:

3 2548

Exponential

3
3
axaxa=a
a
a3 a (base) 3 (exponent)
a
Definition
: a n
an = a x a x a xx a
( a n )

n
m
1. a x a = am+n

a 0
m n

2. am an = am-n
a 0
m n

3. a0 = 1
a 0

1
an
a 0

4. a-n =

5. (am)n = am x n
a 0
m n

6. (ab)n = an x bn
a 0
n
n

a
an
7. = n

b b
a,b 0
n

...

3 2548

1
1. 52 x 5 x 54
=.
3
5
=
2. (-2) x (-2)
=
3. 32n+5 x 3n-1 x 3-3n-2
=
3 5
2
=
4. (x y )(xy )
5. (8a2b3c)(22ab5c6)(32a4bc5)
=
=
=
=
6. 52 5 54
7. a3n-4 a3n-7

=
=

8.

343x 5 yz 2
72 x3 y 4 z

9.

5 x + 4 5 2 x 1 5 4 x +3 5 2 x 7

5 3 x
5 x 5

=
=
=
=.

10. 513 513

5

4
4
4
11.
7

=.
=.
=.
12.

13.

14.

4a 5 a 7
a 12

=.

10 9 10 2
1013

=.

x3 x7 x
x 4 x8

=.

=.

=.

=.
=.
...

 :
15.

16.

3 2548

a 3b 7 c 2
a 5b 3c

=.

33 x 2 y 3 z 5
35 x 1 y 4

=.

=.

=.
17.

18.

3 2 2 5 30
2 6 3 1 4 1

=.

2 0 + 2 2
2 2(2) 2

=.

=.

=.
=.
=.
0

19.

1 0 5
3 + (4) 1 + (2) 3
8
16

=.
=.
=.
=.
20.

a8
2 2 ab

a 0, b 0, x 0
8a 3 b 2 x b 2 x 2

=.
=.
=.
=.
=.

21. (x-2)5
22.

(2 2 ) 2
(3 1 ) 2

=.
=.

23.

(3 2 ) 3 n
(3 n 2 ) 2

=.
=.

24. (8) 3 (27) 3

=.
=.
=.
...

 :
25.

[(5

1 2 3

3 2548

=.

4 2

(5 )

=.
=.
=.
26. [(33 ) 2 ] [(3 2 ) 4 ]

=.
=.
=.
=.
=.

27. 16[{8(2) 2 }3 ]

=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
n

2
1
1

28. 16 4 8 3 4 4 =.

=.
=.
=.
=.
=.

29. [(4 1 ) 2 (2 2 ) 5 ] [(2 2 ) (2 2 ) 1 ]

=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
2

...

1.
2.
3.
4.

(3 x 4)2
(23 x 32)3
(3x2)4
(-2ab-2)2

3 2548

......................................... ...............................................

=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
=.

5. (4-1x2y-3)-1
6. (X2nyn)2 x (X2y-2)n
5
7.

=.

2 2 2 3

8.
3

3n
9. n 1
3

=.

=.
=.

10.

( xy ) 2 ( x 2 y ) 3
(x 2 y 2 )2

x 0, y 0
=.
=.

( y n +1 y 2 n 1 )
11.
y 3n

y 0 =.
=.
=.

a 3n a 2 n
12.
4n
a

=.
=.
=.
=.

13. 20

15 25 80

16 24 81

=.
=.
=.
=.

...

 :
14.

15.

3 2548

2 n +3 6 n + 2
15 n 1 5 n +1

=.

4 n + 2 2 2 n +1 8 n +1
2 3n + 2

=.

=.
=.
=.
=.

=.
=.
=.
=.

(Exponential Equation)
1. 2

ax = ay
x = y a 0 a 0
2. 2

ax = bx
a b x = 0
3. 2

ax = bx
x 0 a = b

2 + (.............)

......................................... ...............................................

1. If 5x

= (25)4

Find the value of x

2. 33x-1

= 9x+2

Find the value of x

3. (x+1)3

= 512

Find the value of x

...

4. 93x-1

= 32x-3

Find the value of x

5. 52x-3

= 625

Find the value of x

64
6.
125

x 1

4
5

Find the value of x

7. If (16)x+2 1 = 0

Find the value of x

1
3

8. If (-9)2x

9. If 8(29x)

= 64x+3

10. If (-2)2x

1
2

3 2548

Find the value of (3)-4x

Find the value of x

Find the value of (4)-2x

...

3 2548

(Scientific Notation)

0

a 10n 1 a < 10
a ( 1 10)
n
(Scientific Notation)

10
(0. ...)
0 10

(-)
a 10n 1 a < 10 n
9
=.
23
=.
514
=.
600,000
=.
83,450,000,000
=.
6
=.
56.8 x 10
2
-10
=.
350 x 10 x 10
=.
350 x 102 x 10-10
-8
27
(9 x 10 ) x (4 x 10 ) =.

3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

1. 8 x 100
2.

(8 10 8 ) (1.5 1014 )
6 10 2

......................................... ...............................................

=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
...

 :
3.

4.

3 2548

2.2 50 0.65
0.011 1.3 0.05

=.

0.05 300 0.0054

80 0.0015 0.27

=.

=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
=.

5.

0.000243 (0.0016) 2 (1,500) 4

(6,000) 3 (0.00002) 4 (0.0027) 2

=.
=.
=.
=.
=.
=.

Further Exercise
1.
2.

3.

The number of different "5-card hands" possible with regular deck of (52) playing cards is nearly
2,600,000. Express this number in scientific notation.
The Earth accumulates about 1.2 x 107 kilograms of dust every day from outer space.
a. Express this number in standard notation.
b. Write out the word name for this number.
c. Convert this weight to its equivalent number of tons; express the answer in standard
notation.
The number of hairs on a person's head appears to vary with the color of their hair. A brunette's head
contains about 1.05 105 hairs, while a blond's head has nearly 1.4 x 105 hairs, and a redhead has
approximately 9 x 104 hairs on his/her head.
a. Which color-hair person has the fewest hairs on their head?
b. Which color-hair person has the most hairs on their head?
c. Explain how to determine which scientific notation number from a set of such numbers is
the largest, and which is the smallest.

...

 :
4.

5.

6.
7.

8.

10

3 2548

The speed of light (in a vacuum) is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second.
a. Express this number in scientific notation.
b. Is this way of expressing the number any shorter than writing it in its standard notation?
If the speed of light in the previous exercise is rounded off to a number which still gives a good
indication of how fast it travels, then it might be rounded to 300,000,000 m/sec.
a. Express this number in scientific notation.
b. Is this way of expressing the number any shorter than writing it in its standard notation?
Based on your observations of the previous two exercises, which type of numbers (exact numbers or
approximations) are simplified most by utilizing scientific notation?
It may be more convenient to perform calculations involving large numbers when they are written in
scientific notation. Consider the product of 30,000 with 15,000,000.
a. Find the product of these two numbers by multiplying them in their standard form.
b. Express both (of the two original) numbers in scientific notation.
c. Rewrite your answer, from part (a), in scientific notation.
d. Explain how the scientific notation answer, in part (c), could have been obtained by
multiplying the numbers in part (b); i.e., when written in scientific notation?
Use the shortcut, or pattern, explained in the previous exercise to find the following results:
a. (2.0 x 1010) x (3.0 x105)
b. (3.2 x 103) x (2.25 x106)
c. (7.35 x 1012) x (3.5 x 104)

Problems A4
Simplify :
1.

(2)(7 1 ) + 1 + (2 1 )(7)
(2 1 )(7 1 )

2 n+3 6 x + 2

15 n 1 5 n +1
8 n +1 3 n 8 n

3.
16 2 n 6 n

2.

4.
5.
6.

9a

4
3
1
2

1
2
1
3

3
2a

2a
3a
n+2
4
2 2 n +1 8 n +1
2 3n + 2
3 2 n 4 2 n2
2 n 2 n 1

7 2 n +3 7 2 n +1
7 2 n +1
1
1
1
+
+
8.
a b
a c
b c
ba
ca
1+ x + x
1+ x + x
1 + x + x c b

7.

9.

5 3 x +1 + 5 2 x +1 x
2 x +1

+ 5 x +1
5

23
x y 1
x y 4
10. 3 2
y x 2
y x

11. If 9x = 2712 and 4y = 86

Find the value of 4y2 x2

......................................... ...............................................

...

11

3 2548

A4

(1) a = 360 b = 545 c = 645 d = 730

( .. 2539)
1. d>c>b>a
3. d>a>b>c
2. a>c>b>d
4. c>b>a>d
(2) -(-23)-2 2(-3+5)
3. 28
1. -2-8
2. 2-8
4. -28
x2 y

3)
2z

y 1 z 2
3
x

zx 2
3
y

4ya
= b c
x z

ab2 + c2

( .. 2541)
1. 92
3. 127
2. 99
4. 144
0

a 5 b 11 c 23 1
25 a 11 b 13

(4) a 0, b 0 c 0

1
49
18

c + b
a 9 b 7

6
b
b11 (b18 c 49 ) c 23 25a 2
3.
1.
+ 6
5
25a 2
a
b
25a 2
25a 2
4. 6
2. 6
b
b

a 3n + 3 3n + a 5 n + a 5 n
(5) a = 3 a n

a n + a n
2n

( .. 2542)

1
3
1
2. 3
9

1. 3

2
3
1
4. 9
9

3. 9

...

12

3 2548

Radical
n
Definition
n 1 a b b n a bn = a
a
n a n a

1 1 1
............................................................
............................................................
2 2 2
............................................................
3 3 3
............................................................
4 4 4
2 -2
............................................................
5 .............................. ............................................................
9 .............................. ............................................................
7 .............. .
5 .........................................................................................
11 .....................................................................................
- 6 .....................................................................................
100 ....................................................................................
Definition
a n 1
1. a 0 n n n n a
2. a n n a n n a
n a (Radicals) n a
n = 2 a n a 2 3 3

index

Radical
Radicand

n a n a
1. a = 0 n a = 0
2. a > 0 n a
3. a < 0
n n a
n n a

...

13

3 2548

2
1

1. n a = a n
m

2. a n = (a m )n = n a m
1

1
3. a = a n =

m
n

( a)
n

m n n > 0

m
n

a m < 0 a 0
4

1

1. 16 4

2. 32 6

3. (8)

1
3

1. (125) 3

5
6

=
4. 64

1. (27)

2. (32)

3
2

3
2

1
4

4. 8 4
1
3

=
=
1

5. (10 10 ) 6 =

=
4
5

=
=

1
2

3. 3 3

3
2

2
6

2. 64

n ( n 1)

a n (n a ) = a
a b n n a n b = n ab

a b n b 0

=n

a
b

n n n 2
1. n a = a
n
2. n a = |a| n
1 - 10
5
11-20 x, y, z 0
2
( 2)
=..
1.

2.
3.
4.

25 = (
a

( 3) 2

=..
..
=..

)2

...

14

3 2548

=..

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

( 7)2

980

=..
=..
==
==
==
==
==

16.

9x 2

==

17.

25 x 2 y 2 ==

18.

36 x 3 y 6 ==

19.

8 x 4 y 7 ==..

20.

121x 2 y 4 z 6

8 = __ 2 =

12 = __ 3 =

2 = ________ 2

3 = ________ 3

45 = __ 5 =

147
75
60
244
252
125

= ________ 5

==

(Evaluate) 2 3 + 5 5
= (2+5) x 3

=7 3
8 + 4 18 + 3 50

= 4 2 + 4 9 2 + 3 25 2
= 2 2 + 4 3 2 + 3 5 2
= 2 2 + 12 2 + 15 2
= (2 + 12 15) 2
= 29 2

a 2 = a

...

15

3 2548

6
(Simplify)
1) 4 2 + 5 2 + 7 2
2) 7 6 + 8 6 2 6

3) 9 5 3 5 + 4 5 + 7 5

4) 12 + 75 + 27

5) 5 27 2 12 + 3 75

6) 5 20 2 45 4 80

7) 9 63 + 700

8) 4 162 3 98 7 128

9) 12 243 + 144 3

10) 5 720 2 245

,
(Evaluate) 2 2 3 2

= (2x3) x 2 2
= 6x2

2 2 = ( 2 ) 2 = 2
= 12

...

 :
28
= 47 +
= 2 7

1
4 2

2 2
= 7 7 7 7

+ 72

7 2

16

3 2548

1
5 14
8

a 2 = a ab = a b

( a ) 2 = a

=7
(3 5 + 7 2 )( 5 3 2 )
(3 5 + 7 2 )( 5 3 2 )
= 3 5( 5 3 2) + 7 2( 5 3 2)
= 3 5 5 3 5 3 2 +7 2 5 7 2 3 2
= 15 + 7 10 9 10 42
= -27 - 2 10
7
(Simplify)
2) 2 25 80 5
1) 4 2 27

3)

5)

1
3
63 700
28
8
2

15 3
5

4)

6)

24 27
2 18

28 54 50
32 21

...

 :
7)

17

20 3 2

3 2548

8) 7 15

10

1
3 245

243

8 ()
3
= ..
1.
56
3
= ..
2.
54
= ..
3.
3 1,000
3
= ..
4.
343
5.
6.
7.

3 x3 y6

= ..

x4 y5

135

= ..
= ..

3
8.
432 y 3
9. 3 16 3 68

11.

128 3

= ..
10. 3 135 + 23 40 + 3 5,000

1
64

12.

64a 6 3 8a 6 + 3 125a 6

13. 23 216a 3 + 33 1,000a 3 3 27a 3

...

18

3 2548

(Conjugation)

15

2
3
2 3

=
=

15
2

15 2
2

2+ 3

2 3
2+ 3
3( 2 + 3 )

2- 2 = ( - )( + )

( 2)2 ( 3)2

3( 2 + 3 )
43
= 3 2 +3 3

A4

1. (. 28)
1. a 2 + b 2 = a + b
2. a 2 b 2 = ab
3. a 2 b 2 = a + b
4. a 2 b 2 = a b
2. 1008 3 448 + 175 + 3 875 4 112 (. 30)
2. 23 7
3. 3 7 + 7 4. 3 7 7
1. 2 7
3. a b a 2 b 2 = ab (. 35)
1. a 0 b 0
2. a < 0 b < 0
3. a = 0 b 0
4.
4. 125 5 3 8 (. 43)
1. -75
2. -50
3. 50
4. 75

...