46 54 62 14 22 32 26 34 42 49 57 16 23 28
6.6 7.0 7.3 6.6 6.9 7.2 7.4 6.6 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.4 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.4 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.4 6.5 7.0 7.4 6.5 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.4 6.5 6.9 7.2
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MPIF Standard 35
Prealloyed Steel
(formerly Low-Alloy Steel)
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybdenum, manganese and chromium as the major alloying elements. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed with the prealloyed steel powder to provide the necessary level of carbon in the final material. Material Characteristics Prealloyed steel powders are normally used in medium to high density PM applications. These materials provide greater hardenability than is possible with admixed copper or nickel steels. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Chemical Composition, % Prealloyed Steel
Prealloy
Application Prealloyed steels are used typically where high performance materials capable of being heat treated are required. These alloys will provide high strength and wear resistance after heat treatment. Microstructure The eutectoid product in the as-sintered condition is not the same as the fine pearlite of the plain iron-carbon systems. The carbide plates are coarser and spaced in such a way that the proeutectoid ferrite is not clearly defined; therefore, it is difficult to estimate the combined carbon content metallographically. Prealloyed steels may contain up to 5% unalloyed iron. After heat treatment the prealloyed steels exhibit a uniform tempered martensitic structure. Material Code Designation
Prealloy
Material Designation FL-4005 FL-4205 FL-4400 FL-4405 FL-4605 FL-4805 FL-48105 FL-4905 FL-5208 FL-5305
Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal.
C 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6
Ni 0.35 0.55 1.70 2.00 1.20 1.60 1.65 2.05
Mo 0.40 0.60 0.50 0.85 0.75 0.95 0.75 0.95 0.45 0.60 1.10 1.40 0.85 1.15 1.30 1.70 0.15 0.30 0.40 0.60
Mn 0.05 0.30 0.20 0.40 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.30 0.50 0.30 0.55 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30
Cr Element 1.3 1.7 2.7 3.3 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
FL - 4405 - XX
Prealloy Grade % Carbon
FL - 48105 - XX
Prealloy Grade % Carbon Chemistry Modification
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent strength values in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition. (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3). (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT) materials: 350 F (177 C). (G) Tempering temperature for the FL-5305 material: 400 F (204 C). N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes. To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selection, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
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Prealloyed Steel
Material Designation Code Minimum Strength (A) (E) (G) Yield Ultimate 103 psi Yield Strength (0.2%) 103 psi
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Microindentation (converted) Fatigue Limit
90%
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Survival 103 psi
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
FL-4205 -35 -40 -45 -50 FL-4205 -80HT -100HT -120HT -140HT FL-4405 -35 -40 -45 -50 FL-4405 -100HT -125HT -150HT -175HT FL-4605 -35 -40 -45 -50 FL-4605 -80HT -100HT -120HT -140HT FL-5208 -65 -75 -80 -85 FL-5305 -75 -90 -105 -120
35 40 45 50 80 100 120 140 35 40 45 50 100 125 150 175 35 40 45 50 80 100 120 140 65 75 80 85 75 90 105 120
52 58 66 73 90 110 130 150 52 58 66 73 110 135 160 185 52 58 66 73 85 110 130 155 90 110 120 135 110 125 140 160
42 47 52 58 (D) 42 47 52 58 (D) 42 47 52 58 (D) 70 80 87 95 85 100 115 130
1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0
18.5 20.0 21.5 23.5 16.5 18.5 20.5 22.5 17.5 19.5 21.5 23.5 17.5 19.5 21.5 23.5 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.5 17.5 19.5 21.5 23.5 17.5 19.5 21.0 23.5
0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28
6.0 9.0 12.0 17.0 5.0 7.0 8.0 12.0 6.0 11.0 16.0 22.0 5.5 7.0 9.0 14.0 6.0 11.0 16.0 22.0 4.5 6.0 8.0 12.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 8.0 10.0 11.0 13.0
100 115 125 150 135 160 185 215 100 125 140 165 160 200 230 280 100 120 140 165 130 165 195 230 160 190 220 255 185 210 230 250
42 47 52 56 80 110 140 170 39 45 52 56 135 155 175 195 42 45 52 57 91 114 139 170 60 75 85 95 75 87 100 115
60 66 70 75 28 32 36 39 60 67 73 80 24 29 34 38 60 65 71 77 24 29 34 39 83 88 93 98 90 20 26 33
HRB N/D HRC 60 HRC 60 60 60 N/D HRC 60 HRC 60 60 60 N/D HRC 60 HRC 60 60 60 N/D HRB HRC HRC HRC
HRB
HRB
HRB
N/D
20 27 32 40 30 37 44 50 20 27 32 40 34 42 48 58 20 27 32 40 29 37 46 53 28 32 36 40 27 32 37 42
6.80 6.95 7.10 7.30 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.30 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.30 6.75 6.95 7.15 7.35 6.55 6.75 6.95 7.20 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.30 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.30
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MPIF Standard 35
Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybdenum and manganese as the major alloying elements, to which varying amounts of elemental metal powder(s) have been admixed. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed with the steel powder to provide the necessary level of carbon in the final material. Material Characteristics Hybrid low-alloy steel powders are normally used in medium to high density PM applications. These materials provide greater hardenability than is possible with admixed copper or nickel steels. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Application Hybrid low-alloy PM steels are used typically where high Chemical Composition, % Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel Material Designation Fe C Ni Mo Mn Cu Element Bal. 0.4 1.55 0.40 0.05 1.3 Minimum FLN2C-4005 Bal. 0.7 1.95 0.60 0.30 1.7 Maximum Bal. 0.4 3.60 0.40 0.05 1.3 Minimum FLN4C-4005 Bal. 0.7 4.40 0.60 0.30 1.7 Maximum FLN-4205 Bal. 0.4 1.35* 0.49 0.20 Minimum (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 2.50* 0.85 0.40 Maximum Bal. 0.0 1.00 0.65 0.05 Minimum FLN2-4400 Bal. 0.3 3.00 0.95 0.30 Maximum FLN2-4405 Bal. 0.4 1.00 0.65 0.05 Minimum (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 3.00 0.95 0.30 Maximum Bal. 0.0 3.00 0.65 0.05 Minimum FLN4-4400 Bal. 0.3 5.00 0.95 0.30 Maximum FLN4-4405 Bal. 0.4 3.00 0.65 0.05 Minimum (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 5.00 0.95 0.30 Maximum FLN6-4405 Bal. 0.4 5.00 0.65 0.05 Minimum (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 7.00 0.95 0.30 Maximum FLNC-4405 Bal. 0.4 1.00 0.65 0.05 1.0 Minimum (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 3.00 0.95 0.30 3.0 Maximum *At least 1% of the nickel is admixed as elemental powder. Other elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes. performance materials capable of being heat treated are required. These alloys will provide high strength and wear resistance after heat treatment. Microstructure The eutectoid product in the as-sintered condition is not the same as the fine pearlite of the plain iron-carbon systems. The carbide plates are coarser and spaced in such a way that the proeutectoid ferrite is not clearly defined; therefore, it is difficult to estimate the combined carbon content metallographically. Hybrid low-alloy steels may contain up to 5% unalloyed iron. The elemental metal powder additions to the base prealloyed steel powder produce a heterogeneous microstructure similar to the admixed and diffusion-alloyed steels. Alloys containing copper additions may show bainite and/or martensite in the as-sintered structure. After heat treatment the hybrid low-alloy steels exhibit a tempered martensitic structure with nickel-rich areas in those alloys containing admixed nickel. Material Code Designation
Prealloy Major Elemental Addition % Elemental Addition 2nd Elemental Addition
FL N2C- 4005 - XX
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition. (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3). (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT) materials: 350 F (177 C). (F) Alloys containing copper additions may have lower impact and fatigue limit as compared with the values in the data tables. (G) Tempering temperature for the heat-treated FLN2C and FLN4C material: 400 F (204 C). N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
90%
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Survival 103 psi
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
FLN2C-4005-60 -65 -70 -75 FLN2C-4005-105HT -140HT -170HT -220HT FLN4C-4005-70 -75 -80 -85 FLN4C-4005-115HT -135HT -170HT -210HT FLN-4205-40 -45 (1.) -50 -55 FLN-4205-80HT -105HT (1.) -140HT -175HT FLN2-4405-45 -50 (1.) -55 -60 FLN2-4405-90HT -120HT (1.) -160HT -190HT FLN4-4405-55 -70 -85 -100 FLN4-4405-90HT -120HT -165HT -195HT
60 65 70 75 105 140 170 220 70 75 80 85 115 135 170 210 40 45 50 55 80 105 140 175 45 50 55 60 90 120 160 190 55 70 85 100 90 120 165 195
70 90 105 130 115 150 185 240 85 100 115 140 126 145 184 225 58 66 73 87 90 115 150 185 59 66 80 100 100 130 170 210 68 82 103 125 100 130 175 215
65 70 75 82 (D) (D) (D) 180 78 82 85 90 101 130 145 184 47 52 58 63 (D) 53 58 64 70 (D) 125 145 180 64 77 95 113 (D)
<1.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5
17.5 19.5 21.5 24.5 17.5 19.5 21.5 24.5 17.5 19.5 21.5 24.5 17.5 19.5 21.5 24.5 16.5 18.5 21.0 23.5 16.5 18.5 21.0 23.5 16.5 18.5 21.0 23.5 16.5 18.5 21.0 23.5 16.5 18.5 21.0 23.5 16.5 18.5 21.0 23.5
0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28
7.0 11.0 16.0 29.0 5.0 9.0 13.0 19.0 10.0 15.0 24.0 46.0 8.0 11.0 16.0 29.0 6.0 8.0 13.0 22.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 14.0 5.0 7.0 12.0 22.0 4.0 6.0 10.0 13.0 5.0 8.0 12.0 26.0 6.0 8.0 12.0 18.0
145 175 200 240 185 235 290 370 170 200 235 280 180 227 275 345 105 125 150 175 130 170 230 290 125 155 190 220 155 210 260 320 100 140 190 240 128 182 246 316
55 60 65 75 100 130 155 200 63 68 73 80 97 119 137 167 45 50 56 60 125 145 170 200 50 55 62 70 100 125 160 190 50 55 60 70 80 105 135 165
81 84 88 93 25 29 34 40 85 88 94 100 22 25 30 36 64 70 77 83 24 30 36 42 75 80 85 90 28 32 38 44 78 83 90 98 20 25 32 39
HRB N/D HRC 58 HRC 58 58 58 HRB N/D HRC 55 HRC 55 55 55 HRB N/D HRC 60 HRC 60 60 60 HRB N/D HRC 60 HRC 60 60 60 HRB N/D HRC 60 HRC 60 60 60
25* 31* 38* 46* 31* 45* 59* 79* 24* 33* 42* 54* 36* 48* 60* 77* 20 27 32 40 28 36 47 58 19 25 32 41 32 41 50 59 22 27 32 41 26 37 49 63
6.70 6.90 7.10 7.40 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.40 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.40 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.40 6.60 6.80 7.05 7.30 6.60 6.80 7.05 7.30 6.60 6.80 7.05 7.30 6.60 6.80 7.05 7.30 6.60 6.80 7.05 7.30 6.60 6.80 7.05 7.30
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(1.) Formerly Low-Alloy Steel Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2007 *converted from axial fatigue test results
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35
Sinter-Hardened Steel
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybdenum and manganese as the major alloying elements and elemental copper, and in some cases, elemental nickel. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed to provide the necessary level of carbon in the final material. Material Characteristics Sinter-hardenable materials are normally used in medium to high density PM applications. These materials provide sufficient hardenability to enable hardening during the cooling cycle following sintering. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Application Sinter-hardened PM steels are used typically where high strength and wear resistance are required. Advantages of using sinter hardening include dimensional control, cleanliness and reduction in the number of processing steps. Sinter-hardened materials are not readily machined. Microstructure The sinter-hardened steels exhibit a predominantly martensitic microstructure. It is also common to find regions of fine pearlite, bainite and retained austenite. Nickel-rich areas may be found in alloys containing admixed nickel.
Chemical Composition, % Sinter-Hardened Steel Material Designation FLN2-4408 FLN4-4408 FLN6-4408 FLNC-4408 FLC-4608 FLC-4805 FLC2-4808 Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. C 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.9 Ni 1.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 1.0 3.0 1.6 2.0 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.6 Mo 0.65 0.95 0.65 0.95 0.65 0.95 0.65 0.95 0.43 0.60 Cu 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 Mn 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Chemical Composition, % Sinter-Hardened Steel Material Designation FLC-48108 FLN-48108

(formerly FLN-4608)
Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal.
C 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9
Ni 1.6 2.0 3.6* 5.0*
Mo 0.80 1.10 0.80 1.10 1.30 1.70
Cu 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0
Mn 0.30 0.50 0.30 0.50 0.05 0.30
Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
FLC-4908
*At least 2% of the nickel is admixed as elemental powder. Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes. Material Code Designations
Prealloy Major Elemental Addition Prealloy Major Elemental Addition % Elemental Addition
1.1 0.75 0.30 Minimum 1.4 1.35 0.50 Maximum 1.1 1.0 0.30 Minimum 1.4 3.0 0.50 Maximum
FL NC - 4408 - XX
FL N2 - 4408 - XX
Prealloy Grade Prealloy % Carbon
Major Elemental Addition
FLC - 48108 - XX
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Microindentation (converted) (F) Fatigue Limit 90% Survival 103 psi
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
FLNC-4408-60HT -85HT -105HT -130HT FLC-4608-60HT -75HT -95HT -115HT FLC-4805 -70HT -100HT -140HT -175HT FLC2-4808-70HT -85HT -110HT -145HT FLC-48108-50HT -70HT -90HT -110HT
60 85 105 130 60 75 95 115 70 100 140 175 70 85 110 145 50 70 90 110
70 95 115 140 70 85 105 125 75 110 150 185 75 90 120 155 60 80 100 120
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
<1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0
16.5 18.5 20.5 22.5 16.5 18.5 20.5 22.5 16.5 18.5 20.5 22.5 16.5 18.5 20.5 22.5 16.5 18.5 20.5 22.5
0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28
4.0 7.0 12.0 16.0 7.0 8.0 11.0 13.0 5.0 7.0 10.0 15.0 7.0 11.0 14.0 17.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 14.0
160 190 220 250 130 155 180 210 160 200 240 285 135 180 230 270 120 150 190 230
75 85 95 105 95 105 115 125 100 130 160 185 90 115 135 160 (C) (C) (C) (C)
98 21 25 30 28 32 36 39 24 29 34 39 25 30 35 40 20 26 31 37
HRB HRC HRC HRC HRC
55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 HRC 57 57 57 57 HRC 55 55 55 55 HRC 55 55 55 55
HRC
HRC
HRC
HRC
HRC
18 26 34 42 18 26 34 42 22* 33* 44* 56* 26* 35* 43* 51* 16 24 33 42
6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20
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*converted from axial fatigue test results
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Revised: 2000, 2003, 2007
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition. (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions using accelerated cooling. (C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subsequent editions of this standard. (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heattreated materials (see page 3). (E) Tempering temperature: 350 F (177 C). (F) Microindentation hardness values refer to the martensite. If fine pearlite or bainite is present, these phases typically will measure 25-45 HRC. (G) Tempering temperature for the FLC-4805 and FLC2-4808 materials: 400 F (204 C).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35
Diffusion-Alloyed Steel
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from diffusion-alloyed steel powders using nickel, copper and molybdenum as the major alloying elements. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed with the diffusion-alloyed steel powder to provide the necessary level of carbon in the final material. Varying amounts of elemental powders may be admixed also. Material Characteristics Diffusion-alloyed powders normally are used in medium to high density PM applications. Elemental nickel may be added to improve ductility and impact properties. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Application Diffusion-alloyed steels typically are used in medium to high strength structural products. These materials may be heat treated to increase strength and wear resistance. Microstructure These materials produce a heterogeneous microstructure. As-sintered diffusion-alloyed steels show a microstructure similar to the nickel steels with a greater proportion of bainite and martensite. After heat treatment these structures are similar to heat treated nickel steels.
Chemical Composition, % Diffusion-Alloyed Steel Material Designation Fe Bal. FD-0200 Bal. Bal. FD-0205 Bal. Bal. FD-0208 Bal. Bal. FD-0400 Bal. Bal. FD-0405 Bal. Bal. FD-0408 Bal. Bal. FLDN2-4908 Bal. Bal. FLDN4C2-4905 Bal. C 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.6 Ni 1.55 1.95 1.55 1.95 1.55 1.95 3.60 4.40 3.60 4.40 3.60 4.40 1.85 2.25 3.60 4.40 Cu Mo 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.6 2.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 1.3* 1.7* 1.3* 1.7* Mn Element 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Material Code Designations

Diffusion Alloyed Diffusion Alloyed Addition Prealloy % Diffusion Alloyed Addition Base Diffusion Alloyed Diffusion Alloyed Addition
Prealloy Base
FLDN2 - 4908 - XX
FLDN4 C2 - 4905 - XX
% Diffusion Alloyed Addition % Carbon Prealloy Grade
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition. (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3). (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT) materials: 350 F (177 C).
N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
*Prealloyed in the base powder. Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
FD-0205-45 -50 -55 -60 FD-0205-95HT -120HT -140HT -160HT FD-0208-50 -55 -60 -65 FD-0405-55 -60 -65 FD-0405-100HT -130HT -155HT FD-0408-50 -55 -60 -65 FLDN2-4908-70 -80 -90 -100 FLDN4C2-4905-50 -60 -70 -80
45 50 55 60 95 120 140 160 50 55 60 65 55 60 65 100 130 155 50 55 60 65 70 80 90 100 50 60 70 80
68 78 88 100 105 130 150 170 69 79 92 103 86 103 123 110 140 165 71 90 110 125 82 96 117 127 85 105 125 140
52 57 61 67 (D)
58 63 68 73 62 66 70 (D) 57 62 67 71 78 88 100 108 58 67 77 85
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5
18.0 20.0 22.0 24.5 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.5 18.0 19.5 21.5 23.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 24.5 18.0 20.0 22.0 23.5 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28
8.0 12.0 18.0 28.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 7.0 9.0 12.0 17.0 11.0 20.0 27.0 5.0 7.0 10.0 9.0 13.0 18.0 22.0 7.0 9.0 13.0 20.0 10.0 11.0 18.0 37.0
130 155 180 210 160 190 210 240 135 155 180 195 160 195 230 160 200 235 130 165 200 230 160 190 230 255 160 195 235 270
47 52 57 62 130 155 175 200 58 62 67 72 56 63 73 125 150 175 62 68 73 80 60 67 77 83 50 60 65 75
72 HRB 76 80 86 28 HRC 33 38 45 80 HRB 83 87 90 80 HRB 85 91 30 HRC 35 42 85 HRB 89 93 95 91 HRB 94 98 100 85 HRB 90 95 25 HRC
N/D
55 HRC 55 55 55 N/D
N/D 55 HRC 55 55 N/D
N/D
N/D
24 29 32 37 42 52 65 75 24 33 38 46 25 28 40 26 50 58 22 27 38 48 27 32 36 40 19 28 36 45
6.75 6.95 7.15 7.40 6.75 6.95 7.15 7.40 6.75 6.90 7.10 7.25 6.75 7.05 7.35 6.75 7.05 7.35 6.70 6.95 7.20 7.40 6.75 6.95 7.15 7.30 6.75 6.95 7.15 7.35
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Revised: 2003, 2007

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35
Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from admixtures of iron and/or iron alloy powders with graphite (carbon) powder in which the voids are largely filled through infiltration with a copper-base material. Material Characteristics Infiltration is the process of filling the interconnected pores of a PM compact with a molten metal or alloy of lower melting point by capillary action. Copper-infiltrated steels are manufactured by compacting iron or iron-base powder (with or without graphite powder) into a finished shape and infiltrating the interconnected pores with a copper-base material during the sintering operation. This may be a single pass or two-stage infiltration. The result is a steel-copper structure unique to the powder metallurgy process. Compared with as-sintered iron or carbon steel PM parts, copper infiltration can improve tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and impact properties. Application Copper-infiltrated steel PM parts may be used in the asinfiltrated or heat treated condition. Electroplating characteristics are improved because the pores of the steel structure are sealed with copper thus avoiding entrapment of plating solutions and subsequent tendency for surface staining. For the same reason, infiltrated PM parts may be Chemical Composition, % Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel Material Designation FX-1000 FX-1005 FX-1008 FX-2000 FX-2005 FX-2008
(1)
used in medium pressure hydraulic applications where pressure tightness is a consideration. Machinability is improved because interrupted cuts are reduced. The machined parts have a smooth surface finish. Assembly of multiple PM parts into one integral unit can be achieved by pressing the parts separately, assembling, and then bonding into one unit through the infiltration process. Infiltrated and wrought parts may be joined by brazing because the brazing alloy remains at the interface of the surfaces being brazed, rather than dissipating into the pores of an as-sintered PM part. The sealed surface of an infiltrated part permits surface hardening by induction or flame processes in air without excessive internal oxidation of the steel matrix. Clearly defined cases may be obtained at high density by carburizing or carbonitriding a low carbon matrix. This results in hard, wear resistant surfaces and a tough internal core. Microstructure The copper-rich phase can be seen clearly at 100l000X, etched in Nital or unetched. The distribution of the copper phase through the part can be determined, and underinfiltrated areas noted, if any exist. Although copper normally does not fill all the pores, it will first fill the finer interconnected pores by capillary action. The combined carbon content is based on the iron phase only. Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes.
Carbon, estimate.
Fe Cu Bal. 8.0 Bal. 14.9 Bal. 8.0 Bal. 14.9 Bal. 8.0 Bal. 14.9 Bal. 15.0 Bal. 25.0 Bal. 15.0 Bal. 25.0 Bal. 15.0 Bal. 25.0 on basis of iron only, may
C(1) Element 0.0 Minimum 0.3 Maximum 0.3 Minimum 0.6 Maximum 0.6 Minimum 0.9 Maximum 0.0 Minimum 0.3 Maximum 0.3 Minimum 0.6 Maximum 0.6 Minimum 0.9 Maximum be a metallographic
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
FX-1000-25 FX-1005-40 FX-1005-110HT FX-1008-50 FX-1008-110HT FX-2000-25 FX-2005-45 FX-2005-90HT FX-2008-60 FX-2008-90HT
25 40 110 50 110 25 45 90 60 90
51 77 120 87 120 46 75 100 80 100
32 50 (D) 60 (D) 37 60 (D) 70 (D)
7.0 4.0 <0.5 3.0 <0.5 3.0 1.5 <0.5 1.0 <0.5
23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0
0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
25.0 13.0 7.0 10.0 6.5 15.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 5.0
132 158 210 166 189 144 148 171 156 159
33 53 110 71 115 41 60 71 70 74
65 HRB 82 HRB 38 HRC 89 HRB 43 HRC 66 HRB 85 HRB 36 HRC 90 HRB 36 HRC
N/D N/D 55 HRC N/D 58 HRC N/D N/D 55 HRC N/D 58 HRC
19 29 33 33 41 17 20 23 23 27
7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3
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NOTE: All data based on single-pass infiltration.
Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35
Stainless Steel 300 Series Alloy

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from prealloyed, austenitic stainless steel powders. Material Characteristics Stainless steels are normally used as medium to high density PM materials. With the use of prealloyed powder, a completely homogeneous steel microstructure is attained under normal commercial sintering cycles. Processing practices have a strong effect on the mechanical properties of PM stainless steel. Higher sintering temperatures (above 2100 F) (1149 C) tend to increase impact energy, ductility and corrosion resistance. Sintering in a nitrogen-based atmosphere results in higher strengths and lower ductility than sintering in vacuum or hydrogen because of the effect of nitrogen alloying. Corrosion behavior can also be affected by sintering cycles. Application Stainless steel PM materials are generally selected because of their good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and appearance: SS-303 Austenitic Machining Grades SS-303 is preferred for parts requiring extensive secondary machining. Strength and hardness are high and corrosion resistance is good. SS-303 is non-magnetic. SS-304 General Purpose Austenitic Grades SS-304 has good strength properties and corrosion resistance. A general purpose grade used in many applications. SS-304 is non-magnetic. SS-316 General Purpose Austenitic Grades SS-316 has the best combination of properties in a PM stainless steel alloy. Corrosion resistance is better than SS-303. First choice for general purpose applications. Non-magnetic. Microstructure The 303, 304 and 316 stainless steel grades are austenitic with some evidence of twin formation. In the L grades there should be little or no evidence of original particle boundaries, chromium carbides, nitrides or oxides.
Chemical Composition, % Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy

Material Designation SS-303Nl, N2 SS-303L SS-304Nl, N2 SS-304H, L SS-316Nl, N2 SS-316H, L Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Cr 17.0 19.0 17.0 19.0 18.0 20.0 18.0 20.0 16.0 18.0 16.0 18.0 Ni 8.0 13.0 8.0 13.0 8.0 12.0 8.0 12.0 10.0 14.0 10.0 14.0 Mn 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 Si 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 S 0.15 0.30 0.15 0.30 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 C 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.03 P 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 Mo 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 N 0.20 0.60 0.00 0.03 0.20 0.60 0.00 0.03 0.20 0.60 0.00 0.03 Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Material Designation Code Minimum Strength (A) (E) Yield Ultimate 103 psi Minimum Elongation (in 1 in.) % Yield Strength (0.2%) 103 psi
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Microindentation (converted) Fatigue Strength 107 Cycle 103 psi
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
SS-303N1-25 SS-303N2-35 SS-303N2-38 SS-303L-12 SS-303L-15 SS-304N1-30 SS-304N2-33 SS-304N2-38 SS-304H-20 SS-304L-13 SS-304L-18 SS-316N1-25 SS-316N2-33 SS-316N2-38 SS-316H-20 SS-316L-15 SS-316L-22
25 35 38 12 15 30 33 38 20 13 18 25 33 38 20 15 22
0.0 3.0 6.0 12.0 15.0 0.0 5.0 8.0 7.0 15.0 18.0 0.0 5.0 8.0 5.0 12.0 15.0
39 55 68 39 48 43 57 70 40 43 57 41 60 70 35 41 57
32 42 45 17 24 38 40 45 25 18 26 34 39 45 25 20 30
0.5 5.0 10.0 17.5 20.0 0.5 10.0 13.0 10.0 23.0 26.0 0.5 10.0 13.0 7.0 18.5 21.0
15.5 16.5 20.0 17.0 20.0 15.5 16.5 20.0 17.0 17.0 20.0 15.5 16.5 20.0 17.0 17.0 20.0
0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.27
3.5 19.0 35.0 40.0 55.0 4.0 25.0 55.0 20.0 45.0 80.0 5.0 28.0 48.0 20.0 35.0 65.0
86 98 N/D 82 N/D 112 127 N/D 85 N/D N/D 108 125 N/D 85 80 N/D
38 46 46 21 29 38 47 47 25 22 28 36 44 46 25 22 29
62 HRB 63 HRB 70 HRB 21 HRB 35 HRB 61 HRB 62 HRB 68 HRB 35 HRB 30 HRB 45 HRB 59 HRB 62 HRB 65 HRB 33 HRB 20 HRB 45 HRB
N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
13 16 21 15 19 15 18 23 (C) 17 21 11 14 19 (C) 13 17
6.4 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.9 6.4 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.6 6.9 6.4 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.6 6.9
27
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N1 - Nitrogen alloyed. Good strength, low elongation. * Sintered at 2100 F (1149 C) in dissociated ammonia. N2 - Nitrogen alloyed. High strength, medium elongation. * Sintered at 2350 F (1288 C) in dissociated ammonia. H - Low carbon. Lower strength, high elongation. * Sintered at 2100 F (1149 C) in 100% hydrogen. L - Low carbon. Lower strength, highest elongation. * Sintered at 2350 F (1288 C) in partial vacuum. Cooled to avoid nitrogen absorption. *Processing parameters used to generate these data, other conditions could be used.
2007 Edition Approved: 1987 Revised: 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition. (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. (C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subsequent editions of this standard. N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from prealloyed ferritic or martensitic stainless steel powders. When required, carbon content is controlled by admixed graphite powder additions. Material Characteristics Stainless steels normally are used as medium to high density PM materials. With the use of prealloyed powder a homogeneous microstructure is attained using normal commercial sintering cycles. Processing practices have a moderate effect on the mechanical properties of the 400 series stainless steels. Maximum soft magnetic properties are achieved by high temperature sintering (above 2100 F) (1149 C) in a nitrogen-free atmosphere (pure hydrogen or vacuum). The corrosion properties are inferior to the 300 series stainless steel alloys when processed under the same conditions. Application The 400 series stainless steels normally are selected for their magnetic properties or heat treat response: SS-409L Selected for welded applications. SS-410L Selected for soft-magnetic properties and environments requiring the least corrosion resistance. SS-410-90HT Selected for its combination of strength, hardness and wear resistance. Carbon is added to increase the heat treat response. This alloy responds to furnace cooling as a sinter-hardenable alloy. A secondary quench and temper process will increase hardness. Both corrosion resistance and machinability are poor. SS-430 Lower magnetic properties as compared with SS-410 but somewhat better corrosion resistance. SS-434 Similar magnetic properties to the SS-430 grade with slightly better corrosion resistance. Microstructure The 410L, 430 and 434 alloys are ferritic in the as-sintered condition. There should be no evidence of prior particle boundaries, oxides or carbides. Even minor residual carbon or nitrogen will appear as grain boundary precipitates in the microstructure. The 410-90HT grade is fully martensitic after normal cooling from the sintering cycle. It also can be hardened separately but, in either case, generally is tempered for optimum toughness.

Material Designation SS-409L SS-409LE(1) SS-410 SS-410L SS-430N2 SS-430L SS-434N2 SS-434L SS-434LCb Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Cr 10.50 11.75 11.50 13.50 11.50 13.50 11.50 13.50 16.00 18.00 16.00 18.00 16.00 18.00 16.00 18.00 16.00 18.00 Ni 0.0 0.5 Mn 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Si 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 S 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 C 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 P 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 Mo 0.75 1.25 0.75 1.25 0.75 1.25 N 0.03 Cb (Nb) Element 0.80 Maximum
0.00 8 x %C Minimum 0.00 8 x %C Minimum 0.03 0.80 Maximum 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.03 0.20 0.60 0.00 0.03 0.20 0.60 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.4 0.6 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes. (1) LE = L grade, Extended chemistry
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Material Designation Code Minimum Strength (A) (E) Yield Ultimate 103 psi Minimum Elongation (in 1 in.) % Yield Strength (0.2%) 103 psi
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
SS-410-90HT SS-410L-20 SS-430N2-28 SS-430L-24 SS-434N2-28 SS-434L-24
90 20 28 24 28 24
0.0 10.0 3.0 14.0 4.0 10.0
105 48 60 50 60 50
(D) 26 35 30 35 30
<0.5 16.0 5.0 20.0 8.0 15.0
18.0 24.0 25.0 25.0 24.0 24.0
0.25 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
2.5 50 25 80 15 65
113 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
93 28 33 33 33 33
23 45 70 45 65 50
HRC HRB HRB HRB HRB HRB
55 HRC N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
35 18 25 25 22 22
6.5 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.0
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N2 - Nitrogen alloyed. High strength, medium elongation. * Sintered at 2350 F (1288 C) in dissociated ammonia. L - Low carbon. Lower strength, highest elongation. * Sintered at 2350 F (1288 C) in partial vacuum. Cooled to avoid nitrogen absorption. HT - Martensitic grade, heat treated. Highest strength. * Sinter hardened at 2100 F (1149 C) in dissociated ammonia. *Processing parameters used to generate these data, other conditions could be used.
Revised: 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35
Copper and Copper Alloys

This subsection covers PM copper, brasses, nickel-silver materials and bronze for structural application (not bearings). They are manufactured from prealloyed powders with the exception of pure copper and the bronze materials that are usually made from admixed elemental copper and tin powders. Material Characteristics PM copper has the typical copper color and commonly is used for its excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. The pure copper grade at a nominal 8.0 g/cm3 density has a conductivity of 85% IACS* while the 8.3 g/cm3 material has a conductivity of 90% IACS*. PM brass materials are available in numerous compositions with zinc content ranging from 10 to 30%, balance copper. PM bronze contains 10% tin, balance copper. Nickel-silver PM materials are nominally alloys of 18% zinc, 18% nickel, balance copper. They do not contain silver. Brasses and nickel silver may contain from 1 to 2% lead for improved machinability. The lead content is metallurgically contained. Machinability is comparable to cast and wrought stock of the same composition. CZ-1000 (90-10 brass) has a reddish bronze color and is commonly used for mechanical components and hardware applications. CZP-2002 (80-20 brass) has the classic yellow brass color and improved strength for structural and hardware components. It may be repressed for closer tolerance. CZP-3002 (70-30 brass) also has the classic brass color and the highest strength for structural and hardware components. It may also be repressed for control of dimensional tolerances. Ductility is good. Nickel silver has properties similar to brass but with improved corrosion resistance and a silvery gray color. Tensile strengths are above the brass range. Ductility is somewhat less. The material polishes and burnishes well for an attractive appearance. Parts can be repressed for dimensional control and improved mechanical properties. CT-1000 (90-10 bronze) while most commonly used as a self-lubricating bearing material is also used at higher densities (6.8 g/cm3 or more) in structural applications where strength, corrosion resistance and appearance are important. The values shown in the property data for yield strength are based on as-sintered specimens, except those noted as repressed. Cold working by repressing these materials increases yield strengths, depending upon the amount of deformation. The increase in strength is accompanied by a decrease in elongation and an increase in apparent hardness. Application Pure copper is used in applications requiring excellent thermal or electrical conductivity. Brass, nickel-silver, and bronze PM parts have a wide variety of applications in structural parts requiring good corrosion resistance, good machinability, attractive appearance and ductility. (Also see Material Characteristics above.) Microstructure Copper, brass, bronze and nickel silver will sinter to the point where very few original particle boundaries are observable. In well-sintered bronze the alpha bronze grains have grown from their original fine grain clusters and there is no evidence of blue-gray Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds.
*IACS = International Annealed Copper Standard, measured @ 20 C in the annealed condition with thermal conductivity of 0.93 cal/cm2/cm/C/s and electrical resistivity of 1.73 microohm-cm (electrical conductivity of 0.58 megmho-cm).
Chemical Composition, % Copper and Copper Alloys Material Designation C-0000 CZ-1000 CZP-1002 CZ-2000 CZP-2002 Cu 99.8 100.0 88.0 91.0 88.0 91.0 77.0 80.0 77.0 80.0 Zn Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Pb 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 Sn Ni Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Material Designation CZ-3000 CZP-3002 CNZ-1818 CNZP-1816 CT-1000 Cu 68.5 71.5 68.5 71.5 62.5 65.5 62.5 65.5 87.5 90.5 Zn Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Pb Sn 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 9.5 10.5 Ni 16.5 19.5 16.5 19.5 Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Other Elements: For the C-0000 material 0.2% max; for all other copper-based alloys 2.0% max.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Material Designation Code Minimum Strength (A) Yield 10 psi
3
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
Unnotched Charpy Impact Energy ft lbf
HARDNESS
Transverse Rupture Strength 10 psi
3

3
Yield Strength (0.2%) 10 psi

3

6
Poisson's Ratio
Compressive Yield Strength (0.1%) 10 psi

3
Macro (apparent)
Microindentation (converted)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
C-0000-5 C-0000-7 CZ-1000 -9 -10 -11 CZP-1002-7 CZ-2000 -11 -12 CZP-2002 -11 -12 CZ-3000 -14 -16 CZP-3002-13 -14 CNZ-1818-17 CNZP-1816-13 CT-1000-13 (repressed)
5 7 9 10 11 7 11 12 11 12 14 16 13 14 17 13 13
23.0 28.0 18.0 20.0 23.0 20.0 23.0 35.0 23.0 35.0 28.0 34.0 27.0 31.5 34.0 26.0 22.0
6.0 8.5 9.5 11.0 12.0 8.5 13.5 17.0 13.5 17.0 16.0 19.0 15.0 16.5 20.0 15.0 16.0
20.0 25.0 9.0 10.5 12.0 10.0 9.0 18.0 9.0 18.0 14.0 17.0 14.0 16.0 11.0 10.0 4.0
12.5 13.5 11.5 13.0 14.5 13.0 12.5 14.5 12.5 14.5 12.0 13.0 12.0 13.0 13.5 13.5 8.5
0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
25.0 45.0 15.0 24.0 31.0 24.0 27.0 45.0 27.0 45.0 23.0 38.0 12.0 25.0 24.0 22.0 4.0
N/D N/D 39 46 52 45 52 70 52 70 62 86 57 71 73 50 45
7 10 12 12 12 10 12 14 12 14 18 19 12 15 24 18 20
25 30 65 72 80 66 73 82 73 82 84 92 80 88 90 86
HRH HRH* HRH
HRH HRH HRH HRH HRH HRH HRH
8.0 8.3 7.6 7.9 8.1 7.9 7.6 8.0 7.6 8.0 7.6 8.0 7.6 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.2
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82 HRH
*If C-0000-7 is repressed, typical hardness is 60 HRH
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35
Soft-Magnetic Alloys
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from iron-based powders for use in soft-magnetic product applications. The base iron powder may be used unalloyed or with admixtures of ferroalloys as a source of phosphorus or silicon. Prealloyed powders are required for the ironnickel alloy system. Magnetic properties are degraded by the presence of carbon and therefore carbon is not a desired alloying element in soft-magnetic alloys. For a given material, magnetic induction is directly related to product density higher density yields higher induction. Coercive field and permeability are sensitive to sintering conditions and interstitial impurities higher sintering temperatures and lower impurities yield lower coercive field and higher permeability. Material Characteristics Soft-magnetic alloys normally are used in the medium to high-density range. When the final density is greater than 7.1 g/cm3 these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Magnetic properties are sensitive to sintering conditions both atmosphere composition and sintering temperature. For a given density, processing changes that improve magnetic properties may result in lower mechanical strength and apparent hardness than listed in the data table. Application Soft-magnetic alloys are used primarily for their magnetic response characteristics in DC magnetic fields. Postsinter annealing normally is not required for the PM softmagnetic alloys. However, some secondary operations, such as repressing or steam treatment, may degrade magnetic properties. The pure iron and iron-phosphorus alloys may also be used in structural applications requiring high ductility and impact energy. Plating or steam treatment are used to improve surface wear characteristics since a quench and temper heat treatment is not possible due to the lack of carbon in these alloys. Microstructure The typical structure of a soft-magnetic alloy consists of a single phase, ferritic structure with large, equiaxed grains. The higher the sintering temperature and longer the sintering time the larger the average grain size and more rounded the porosity. The greater extent to which these two microstructure features are present lead to an improved magnetic response. The microstructure should not have any evidence of a second phase, such as pearlite or undissolved ferroalloy particles.
Chemical Composition, % Soft-Magnetic Alloys Material Designation FF-0000 FY-4500 FY-8000 FS-0300 FN-5000 Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Ni 46.0 51.0 Si 2.7 3.3 P 0.40 0.50 0.75 0.85 C 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 O 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 N Element 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent maximum coercive field values (oersteds x 10); letter code represents minimum density (see page 6). (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. (C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subsequent editions of this standard. N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MANDATORY VALUES (A) MAGNETIC RESPONSE @ 15 Oe
Material Designation Code Maximum Coercive Field Oe
TENSILE PROPERTIES
Yield Strength (0.2%) 103 psi
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
Unnotched Compressive Yield Charpy Hardness Impact Strength Macro Energy (0.1%) (Apparent) ft lbf 103 psi Rockwell Fatigue Limit 90% Survival 103 psi
Minimum Density g/cm3
Bm kG
Br kG
HC Oe
max
Youngs Modulus 106 psi
Poissons Ratio
Density g/cm3
FF-0000-23U -20U FF-0000-23W -20W FF-0000-23X -20X FY-4500-20V FY-4500-20W -17W FY-4500-20X -17X FY-4500-20Y -17Y FY-8000-17V FY-8000-17W -15W FY-8000-17X -15X FY-8000-15Y FS-0300-14V FS-0300-14W FS-0300-12X FS-0300-11Y FN-5000-5W FN-5000-5Z
6.5 6.5 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.1 6.7 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.3 7.3 6.7 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.3 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 6.9 7.4
2.3 2.0 2.3 2.0 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.0 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.5 0.5
9.0 9.5 10.5 10.5 12.0 12.0 10.5 11.5 11.5 12.5 12.5 13.0 13.5 11.0 12.0 12.0 13.0 13.0 13.5 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 9.0 12.0
7.8 8.2 9.0 9.7 10.5 11.0 8.5 9.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 11.5 11.0 10.0 11.0 10.5 12.0 11.5 13.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 7.5 9.0
2.1 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.3
1700 1800 2100 2300 2700 2900 2300 2600 3000 2700 3200 3200 3600 3500 4000 4000 4500 4500 5000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000
18.0 19.0 27.5 28.0 37.0 37.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 55.0 60.0 48.0 50.0 53.0 55.0 57.0 62.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 35.0 40.0
11.0 11.0 17.0 17.0 22.5 22.5 30.0 32.0 32.0 35.0 39.0 38.0 41.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 50.0 48.0 53.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 20.0 25.0
6 8 11 12 16 17 5 7 10 7 12 9 15 2 3 4 3 4 4 8 10 15 20 9 15
16.5 16.5 19.5 19.5 22.5 22.5 18.5 20.5 20.5 22.5 22.5 24.5 24.5 18.5 20.5 20.5 22.5 22.5 24.5 18.5 20.5 22.5 24.5 12.5 16.0
0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.32 0.34
(C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) 33 68
N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D 30 36 29 40 32 45 35 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
40 HRF 40 HRF 50 HRF 50 HRF 55 HRF 55 HRF 40 HRB 45 HRB 45 HRF 55 HRB 55 HRF 65 HRB 65 HRF 55 HRB 65 HRB 65 HRF 70 HRB 70 HRF 75 HRB 65 HRB 70 HRB 75 HRB 80 HRB 28 HRB 40 HRB
(C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C)
6.6 6.6 7.0 7.0 7.2 7.2 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.4 7.4 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.4 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.0 7.5
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SI U N IT S
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from elemental iron powders that are essentially free of other alloying elements except carbon. Material Characteristics These materials are manufactured by pressing and sintering iron powder with or without graphite additions to introduce carbon. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, it may be reached by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Application Unalloyed PM iron (F-0000) materials are typically used for lightly loaded structural applications and also for structural parts requiring self-lubrication when strength is not critical. At high densities, unalloyed iron is used for softmagnetic applications. (See pages 32 and 56.) PM carbon steel (F-0005) materials are used primarily where moderate strength and hardness combined with machinability (drilling, tapping, lathe turning, milling, etc.) are desired. PM steels with higher carbon content (F-0008) are used when loading is moderate. F-0008 is more difficult to machine than F-0005. F-0008 and F-0005 materials may be heat treated to enhance strength and wear resistance. They may also be steam treated for improved shelf life, pore closure and to increase hardness. All of the iron and carbon steel materials with densities of 7.0 g/cm3 or less may be oil impregnated when selflubricating properties are required. Microstructure The carbon content of a sintered structure can be estimated metallographically from the area fraction of pearlite where 100% pearlite is equivalent to approximately 0.8% carbon. Carbon dissolves rapidly in iron; therefore, after about five minutes at 1038 C (1900 F) it is unusual to see uncombined carbon.
Chemical Composition, % Iron and Carbon Steel Material Designation F-0000 F-0005 F-0008 Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. C 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition. (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3). (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT) materials: 177 C (350 F). N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Material Designation Code Minimum Strength (A) (E) Yield Ultimate MPa Yield Strength (0.2%) MPa
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
Unnotched Charpy Impact Energy J Transverse Rupture Strength MPa Compressive Yield Strength (0.1%) MPa
HARDNESS
Microindentation (converted) Fatigue Limit 90% Survival MPa
Ultimate Strength MPa
Elongation (in 25.4 mm) %
Young's Modulus GPa
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
F-0000 -10 -15 -20 F-0005 -15 -20 -25
70 100 140 100 140 170 340 410 480 140 170 210 240 380 450 520 590
120 170 260 170 220 260 410 480 550 200 240 290 390 450 520 590 660
90 120 170 120 160 190 (D) 170 210 240 260 (D)
1.5 2.5 7.0 <1.0 1.0 1.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5
105 120 160 105 115 135 115 130 140 85 110 115 140 115 115 135 150
0.25 0.25 0.28 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27
4 8 47 4 5 7 4 5 5 3 4 5 7 4 5 6 7
250 340 660 330 440 520 720 830 970 350 420 510 690 690 790 900 1000
110 120 130 125 160 190 300 360 420 190 210 210 250 480 550 620 690
40 HRF 60 80 25 HRB 40 55 20 HRC 22 25 35 HRB 50 60 70 22 HRC 28 32 35
N/D
46 65 99 60 80 100 160 190 220 80 100 120 170 180 210 240 280
6.1 6.7 7.3 6.1 6.6 6.9 6.6 6.8 7.0 5.8 6.2 6.6 7.0 6.3 6.6 6.9 7.1
N/D 58 HRC 58 58 N/D
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F-0005 -50HT -60HT -70HT F-0008 -20 -25 -30 -35 F-0008 -55HT -65HT -75HT -85HT
60 HRC 60 60 60
Revised: 1997, 2000
S IU N IT S
SI U N IT S
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35

This subsection covers PM materials produced from admixtures of elemental iron powder and elemental copper powder with or without graphite powder (carbon). The proportions of each depend on the strength levels required and whether the material is to be used in the as-sintered or heat treated condition. Material Characteristics Because graphite diffuses readily into an iron powder matrix during sintering, combined carbon of 0.8% or more is attainable. Copper powder is added to increase strength, hardness and wear resistance. Wear resistance can be enhanced by heat treatment. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Application PM iron-copper and copper-steel materials find wide usage in medium strength structural applications. Copper contents of 2% are typical. When secondary machining is required, combined carbon contents of less than 0.5% should be specified. Material in this category also can be heat treated to increase strength and wear resistance. Higher copper content materials (in the range of 5%) are recommended when maximum wear resistance is required and when heat treating is not practical. Low density parts can be oil-impregnated for self-lubrication in use. Microstructure Admixed copper powder melts at approximately 1082C (1980F), flows between the iron particles and into small pores, and thus helps the sintering of the steel. Normally sintered alloys with 2% copper show little or no undissolved copper. At higher percentages, the copper will be seen as a separate phase. The copper dissolves in the iron but does not penetrate to the center of the larger iron particles. When copper melts, it diffuses or migrates leaving behind fairly large pores. These pores remain and can easily be seen in the microstructure.
Chemical Composition, % Iron-Copper and Copper Steel Material Designation FC-0200 Fe Cu C Element
Bal. 1.5 0.0 Minimum Bal. 3.9 0.3 Maximum Bal. 1.5 0.3 Minimum FC-0205 Bal. 3.9 0.6 Maximum Bal. 1.5 0.6 Minimum FC-0208 Bal. 3.9 0.9 Maximum Bal. 4.0 0.3 Minimum FC-0505 Bal. 6.0 0.6 Maximum Bal. 4.0 0.6 Minimum FC-0508 Bal. 6.0 0.9 Maximum Bal. 7.0 0.6 Minimum FC-0808 Bal. 9.0 0.9 Maximum Bal. 9.0 0.0 Minimum FC-1000 Bal. 11.0 0.3 Maximum Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes.
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ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Young's Modulus GPa
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
FC-0200 -15 -18 -21 -24 FC-0205 -30 -35 -40 -45 FC-0205 -60HT -70HT -80HT -90HT FC-0208 -30 -40 -50 -60 FC-0208 -50HT -65HT -80HT -95HT FC-0505 -30 -40 -50 FC-0508 -40 -50 -60 FC-0808 -45 FC-1000 -20
100 120 140 170 210 240 280 310 410 480 550 620 210 280 340 410 340 450 550 660 210 280 340 280 340 410 310 140
170 190 210 230 240 280 340 410 480 550 620 690 240 340 410 520 450 520 620 720 300 400 490 400 470 570 380 210
140 160 180 200 240 280 310 340 (D)
240 310 380 450 (D)
250 320 390 340 410 480 340 180
1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 <0.5 <1.0
95 115 115 135 95 115 120 150 110 105 130 140 85 115 120 155 105 120 130 150 85 115 120 90 115 130 95 95
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.27
6 7 7 8 <3 4 7 10 3 5 6 7 <3 3 7 9 3 5 6 7 4 6 7 4 5 6 4 5
310 350 390 430 410 520 660 790 660 760 830 930 410 620 860 1070 660 760 900 1030 530 700 850 690 830 1000 590 370
120 140 160 180 240 280 310 340 390 490 590 660 280 310 340 380 400 500 630 720 340 370 400 400 430 470 430 230
60 65 26 36 37 48 60 72 99 25 31 36 50 61 73 84 20 27 35 43 51 62 72 60 68 80 65
HRF HRF HRB HRB HRB
N/D
N/D
HRB HRC HRC HRC HRB
58 HRC 58 58 58 N/D
HRC
60 HRC 60 60 60 N/D
HRB
HRB N/D HRB N/D N/D
70 72 80 87 90 100 140 210 190 210 230 260 90 120 160 230 170 210 240 280 114 152 186 152 179 217 144 80
6.0 6.3 6.6 6.9 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.1 6.2 6.5 6.8 7.0 5.8 6.3 6.7 7.2 6.1 6.4 6.8 7.1 5.8 6.3 6.7 5.9 6.3 6.8 6.0 6.0
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MPIF Standard 35

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from admixtures of elemental iron powder, elemental nickel powder and graphite powder (carbon), if required. Nickel additions are typically in the range of 1 to 4%. If no carbon is present the product is designated PM iron-nickel. The proportions of each element used will depend on the strength levels required and whether the material is to be used in the as-sintered or heat treated condition. Other elements, such as molybdenum, also may be admixed when appropriate, within the ranges shown for other elements. Material Characteristics Unlike carbon, complete diffusion of nickel into the iron matrix is not attained with normal commercial sintering cycles. The heterogeneous metallurgical structures developed contain nickel-rich phases which can impart significant improvements in toughness, tensile properties and hardenability. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Application PM nickel steels are used typically for heat-treatable structural parts requiring the combination of strength, wear resistance and impact properties. Microstructure The fine nickel powder mixed with the iron and graphite normally do not completely diffuse during ordinary sintering. As-sintered nickel steels show light colored, austenitic nickel-rich islands with needles of martensite or bainite around their edges. Sintering at elevated temperatures, above 1149 C (2100 F), will reduce the volume fraction of austenitic nickel-rich islands. In the heat treated condition, the nickel-rich islands are light colored, austenitic at their center and with martensitic needles at the peripheries (viewed at 1000X). This heterogeneous structure is normal. The matrix is martensite and, depending on quenching rate, 0-35% fine pearlite.
Chemical Composition, % Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel Material Designation FN-0200 FN-0205 FN-0208 FN-0405 FN-0408 Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Ni 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 5.5 C 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 Cu 0.0 2.5 0.0 2.5 0.0 2.5 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
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HARDNESS
Young's Modulus GPa
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
FN-0200 -15 -20 -25 FN-0205 -20 -25 -30 -35 FN-0205 -80HT -105HT -130HT -155HT -180HT FN-0208 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50 FN-0208 -80HT -105HT -130HT -155HT -180HT FN-0405 -25 -35 -45 FN-0405 -80HT -105HT -130HT -155HT -180HT FN-0408 -35 -45 -55
100 140 170 140 170 210 240 550 720 900 1070 1240 210 240 280 310 340 550 720 900 1070 1240 170 240 310 550 720 900 1070 1240 240 310 380
170 240 280 280 340 410 480 620 830 1000 1100 1280 310 380 480 550 620 620 830 1000 1170 1340 280 410 620 590 760 930 1100 1280 310 450 550
120 170 210 170 210 240 280
(D)
240 280 310 340 380
(D)
210 280 340
(D)
280 340 410
3.0 5.0 10.0 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 3.0 4.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
115 140 160 115 135 155 170 115 135 150 155 170 120 135 150 160 170 120 135 140 155 170 105 140 170 105 130 140 160 170 105 135 155
0.25 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.28
14 27 68 8 16 28 46 5 6 8 9 13 7 11 15 22 28 5 6 7 9 11 6 20 45 5 7 9 13 18 5 10 15
340 550 720 450 690 860 1030 830 1110 1310 1480 1720 590 720 900 1070 1170 830 1030 1280 1520 1720 450 830 1210 790 1000 1380 1690 1930 520 790 1030
110 120 140 170 210 240 280 410 550 690 830 970 240 280 310 340 380 680 850 940 1120 1300 230 280 310 460 610 710 850 910 260 340 410
55 75 80 44 59 69 78 23 29 33 36 40 63 71 77 83 88 26 31 35 39 42 49 71 84 99 25 31 37 40 67 78 87
HRF N/D HRB N/D HRC 55 HRC 55 55 55 55
HRB N/D
HRC
57 HRC 57 57 57 57 N/D
HRB
HRB HRC HRC HRC HRC HRB
55 HRC 55 55 55 55 N/D
70 91 103 100 120 150 180 180 240 290 320 370 110 140 170 190 220 200 260 320 370 430 100 150 220 180 230 290 340 390 110 160 190
6.6 7.0 7.3 6.6 6.9 7.2 7.4 6.6 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.4 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.4 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.4 6.5 7.0 7.4 6.5 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.4 6.5 6.9 7.2
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MPIF Standard 35
Prealloyed Steel
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybdenum, manganese and chromium as the major alloying elements. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed with the prealloyed steel powder to provide the necessary level of carbon in the final material. Material Characteristics Prealloyed steel powders are normally used in medium to high density PM applications. These materials provide greater hardenability than is possible with admixed copper or nickel steels. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Chemical Composition, % Prealloyed Steel
Prealloy
Application Prealloyed steels are used typically where high performance materials capable of being heat treated are required. These alloys will provide high strength and wear resistance after heat treatment. Microstructure The eutectoid product in the as-sintered condition is not the same as the fine pearlite of the plain iron-carbon systems. The carbide plates are coarser and spaced in such a way that the proeutectoid ferrite is not clearly defined; therefore, it is difficult to estimate the combined carbon content metallographically. Prealloyed steels may contain up to 5% unalloyed iron. After heat treatment the prealloyed steels exhibit a uniform tempered martensitic structure. Material Code Designations
Prealloy
Material Designation FL-4005 FL-4205 FL-4400 FL-4405 FL-4605 FL-4805 FL-48105 FL-4905 FL-5208 FL-5305
Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal.
C 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6
Ni 0.35 0.55 1.70 2.00 1.20 1.60 1.65 2.05
Mo 0.40 0.60 0.50 0.85 0.75 0.95 0.75 0.95 0.45 0.60 1.10 1.40 0.85 1.15 1.30 1.70 0.15 0.30 0.40 0.60
Mn 0.05 0.30 0.20 0.40 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.30 0.50 0.30 0.55 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30
Cr 1.3 1.7 2.7 3.3
Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
FL - 4405 - XX
FL - 48105 - XX
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent strength values in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition. (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3). (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT) materials: 177 C (1350 F). (G) Tempering temperature for the FL-5305 material: 204 C (400 F). N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes. To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selection, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
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Prealloyed Steel
Material Designation Code Minimum Strength (A) (E) (G) Yield Ultimate MPa Yield Strength (0.2%) MPa
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
90% Survival
Young's Modulus GPa
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
MPa
FL-4205 -35 -40 -45 -50 FL-4205 -80HT -100HT -120HT -140HT FL-4405 -35 -40 -45 -50 FL-4405 -100HT -125HT -150HT -175HT FL-4605 -35 -40 -45 -50 FL-4605 -80HT -100HT -120HT -140HT FL-5208 -65 -75 -80 -85 FL-5305 -75 -90 -105 -120
240 280 310 340 550 690 830 970 240 280 310 340 690 860 1030 1210 240 280 310 340 550 690 830 970 450 520 550 590 520 620 720 830
360 400 460 500 620 760 900 1030 360 400 460 500 760 930 1100 1280 360 400 460 500 590 760 900 1070 620 760 830 930 760 860 970 1100
290 320 360 400 (D) 290 320 360 400 (D) 290 320 360 400 (D) 480 550 600 660 590 690 790 900
1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0
130 140 150 160 115 130 140 155 120 135 150 160 120 135 150 160 125 140 150 165 110 125 140 155 120 135 150 160 120 135 150 160
0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28
8 12 16 23 7 9 11 16 8 15 22 30 7 9 12 19 8 15 22 30 6 8 11 16 12 16 20 24 11 14 15 18
690 790 860 1030 930 1100 1280 1480 690 860 970 1140 1100 1380 1590 1930 690 830 970 1140 900 1140 1340 1590 1100 1310 1520 1760 1280 1450 1590 1720
290 320 360 390 550 760 970 1170 270 310 360 390 930 1070 1210 1340 290 310 360 390 630 790 960 1170 410 520 590 660 520 600 690 790
60 66 70 75 28 32 36 39 60 67 73 80 24 29 34 38 60 65 71 77 24 29 34 39 83 88 93 98 90 20 26 33
HRB N/D HRC 60 HRC 60 60 60 HRB N/D HRC 60 HRC 60 60 60 HRB N/D HRC 60 HRC 60 60 60 HRB N/D HRB HRC HRC HRC
N/D
140 190 220 280 210 260 300 340 140 190 220 280 230 290 330 400 140 190 220 280 200 260 320 370 190 220 250 280 190 220 260 290
6.80 6.95 7.10 7.30 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.30 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.30 6.75 6.95 7.15 7.35 6.55 6.75 6.95 7.20 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.30 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.30
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MPIF Standard 35

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybdenum and manganese as the major alloying elements, to which varying amounts of elemental metal powder(s) have been admixed. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed with the steel powder to provide the necessary level of carbon in the final material. Material Characteristics Hybrid low-alloy steel powders are normally used in medium to high density PM applications. These materials provide greater hardenability than is possible with admixed copper or nickel steels. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Application Hybrid low-alloy PM steels are used typically where high Chemical Composition, % Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel Material Designation Fe C Ni Mo Mn Cu Element Bal. 0.4 1.55 0.40 0.05 1.3 Minimum FLN2C-4005 Bal. 0.7 1.95 0.60 0.30 1.7 Maximum Bal. 0.4 3.60 0.40 0.05 1.3 Minimum FLN4C-4005 Bal. 0.7 4.40 0.60 0.30 1.7 Maximum FLN-4205 Bal. 0.4 1.35* 0.49 0.20 Minimum (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 2.50* 0.85 0.40 Maximum Bal. 0.0 1.00 0.65 0.05 Minimum FLN2-4400 Bal. 0.3 3.00 0.95 0.30 Maximum FLN2-4405 Bal. 0.4 1.00 0.65 0.05 Minimum (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 3.00 0.95 0.30 Maximum Bal. 0.0 3.00 0.65 0.05 Minimum FLN4-4400 Bal. 0.3 5.00 0.95 0.30 Maximum FLN4-4405 Bal. 0.4 3.00 0.65 0.05 Minimum (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 5.00 0.95 0.30 Maximum FLN6-4405 Bal. 0.4 5.00 0.65 0.05 Minimum (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 7.00 0.95 0.30 Maximum FLNC-4405 Bal. 0.4 1.00 0.65 0.05 1.0 Minimum (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 3.00 0.95 0.30 3.0 Maximum *At least 1% of the nickel is admixed as elemental powder. Other elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes. performance materials capable of being heat treated are required. These alloys will provide high strength and wear resistance after heat treatment. Microstructure The eutectoid product in the as-sintered condition is not the same as the fine pearlite of the plain iron-carbon systems. The carbide plates are coarser and spaced in such a way that the proeutectoid ferrite is not clearly defined; therefore, it is difficult to estimate the combined carbon content metallographically. Hybrid low-alloy steels may contain up to 5% unalloyed iron. The elemental metal powder additions to the base prealloyed steel powder produce a heterogeneous microstructure similar to the admixed and diffusion-alloyed steels. Alloys containing copper additions may show bainite and/or martensite in the as-sintered structure. After heat treatment the hybrid low-alloy steels exhibit a tempered martensitic structure with nickel-rich areas in those alloys containing admixed nickel. Material Code Designations
Prealloy Major Elemental Addition % Elemental Addition 2nd Elemental Addition
FL N2C- 4005 - XX
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition. (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3). (E) Tempering temperature for-heat treated (HT) materials: 177 C (350 F). (F) Alloys containing copper additions may have lower impact and fatigue limit as compared with the values in the data tables. (G) Tempering temperature for the heat-treated FLN2C and FLN4C material: 204 C (400 F). N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
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ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
90% Survival
Young's Modulus GPa
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
MPa
FLN2C-4005-60 -65 -70 -75 FLN2C-4005-105HT -140HT -170HT -220HT FLN4C-4005-70 -75 -80 -85 FLN4C-4005-115HT -135HT -170HT -210HT FLN-4205-40 -45 (1.) -50 -55 FLN-4205-80HT -105HT (1.) -140HT -175HT FLN2-4405-45 -50 (1.) -55 -60 FLN2-4405-90HT -120HT (1.) -160HT -190HT FLN4-4405-55 -70 -85 -100 FLN4-4405-90HT -120HT -165HT -195HT
410 450 480 520 720 970 1170 1520 480 520 550 590 790 930 1170 1450 280 310 340 380 550 720 970 1210 310 340 380 410 620 830 1100 1310 380 480 590 690 620 830 1140 1340
480 620 720 900 790 1030 1280 1650 590 690 790 970 870 1000 1270 1550 400 460 500 600 620 790 1030 1280 410 450 550 690 690 900 1170 1450 470 570 710 860 690 900 1210 1480
450 480 520 570 (D) (D) (D) 1240 540 570 590 620 700 900 1000 1270 320 360 400 430 (D) 360 400 440 480 (D) 860 1000 1240 440 530 650 780 (D)
<1.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5
120 135 150 170 120 135 150 170 120 135 150 170 120 135 150 170 115 130 145 160 115 130 145 160 115 130 145 160 115 130 145 160 115 130 145 160 115 130 145 160
0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28
9 15 22 39 7 12 18 26 14 20 33 62 11 15 22 39 8 11 18 30 7 9 12 19 7 9 16 30 5 8 14 18 7 11 16 35 8 11 16 24
1000 1210 1380 1650 1280 1620 2000 2550 1170 1380 1620 1930 1240 1570 1900 2380 720 860 1030 1210 900 1170 1590 2000 860 1070 1310 1520 1070 1450 1800 2210 690 970 1310 1650 880 1260 1700 2180
380 410 450 520 690 900 1070 1380 430 470 500 550 670 820 940 1150 310 340 390 410 860 1000 1170 1380 340 380 430 480 690 860 1100 1310 340 380 410 480 550 720 930 1140
81 HRB 84 88 93 25 HRC 29 34 40 85 HRB 88 94 100 22 HRC 25 30 36 64 HRB 70 77 83 24 HRC 30 36 42 75 HRB 80 85 90 28 HRC 32 38 44 78 HRB 83 90 98 20 HRC 25 32 39
N/D 58 HRC 58 58 58 N/D 55 HRC 55 55 55 N/D 60 HRC 60 60 60 N/D 60 HRC 60 60 60 N/D 60 HRC 60 60 60
170* 210* 260* 320* 210* 310* 410* 540* 165* 230* 290* 370* 250* 330* 415* 530* 140 190 220 280 190 250 320 400 130 170 220 280 220 280 340 410 150 190 220 280 180 260 340 430
6.70 6.90 7.10 7.40 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.40 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.40 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.40 6.60 6.80 7.05 7.30 6.60 6.80 7.05 7.30 6.60 6.80 7.05 7.30 6.60 6.80 7.05 7.30 6.60 6.80 7.05 7.30 6.60 6.80 7.05 7.30
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(1.) Formerly Low-Alloy Steel Revised: 1987, 2000, 2003, 2007 *converted from axial fatigue test results
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MPIF Standard 35
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybdenum and manganese as the major alloying elements and elemental copper, and in some cases, elemental nickel. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed to provide the necessary level of carbon in the final material. Material Characteristics Sinter-hardenable materials are normally used in medium to high density PM applications. These materials provide sufficient hardenability to enable hardening during the cooling cycle following sintering. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Application Sinter-hardened PM steels are used typically where high strength and wear resistance are required. Advantages of using sinter hardening include dimensional control, cleanliness and reduction in the number of processing steps. Sinter-hardened materials are not readily machined. Microstructure The sinter-hardened steels exhibit a predominantly martensitic microstructure. It is also common to find regions of fine pearlite, bainite and retained austenite. Nickel-rich areas may be found in alloys containing admixed nickel.
Chemical Composition, % Sinter-Hardened Steel Material Designation FLN2-4408 FLN4-4408 FLN6-4408 FLNC-4408 FLC-4608 FLC-4805 FLC2-4808 Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. C 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.9 Ni 1.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 1.0 3.0 1.6 2.0 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.6 Mo 0.65 0.95 0.65 0.95 0.65 0.95 0.65 0.95 0.43 0.60 Cu 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 Mn 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Chemical Composition, % Sinter-Hardened Steel Material Designation FLC-48108 FLN-48108

(formerly FLN-4608)
Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal.
C 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9
Ni 1.6 2.0 3.6* 5.0*
Mo 0.80 1.10 0.80 1.10 1.30 1.70
Cu 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0
Mn 0.30 0.50 0.30 0.50 0.05 0.30
Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
FLC-4908
*At least 2% of the nickel is admixed as elemental powder. Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes. Material Code Designations
Prealloy Major Elemental Addition Prealloy Major Elemental Addition % Elemental Addition
1.1 0.75 0.30 Minimum 1.4 1.35 0.50 Maximum 1.1 1.0 0.30 Minimum 1.4 3.0 0.50 Maximum
FL NC - 4408 - XX
FL N2 - 4408 - XX
Prealloy Grade Prealloy % Carbon
Major Elemental Addition
FLC - 48108 - XX
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ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Microindentation (converted) (F) Fatigue Limit 90% Survival MPa
Elongation (in 25.4mm) %
Young's Modulus GPa
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
FLNC-4408-60HT -85HT -105HT -130HT FLC-4608-60HT -75HT -95HT -115HT FLC-4805-70HT -100HT -140HT -175HT FLC2-4808-70HT -85HT -110HT -145HT FLC-48108-50HT -70HT -90HT -110HT
410 590 720 900 410 520 660 790 480 690 970 1210 480 590 760 1000 340 480 620 760
480 660 790 970 480 590 720 860 520 760 1030 1280 520 620 830 1070 410 550 690 830
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(D)
<1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0
115 130 140 155 115 130 140 155 115 130 140 155 115 130 140 155 115 130 140 155
0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28
5 9 16 22 9 11 15 18 7 9 14 20 9 15 19 23 7 9 12 19
1100 1310 1520 1720 900 1070 1240 1450 1100 1380 1650 1970 930 1240 1590 1860 830 1030 1310 1590
520 590 660 720 660 720 790 860 690 900 1100 1280 620 790 930 1100 (C) (C) (C) (C)
98 21 25 30 28 32 36 39 24 29 34 39 25 30 35 40 20 26 31 37
HRB HRC HRC HRC HRC
HRC
HRC
HRC
55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 57 57 57 57 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55
HRC
HRC
HRC
HRC
HRC
120 180 230 290 120 180 230 290 150* 230* 300* 390* 180* 240* 295* 350* 110 160 230 290
6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20
45 45
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*converted from axial fatigue test results
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition. (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions using accelerated cooling. (C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subsequent editions of this standard. (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heattreated materials (see page 3). (E) Tempering temperature: 177 C (350 F). (F) Microindentation hardness values refer to the martensite. If fine pearlite or bainite is present, these phases typically will measure 25-45 HRC. (G) Tempering temperature for the FLC-4805 and FLC2-4808 materials: 204 C (400 F).
Revised: 2000, 2003, 2007
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MPIF Standard 35
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from diffusion-alloyed steel powders using nickel, copper and molybdenum as the major alloying elements. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed with the diffusion-alloyed steel powder to provide the necessary level of carbon in the final material. Varying amounts of elemental powders may be admixed also. Material Characteristics Diffusion-alloyed powders normally are used in medium to high density PM applications. Elemental nickel may be added to improve ductility and impact properties. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Application Diffusion-alloyed steels typically are used in medium to high strength structural products. These materials may be heat treated to increase strength and wear resistance. Microstructure These materials produce a heterogeneous microstructure. As-sintered diffusion-alloyed steels show a microstructure similar to the nickel steels with a greater proportion of bainite and martensite. After heat treatment these structures are similar to heat treated nickel steels.
Chemical Composition, % Diffusion-Alloyed Steel Material Designation Fe Bal. FD-0200 Bal. Bal. FD-0205 Bal. Bal. FD-0208 Bal. Bal. FD-0400 Bal. Bal. FD-0405 Bal. Bal. FD-0408 Bal. Bal. FLDN2-4908 Bal. Bal. FLDN4C2-4905 Bal. C 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.6 Ni 1.55 1.95 1.55 1.95 1.55 1.95 3.60 4.40 3.60 4.40 3.60 4.40 1.85 2.25 3.60 4.40 Cu Mo 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.6 2.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 1.3* 1.7* 1.3* 1.7* Mn Element 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.30 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Material Code Designations

Diffusion Alloyed Diffusion Alloyed Addition Prealloy % Diffusion Alloyed Addition Base Diffusion Alloyed Diffusion Alloyed Addition
Prealloy Base
FLDN2 - 4908 - XX
FLDN4 C2 - 4905 - XX
% Diffusion Alloyed Addition % Carbon Prealloy Grade
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition. (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3). (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT) materials: 177 C (350 F).
N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
*Prealloyed in the base powder. Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes.
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ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Young's Modulus GPa
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
FD-0205-45 -50 -55 -60 FD-0205-95HT -120HT -140HT -160HT FD-0208-50 -55 -60 -65 FD-0405-55 -60 -65 FD-0405-100HT -130HT -155HT FD-0408-50 -55 -60 -65 FLDN2-4908-70 -80 -90 -100 FLDN4C2-4905-50 -60 -70 -80
310 340 380 410 660 830 970 1100 340 380 410 450 380 410 450 690 900 1070 340 380 410 450 480 550 620 690 340 410 480 550
470 540 610 690 720 900 1030 1170 480 540 630 710 590 710 850 760 970 1140 490 620 760 860 570 660 810 880 590 720 860 970
360 390 420 460 (D)
400 430 470 500 430 460 480 (D) 390 430 460 490 540 610 690 740 400 460 530 590
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.5 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5
125 140 150 170 125 140 150 170 125 135 150 160 125 145 165 125 145 165 120 140 155 170 125 140 150 160 125 140 150 165
0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28
11 16 24 38 7 9 12 15 9 12 16 23 15 27 37 7 9 14 12 18 24 30 9 12 18 27 14 15 24 50
900 1070 1240 1450 1100 1310 1450 1650 930 1070 1240 1340 1100 1340 1590 1100 1380 1620 900 1140 1380 1590 1100 1310 1590 1760 1100 1340 1620 1860
320 360 390 430 900 1070 1210 1380 400 430 460 500 390 430 500 860 1030 1210 430 470 500 550 410 460 530 570 340 410 450 520
72 HRB 76 80 86 28 HRC 33 38 45 80 HRB 83 87 90 80 HRB 85 91 30 HRC 35 42 85 HRB 89 93 95 91 HRB 94 98 100 85 HRB 90 95 25 HRC
N/D
55 HRC 55 55 55 N/D
N/D 55 HRC 55 55 N/D
N/D
N/D
170 200 220 260 290 360 450 520 170 230 260 320 170 200 280 180 340 400 150 190 260 330 190 220 250 280 130 190 250 310
6.75 6.95 7.15 7.40 6.75 6.95 7.15 7.40 6.75 6.90 7.10 7.25 6.75 7.05 7.35 6.75 7.05 7.35 6.70 6.95 7.20 7.40 6.75 6.95 7.15 7.30 6.75 6.95 7.15 7.35
47 47
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MPIF Standard 35

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from admixtures of iron and/or iron alloy powders with graphite (carbon) powder in which the voids are largely filled through infiltration with a copper-base material. Material Characteristics Infiltration is the process of filling the interconnected pores of a PM compact with a molten metal or alloy of lower melting point by capillary action. Copper-infiltrated steels are manufactured by compacting iron or iron-base powder (with or without graphite powder) into a finished shape and infiltrating the interconnected pores with a copper-base material during the sintering operation. This may be a single pass or two-stage infiltration. The result is a steel-copper structure unique to the powder metallurgy process. Compared with as-sintered iron or carbon steel PM parts, copper infiltration can improve tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and impact properties. Application Copper-infiltrated steel PM parts may be used in the asinfiltrated or heat treated condition. Electroplating characteristics are improved because the pores of the steel structure are sealed with copper thus avoiding entrapment of plating solutions and subsequent tendency for surface staining. For the same reason, infiltrated PM parts may be Chemical Composition, % Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel Material Designation FX-1000 FX-1005 FX-1008 FX-2000 FX-2005 FX-2008
(1)
Microstructure The copper-rich phase can be seen clearly at 100l000X, etched in Nital or unetched. The distribution of the copper phase through the part can be determined, and underinfiltrated areas noted, if any exist. Although copper normally does not fill all the pores, it will first fill the finer interconnected pores by capillary action. The combined carbon content is based on the iron phase only. Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes.
Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal.
Cu 8.0 14.9 8.0 14.9 8.0 14.9 15.0 25.0 15.0 25.0 15.0 25.0
C(1) 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9
Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Carbon, on basis of iron only, may be a metallographic estimate.
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used in medium pressure hydraulic applications where pressure tightness is a consideration. Machinability is improved because interrupted cuts are reduced. The machined parts have a smooth surface finish. Assembly of multiple PM parts into one integral unit can be achieved by pressing the parts separately, assembling, and then bonding into one unit through the infiltration process. Infiltrated and wrought parts may be joined by brazing because the brazing alloy remains at the interface of the surfaces being brazed, rather than dissipating into the pores of an as-sintered PM part. The sealed surface of an infiltrated part permits surface hardening by induction or flame processes in air without excessive internal oxidation of the steel matrix. Clearly defined cases may be obtained at high density by carburizing or carbonitriding a low carbon matrix. This results in hard, wear resistant surfaces and a tough internal core.
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ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Young's Modulus GPa
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
FX-1000-25 FX-1005-40 FX-1005-110HT FX-1008-50 FX-1008-110HT FX-2000-25 FX-2005-45 FX-2005-90HT FX-2008-60 FX-2008-90HT
170 280 760 340 760 170 310 620 410 620
350 530 830 600 830 320 520 690 550 690
220 340 (D) 410 (D) 260 410 (D) 480 (D)
7.0 4.0 <0.5 3.0 <0.5 3.0 1.5 <0.5 1.0 <0.5
160 160 160 160 160 145 145 145 145 145
0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
34 18 9 14 9 20 11 9 9 7
910 1090 1450 1140 1300 990 1020 1180 1080 1100
230 370 760 490 790 280 410 490 480 510
65 HRB 82 HRB 38 HRC 89 HRB 43 HRC 66 HRB 85 HRB 36 HRC 90 HRB 36 HRC
N/D N/D 55 HRC N/D 58 HRC N/D N/D 55 HRC N/D 58 HRC
133 200 230 230 280 122 140 160 160 190
7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3
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NOTE: All data based on single-pass infiltration.
Revised: 1997
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MPIF Standard 35

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from prealloyed, austenitic stainless steel powders. Material Characteristics Stainless steels are normally used as medium to high density PM materials. With the use of prealloyed powder, a completely homogeneous steel microstructure is attained under normal commercial sintering cycles. Processing practices have a strong effect on the mechanical properties of PM stainless steel. Higher sintering temperatures (above 1149 C) (2100 F) tend to increase impact energy, ductility and corrosion resistance. Sintering in a nitrogen-based atmosphere results in higher strengths and lower ductility than sintering in vacuum or hydrogen because of the effect of nitrogen alloying. Corrosion behavior can also be affected by sintering cycles. Application Stainless steel PM materials are generally selected because of their good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and appearance: SS-303 Austenitic Machining Grades SS-303 is preferred for parts requiring extensive secondary machining. Strength and hardness are high and corrosion resistance is good. SS-303 is non-magnetic. SS-304 General Purpose Austenitic Grades SS-304 has good strength properties and corrosion resistance. A general purpose grade used in many applications. SS-304 is non-magnetic. SS-316 General Purpose Austenitic Grades SS-316 has the best combination of properties in a PM stainless steel alloy. Corrosion resistance is better than SS-303. First choice for general purpose applications. Non-magnetic. Microstructure The 303, 304 and 316 stainless steel grades are austenitic with some evidence of twin formation. In the L grades there should be little or no evidence of original particle boundaries, chromium carbides, nitrides or oxides.

Material Designation SS-303Nl, N2 SS-303L SS-304Nl, N2 SS-304H, L SS-316Nl, N2 SS-316H, L Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Cr 17.0 19.0 17.0 19.0 18.0 20.0 18.0 20.0 16.0 18.0 16.0 18.0 Ni 8.0 13.0 8.0 13.0 8.0 12.0 8.0 12.0 10.0 14.0 10.0 14.0 Mn 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 Si 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 S 0.15 0.30 0.15 0.30 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 C 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.03 P 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 Mo 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 N 0.20 0.60 0.00 0.03 0.20 0.60 0.00 0.03 0.20 0.60 0.00 0.03 Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
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Material Designation Code Minimum Strength (A) (E) Yield Ultimate MPa Minimum Elongation (in 25.4 mm) % Yield Strength (0.2%) MPa
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Microindentation (converted) Fatigue Strength 107 Cycle MPa
Young's Modulus GPa
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
SS-303N1-25 SS-303N2-35 SS-303N2-38 SS-303L-12 SS-303L-15 SS-304N1-30 SS-304N2-33 SS-304N2-38 SS-304H-20 SS-304L-13 SS-304L-18 SS-316N1-25 SS-316N2-33 SS-316N2-38 SS-316H-20 SS-316L-15 SS-316L-22
170 240 260 80 100 210 230 260 140 90 120 170 230 260 140 100 150
0.0 3.0 6.0 12.0 15.0 0.0 5.0 8.0 7.0 15.0 18.0 0.0 5.0 8.0 5.0 12.0 15.0
270 380 470 270 330 300 390 480 280 300 390 280 410 480 240 280 390
220 290 310 120 170 260 280 310 170 120 180 230 270 310 170 140 210
0.5 5.0 10.0 17.5 20.0 0.5 10.0 13.0 10.0 23.0 26.0 0.5 10.0 13.0 7.0 18.5 21.0
105 115 140 120 140 105 115 140 120 120 140 105 115 140 120 120 140
0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.27
5 26 47 54 75 5 34 75 27 61 108 7 38 65 27 47 88
590 680 N/D 570 N/D 770 880 N/D 590 N/D N/D 740 860 N/D 590 550 N/D
260 320 320 140 200 260 320 320 170 150 190 250 300 320 170 150 200
62 HRB 63 HRB 70 HRB 21 HRB 35 HRB 61 HRB 62 HRB 68 HRB 35 HRB 30 HRB 45 HRB 59 HRB 62 HRB 65 HRB 33 HRB 20 HRB 45 HRB
90 110 145 105 130 105 125 160 (C) 115 145 75 95 130 (C) 90 115
6.4 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.9 6.4 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.6 6.9 6.4 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.6 6.9
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N1 - Nitrogen alloyed. Good strength, low elongation. * Sintered at 1149 C (2100 F) in dissociated ammonia. N2 - Nitrogen alloyed. High strength, medium elongation. * Sintered at 1288 C (2350 F) in dissociated ammonia. H - Low carbon. Lower strength, high elongation. * Sintered at 1149C (2100 F) in 100% hydrogen. L - Low carbon. Lower strength, highest elongation. * Sintered at 1288 C (2350 F) in partial vacuum. Cooled to avoid nitrogen absorption. *Processing parameters used to generate these data, other conditions could be used.
2007 Edition Approved: 1994 Revised: 1997, 2000, 2003
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition. (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. (C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subsequent editions of this standard. N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
--`,,,,``,,`,,``,`,```,`````,`,,`,,,```,,,```,```,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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MPIF Standard 35

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from prealloyed ferritic or martensitic stainless steel powders. When required, carbon content is controlled by admixed graphite powder additions. Material Characteristics Stainless steels normally are used as medium to high density PM materials. With the use of prealloyed powder a homogeneous microstructure is attained using normal commercial sintering cycles. Processing practices have a moderate effect on the mechanical properties of the 400 series stainless steels. Maximum soft magnetic properties are achieved by high temperature sintering (above 1149 C) (2100 F) in a nitrogen-free atmosphere (pure hydrogen or vacuum). The corrosion properties are inferior to the 300 series stainless steel alloys when processed under the same conditions. Application The 400 series stainless steels normally are selected for their magnetic properties or heat treat response: SS-409L Selected for welded applications. SS-410L Selected for soft-magnetic properties and environments requiring the least corrosion resistance. SS-410-90HT Selected for its combination of strength, hardness and wear resistance. Carbon is added to increase the heat treat response. This alloy responds to furnace cooling as a sinter-hardenable alloy. A secondary quench and temper process will increase hardness. Both corrosion resistance and machinability are poor. SS-430 Lower magnetic properties as compared with SS-410 but somewhat better corrosion resistance. SS-434 Similar magnetic properties to the SS-430 grade with slightly better corrosion resistance. Microstructure The 410L, 430 and 434 alloys are ferritic in the as-sintered condition. There should be no evidence of prior particle boundaries, oxides or carbides. Even minor residual carbon or nitrogen will appear as grain boundary precipitates in the microstructure. The 410-90HT grade is fully martensitic after normal cooling from the sintering cycle. It also can be hardened separately but, in either case, generally is tempered for optimum toughness.

Material Designation SS-409L SS-409LE(1) SS-410 SS-410L SS-430N2 SS-430L SS-434N2 SS-434L SS-434LCb Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Cr 10.50 11.75 11.50 13.50 11.50 13.50 11.50 13.50 16.00 18.00 16.00 18.00 16.00 18.00 16.00 18.00 16.00 18.00 Ni 0.0 0.5 Mn 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Si 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 S 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 C 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 P 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 Mo 0.75 1.25 0.75 1.25 0.75 1.25 N 0.03 Cb (Nb) Element 0.80 Maximum
0.00 8 x %C Minimum 0.00 8 x %C Minimum 0.03 0.80 Maximum 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.03 0.20 0.60 0.00 0.03 0.20 0.60 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.4 0.6 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes. (1) LE = L grade, Extended chemistry
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Material Designation Code Minimum Strength (A) (E) Yield Ultimate MPa Minimum Elongation (in 25.4mm) % Yield Strength (0.2%) MPa
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Elongation (in 25.4mm) %
Young's Modulus GPa
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
SS-410-90HT SS-410L-20 SS-430N2-28 SS-430L-24 SS-434N2-28 SS-434L-24
620 140 190 170 190 170
0.0 10.0 3.0 14.0 4.0 10.0
720 330 410 340 410 340
(D) 180 240 210 240 210
<0.5 16.0 5.0 20.0 8.0 15.0
125 165 170 170 165 165
0.25 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27
3 68 34 108 20 88
780 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
640 190 230 230 230 230
23 45 70 45 68 50
HRC 55 HRC HRB N/D HRB N/D HRB N/D HRB N/D HRB N/D
240 125 170 170 150 150
6.5 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.0
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N2 - Nitrogen alloyed. High strength, medium elongation. * Sintered at 1288 C (2350 F) in dissociated ammonia. L - Low carbon. Lower strength, highest elongation. * Sintered at 1288 C (2350 F) in partial vacuum. Cooled to avoid nitrogen absorption. HT - Martensitic grade, heat treated. Highest strength. * Sinter hardened at 1149 C (2100 F) in dissociated ammonia. *Processing parameters used to generate these data, other conditions could be used.
Revised: 1997, 2000, 2007
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MPIF Standard 35

This subsection covers PM copper, brasses, nickel-silver materials and bronze for structural application (not bearings). They are manufactured from prealloyed powders with the exception of pure copper and the bronze materials that are usually made from admixed elemental copper and tin powders. Material Characteristics PM copper has the typical copper color and commonly is used for its excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. The pure copper grade at a nominal 8.0 g/cm3 density has a conductivity of 85% IACS* while the 8.3 g/cm3 material has a conductivity of 90% IACS.* PM brass materials are available in numerous compositions with zinc content ranging from 10 to 30%, balance copper. PM bronze contains 10% tin, balance copper. Nickel-silver PM materials are nominally alloys of 18% zinc, 18% nickel, balance copper. They do not contain silver. Brasses and nickel silver may contain from 1 to 2% lead for improved machinability. The lead content is metallurgically contained. Machinability is comparable to cast and wrought stock of the same composition. CZ-1000 (90-10 brass) has a reddish bronze color and is commonly used for mechanical components and hardware applications. CZP-2002 (80-20 brass) has the classic yellow brass color and improved strength for structural and hardware components. It may be repressed for closer tolerance. CZP-3002 (70-30 brass) also has the classic brass color and the highest strength for structural and hardware components. It may also be repressed for control of dimensional tolerances. Ductility is good. Nickel silver has properties similar to brass but with improved corrosion resistance and a silvery gray color. Tensile strengths are above the brass range. Ductility is somewhat less. The material polishes and burnishes well for an attractive appearance. Parts can be repressed for dimensional control and improved mechanical properties. CT-1000 (90-10 bronze) while most commonly used as a self-lubricating bearing material is also used at higher densities (6.8 g/cm3 or more) in structural applications where strength, corrosion resistance and appearance are important. The values shown in the property data for yield strength are based on as-sintered specimens, except those noted as repressed. Cold working by repressing these materials increases yield strengths, depending upon the amount of deformation. The increase in strength is accompanied by a decrease in elongation and an increase in apparent hardness. Application Pure copper is used in applications requiring excellent thermal or electrical conductivity. Brass, nickel-silver, and bronze PM parts have a wide variety of applications in structural parts requiring good corrosion resistance, good machinability, attractive appearance and ductility. (Also see Material Characteristics above.) Microstructure Copper, brass, bronze and nickel silver will sinter to the point where very few original particle boundaries are observable. In well-sintered bronze the alpha bronze grains have grown from their original fine grain clusters and there is no evidence of blue-gray Cu-Sn intermetallic compounds.
*IACS = International Annealed Copper Standard, measured @ 20 C in the annealed condition with thermal conductivity of 0.93 cal/cm2/cm/C/s and electrical resistivity of 1.73 microohm-cm (electrical conductivity of 0.58 megmho-cm).
Material Designation C-0000 CZ-1000 CZP-1002 CZ-2000 CZP-2002
Cu 99.8 100.0 88.0 91.0 88.0 91.0 77.0 80.0 77.0 80.0
Zn Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal.
Chemical Composition, % Copper and Copper Alloys Material Pb Sn Ni Element Designation Cu Zn Pb Sn Minimum 68.5 Bal. CZ-3000 Maximum 71.5 Bal. Minimum 68.5 Bal. 1.0 CZP-3002 Maximum 71.5 Bal. 2.0 1.0 Minimum 62.5 Bal. CNZ-1818 2.0 Maximum 65.5 Bal. Minimum 62.5 Bal. 1.0 CNZP-1816 Maximum 65.5 Bal. 2.0 1.0 Minimum 87.5 9.5 CT-1000 2.0 Maximum 90.5 10.5
Ni 16.5 19.5 16.5 19.5
Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Other Elements: For the C-0000 material 0.2% max; for all other copper-based alloys 2.0% max.
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Material Designation Code Minimum Strength (A) Yield MPa Yield Strength (0.2%) MPa
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
HARDNESS
Microindentation (converted)
Young's Modulus GPa
Poisson's Ratio
Macro (apparent)
Density g/cm3
Rockwell
C-0000-5 C-0000-7 CZ-1000 -9 -10 -11 CZP-1002-7 CZ-2000 -11 -12 CZP-2002-11 -12 CZ-3000 -14 -16 CZP3002-13 -14 CNZ-1818-17 CNZP-1816-13 CT-1000-13 (repressed)
35 50 60 70 80 50 80 80 80 80 100 110 90 100 120 90 90
160 190 120 140 160 140 160 240 160 240 190 230 190 220 230 180 150
40 60 70 80 80 60 90 120 90 120 110 130 100 110 140 100 110
20.0 25.0 9.0 10.5 12.0 10.0 9.0 18.0 9.0 18.0 14.0 17.0 14.0 16.0 11.0 10.0 4.0
85 90 80 90 100 90 85 100 85 100 80 90 80 90 95 95 60
0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
34 61 20 33 42 33 37 61 37 61 31 52 16 34 33 30 5
N/D N/D 270 320 360 310 360 480 360 480 430 590 390 490 500 340 310
50 70 80 80 80 70 80 100 80 100 120 130 80 100 170 120 140
25 30 65 72 80 66 73 82 73 82 84 92 80 88 90 86
HRH HRH* HRH
HRH HRH HRH HRH HRH HRH HRH
8.0 8.3 7.6 7.9 8.1 7.9 7.6 8.0 7.6 8.0 7.6 8.0 7.6 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.2
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82 HRH
*If C-0000-7 is repressed, typical hardness is 60 HRH
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Revised: 1997, 2000
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MPIF Standard 35
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from iron-based powders for use in soft-magnetic product applications. The base iron powder may be used unalloyed or with admixtures of ferroalloys as a source of phosphorus or silicon. Prealloyed powders are required for the ironnickel alloy system. Magnetic properties are degraded by the presence of carbon and therefore carbon is not a desired alloying element in soft-magnetic alloys. For a given material, magnetic induction is directly related to product density higher density yields higher induction. Coercive field and permeability are sensitive to sintering conditions and interstitial impurities higher sintering temperatures and lower impurities yield lower coercive field and higher permeability. Material Characteristics Soft-magnetic alloys normally are used in the medium to high-density range. When the final density is greater than 7.1 g/cm3 these materials may be manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Magnetic properties are sensitive to sintering conditions both atmosphere composition and sintering temperature. For a given density, processing changes that improve magnetic properties may result in lower mechanical strength and apparent hardness than listed in the data table. Application Soft-magnetic alloys are used primarily for their magnetic response characteristics in DC magnetic fields. Postsinter annealing normally is not required for the PM softmagnetic alloys. However, some secondary operations, such as repressing or steam treatment, may degrade magnetic properties. The pure iron and iron-phosphorus alloys may also be used in structural applications requiring high ductility and impact energy. Plating or steam treatment are used to improve surface wear characteristics since a quench and temper heat treatment is not possible due to the lack of carbon in these alloys. Microstructure The typical structure of a soft-magnetic alloy consists of a single phase, ferritic structure with large, equiaxed grains. The higher the sintering temperature and longer the sintering time the larger the average grain size and more rounded the porosity. The greater extent to which these two microstructure features are present lead to an improved magnetic response. The microstructure should not have any evidence of a second phase, such as pearlite or undissolved ferroalloy particles.
Chemical Composition, % Soft-Magnetic Alloys Material Designation FF-0000 FY-4500 FY-8000 FS-0300 FN-5000 Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Ni 46.0 51.0 Si 2.7 3.3 P 0.40 0.50 0.75 0.85 C 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 O 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 N Element 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
NOTES: (A) Suffix numbers represent maximum coercive field values (oersteds x 10); letter code represents minimum density (see page 6). (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions. (C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subsequent editions of this standard. N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
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MANDATORY VALUES (A) MAGNETIC RESPONSE @ 15 Oe
Material Designation Code Maximum Coercive Field A/m
TENSILE PROPERTIES
Yield Strength (0.2%) MPa
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
Unnotched Compressive Charpy Yield Hardness Impact Strength Macro Energy (0.1%) (Apparent) J MPa Rockwell Fatigue Limit 90% Survival MPa
Minimum Density g/cm3
Bm T
Br T
Hc A/m
max
Youngs Modulus GPa
Poissons Ratio
Density g/cm3
FF-0000-23U -20U FF-0000-23W -20W FF-0000-23X -20X FY-4500-20V FY-4500-20W -17W FY-4500-20X -17X FY-4500-20Y -17Y FY-8000-17V FY-8000-17W -15W FY-8000-17X -15X FY-8000-15Y FS-0300-14V FS-0300-14W FS-0300-12X FS-0300-11Y FN-5000-5W FN-5000-5Z
6.5 6.5 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.1 6.7 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.3 7.3 6.7 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.3 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 6.9 7.4
185 160 185 160 185 160 160 160 135 160 135 160 135 135 135 120 135 120 120 110 110 95 90 40 40
0.90 0.95 1.05 1.05 1.20 1.20 1.05 1.15 1.15 1.25 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 0.90 1.20
0.78 0.82 0.90 0.97 1.05 1.10 0.85 0.90 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.15 1.10 1.00 1.10 1.05 1.20 1.15 1.30 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 0.75 0.90
165 145 165 145 165 145 145 145 120 145 120 145 120 120 120 105 120 105 105 95 95 80 70 25 25
1700 1800 2100 2300 2700 2900 2300 2600 3000 2700 3200 3200 3600 3500 4000 4000 4500 4500 5000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000
125 130 190 195 255 255 275 310 310 345 380 380 415 330 345 365 380 390 430 310 345 380 415 240 275
75 75 115 115 155 155 205 220 220 240 270 260 280 275 310 310 345 330 365 205 240 275 310 140 170
6 8 11 12 16 17 5 7 10 7 12 9 15 2 3 4 3 4 4 8 10 15 20 9 15
115 115 140 140 155 155 130 140 140 155 155 170 170 130 140 140 155 155 170 130 140 155 170 85 110
0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.32 0.34
(C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) 45 92
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 210 250 200 280 220 310 240 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
40 HRF 40 HRF 50 HRF 50 HRF 55 HRF 55 HRF 40 HRB 45 HRB 45 HRB 55 HRB 55 HRB 65 HRB 65 HRB 55 HRB 65 HRB 65 HRB 70 HRB 70 HRB 75 HRB 65 HRB 70 HRB 75 HRB 80 HRB 28 HRB 40 HRB
(C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) (C)
6.6 6.6 7.0 7.0 7.2 7.2 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.4 7.4 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.4 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.0 7.5
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SI Units Conversion Table

Quantities/Terms Used in MPIF Standards
Quantity Apparent Density Applied Magnetic Field Atmosphere Flow Belt Speed Bulk Density Coercive Field Compacting Pressure Crush Strength Flow Time Green Density Green Strength Heating Rate Impact Energy Magnetic Induction Particle Size Powder Mass Designation a H ---Hc -K -g ---B --Inch-Pound Units g/cm3 oersteds (Oe) ft3/min CFH ipm lbm/ft3 lbm/gal oersteds (Oe) tsi 103 psi s/50 g g/cm3 psi degree Fahrenheit per second (F/sec) ftlbf kilogauss (kG) 10-3 in. pound (lbm) ton ton Sintered Density Specific Surface Surface Finish Tap Density Temperature Tensile Strength Transverse Rupture Strength Yield Strength Young's Modulus s --t -----g/cm3 m2/g microinches g/cm3 degree Fahrenheit (F) 103 psi 103 106 psi psi 103 psi degree Celsius per second joule tesla micrometre kilogram megagram metric ton gram per cubic centimetre square metre per gram micrometre gram per cubic centimetre degree Celsius megapascals megapascals megapascals gigapascals Preferred Working Unit gram per cubic centimetre amperes-turns/metre cubic centimetre per second cubic centimetre per second millimetre per minute gram per cubic centimetre gram per cubic centimetre ampere-turns/metre megapascals megapascals second per 50 grams gram per cubic centimetre megapascals Symbol g/cm3 A/m cm3/s cm3/s mm/min g/cm3 g/cm3 A/m MPa MPa s/50 g g/cm3 MPa Approx. Conversion to SI Units* -X 79.6 X 472.0 X 7.867 X 25.40 X 0.016 X 0.120 X 79.6 X 13.79 X 6.895 --X 0.0069 X 0.556 X 1.356 X 0.1 -X 0.454 X 0.907 X 0.907 --X 0.0254 -5/9 (F -32) X 6.895 X 6.895 X 6.895 X 6.895
C/s
J T m kg Mg t g/cm3 m2/g m g/cm3
C
MPa MPa MPa GPa
* Example: 1 psi = 0.0069 MPa If 100,000 psi, then MPa = 0.0069 X 100,000 = 690 MPa
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ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials2007 MPIF Standard 35
Engineering Information
Introduction
The Engineering Information section includes a wide variety of engineering data that will be helpful to product design engineers, and includes thermal, mechanical, fatigue, machinability and hardenability data. These engineering data do not constitute specification values. The data in this section were developed through several different testing programs under the guidance of the MPIF Standards Committee or The Center for Powder Metallurgy Technology. These test conditions may not represent individual production operating conditions. The values in the following data tables should be used as guidelines, not minimum values or design values. When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer. In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of these data.
THE PM ENGINEERING INFORMATION IN THIS SECTION INCLUDES: Hardenability Axial Fatigue Rolling Contact Fatigue (RBF) Machinability Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) Fracture Toughness Corrosion Resistance Steam Oxidation of Ferrous PM Materials Guidelines for Specifying a PM Part
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Hardenability
Hardenability is a measure of the depth of hardening that can be achieved with a PM steel; the higher the value the more hardenable the steel. The hardenability depth was determined from a standard Jominy test (ASTM A 255) and the hardness versus depth curve produced using the HRA hardness scale. The depth, in sixteenths of an inch, where the hardness value falls below 65 HRA is listed as the J Depth. If a PM steel did not reach 65 HRA at the surface, the J Depth was listed as <1. Since the hardenability data listed in the following table were measured using the apparent hardness technique, the results show the effect of density. In order to compare the hardenability of PM steels, the comparison should be made at the same density.
HARDENABILITY DATA Depth to 65 HRA Material System Iron & Carbon Steel Material Designation F-0005 Density g/cm3 6.65 6.87 7.03 6.78 6.91 7.06 6.50 6.82 6.96 6.40 6.81 7.15 6.90 7.10 7.38 6.88 6.97 7.37 6.75 7.00 7.20 6.64 6.94 7.20 6.76 6.99 7.12 Depth in 1/16 inch units J 65 < 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 < 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.5 3.5 3.5 2.0 3.0 4.5 2.5 5.0 7.0
HARDENABILITY DATA Depth to 65 HRA Material Material System Designation Prealloyed Steel FL-5208 (contd)
(formerly LowAlloy Steel)
F-0008
FL-5305
Iron-Copper & Copper Steel
FC-0205
Hybrid Low-Alloy FLN2C-4005 Steel

(*formerly LowAlloy Steel)
FC-0208
FLN4C-4005
Iron-Nickel & Nickel Steel
FN-0205
*FLN-4205
FN-0208
*FLN2-4405
Prealloyed Steel FL-4205

(formerly LowAlloy Steel)
*FLN4-4405
FL-4405
*FLN6-4405
Density g/cm3 6.70 6.85 7.27 6.70 6.86 7.32 6.73 6.88 7.27 6.73 6.97 7.28 6.68 7.00 7.29 6.71 7.11 7.22 6.72 7.10 7.23 6.79 7.15 7.30
Depth in 1/16 inch units J 65 3.5 4.5 5.0 15.5 17.5 44.0 < 1.0 5.5 10.5 5.0 8.0 40.0 2.0 5.0 6.0 7.5 10.5 10.5 8.5 14.5 17.5 13.0 18.0 26.0
FL-4605
When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer. In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of these data.
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Hardenability (continued)
HARDENABILITY DATA Depth to 65 HRA Material Material System Designation Sinter-Hardened FLNC-4408 Steel FLC-4608 Density g/cm3 6.65 7.06 7.22 6.63 6.92 7.24 6.73 6.87 7.25 6.75 7.00 7.34 6.63 6.86 7.06 7.30 6.82 6.92 7.26 7.36 6.72 7.08 7.16 Depth in 1/16 inch units J 65 9.0 11.0 15.5 26.0 32.0 > 56.0 22.0 33.0 35.0 36.0 52.0 > 56.0 26.0 48.0 > 56.0 > 56.0 22.5 28.0 46.0 > 56.0 8.5 9.5 10.5 HARDENABILITY DATA Depth to 65 HRA Material Material System Designation Diffusion-Alloyed FD-0205 Steel Density g/cm3 6.98 7.24 7.32 FD-0208 6.78 6.97 7.29 FD-0405 6.70 7.13 7.26 FD-0408 6.70 7.08 7.21 FLDN2-4908 6.72 6.97 7.32 FLDN4C2-4905 6.72 6.99 7.29 Copper-Infiltrated FX-1005 7.40 Iron & Steel FX-1008 7.39 FX-2005 7.38 Depth in 1/16 inch units J 65 2.5 2.5 4.5 4.0 9.5 12.0 2.0 4.0 10.0 3.0 8.0 15.0 8.0 8.5 9.0 5.0 10.0 > 56.0 2.0 2.5 < 1.0
FLC-4805
FLC2-4808
FLC-48108
FLN-48108
(formerly FLN-4608)
FLC-4908
Revised: 2007
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--`,,,,``,,`,,``,`,```,`````,`,,`,,,```,,,```,```,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
PM Structural Materials2007
MPIF Standard 35
Axial Fatigue
Axial fatigue tests were performed using the same test sample configuration as described in MPIF Std. 56 for rotating beam fatigue testing. The test sample was gripped using hydraulic grips in a servo-hydraulic testing machine operating at 100 Hz, using a constant force, sinusoidal waveform (fully reversed R = -1) per ASTM E 466. Exacting alignment procedures, using a strain gauged calibration sample were
Material Designation/ Condition FC-0208 Axial Fatigue Limit 90% Survival 103 psi MPa 13 19 28 26 32 37 29 36 46 32 38 53 29 36 48 33 37 44 32 38 48 32 39 45 23 28 37 33 38 63 20 28 35 45 90 130 190 180 220 260 200 250 320 220 260 370 200 250 330 230 260 300 220 260 330 220 270 310 160 190 260 230 260 430 140 190 240 310
performed to ensure proper sample alignment during the test. Tests were run until failure or a run out at 10 million cycles. The test results were analyzed using the same procedure as for rotating beam fatigue measurements (see MPIF Std. 56). A correlation analysis between axial fatigue limit and rotating beam fatigue limit found the axial fatigue limit equal to 84% of the rotating beam fatigue limit.
Material System Copper Steel
Density g/cm3
Material System Hybrid LowAlloy Steel (contd)
Material Designation/ Condition
Density g/cm3
Axial Fatigue Limit 90% Survival 103 psi MPa 30 40 50 65 27 39 50 24 32 51 22 29 36 43 34 45 53 30 32 50 25 28 31 25 210 280 340 450 190 270 340 170 220 350 150 200 250 300 230 310 370 110 220 340 170 190 210 170
6.28 6.72 7.18 FC-0208-HT 6.40 6.83 7.08 Nickel Steel FN-0205-HT 6.92 7.10 7.40 FN-0208-HT 6.89 7.02 7.40 FN-0405-HT 6.82 7.02 7.43 Prealloyed Steel FL-4205-HT 6.78 (formerly Low6.98 Alloy Steel) 7.17 FL-4405-HT 6.77 7.00 7.30 FL-4605-HT 6.73 6.95 7.15 Hybrid LowFLN2C-4005 6.80 Alloy Steel 6.93 7.33 FLN2C-4005-HT 6.80 6.93 7.33 FLN4C-4005 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.40
FLN4C-4005-HT 6.70 6.90 7.10 7.40 FLN-4205-HT 6.72 (formerly Low7.01 Alloy Steel) 7.33 Sinter-Hardened FLC-4805-HT 6.69 Steel 6.92 7.29 FLC2-4808-HT 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 DiffusionFD-0205-HT 6.70 Alloyed Steel 7.01 7.28 FD-0405-HT 6.79 7.03 7.32 Copper-Infiltrated Iron & Steel FX-1005-HT FX-1008 FX-1008-HT Stainless Steel 400 Series Alloy SS-410-HT 7.40 7.39 7.39 6.54
Revised: 2007
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Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF)

Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tests were conducted using the Caterpillar style test machine. A test roller and load roller were placed in contact under load through a lever arm and dead weights. Using a gear set that drives the roller and test specimen, a 43% slip was induced (surface velocity of the load roller was 43% faster than the test specimen) as compared with pure rolling where the surface velocities of the roller and test specimen are equal. The specimen rotated at 1330 rpm in a bath of 194 F (90 C) transmission fluid. A 10 micrometre ceramic element filter removed wear particles from the fluid and the entire fluid system was changed after 1,000 hours of operation. Failure was determined by formation of a pit, spall or surface crack using a vibration transducer to stop the test when such an irregularity was indicated. The test was considered a run out after 7 million cycles. At least 6 tests were run at the failure stress to provide sufficient data for a Weibull analysis of the test results. A series of 19 test materials were manufactured by industrial sources representing a variety of materials and processing conditions, using densities from 7.1 g/cm3 to near pore-free density. A wrought steel is included to serve as a reference. The RCF test specimens were machined from blanks provided by 11 different sources. Final dimensions were 2.3 inch (58.4 mm) outer diameter, 0.948 inch (24.1 mm) inner diameter and a stepped face width (loaded width either 0.302 or 0.202 inch [7.67 or 5.13 mm], depending on tensile strength). The blanks were rough machined and ground, then returned to the source for final treatment (such as heat treatment, surface densification, etc.) then final ground and polished. The load rollers were machined from the same wrought steel (AISI 4620M) that was used for the wrought steel test specimen. The rollers were 3.75 inch (95.25 mm) outer diameter, 1.75 inch (44.45 mm) inner diameter and 0.50 inch (12.7 mm) wide, the width selected to ensure complete coverage of the entire test specimen width while under test. The load rollers were case carburized to 58-63 HRC at a depth of 0.075-0.105 inch (1.9-2.7 mm). The RCF life (in millions of cycles) for the given stress is listed in the columns identified as G50 and G10 where G50 indicates the cycles to achieve a 50% failure rate and G10 indicates the number of cycles to achieve a 10% failure rate, statistically analyzed at a 50% confidence level. The column entitled contact fatigue stress for a G50 failure rate at 10 million cycles lists the calculated contact stress for a 50% failure rate at 10 million cycles. The Weibull slope value is the slope of the line for the Weibull distribution of the data; typically a higher number is favored.
Contact Fatigue Stress 103 psi (MPa) G50 @ 107 Weibull Cycles Slope 165 (1140) 3.6 178 (1230) 2.4 163 (1125) 1.8 184 (1270) 2.1 202 (1395) 3.3 199 (1370) 2.9 198 (1365) 8.0 203 (1400) 3.6 204 (1405) 3.3 240 (1655) 3.2 237 (1635) 5.6 249 (1715) 3.7 267 (1840) 3.5 227 (1565) 262 (1805) 275 (1895) 283 (1950) 3.4 3.3 3.8 5.0
Material Designation FN-0205 FD-0200 FLN2-4405 FLN2-4400 FLN2-4405 FLN2-4400 FLC-4608 FL-4200 FLN2-4405 FLN2-4400 FL-4200 Fe-3.5Mo FL-4400
Density g/cm3 7.10 7.12 7.11 7.12 7.35 7.38 7.30 7.31 7.49 7.51 7.51 7.63 7.5* 7.7+ FL-4400 7.7+ FL-4400 7.7+ Fe-0.9Mn-0.5Mo 7.5* 7.8+ Wrought 4620M 7.85+
Sinter Process Std HTS Std HTS Std Std SH Std Std HTS HTS HTS Std Std+ Std+ HTS
Heat Treat Process Q&T Case Q&T Case Q&T Case Case Q&T Case Case Case Case Case+FNC Case Case Case
RCF Life, 106 Cycles G50 G10 Stress 50% 50% 3 psi (MPa) Confidence Confidence 10 180 (1240) 3.5 2.1 185 (1275) 6.8 3.1 180 (1240) 4.1 1.5 210 (1240) 3.1 1.2 215 (1485) 5.8 3.3 225 (1550) 3.3 1.8 210 (1450) 6.0 4.7 215 (1485) 5.9 3.5 225 (1550) 4.1 3.1 275 (1895) 2.9 1.6 250 (1725) 6.1 4.4 275 (1895) 4.1 2.5 282 (1945) 6.2 3.6 260 (1795) 300 (2070) 305 (2105) 300 (2070) 3.0 3.0 3.9 5.9 1.8 1.7 2.4 4.0
*Surface densified process; bulk density 7.5 g/cm3; surface density as indicated Sinter Process Key Heat Treat Process Key Std = conventional 2040-2080 F (1116-1138 C); Q&T = oil quench + temper; Case = case hardened; Std+ = 2160 F (1182 C); HTS = high temperature sinter FNC = ferritic nitrocarburized 2300-2350 F (1280-1288 C); SH = 2050 F (1120 C) + rapid cool
2007 Edition
Approved: 2003
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Machinability
Machinability of PM steels can be determined by drilling, turning or other machining methods. For the purpose of this standard, the machinability was determined by measuring the number of holes that can be drilled using a given set of test conditions and normalizing the results to a well established baseline. For this measure of machinability the PM steels were compared with wrought AISI 1045 steel in the normalized condition. A value of 100 was established for the 1045 steel. More machinable PM steels (greater number of holes drilled) have a rating greater than 100, while PM steels with a machinability rating less than 100 have correspondingly poorer machinability than 1045 steel. The machinability rating was determined from the following equation: Machinability Rating = Number of Holes Drilled in PM Steel X 100 Number of Holes Drilled in 1045 Steel The test conditions used to develop this machinability rating are summarized in the chart below. The machinability ratings listed do not include the effect of density since over the density range of 6.7-7.3 g/cm3 no meaningful difference was found. In general, a carbon content greater than 0.5% reduces machinability; adding 0.5% MnS to the steel or resin impregnation following sintering improves machinability by drilling. These results may or may not be applicable to other machining methods. NORMALIZED MACHINABILITY RATING (Drilling Method) Material Rating FD-0208 5 FN-0208 18 FC-0208 22 FL-4605 24 FL-4205 35 FD-0405 44 FD-0208 + 0.5 MnS 55 FD-0405 + 0.5 MnS 66 AISI 1045 FL-4405 FLN-4205 FLN-4205 + 0.5 MnS FN-0205 FD-0205 F-0008 FC-0205 FC-0208 + 0.5 MnS FL-4205 + 0.5 MnS F-0005 FN-0208 + 0.5 MnS FL-4605 + 0.5 MnS FC-0205 + 0.5 MnS FD-0205 + 0.5 MnS FN-0205 + 0.5 MnS F-0008 + 0.5 MnS F-0005 + 0.5 MnS FC-0208 + IMP FC-0208 + 0.5 MnS + IMP FN-0208 + IMP F-0008 + IMP FC-0205 + IMP NOTE: IMP = resin impregnated 100 105 110 114 146 153 157 160 168 171 177 181 184 201 220 220 222 263 286 305 310 317 328
MACHINABILITY TEST CONDITIONS Drill Size Configuration Speed Feed Coolant Drill/sample geometry Failure criteria 2007 Edition Approved: 2000 0.375 in. (9.5 mm) M7 HSS, 118 point angle, polished 1250 rpm 0.009 in. /rev (0.23 mm/rev) None Sample 1.062 in. (27 mm) thick; blind hole 1.00 in. (25.4 mm) deep Cutting edge wear >0.015 in. (0.38 mm) or drill breakage
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Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)

The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined for a series of PM materials in accordance with ASTM E 228. A push-rod dilatometer was used for these tests, using a 3.6 F (2 C)/minute heating rate in a nitrogen atmosphere. The mean CTE was determined from room temperature up to a series of temperatures. Both as-sintered and heat treated materials were evaluated. The heat treated steel alloys had been tempered at 350 F (177 C) prior to the CTE test. The CTE response is dependent upon the tempering temperature, i.e. this low temperature tempering cycle allows for a contraction in the heat treated steel over the temperature range of 600-700 F (315-370 C). Once heated through this temperature range this contraction will not recur in subsequent heating cycles.
AVERAGE COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION, 10-6/F (10-6/C) Material Designation PM steel 0.5% C sintered PM steel 0.8% C sintered PM steel 0.5% C heat treated PM steel 0.8% C heat treated SS-316N2 SS-430N2 CZP-2002 2007 Edition Density g/cm3 6.6-7.4 6.6-7.4 6.9-7.1 6.7-6.8 6.5-6.8 6.5 7.6 Approved: 2000 200 F (93 C) 5.9 (10.7) 5.4 (9.8) 5.6 (10.0) 6.8 (12.2) 8.6 (15.4) 5.0 (9.0) 9.7 (17.4) 300 F (149 C) 6.2 (11.1) 5.8 (10.5) 6.3 (11.4) 7.1 (12.8) 8.7 (15.7) 5.4 (9.7) 9.9 (17.8) 400 F (204 C) 6.4 (11.6) 6.2 (11.2) 6.8 (12.2) 7.4 (13.4) 9.0 (16.2) 5.8 (10.4) 10.1 (18.2) 500 F (260 C) 6.7 (12.1) 6.6 (11.9) 7.0 (12.6) 7.6 (13.6) 9.2 (16.6) 6.1 (10.9) 10.4 (18.7) 600 F (316 C) 6.9 (12.5) 6.9 (12.5) 6.5 (11.7) 6.1 (11.0) 9.4 (16.9) 6.3 (11.3) 10.6 (19.1) 700 F (371 C) 7.2 (12.9) 7.2 (12.9) 6.6 (11.8) 6.0 (10.8) 9.6 (17.2) 6.4 (11.5) 10.8 (19.4) 800 F (427 C) 7.4 (13.3) 7.4 (13.4) 6.7 (12.1) 6.2 (11.2) 9.7 (17.5) 6.5 (11.7) 10.9 (19.6)
Fracture Toughness
The fracture toughness of engineered materials allows designers to determine the effects of pre-existing defects on the mechanical response of these materials. Plain strain fracture toughness tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 399 using compact tension specimens. Seven (7) PM steels, including elemental, prealloyed and infiltrated grades containing 0.5 and 0.8% carbon were evaluated in the as-sintered and heat treated condition. Densities varied from 6.6 to 7.4 g/cm3; the fracture toughness values reported here are considered valid over this density range. A specimen thickness of 0.75 inch (19 mm) or 1.00 inch (25.4 mm) was selected to ensure the test results satisfied the validity requirements of the test standard.
Density g/cm 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4

3 3
KIC as-sintered 10 psi in
1/2
KIC heat treated
1/2
MPa m 21 25 29 33 36
10 psiin1/2 24 26 29 32 34
MPam1/2 26 29 32 35 37
19 23 26 30 33
Revised: 2003
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Corrosion Resistance
The corrosion resistance of PM stainless steel is dependent on the corrosive media, the composition of the alloy and the processing conditions used to manufacture the material (density and sintering process parameters). The following data table provides results of testing in a 2% sulfuric acid solution. The following test method was used to rate the resistance of the stainless steel alloys to corrosion (see ASTM G 31): Standard transverse rupture specimens were immersed in a 2% sulfuric acid solution at room temperature for 24 hours. Three replicates were tested. The mass loss was determined and then converted into a mass loss per surface area per day factor. The alloys were rated using the following system (1): Mass Loss g/dm2/day <0.024 0.024-0.24 0.24-2.4 >2.4 Rating 0 1 2 3
(1) Handbook of Stainless Steels, D. Peckner and I.M. Bernstein, McGraw Hill Books Co., 1977, p. 16-9
CORROSION RESISTANCE RATING Material SS-303N1-25 SS-303N2-35 SS-303N2-38 SS-303L-12 SS-303L-15 SS-304-N1-30 SS-304N2-33 SS-304N2-38 SS-304L-13 SS-304L-18 Rating (2% H2SO4 ) 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 Material SS-316N1-25 SS-316N2-33 SS-316N2-38 SS-316L-15 SS-316L-22 SS-410-90HT SS-410L-20 SS-430N2-28 SS-430L-24 SS-434N2-28 SS-434L-24 Rating (2% H2SO4 ) 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
Note: Stainless steel grades with modified chemical compositions have demonstrated an improved corrosion rating as compared with the standard 300 series stainless steel alloys. Resin impregnation also improves the corrosion resistance.
Revised: 2007
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Steam Oxidation of Ferrous PM Materials

The steam oxidation process consists of exposing ferrous material to a controlled superheated steam environment at 800-1100 F (450-590 C) for 1 to 4 hours. During the exposure the steam reacts with the ferrous material to produce an adherent blue-grey iron oxide (magnetite, Fe3O4): 3Fe + 4H2O (gas) Fe3O4 + 4H2 (gas) Both batch furnaces and continuous belt furnaces are used for the steam treatment of ferrous PM materials. When operated at similar time/temperature processing conditions these two types of furnaces will provide similar results. Since hydrogen is a by-product of the steam oxidation reaction, suitable safety measures must be taken to eliminate unwanted build-up of hydrogen gas and the possibility of an explosion. The depth of penetration of the oxide into the part, product mass gain, oxide thickness and hardness of the finished products depends on the steam oxidation process parameters (time and temperature), the density of the material, the type of base powder used to create the part (atomized or sponge) and previous operations that could close-off the surface porosity. Steam oxidation is applied to ferrous PM materials in order to: Seal the product to liquid or gas penetration, either for a subsequent process such as plating or for leak tightness in the product application. Enhance the cosmetic appearance Increase apparent hardness to improve abrasive and adhesive wear resistance Increase corrosion resistance and improve shelf life Increase compressive yield strength A study was performed to characterize and evaluate the mechanical and physical properties of steam treated ferrous PM materials. Two steam processes were used, identified as Process A and Process B. The Process A cycle was performed for approximately 1 hour in the temperature range of 925-1000 F (495-540 C) and the Process B cycle for approximately 2 hours in the temperature range of 1000-1050 F (540-565 C). The results of these studies, based on the average of five (5) test samples are summarized in the following tables.
TABLE 1 Process A Cycle Material Designation F-0000 F-0008 F-0008 FC-0205 FC-0205 FC-0208 FC-0208 FN-0205 Nominal Green Density g/cm3 6.7 6.35 6.7 6.35 6.7 6.35 6.7 6.7 Steam Treated Density g/cm3 6.90 6.51 6.84 6.47 6.78 6.48 6.78 6.91 Mass Gain % 2.68 3.24 2.38 3.50 2.02 3.27 1.93 2.36 Oxide Thickness m 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 Steam Treated Density g/cm3 6.92 6.51 6.86 6.49 6.80 6.48 6.84 6.90 Process B Cycle Mass Gain % 2.82 3.67 2.71 3.75 2.50 3.67 2.38 2.41 Oxide Thickness m 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 3
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TABLE 2 Steam Treated Material Density Designation g/cm3 F-0000 F-0008 F-0008 FC-0205 FC-0205 FC-0208 FC-0208 FN-0205 6.91 6.51 6.85 6.48 6.79 6.48 6.81 6.90 Tensile Strength, 103 psi (MPa) AsProc. Proc. Sint. A B 26 (180) 41 (280) 48 (330) 46 (320) 58 (400) 53 (370) 65 (450) 46 (320) 28.4 (200) 40.3 (280) 49.8 (340) 47.4 (330) 51.1 (350) 48.3 (330) 64.3 (440) 46.6 (320) 22.6 (160) 37.3 (260) 36.2 (250) 36.9 (250) 44.7 (310) 41.4 (290) 45.7 (320) 36.2 (250) Transverse Rupture, 103 psi (MPa) AsProc. Proc. Sint. A B 53 (370) 92 (630) 108 (740) 85 (590) 113 (780) 106 (730) 137 (940) 90 (620) 45 (310) 84 (580) 101 (700) 87 (600) 112 (770) 107 (740) 139 (960) 101 (700) 52 (360) 77 (530) 93 (640) 81 (560) 97 (670) 98 (680) 114 (790) 92 (630) Apparent Hardness, HRBW AsProc. Proc. Sint. A B 47 65 46 61 63 78 56 56-56 80-82 81-88 81-84 81-85 88-94 93-97 73-85 34-56 77-89 81-89 75-88 81-86 86-93 87-93 76-83
MPIF Standard 35
TABLE 3 Steam Treated Material Density Designation g/cm3 F-0000 F-0008 F-0008 FC-0205 FC-0205 FC-0208 FC-0208 FN-0205 6.91 6.51 6.85 6.48 6.79 6.48 6.81 6.90 Compressive Yield Strength, 103 psi (MPa) AsProc. Proc. Sint. A B 10 (70) 34 (230) 35 (240) 37 (260) 40 (280) 45 (310) 51 (350) 27 (190) 32.2 (220) 55.2 (380) 53.0 (360) 61.5 (420) 68.1 (470) 68.3 (470) 70.3 (480) 50.4 (350) 32.3 (220) 54.1 (370) 52.4 (360) 61.0 (420) 66.8 (460) 65.2 (450) 68.8 (470) 49.0 (340) Youngs Modulus, 106 psi (GPa) AsProc. Proc. Sint. A B 17.5 (120) 17.0 (120) 17.5 (120) 17.0 (120) 17.5 (120) 17.0 (120) 17.5 (120) 17.5 (120) 23.6 (160) 22.2 (150) 23.7 (160) 19.1 (130) 21.6 (150) 20.2 (140) 21.1 (150) 22.4 (150) 24.6 (170) 19.7 (140) 23.2 (160) 20.5 (140) 21.8 (150) 19.2 (130) 25.0 (170) 22.2 (150) Unnotched Charpy Impact Energy, ftlbf (J) AsProc. Proc. Sint. A B 10 (14) 6 (8) 8 (11) 7 (9) 11 (15) 7 (9) 11 (15) 12 (16) 3 (4) 2 (3) 4 (5) 3 (4) 4 (5) 4 (5) 5 (7) 4 (5) 2 (3) 2 (3) 4 (5) 2 (3) 3 (4) 2 (3) 5 (7) 4 (5)
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Corrosion studies were performed on the FC-0208 material, using transverse rupture specimens, by immersion in distilled water at room temperature (reference ASTM B 895). Processing included both steam oxidation
MPIF Standard 35
processes plus dipping in an oil-base rust preventative. Results of the visual observations and mass loss measurements are listed in Tables 4 and 5.
TABLE 4 FC-0208 TEST MATERIALIMMERSION CORROSION TEST Observations Density g/cm3 6.35 6.35 6.35 6.35 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 Steam Treatment Process A Process B Process A Process B Process A Process B Process A Process B Dry/ Oil Dipped Dry Dry Oil Dipped Oil Dipped Dry Dry Oil Dipped Oil Dipped 3 hours Rust at edges Rust at edges 24 hours Rust at > 30 sites Rust at 3 sites 2 days Rust progressing Rust at 6 sites 8 days Heavy rust Heavy rust
Light rust after 2 days; heavier after 14 days Light rust after 2 days; no change after 14 days Rust at edges Rust at edges Rust at > 30 sites Rust at 3 sites Superior to low density No change Heavy rust Heavy rust
Light rust after 2 days; no change after 14 days No rust after 14 days
TABLE 5 FC-0208 TEST MATERIALIMMERSION CORROSION TEST: IRON LOSS, mg/dm2 6.35 g/cm3 Nominal Green Density Process A Days Immersed 1 4 8 16 Dry 2.8 25.6 67.8 117.5 Oil Dipped Process B Dry 0.7 1.4 4.6 4.9 Oil Dipped 6.7 g/cm3 Nominal Green Density Process A Dry 5.3 11.9 32.8 92.6 Oil Dipped Process B Dry 0.9 8.2 12.2 Oil Dipped
5.0
2.6
1.2
2.8
Coefficient of friction was measured for the FC-0208 at the 6.7 g/cm3 nominal green density, in four different processing conditions, using a 2 inch diameter disc specimen machined on the non-tested surface to fit the test instrument. These processes were: (1) as-sintered, (2) sintered plus the Process A steam treatment cycle, (3) sintered plus the Process B steam treatment cycle and (4) sintered followed by a quenched and tempered heat treatment. The values determined using a pin-on-disc tester, against
a carburized 8620 steel ball, per ASTM G 99 (speed 30 rpm, load 100 g, duration of test 10 minutes, no lubrication) were: (1) (2) (3) (4) As-sintered 0.35 Sintered + Process A steam treatment cycle 0.29 Sintered + Process B steam treatment cycle 0.25 Sintered + quenched and tempered 0.18
2007 Edition
Approved: 2007
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Guidelines for Specifying a PM Part

Although MPIF Standard 35 (Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts) provides useful physical and mechanical property design data for engineers familiar with the PM process, those less experienced with this manufacturing process may benefit from additional guidance. The following sections offer some guidelines to consider when using the conventional powder metallurgy process [not metal injection molding (MIM) or hot isostatic pressing (HIP)] for a new product design. Part Size the size limitation of PM parts is based on powder compressibility and press tonnage. The typical steel PM part will satisfy the following characteristics: projected surface area less than 50 inch2 (32,000 mm2) diameter of less than 7 inch (175 mm) or up to 12 inch (300 mm) for parts with a large bore length of 6 inch (150 mm) maximum, 0.060 inch (1.5 mm) minimum length:diameter ratio of 5:1 maximum; length:wall thickness ratio of 8:1 maximum If the product design will use a nonferrous material the projected area can be increased by 50%. Part Shape part geometry must be compatible with a uniaxial compaction motion in the vertical direction (see part drawing for example). Undercut, re-entrant or threaded features are typically formed or machined in a secondary operation. Significant variations in part length in the cross-section require different tooling motions in the compaction press. These are typically limited to five different levels, though additional small changes in part length (levels) are possible through selected tool designs (see the MPIF Design Manual for illustrations of complex PM part designs). Part lengths greater than 1 inch (25 mm) will result in density variation from the top surface (highest density) to the mid length position (lower density). Part Quantity due to the use of dedicated hard tooling a cost-effective quantity for production orders should be discussed. Mechanical / Physical Requirements Standard 35 provides a wide range of design properties to assist selection of the proper material for most product applications. The medium density steel grades (6.4-6.9 g/cm3) typically replace cast iron or plain carbon steel; the high density grades (7.0-7.4 g/cm3) typically replace ductile iron and many heat treated steels; powder forged and pore-free material systems typically replace the high performance steels. If the part design has critical property requirements beyond the typical values listed in the standard, these requirements should be specified on the engineering print. To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manufacturer. Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree to the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selection, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application. Part Use the part specification or drawing should provide as much additional information regarding the part use as possible. Providing an assembly drawing is useful in more fully understanding the part application. The following questions are most important for the material and process selection: Will the part operate under a fluid pressure; must it be leak tight? Must the part be protected from corrosion how severe? Will the part be machined which surfaces, what tolerances? Will the part require heat treatment what type? Will the part be used in a high impact load application? Will the part be used in a wear application which surfaces? Is surface finish an important design feature, where, how to measure? Will the part be used in a magnetic application? Will the part be used in a thermally demanding application? Must the part be burr-free what type, amount of corner radius? Will the part be welded? Is there a region critical to the performance of the part? Are there any unique packaging requirements? More detailed product design information is available in the MPIF Design Manual. The MPIF material coding system is discussed in the first section of MPIF Standard 35.
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2007 Edition
Approved: 2007
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Index
Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems & Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35
The MPIF Standard 35 family of publications comprises four separate publications dealing with materials for: conventional PM structural parts, PM self-lubricating bearings, powder forged (P/F) steel and metal injection molded parts (MIM). The same materials may appear in more than one publication or section of the standard depending upon their common use, e.g. some structural materials may also be used in bearing applications and vice versa and stainless steel materials may be manufactured by more than one PM process, such as conventional PM or MIM, dependent upon part design and use. The following indices provide the user with a reference tool to more easily locate the information on the standardized material needed for a specific application. INDEX 1 (35SP1-2007) provides information on materials contained in this edition of MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts. The standardized material designation codes are listed alphabetically, followed by the name of the specific material system section of the standard where the chemical composition and/or mechanical property data can be found. Information is also provided for the starting page numbers of the material system and is listed for the inch-pound and SI units sections of this standard. INDEX 2 (35SP2-2007) provides similar information on the other three MPIF Standard 35 publications. Since MPIF standards may be revised at any time by the specific industry group responsible for its development, page numbers are not listed in this index. MPIF Standard 35 Publication: KEY MIM Materials Parts PF Materials SLB Materials Bearings SP Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Standards for P/F Steel Parts Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Standards for PM Structural Parts
INDEX 1. (35SP1-2007) Material Designation Code C-0000 CNZ-1818 CNZP-1816 CT-1000 CZ-1000 CZ-2000 CZ-3000 CZP-1002 CZP-2002 CZP-3002 F-0000 F-0005 F-0008 FC-0200 FC-0205 FC-0208 FC-0505 FC-0508 Section Material System Copper Copper Copper Copper Copper and and and and and Copper Copper Copper Copper Copper
Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts Page # Inch-Pound Units Alloys Alloys Alloys Alloys Alloys 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 Page # SI Units 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 34 34 34 36 36 36 36 36
Key SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP
Copper and Copper Alloys Copper and Copper Alloys Copper and Copper Alloys Copper and Copper Alloys Copper and Copper Alloys Iron and Carbon Steel Iron and Carbon Steel Iron and Carbon Steel Iron-Copper and Copper Steel Iron-Copper and Copper Steel Iron-Copper and Copper Steel Iron-Copper and Copper Steel Iron-Copper and Copper Steel
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INDEX 1. (35SP1-2007) Material Designation Code FC-0808 FC-1000 FD-0200 FD-0205 FD-0208 FD-0400 FD-0405 FD-0408 FF-0000 FL-4005 FL-4205 FL-4400 FL-4405 FL-4605 FL-4805 FL-48105 FL-4905 FL-5208 FL-5305 FLC-4608 FLC-4805 FLC-48108 FLC-4908 FLC2-4808 FLDN2-4908 FLDN4C2-4905 FLN-4205 FLN-48108 FLN2-4400 FLN2-4405 FLN2-4408 FLN2C-4005 FLN4-4400 FLN4-4405 FLN4-4408 FLN4C-4005 FLN6-4405 FLN6-4408 FLNC-4405 FLNC-4408 Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts Section Material System Iron-Copper and Copper Steel Iron-Copper and Copper Steel Diffusion-Alloyed Steel Diffusion-Alloyed Steel Diffusion-Alloyed Steel Diffusion-Alloyed Steel Diffusion-Alloyed Steel Diffusion-Alloyed Steel Soft-Magnetic Alloys Prealloyed Steel Prealloyed Steel Prealloyed Steel Prealloyed Steel Prealloyed Steel Prealloyed Steel Prealloyed Steel Prealloyed Steel Prealloyed Steel Prealloyed Steel Sinter-Hardened Steel Sinter-Hardened Steel Sinter-Hardened Steel Sinter-Hardened Steel Sinter-Hardened Steel Diffusion-Alloyed Steel Diffusion-Alloyed Steel Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel Sinter-Hardened Steel Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel Sinter-Hardened Steel Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel Sinter Hardened Steel Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel Sinter-Hardened Steel Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel Sinter-Hardened Steel Page # Inch-Pound Units 12 12 22 22 22 22 22 22 32 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 20 20 22 22 18 20 18 18 20 18 18 18 20 18 18 20 18 20 Page # SI Units 36 36 46 46 46 46 46 46 56 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 44 44 44 44 44 46 46 42 44 42 42 44 42 42 42 42 42 42 44 42 44
Key SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP
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INDEX 1. (35SP1-2007) Material Designation Code FN-0200 FN-0205 FN-0208 FN-0405 FN-0408 FN-5000 FS-0300 FX-1000 FX-1005 FX-1008 FX-2000 FX-2005 FX-2008 FY-4500 FY-8000 SS-303L SS-303N1 SS-303N2 SS-304H SS-304L SS-304N1 SS-304N2 SS-316H SS-316L SS-316N1 SS-316N2 SS-409L SS-409LE SS-410 SS-410L SS-430L SS-430N2 SS-434L SS-434LCb SS-434N2 Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts Section Material System Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel Soft-Magnetic Alloys Soft-Magnetic Alloys Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel Soft-Magnetic Alloys Soft-Magnetic Alloys Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy Page # Inch-Pound Units 14 14 14 14 14 32 32 24 24 24 24 24 24 32 32 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 Page # SI Units 38 38 38 38 38 56 56 48 48 48 48 48 48 56 56 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52
Key SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP
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MPIF Standard 35 Publication KEY

MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings PF Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts
INDEX 2. (35SP2-20007) Material Designation Code CFTG-3806-K CT-1000-K CTG-1001-K CTG-1004-K F-0000-K F-0005-K F-0008-K FC-0200-K FC-0205-K FC-0208-K FC-0508-K FC-1000-K FC-2000-K FC-2008-K FCTG-3604-K FG-0303-K FG-0308-K MIM-17-4 PH MIM-2200 MIM-2200 MIM-2700 MIM-316L MIM-430L MIM-430L MIM-4605 MIM-Fe-3% Si MIM-Fe-50% Co MIM-Fe-50% Ni P/F-1020 P/F-1040 P/F-1060 P/F-10C40 P/F-10C50 P/F-10C60 Section Material System Diluted Bronze Bearings Bronze Bearings Bronze Bearings Bronze Bearings Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings Iron-Copper Bearings Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings Iron-Copper Bearings Iron-Copper Bearings Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings Diluted Bronze Bearings Iron-Graphite Bearings Iron-Graphite Bearings Stainless Steel Low-Alloy Steels Soft-Magnetic Alloys Low-Alloy Steels Stainless Steel Stainless Steel Soft-Magnetic Alloys Low-Alloy Steels Soft-Magnetic Alloys Soft-Magnetic Alloys Soft-Magnetic Alloys Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Copper Steel Copper Steel Copper Steel Key SLB SLB SLB SLB SLB SLB SLB SLB SLB SLB SLB SLB SLB SLB SLB SLB SLB MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM MIM PF PF PF PF PF PF
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INDEX 2. (35SP2-20007) Material Designation Code P/F-1140 P/F-1160 P/F-11C40 P/F-11C50 P/F-11C60 P/F-4220 P/F-4240 P/F-4260 P/F-4620 P/F-4640 P/F-4660 P/F-4680 Section Material System Carbon Steel Carbon Steel Copper Steel Copper Steel Copper Steel Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel Key PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF PF
For a current, comprehensive alphabetical listing of all materials and designation codes found in the family of MPIF Standard 35 publications, including listings by material systems (ferrous structural, nonferrous structural, etc.), go to the standards publication section of the MPIF Web site: www.mpif.org.
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LATEST EDITION STANDARDS AVAILABLE FROM MPIF

Is Your Company in Compliance? Do You Have the Latest Industry Standards?
MPIF Materials Standards: The latest editions of MPIF Standard 35 materials standards are available for purchase in a variety of formats, including printed hard copy, on CDROM and in pdf electronic format. Quantity discounts are available. The following are the materials standards that are immediately available: YES! Enter me in the Standing Order Plan for ALL MPIF Standards ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF Enter me in the MPIF Standing Order Plan for the following standards only (check those that apply) MPIF Std. 35, PM Structural Materials ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF MPIF Std. 35, PM Self-Lubricating Bearings ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF MPIF Std. 35, P/F Steel Parts ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF MPIF Std.35, Metal Injection Molded Parts ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF MPIF Test Method Standards ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF Purchase Order # required: ____________________ __________________________________________ Name _____________________________________ Company __________________________________ Address ___________________________________ City________________________ State__________ Contains over 35 standards covering terminology and recommended methods of test dealing with metal powders, powder metal (PM) and metal injection molded (MIM) parts, metallic filters and powder metallurgy equipment. The standards represent the latest reference source for agreement between producer and end-use customer. Comparable standards are listed, along with sources for specialized equipment cited in the standards. Available for purchase in a variety of formats, including printed hard copy, on CDROM and in pdf electronic format. Quantity discounts are available. Country____________ Zip/Postal Code __________ Phone #_______________ Fax #_______________ E-mail: ____________________________________ To order or for more information on the latest powder metallurgy standards or other PM publications, please contact the MPIF Publications Department at: Phone: (609) 945-0009 Fax: (609) 987-8523 Web site: www.mpif.org E-mail: info@mpif.org MPIF, 105 College Road East Princeton, NJ 08540-6692, USA
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The MPIF Standard 35 Family of Materials Standards

See INDEX in this standard to view material systems covered in each of the following: For structural parts made by the PM (powder metallurgy) process, see MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for P/M Structural Materials For bearings and bushings made by the PM process, see MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings
TEAR OUT AND FOLD IN 1/3 AND MAIL
For steel components made by the powder forging (P/F) process, see MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts For components made by the metal injection molding (MIM) process, see MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts
Standard Test Methods for Metal Powders and Powder Metallurgy Products
Standing Order Plan

Be Assured of Being in Compliance with the Latest Standards! As soon as any new edition of MPIF standards is published, the previous or any prior editions of that standard become obsolete. Enter MPIFs Standing Order Plan and be assured that your company has the latest edition of materials or test method standards. Standards will be shipped and billed immediately upon publication.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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To: Publications Department Metal Powder Industries Federation 105 College Road East Princeton, NJ 08540-6692 U.S.A.
MPIF Standard 35
Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts*
Table of Contents 2007 Edition

Minimum Value Concept ..................................................................................2 Typical Value ....................................................................................................3 Chemical Composition......................................................................................3 Mechanical Properties ......................................................................................3 Heat Treatment.................................................................................................3 Sinter Hardening...............................................................................................3 Surface Finish...................................................................................................3 Microstructure ...................................................................................................4 PM Material Code Designation.........................................................................4 Prefix Letter Code.............................................................................................5 Prefix and Numeric Code .................................................................................5 Suffix Digit Code ...............................................................................................5 Examples of Designation Coding .....................................................................6 Suffix Letter Code .............................................................................................6 Grade Selection ................................................................................................6 Proof Testing ....................................................................................................6 Chemical Analysis.............................................................................................6 Density..............................................................................................................7 Transverse Rupture Strength ...........................................................................7 Impact Energy...................................................................................................7 Ultimate Tensile Strength .................................................................................7 Yield Strength ...................................................................................................7 Elongation .........................................................................................................7 Compressive Yield Strength .............................................................................7 Shear Strength..................................................................................................8 Macrohardness (Apparent) ...............................................................................8 Microindentation Hardness ...............................................................................8 Fatigue Limit and Fatigue Strength ..................................................................8 Elastic Constants ..............................................................................................8 Youngs Modulus (E).........................................................................................8 Shear Modulus (G) ...........................................................................................8 Poissons Ratio (v)............................................................................................9 Soft-Magnetic Alloys .........................................................................................9 SI Units .............................................................................................................9 Engineering Information ....................................................................................9 Hardenability .....................................................................................................9 Axial Fatigue .....................................................................................................9 Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF)..........................................................................9 Machinability .....................................................................................................9 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) ..........................................................9 Fracture Toughness..........................................................................................9 Corrosion Resistance........................................................................................9 Steam Oxidation of Ferrous PM Materials........................................................9 Guidelines for Specifying a PM Part .................................................................9 Comparable Standards .....................................................................................9 DATA TABLES INCH-POUND UNITS Iron and Carbon Steel...........................................................................10-11 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel..............................................................12-13 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel..................................................................14-15 Prealloyed Steel (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) .........................................16-17 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel ..........................................................................18-19 Sinter-Hardened Steel...........................................................................20-21 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel ..........................................................................22-23 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel...........................................................24-25
*For bearings and bushings made by the PM process, see MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings. *For steel components made by the powder forging (P/F) process, see MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts. *For PM components made by the metal injection molding (MIM) process, see MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts.
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Stainless Steel 300 Series Alloy ...............................................................................26-27 400 Series Alloy ...............................................................................28-29 Copper and Copper Alloys....................................................................30-31 Soft-Magnetic Alloys .............................................................................32-33 DATA TABLES - SI UNITS Iron and Carbon Steel...........................................................................34-35 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel..............................................................36-37 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel..................................................................38-39 Prealloyed Steel (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) ........................................40-41 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel ..........................................................................42-43 Sinter-Hardened Steel...........................................................................44-45 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel ..........................................................................46-47 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel...........................................................48-49 Stainless Steel 300 Series Alloy ...............................................................................50-51 400 Series Alloy ...............................................................................52-53 Copper and Copper Alloys....................................................................54-55 Soft-Magnetic Alloys .............................................................................56-57 SI Units Conversion Table Quantities/Terms Used in MPIF Standards ...............................................58 ENGINEERING INFORMATION.....................................................................59 Hardenability ..............................................................................................60 Axial Fatigue...............................................................................................62 Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) ...................................................................63 Machinability...............................................................................................64 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) ...................................................65 Fracture Toughness ...................................................................................65 Corrosion Resistance .................................................................................66 Steam Oxidation of Ferrous PM Materials .................................................67 Guidelines for Specifying a PM Part ..........................................................70 Index Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems & Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35 .........................................72 Standards Availability/MPIF Standing Order Form .........................................77
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Mpif 35 PM Structural 2007

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Copyright Metal Powder Industries Federation Sold to:IHS Standardsunder license with MPIF Provided by IHS Store Purchase,

Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

Heat Treated F-0008-85HT FC-0208-95HT FN-0205-180HT FX-2008-90HT SS-410-90HT FL-4605-140HT FLN-4205-105HT

Idealized Magnetic Hysteresis Curve

PM Structural Material Section2007

Iron and Carbon Steel

Iron and Carbon Steel

Ultimate Strength 103 psi

Elongation (in 1 in.) %

Young's Modulus 106 psi

F-0000 -10 -15 -20 F-0005 -15 -20 -25

36 50 95 48 64 76 105 120 140 51 61 74 100 100 115 130 145

20 HRC 58 HRC 22 58 25 58 35 HRB 50 60 70 N/D

2007 Edition Approved: 1984

Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000

PM Structural Material Section2007

Iron-Copper and Copper Steel

Iron-Copper and Copper Steel

Ultimate Strength 103 psi

Elongation (in 1 in.) %

Young's Modulus 106 psi

HRF HRF HRB HRB HRB

HRB HRC HRC HRC HRB

HRC 60 HRC 60 60 60 HRB N/D HRB N/D HRB N/D N/D

2007 Edition Approved: 1984

Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2007

PM Structural Material Section2007

Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel

Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel

Ultimate Strength 103 psi

Elongation (in 1 in.) %

Young's Modulus 106 psi

HRF N/D HRB N/D HRC 55 HRC 55 55 55 55 HRB N/D

Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2007

PM Structural Material Section2007

Ni 0.35 0.55 1.70 2.00 1.20 1.60 1.65 2.05

Ultimate Strength 103 psi

Elongation (in 1 in.) %

Young's Modulus 106 psi

Survival 103 psi

42 47 52 58 (D) 42 47 52 58 (D) 42 47 52 58 (D) 70 80 87 95 85 100 115 130

Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2007

PM Structural Material Section2007

Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel

Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel

Ultimate Strength 103 psi

Elongation (in 1 in.) %

Young's Modulus 106 psi

Survival 103 psi

PM Structural Material Section2007

Chemical Composition, % Sinter-Hardened Steel Material Designation FLC-48108 FLN-48108

Fe Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal.

C 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9

Ni 1.6 2.0 3.6* 5.0*

Mo 0.80 1.10 0.80 1.10 1.30 1.70

Cu 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0

Mn 0.30 0.50 0.30 0.50 0.05 0.30

Element Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

Major Elemental Addition

Ultimate Strength 103 psi

Elongation (in 1 in.) %

Young's Modulus 106 psi