BTS 1013

INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS GRAMMATICAL ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE :

SYNTAX

WHAT IS SYNTAX ?
 The study of the principles and rules for constructing

sentence in natural languages.

 The part of grammar that represents a speaker s

knowledge of sentences and their structures.

What the Syntax Rules Do?

 Combine words into phrases and phrases into sentences.  The rules specify the correct word order for a language. Example : 1. Aliff buy a new laptop. ( It is grammatical because the words occur in the right the right order. ) 2. Laptop buy Aliff new a. ( It is ungrammatical because the word order is incorrect. )

 The syntax rules also describe the relationship between the meaning of a particular group of words and the arrangement of it.

 For example : 1. He burps what he means. 2. He means what he burps.

Contain the same words, But the meaning are different.

y It is also specify the grammatical relations of a sentences such as

subject and direct object.  Examples : Nadzmu chase his best friend, Syasya.
y The rules of syntax also specify other constrains that sentences must

adhere to.

Hierarchical Structure
 This hierarchical structure shows the arrangement of words in sentences.  Sentence : 1.(Synthetic buffalo) hides. 2. Synthetic (buffalo hides).

synthetic

buffalo

hides

synthetic

buffalo

hides

CONSTITUENT AND CONSTITUENCY TEST

 Natural grouping of a sentence is called constituent..  Here we include three type of test that we have done

to reveal constituent in a sentence .  the stand alone test if a word can stand alone it can be a constituent ..  Example: Found a ghost.

This word found a can`t stand alone

This word a ghost can stand alone

y REPLACEMENT BY PRONOUNS y PRONOUNS CAN SUBSTITUE NATURAL GROUP

y EXAMPLE : Where did you found the baboon?

I found it in the car park.

substitute the baboon

y MOVE AS A UNIT y if a group of word can be move it can be constituent y example : it was a baboon that Abu found..

a baboon was found by Abu

y The arrangement of word shows the constituent

structure y Example: the baboon played in the garden.. y This sentence can be shows as hierarchical

the baboon played

in

the

garden