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Identify sales and collection cycle classes of transaction and account balances in a typical company. To apply the audit process in sales and collection cycles, we need documents and record in order to understand the typical documents and record used in the cycle. To evaluate whether the account balances affected by the cycle are fairly presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Sales Cash sales Sales on account Accounts Receivable Beginning Cash receipts balance Sales returns Sales on and allowances account Charge-off of Ending uncollectible balance accounts
Cash in Bank
Accounts Receivable Beginning Cash receipts balance Sales returns Sales on and allowances account Charge-off of Ending uncollectible balance accounts
Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts Charge-off of Beginning uncollectible balance accounts Estimate of bad debt expense Ending balance
Sales Transaction
Collection of Cash
Sales
Business Function Processing customer orders Granting credit Shipping goods Billing customers and recording sales Documents and records Customer order Sales order Customer order or Sales order Shipping documents Sales invoice Sales Journal
Collection of Cash
Business Function Processing and recording cash receipts Documents and records Cash receipts transaction file Cash receipts journal
Design tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for sales to meet transactionrelated audit objectives.
Assess planned control risk sales Audit procedures Sample size Evaluate cost-benefit of testing controls. Items to select Timing
Transaction Objective
Test of Control
Computer-assisted auditing techniques (CAATs) Examine Sales Invoice packets for supporting documentation Account for sequence of shipping documents Observe and review evidence for document control CAATs Confirm agreement between supporting documentation sources Account for sequence of supporting documents. Confirm period reviews of open files CAATs
Substantive Tests
Review sequence of sales invoices Review journal for unusual transactions Vouch from the sales journal to the supporting documents Trace from the shipping documents to the sales journal Recalculate prices and extensions on sales invoice Trace a few transactions from inception to completion Analyze Sales Invoices and Shipping Documents close to year end to confirm appropriate recording Trace transactions from Sales Invoice to the Sales Journal, verifying appropriate classification
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Occurrence
Completeness
Accuracy
Cutoff
Classification
Transaction Objective
Analytical Procedures
Substantive Tests
Review subsidiary ledger for unusual amounts Confirm receivables Alternative procedures Trace from the A/R master to the aging schedule Review BOD minutes for A/R pledging or factoring Review material sales contracts for terms and conditions Inquire of management Inquire as to likelihood of collection for older accounts Assess appropriateness based on independent estimates and other knowledge obtained regarding collection
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Existence
Compare gross margins w/ prior years Consider monthly sales over time Compare A/R turnover w/prior years
Completeness
N/A
Compare bad debts to prior years Compare allowance account to prior years Compare A/R turnover w/ prior years Compare amounts in aging categories w/ prior years
Phase I
Set tolerable misstatement and assess inherent risk for accounts receivable
Phase I
Phase I
Design and perform tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for sales and collection cycle.
Phase II
Phase III
Audit procedures Design tests of details of accounts receivable balance to satisfy balancerelated audit objectives Sample size Item to select Timing
Phase III
Review accounts receivable trial balance for large and unusual receivables. Calculate analytical procedure indicated in carryforward audit schedules and follow up on any significant changes from prior years. Review the receivables listed on the aged trial balance for notes and related party receivables. Inquire of management whether there are any related party, notes, or long term receivables included in trial balance. Trace the balance to the general ledger.
Compare sales by month over time Overstatement or understatement of sales and accounts receivable. Compare sales returns and allowance as a percentage of gross sales with previous years Compare individual customer balances over a stated amount with previous year Compare bad debt expenses as a percentage of gross sales with previous years Overstatement or understatement of sales returns and allowances and accounts receivable. Misstatements in accounts receivable and related income statement accounts Uncollectable accounts receivable that have not been provided for