2 Marks & 16marks

Unit -1 ELECTRO PHYSIOLOGY AND BIO POTENTIAL RECORDING

1. What is meant by cell? The basic living unit of the body is cell. The function of organs and other structure of the body is understood by cell organization. 2. Give the abbreviation form for RNA, DNA? RNA Ribo Nucleic Acid DNADe- Oxy Nucleic Acid 3. What are resting and action potential, bio electric potential? The membrane potential caused by the different concentration of ions iscalled resting potential. It is caused by very rapid change of membranepermeability to sodium ions followed by recovery period.The positive potential of the cell membrane during excitation is calledaction potential. Certain systems of the body generate their own monitoringsignals conveying useful information about the functions they represent. Suchsignals are bio electric potentials and are related to nerve conduction, brainactivity, heart beat etc. 4. What is meant by measurement? Measurement is an act or the result of comparison between the quantityand a predefined standard. 5. Mention the basic requirements of measurement. The standard used for comparison purpose must be accurately defined andshould be commonly accepted.The apparatus used and the method adopted must be provable. 6. What are the 2 methods for measurement? 1.Direct method and 2. Indirect method. 7. Explain the function of measurement system. The measurement system consists of a transuding element which convertsthe quantity to be measured in an analogous form the analogous signal is thenprocessed by some intermediate means and is then fed to the end device whichpresents the results of the measurement.

8. Define Instrument. Instrument is defined as a device for determining the value or magnitudeof a quantity or variable. 9. List the types of instruments? The 3 types of instruments are Mechanical Instruments Electrical Instruments and Electronic Instruments. 10. Classify instruments. Absolute Instruments Secondary Instruments 11.What is meant by Resting Potential? Equilibrium is reached with a potential difference across the membranesuch that negative on inside and positive on outside. This membrane potentialcaused by the different concentration of irons is called Resting Potential. 12.What is meant by Action Potential? Cell has a slightly positive potential on the inside due to imbalance ofpotassium ions. This positive potential of the cell membrane during excitation iscalled Action Potential and is about 20 mV. 13.Give any 4 factors to be considered when we design any medical Instrument? Accuracy, Frequency Response, Linearity, S/N ratio, Stability, sensitivity 14.What is Electrode Potential? The voltage developed at an electrode-electrolyte interface is known asElectrode Potential. 15.What is the purpose of electrode paste? The electrode paste decreases the impedence of the contact the artifactsresulting from the movement of the electrode or patient. 16.Give the different types of electrodes? Microelectrodes, Depth and needle electrodes, Surface electrodes

17.Give the different types of Surface electrodes? Metal Plate electrodes Suction cup electrodes Adhesive tape electrodes Multi point electrodes Floating electrodes. 18. What is PH electrode? The chemical balance of human body is identified by measurement of Ph content of blood and other body fluids. PH is defined as logarithm of reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration. 19. Define polarized and non poloaraised electrode. Electrrodes in which no net transfer of charge occurs across the metal electrolyte interface is called as perfectly polaraised electrodes. Electrodes in which un hindered exchange of charge occurs across the metal electrode interface is called perfectly non polaraisable electrodes.

20. What is plethysmograph? The instrument used for measuring blood volume is called plethysmograph. 21.Write Goldmans equation? Vr=-kt/q{Pk(k+)i +(Pna+)I +Pcl(cl-)o/ Pk(k+)o+ Pna(Na+)o+Pcl(cl-)i

22. Define All or nothing law. All or nothing law states that regardless of the method of excitation of cells or by the intensity of the stimulus, the action potential is same for any given cell. 23. What is absolute refractory period? It is the time duration in which cell cannot respond to any new stimulus. Generally it is about 1ms in nerve cell.

24. What is Relative refractory Period. It is one during which another action potential can be triggered but a higher stimulus is required to reinitiate the action potentialand the subsequent contraction of muscles . generally the relative refractory period is several millisecond. 25.Define Conduction Velocity. The rate at which an action potential moves down a fibre or propagated from cell to cell is termed as propagation rate. 26.Define electrode , what are the type of electrodes. Devices that convert ionic potentials into electronic potentials are calledelectrodes. There are three types of electrodes, They are Micro electrode Depth and needle electrode Surface and needle electrode 27. What are the characteristics of resting potential? The value of potential is maintained as constant.It depends on temperature.Permeability varies 28. Define the process of sodium pump. It is an active process, called a sodium pump in which the sodium ions are quicklytransported to the outside of the cell & the cell again becomes polarized and assumes itsresting potential. 29. Define neuron, nerve fibers. The basic Units of the nervous system is the neuron. A bundle of individual nervefibers is called a nerve .A neuron is a single cell with a cell body, called soma, one ormore inputs fibers called dendrites and a long transmitting fiber called axon. Both axonsand dendrites are called nerve fibers. 30. What are parts of central nervous system? It consists of 1010 neurons. The brain consists of cerebrum, cerebellum andbrainstem. Cerebrum consists of two hemispheres and there are divided into frontal lobe,occipital lobe and temporal lobe. Cerebellum consists of two hemispheres. Theyregulated the coordination of muscular movements. 31. Name the pars that contain peripheral nervous system. The neve fibers outside the central nervous system called peripheral nerves. Itconsists of motor and sensory nerves.

Unit-2 BIO CHEMICAL AND NON ELECTRICAL PARAMETER MEASUREMENT.

32. Mention various types of chemical electrodes. Hydrogen electrode, ph electrode, po2 electrode, pco2 electrode.

33.Define circulation and respiration? We can define from the engineering point of view, the circulation is a highresistance circuit with a large pressure gradient between the arteries and veinsThe exchange of any gases in any biological process is termed as respiration 34.What is mean by transducer? It is a device which detects or senses the bio signal and converts it in to anelectrical signal for bio signal processing 35. What is electrophoresis? Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate biological molecules, such as nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and amino acids, based on their movement due to the influence of a direct electric current in a buffered solution. Positively charged molecules move toward the negative electrode, while negatively charged molecules move toward the positive electrode.

36.What are the different methods to measure the blood pressure? 1.Indirect method using sphygmomanometer. 2.Direct method. 37.What is the use of blood flowmeter in bio medical instrumentation? Blood flow meters are used to monitor the blood flow in various blood vessels and it also helps to measure cardiac output.

38. What are the different types of blood flow meters? Electromagnetic blood flow meter, Ultrasonic blood flow meter, Laser Doppler Blood flow meter, NMR Blood flow meter.

39.Give some applications of electromagnetic blood flow meters. Blood flow measurements during cardiac surgery, blood flow measurements during shunt operations, blood flow measurements during carotid artery, blood flow measurements in rural arteries, blood flow measurements during organ transplantation. 40. What is cardiac output? Cardiac output is the quantity of blood delivered by the heart to the aorta per minutes. It is a major determinant of oxygen delivery to the tissues. 41.What happens when there is a fall in cardiac output? A fall in cardiac output may result in low blood pressure, reduces tissues oxygenation, acidosis, poor renal function and shock. 42.What are the different types of dilution methods? Indicator dilution method, Dye dilution method, Thermal dilution method. 43.How Cardiac output is measured in thermal dilution method? A thermal indicator of known volume introduced into either the right or left atrium Will produce a resultant temperature change in the pulmonary artery or in the aorta respectively, the integral of which is inversely proportional to the cardiac output. Cardiac output=a constant X(blood temp-injectate temp)/area under dilution curve. 44.What is the use of blood flow meter in bio medical instrumentation? Blood flow meters are used to monitor the blood flow in various blood vessels and it also helps to measure cardiac output. 45.What are the two different principles used in ultrasonic blood flow measurement? Transit Time method: In this method, a peizo electric crystal emits a brief pulse of ultrasound which propagates diagonally across the blood vessel. Doppler effect based method: In this method , as per Doppler effect, there is a change in frequency of reflected ultrasonic wave, due to motion of blood , when it crosses blood.

46. Define transit time principle of ultrasonic blood flow meter. In Transit time method a piezo electric crystal emits a brief pulse of ultrasound which propagates diagonally across the blood vessel. The pulse reaches a receiving crystal situated on the opposite side wall of the blood vessel. Electronic circuitry attached externally interprets transit time to velocity. 47.What is Sphygmomanometer? Sphygmomanometer is a dvice used by the physician to measure blood pressure. It is used for indirect BP measurement and it consists of inflatable rubber bladder called the cuff, a rubber squeeze ball pump and value assembly and a manometer. 48.What is BSR? BSR means based skin response, which gives the baseline value of skin resistance. 49.What is GSR? GSR means galvanic skin response, which gives the measure of average activity of the sweat glands and is a measure of phasic activity of sweat glands. 50. What is plethysmograph? Plethysmograph is used to measure the constant volume changes or constant pressure changes in the chamber. 51.What is korotkoff sound? In the BP measurement, When the systolic pressure exceeds the cuff pressure, then the doctor can hear some crashing , snapping sound through the stethoscope. This is known as korotkoff sound. 52. What is cardiac output? Cardiac output is the amount of blood delivered by heart to the aorota per minute. 53. What are the various methods to measure cardiac output? Ficks method, Indicator dilution method, Measurement of impedance change. 54.Differentiate systolic and diastolic pressure. The maximum pressure reached during cardiac output is called systolic pressure. The maximum pressure occurring at the end of ventricular relaxation is termed as diastolic pressure.

55.What are the two types to measure pulse rate. Transmittance method, Reflectance method. 56.What is a Caloriemeter? Caloriemeter is otherwise called flame photometer, which is used for measuring transmittance and absorbance in the given solutions. 57.What is the use of infrared thermometer? It is a device to measure skin surface temperature. It is used to locate breast cancer. It is also used to identify the spots in which blood circulation is poor. 58. What are the two methods for counting the blood. 1. conductivity method, 2. Laser based cell counting method.

2 Marks & 16marks UNIT-3 106. Define circulatory system it is a type of transport system. It helps in supplying the oxygen and digested foodto different parts of our body and removing CO2 from the blood. The heart is the centerof the circulatory system. 107.Define heart, lung? Heart is a pumping organ which eats regularly and continuously for years. Itbeats seventy times a minute at rest. Contraction is systole and relaxation is diastole. 108.Define circulation and respiration? We can define from the engineering point of view, the circulation is a highresistance circuit with a large pressure. 97. Classify the pacemakers Fixed rate pacemakers. Ventricular Synchronous pacemakers Demand pacemakers Atrial Synchronous pacemakers

98. Different methods of stimulation External stimulation,Internal stimulation

18.What is a Defibrillator? A defibrillator is an electronic device that creates a sustained myocardialdepolarization of a patient s heart in order to stop ventricular fibrillation or artialfibrillation. 40.What are the characteristics of a DC amplifier? It may need balanced differential inputs giving a high common moderejection ratio (CMRR).It should have an extremely good thermal and long term stability. 41. Enumerate the merits and demerits of a dc amplifier? It is easy to calibrate at low frequencies. It is able to recover from an overload condition unlike its AC counterpart. 42.Give the purpose of bridge circuits. What are the different types? The bridge circuits are used in instrumentation systems for themeasurement of resistance , inductance and capacitance. Types: DC type and AC type. 43.What are the 2 types of wheatstone bridge? Null type bridge Deflection type bridge. 44.What are the different types of AC bridges? AC bridge using push-pull transducers AC bridge with push-pull inductive transducers Inductive transducer Blumlein Bridge Capacitive transducer Blumlein Bridge

45.Define slew rate Slew rate is defined as the maximum output voltage change per unittime. 46.List the requirements of an instrumentation amplifier Low drift High i/p impedance High linearity High CMRR High noise rejection capability 47.Give few applications of instrumentation amplifier. The instrumentation amplifier finds increasing application in theamplification of the output signals obtained from thermocouples, straingauge bridge and biological electrode. 48.What is a filter? A filter is often a frequency selective circuit that passes a specified bandof frequencies and blocks or attenuated signal of frequencies outside thisband. 49.List the different types of filters. Analog or digital filters Passive or active filters Audio (AF) or radio (RF) filters. 50.Specify the advantages of an active filter Gain and frequency adjustment flexibility No loading problem Low cost 51.What is frequency scaling? The procedure of converting a cutoff frequency to a new cutofffrequency is called frequency scaling.

52.What is quality factor? The ratio of resonant frequency to bandwidth is known as the qualityfactor Q. 53.What is acquisition time of S/H circuit? Acquisition time is the time required for the capacitor to charge up tothe value of the input voltage after the switch is first started. 54.What is aperture time of S/H circuit? The aperture time is the time required for the switch to change from ONstate to OFF state. 55.List the components of a magnetic tape recorder? Recording head Magnetic tape Reproducing head Tape transport mechanism Conditioning devices. 56.Mention the different methods of magnetic tape recording. Direct recording Frequency modulation (FM) recording and Pulse duration modulation (PM) recording. 57.What is the purpose of erase head? In the erase head, a signal of high frequency and level sweeps the magnetctape thereby completely wiping out the information contained there in. this renderthe magnetic tape to be used fresh for smother signal. 58.What is drop out? In direct recording, some portions of the tape may not be perfectly recordedowing to dirt or poor manufacturer and this is called drop out. 59.Mention the 2 factors in FM recording Percentage deviation and Deviation ratio

60.What is the operation of a serial printer? The serial printer produces a single character at a time, usually movingfrom left to right across a page. It prints 200 characters per second. 61.Mention the purpose of line printers. The line printers are used to print and entire line simultaneously. It points4000 lines per minute. 62.Give the operation of pare printers. The page printer prints in a line at a time mode, but can be stopped andrestarted only on the page basis. The top speed is 45,000 lines per minute. 63.List the classification of printers. Impact and non-impact printers. Fully formed character and dot matrix character printer. Character at a time and a line at a time. 64.What is daisy wheel printer? Daisy wheel printer is a fully formed character printer, designed forcomputer usage and has characters mounted on the periphery of a spinning printhead similar to a daisy flow. They are capable of bidirectional printing. 65.Give short notes on dot-matrix printers. In dot-matrix printers, the characters are formed by printing a group of dotsto form a letter, no. or other symbols. It can print any combination of dots with allavailable print position in the matrix.

2 Marks & 16marks UNIT-4 RADIOLOGICAL EQUIPMENTS

66.List the important features of CRTs. Size Phosphor Operating voltages

Deflection voltages Viewing screen . 67.What is meant by deflection sensitivity in CRT? The deflection sensitivity of the CRT is usually stated as the DC voltagerequired for each cm of deflection of the spot on the screen. 68.What is meant by recurrent sweep in CRT? When the saw tooth, being an AC voltage alternates rapidly, the displayoccurs respectively, so that a lasting image is seen by the eye. This repeatedoperation is known as recurrent sweep. 69.Mention the methods that are used for generating the 2 electron beams within the CRT. The methods that are used for generating the 2 electron beams within theCRT are the double gun tube and split beam method. 70.Explain CRO and its function. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is a very careful and versatile laboratoryinstrument used for display measurement and analysis of waveforms and otherphenomena in electrical and electronic circuits. CRO is in fact a very fast X-Yplotter displaying an input signal versus another signal or time. 71.Name the components of a CRO. CRO consists of a cathode ray tube (CRT) along with electron gunassembly, deflection plate assembly, fluorescent screen, glass envelope and base. 72.What is an electron gun? The source of focused and accelerated electron beam is the electron gun.The electron gun which emits electrons and forms them into a beam consists of aheater, a cathode, a grid a pre-accelerating anode, a focusing anode and anaccelerating anode. 73.Name the basic circuitry of CRO. Vertical (Y) deflection system Horizontal (X) deflection system Synchronization Blanking circuit Intensity (z-axis) modulation

Positioning controls Focus control Intensity control Calibration control Astigmatism.

2 Marks & 16marks UNIT-5 RECENT TRENDS IN MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

74.What is LED? The LED is basically a semiconductor PN junction diode capable ofemitting electromagnetic radiation under forward conductions. 75,Compare common anode and common cathode displays. Common anode type display require an active low (or current linking)configuration for code converter circuitry, whereas an active high output circuit isnecessary for common cathode LED type display. 76.List the characteristics of LCD. Light scattering Can operate in reflective or Transmissive configuration. Do not actively generate light and depend for their operation on ambient or back light. 77.On what does the operation of LCD depend? The utilization of a class of organic materials which remain a regularcrystal like structure even when they have melted. 78.Name the 2 commonly available types of LCDs. Dynamic scattering and Field effect type.

79.What is the purpose of dot matrix displays? Excellent alphanumeric characters can be displayed by using dot matrixLEDs with an LED at each dot location. 80.What are the commonly used dot matrices for the display of characters? The commonly used dot matrices for the display of prominent charactersare 5 x 7, 5 x 8 and 7 x 9. 81.What are the 2 writing patterns of dot matrix displays? Common anode or common cathode connection (uneconomical)X-Y array connection (economical and can be extended vertically orhorizontally using a minimum number of wires) 82. Define transducers. Transducers are defined as a device which when actuated, transformsenergy from one form to another. Generally, any physical parameters isconverted into electrical form. 83.What are the 2 types of transducers? Electrical and Mechanical 84.Name the parameters that dictate the transducer capability Linearity Repeatability Resolution and Reliability 85.Define sensitivity Sensitivity is defines as the electrical output per unit change in thephysical parameter. High sensitivity is generally desirable for a transducer. 86.Classify electrical transducers. Active Passive

87.Name the 2 parts of a transducer Sensing element Transduction element 88.Mention the factors considered while selecting a transducer. Operating range Sensitivity Frequency response & resonant frequency Environmental compatibility Minimum sensitivity Accuracy Usage and ruggedness Electrical parameters 89.What is meant by POT? POT is a resistive potentiometer used for the purpose of voltagedivision. It consists for a resistive element provided with a sliding contactcalled as wiper. 90.Explain the working principle of a strain gauge. Strain gauge works on the principal that the resistance of a conductor ora semiconductor changes when strained. This property can be used formeasurement of displacement, force and pressure. 91.Name the different types of strain gauges. Un-bonded metal strain gauge Bonded metal wire strain gauge Bonded metal foil strain gauge Vacuum deposited thin metal film strain gauge Sputter deposited thin metal strain gauge Bonded semiconductor strain gauge

Diffused metal strain gauge 92.What is meant by rosette? It is a combination of strain gauges to a single element strain gauge. 93.Give the 3 working principles of variable inductance transducers Change of self inductance Change of mutual inductance Production of eddy currents. 94.Write notes on LVDT It is the linear variable differential transformer which is used to translatethe linear motion into electrical signals. It consists of a single primarywinding and 2 secondary winding. 95.List the advantages of LVDT High range of displacement measurement Friction & electrical isolation Immunity from external effects High I/p and high sensitivity Ruggedness Low hysterisis & low power consumption. 96.What is a digitizer? It is a digital encoding transducer that enables a linear or rotarydisplacement to be directly converted into digital form without intermediateforms of analog to digital (A/D) conversion.Heart is a pumping organ which eats regularly and continuously for years. Itbeats seventy times a minute at rest. Contraction is systole and relaxation is diastole. 108.Define circulation and respiration? We can define from the engineering point of view, the circulation is a highresistance circuit with a large pressure gradient between the arteries and veinsThe exchange of any gases in any biological process is termed as respiration

109.What is mean by transducer? It is a device which detects or senses the bio signal and converts it in to anelectrical signal for bio signal processing 110.Define strain gauge? It is a electrical device which is used to measure stress or pressure in termsof strain using the principle of change of resistively due to mechanical stress 111.How are transducer are classified? They can be classified into different types based on the energy conversion,application and so on. They are two types Active transducer: A transducer that gives its output without the use of an excitation voltage or modulation of a carrier signal is called an active transducer Passive transducer: A transducer that gives its output using an excitation voltage or modulation of a carrier signal is called a passive transducer. Generally the active transducer converts a non- electrical energy into electrical energy and converts an electrical into non electrical energy.

NNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025 MODEL QUESTION PAPER VI Semester B.E. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING EC041 MEDICAL ELECTRONICS Time: Three Hours Maximum : 100 Marks Answer All The Questions PART A (10 x 2 = 20 Marks) 1. Draw the equivalent circuit of an electrode used for bio-potential recording. Mention about each component of the circuit. 2. Draw a typical ECG waveform and mark the various events. 3. What is eletropharesis? 4. What do you mean by korotkoffs sound? How is it useful in the medical field? 5. What is a dialyser? What are the essential components of a dialyser? 6. What are the parameters to be monitored when the patient is connected to a heart lung machine? 7. Discuss about the parameters to be taken into account in deciding the carrier frequency of a biotelemetry unit. 8. Write about the types of electrodes for short wave diathermy? 9. Name the laser most commonly used for ophthalmic application. Why? 10. What is hypothermia? Is it useful in the field of medicine? PART B (5 x 16 = 80 Marks) 11.i) Explain about the generation of bio-potential? (8) ii) Describe the method applied to study about the activity of brain centre for vision and highlight the method of processing the signal? (8)

12.a)i) Write about the blood cell counter working on the principle of conductivity. What are the

problems associated with this method? (8) ii) What is and autoanalyser? Explain. (8) (OR) 12.b)i) What do you mean by cardiac output? Explain the principle of dye dilution technique for the measurement of the same. (8) ii) Describe in detail, the electromagnetic blood flow meter. What are its is advantages and how are they overcome. (8) 13.a) What is atrial fibuillation? How is it arrested? Explain what are the precautions to be followed when this equipment is used? (16) (OR) 13.b) Explain the operation of pacemaker working on demand. Compare its performance with the trigged type. (16) 14.a)i) Write briefly about radio pill. (8) ii) What is diathermy? Discuss about ultrasound diathermy? How is the frequency of operation selected for this type? (8) (OR) 14.b) How are the muscles and nerves stimulated by electronic means? Explain the complete set up of a medical stimulator. (16) 15.a) Explain about the imaging method applied to study about the peripheral circulation? What are its other applications? (16) (OR) 15.b)i) How can a high frequency generator be used as a surgical knife? Explain. (10) ii) Write about the terms microshock and macroshock hazards. (6)

MEDICAL ELECTRONICS MAX:100 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

PART A-(10*2=20) 1. Define the term conduction velocity. 2. List the names and frequency bands of EEG signals. 3. Calculate cardiac output for a patient with the heart rate of 72 beats/min and stroke volume of 75ml/beat. 4. State Beers law. 5. Distinguish between internal pacemakers and external pacemakers. 6. Mention applications of biotelemetry systems. 7. Calculate energy stored in a 16F Capacitor of a defibrillator that is charged to a potential of 5000 V dc. 8. Name current waveforms employed in electrotheraphy. 9. What do you mean by micro shock? 10. List out the characteristics of LASER.

PART-B(5*16=80) 11. (a) Draw equivalent circuit of a biopotential electrode interface. Discuss in detail about various types of biopotential electrodes. (Or) (b) Describe in detail about unipolar and bipolar limb lead system used for measuring ECG signal. & Write short notes on Phonocardiography. 12. (a) Explain the principle of operation of an ultrasonic blood flow meter &Explain working of a flame photometer with a neat block diagram.(Or) (b) Define the terms Tidal volume , Residual volume , Vital capacity, and inspiratory capacity.& Discuss basic principle of operation of a spirometer. 13.(a)Explain the working of a DC defibrillator with a neat diagram . (Or)

(b) What is dialysis ? Explain the principle of operation of a dialyser machine with a neat diagram.

14 (a) Discuss in detail about the basic components of a multichannel biotelemetry system. & Explain various modulation technique used in a telemetry system (Or) (b) Explain the basic principle of operation of an ultrasonic diathermy unit. List out the applications. 15 (a) List out the physiological effects of electric current current on humans & Write short notes on ground fault circuit interrupter (Or) (b) Mention advantages of Laser surgery. & write short notes on endoscopes. & explain various electro surgery techniques employed in a diathermy unit.