Which of the following did NOT contribute to the end of the open range cattle industry?: railroads.

The United States' policy toward the Native American changed dramatically with the passage in 1887 of the Dawes Act, which?: wiped out tribal ownership of property and granted 160 acres to heads of families. The historian Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier shaped America by?: stimulating individualism, nationalism, and democracy. During the late 1800s, farmers supported free and unlimited coinage of silver mainly because they believed that it would lead to?: higher prices for farm products The United States government's outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the?: Battle of Wounded Knee. According to the new view of the environment that was developing in the late 19c?: nature existed to be tamed and conquered. The two factors that did most to stimulate rapid western settlement were?: the Homestead Act and the railroad. The mining towns which developed between 1860 and 1890?: all of these choices are correct. The rapid development of railroads in the United States was accomplished?: with the help of some of the largest government subsidies ever granted. Open-range ranching came to an end due to?: fencing of the plains with barbed wire. After the Civil War, the West favored the issue of greenbacks because?: inflation and cheap dollars would favor the farmers, who were in debt. The Homestead Act provided?: 160 acres of free land within the public domain to any head of household who would settle on it and improve it over a period of five years. The railroads influenced the cattle industry by?: all of these choices are correct. The federal government's Indian policy between 1876 and 1900 was characterized by?: a movement to encourage the Indians to learn the ways of white society. The purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was to?: weaken tribes, allot land to individual Indians, and promote assimilation. Six states were created from the western territories in 1889 and 1890. These states were not admitted before 1889 because?: Democrats in Congress were reluctant to create states out of territories that were heavily Republican The cattle boom on the Great Plains ended in part because?: severe weather conditions and overgrazing wiped out many ranchers. The federal government aided settlement into the Great Plains region by all of the following means EXCEPT?: giving cash bonuses to every settler who established residency in the new territories Helen Hunt Jackson's book entitle A Century of Dishonor (1880) recounted?: the long record of broken treaties and injustices against American Indians. After the boom of the 1870s and early 1880s, agriculture in the West?: experienced a long period of economic decline. Which of the following did NOT contribute to the problems of farmers in the late 19c?: lack of available land. During the 1860s and 1870s, the Grangers carried out all of the following activities EXCEPT?: they forged a political coalition with organized labor. Which statement BEST describes many of the reforms proposed by the Populist Party?: they were won through the efforts of other political parties at a later time. What was a major reason that farmers did NOT settle the Great Plains before 1860?: they did not know how to cope with the absence of water and trees. One of the primary beliefs of the Farmers' Alliances was that?: too much power was in the hands of a few corporations and financial institutions.

Although historians disagree as to their interpretations of Populism, the movement was significant because?: it was one of the few third-party movements to gain national influence. The basic economic motivation behind the coinage of silver was to?: ease the burden of debtors During the late 19c, what was the relationship between the southern agrarian protest movement and southern attitudes toward blacks?: all of these choices are correct. The Populists' subtreasury plan called for?: the government to advance credit to farmers for crops stored in government storehouses. After the Granger laws ran into legal problems and were overturned in the case of Wabash v. Illinois, Congress attempted to provide relief through the?: Interstate Commerce Act. All of the following joined to create the Populist Party EXCEPT?: the American Federation of Labor. All of the following means were favored by the farmers between 1870 and 1900 in an attempt to better their condition EXCEPT?: limits on production of farm crops. An important result of the Populist movement was that it?: helped to liberalize the Democratic party platform of 1896. The Supreme Court upheld the principle that state governments could regulate railroad and grain elevator companies with its decision in?: Munn v. Illinois. The Populist movement of the 1890s can best be described as a?: political coalition of farming interests directed against banking and railroad interests The Farmers' Alliances of the 1880s appealed primarily to?: Southern and Great Plains farmers frustrated with low crop prices and mired in the sharecrop and crop lien systems. Supporters of the Populist Party included large numbers of all of the following groups EXCEPT?: eastern labor union members During the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of white farmers in the solid South refused to desert the Democratic party and support the Populist party because they?: feared losing political power to blacks. Which of the following was NOT a goal of the Populist party?: raising the protective tariff. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890?: fixed the government's monthly purchase of silver in weight rather than dollars. An important factor in the rapid development of industry in the United States during the last half of the 19c was?: the availability of capital for investment purposes. In its approach to union organization, the Knights of Labor officially?: welcomed both skilled and unskilled workers. A long-range influence of Samuel Gompers on the American labor movement was his advocacy of?: non-involvement in party politics. The concept of "limited liability" contributed to the development of corporations and was appealing to many Americans because?: all of these choices are correct. The "Gospel of Wealth," as advanced by Andrew Carnegie, promoted the concept that people with wealth should?: use their resources to help society. One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was that it?: represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business J. P. Morgan monitored his competition by placing officers of his bank on the board of companies that he wanted to control. This method was known as a(n)?: interlocking directorate. The first "big business" in America, at least in terms of finance, labor relations, and management, was?: the railroad industry. The Supreme Court in the United States v. Knight Company?: diminished the effectiveness of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by ruling that manufacturing was not interstate commerce.

Why did the proportion of women working in clerical jobs increase in the late 19c and early 20c?: because many women had taken typing and shorthand courses in school, employers did not have to invest much in training them. The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 had in common the fact that they?: were greatly strengthened by the Supreme Court in the years after they were passed Which type of governmental assistance was most helpful to labor during the period 1876-1914?: state legislation. or unions were ruled not to be illegal conspiracies provided that their methods were honorable and peaceful in the Supreme Court case of?: Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). The 1880s movement for the eight-hour working day is usually associated with which of the following labor organizations?: the Knights of Labor. Which of the following best accounts for the success of Standard Oil?: its corporate structure--known as horizontal integration--allowed the company to grow tremendously. Terence V. Powderly, head of the Knights of Labor, advocated?: all of these choices are correct. "Yellow dog" contracts were contracts?: in which workers promised not to strike or join a union A major reason for the low wages of unskilled workers throughout the late 19c was that?: management was able to draw on cheap labor on a global scale In the 19c, railroads formed pools in order to?: fix prices and divide business for greater profit. A closed shop requires workers to?: join a union to secure a job. The Haymarket bombing of May 4, 1886, was important to the labor movement because it?: aroused public opposition against labor, contributed to the decline of the Knights of Labor, and caused an increase in the membership of the AFL. Why was the Clayton Anti-Trust Act an improvement over the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?: labor unions and farm organizations were no longer considered as monopolies in restraint of trade. In the case of Gibbons v. Ogden, the United States Supreme Court did which of the following?: affirmed the power of the federal government over commerce. By the end of the 1800s, the use of pools, trusts, and holding companies by big business resulted in?: a concentration of economic power in the hands of a few All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion EXCEPT?: immigration restrictions. Many employers cut wages in the late 19c by?: hiring women and children. President Grover Cleveland responded to the 1894 Pullman strike by intervening on the side of management In the West, the immigrants who bore the brunt of labor hostility in the 1870s and 1880s were?: Chinese. Labor relations at the end of the 19c were?: characterized by violence and thousands of strikes. The ideas of Social Darwinism allowed men of wealth, like Carnegie and Rockefeller, to?: justify the economic inequality that favored them over the nation's poor. The United States did NOT restrict immigration during most of the 19c for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?: an amendment to the Constitution was necessary to enact such legislation. Thomas Nast achieved fame and influence as a?: political cartoonist. Which of the following population trends occurred in the United States from 1860 to 1910?: faster rate of growth for the cities than for the general population. "Native" Americans disliked immigrants for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?: immigrants were strong supporters of prohibition. As a result of the introduction of mass transit in cities?: different social groups no longer lived close together.

Political machines spread and thrived in urban areas during the late 19c because?: existing city government structures were so disorganized and chaotic. The Chinese in America encountered a form of racial prejudice for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?: the perception that they were unwilling to perform hand work. Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Tammany Hall?: poor urban immigrants After 1890, increased immigration began to present a national problem because?: unskilled laborers tended to concentrate in crowded urban slums. The social ethic which prevailed in late 19c America stressed that?: economic success was available to anyone who worked hard. Those believing in the idea of the "Melting Pot" predicted that?: a unique American culture would emerge from the blending of Old World cultures In the late 1800s, the available welfare services were generally provided to the urban poor by?: the bosses of the city machines. Europeans who came to the United States after 1880 have been described as "new" immigrants mainly because they?: came generally from different countries than most earlier immigrants. Which of the following enabled city dwellers of the late 19c and early 20c to live in greater comfort and safety?: the adoption of public health regulations. The most dangerous aspect of urban life in the late 19c was?: inadequate water and sewage systems The groups that migrated to the cities after the Civil War included large numbers of all of the following groups EXCEPT?: southern Whites. All of the following included new outlets for selling consumer goods at the end of the 19c EXCEPT?: the outlying shopping mall, for middle class commuters living at the end of the streetcar lines. Which of the following accurately describes a trend in American society in the 1880s and 1890s?: the workplace became more tightly organized and structured. Horatio Alger?: wrote rags-to-riches storied for boys. Which of the following was NOT a factor in shaping Gilded Age politics?: business remained separate from politics. The purpose of the Pendleton Act of 1883 was to?: fill some government jobs on the basis of competitive exams. Scholars considered the 1896 election "critical" because?: it initiated a realignment in the power of the two main political parties What reason was given by President Cleveland for intervening with federal troops in the Pullman Strike of 1894?: the strike interfered with the United States' mails and interstate commerce. In its decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court held that?: separate but equal facilities for different races were constitutional. Which person would most likely have been inclined to vote for William McKinley in 1896?: the president of a bank in Indiana. If the gold delegates dare to defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uppermost. Bryan's famous "Cross of Gold" speech called for?: the unlimited coinage of silver. Politicians of the Gilded Age used the spoils system to?: dispense government jobs for political purposes. Stalwarts, Half-Breeds, and Mugwumps were?: factions of the Republican party that fought over issues like civil service reform. From 1876-1897, political control of the national government in the United States?: was dominated by the Republican Party. The Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?: proved to be ineffective in the regulation of business abuses

Which of the following statements is LEAST true about immigration to the U. S. between 1880 and 1900?: most immigrants came from northern and western Europe. The strength of the Democratic party in the Gilded Age lay with?: white southerners and northern urbanites. Evidence justifying the use of the label "politics of paralysis" to describe the Gilded Age would include all of the following EXCEPT?: the period was marked by relatively low voter turnout As a result of the Depression of 1893?: new attitudes towards poverty and government responsibility emerged One theme of the Gilded Age politics was the?: triumph of urban-industrial interests. The 1896 presidential election marked the last time that?: a serious effort to win the White House would be made with mostly agrarian votes. What did Grover Cleveland think was the way to deal with the Depression of 1893-1897?: defend the gold standard and bolster government gold reserves. Booker T. Washington believed that the best way for blacks to improve their status in the United States was to?: accommodate themselves to segregation and disfranchisement while at the same time working hard and proving their economic value to society. Mark Twain called the era following the Civil War the "Gilded Age" because?: the glitter and flashiness of the time seemed to mask the ugliness and crass materialism that lay beneath the surface. Grover Cleveland, the only Democrat elected president between 1857 and 1912, believed that Government should?: refrain from paternalistic meddling in the economy. In late 19c cases dealing with the rights of blacks, the Supreme Court decided that?: racial segregation was constitutional as long as each race had equal facilities. Immigrants coming to America from Eastern and Southern Europe during the late nineteenth century were most likely to : settle in large cities in the Northeast or Midwest The Haymarket Incident involved: a riot between striking workers and police Which of the following was a goal of the Populist movement? Free coinage of silver The yellow journalism of the late nineteen century might best be described as: reporting the news in an exaggerated, distorted and sensationalized manner The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890: req d the federal government to purchase silver The Farmers Alliances of the 1880s appealed primary to: Southern and Great Plains farmers frustrated with low crop prices and mired in the sharecrop and crop lien systems In its decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme court held that: separate but equal facilities for different races were constitutional The most divisive and controversial aspect of the slavery issue during the first half of 19th century was: the status of slavery in the territories Which of the following expresses the first policy taken by the federal gov. toward the Indians of the Great Plains? Since the Great Plains are a desert anyway, the Indians may be allowed to keep the area One of the goals of the Populist movement was to induce the government to introduce: free coinage of silver Which of the following statements is true of the Bland-Allison Act? It was vetoed by President Rutherford Hayes The White Man s Burden referred to: the belief that it was the duty of whites to civilize non-white people through colonization or economic dominance of non-white lands US presidents btw. 1876 and 1900 were considered among the weakest in US history. A major reason for this was that: they considered themselves caretakers, not dynamic initiators of new legislators The most important factor in the destruction of the Plains Indians societies by whites in the late 19th century was: the destruction of the Buffalo hers by whites The only dominant, broad-based labor union in the US from 1870-1890 was the : Knights of Labor

The political machines such as Tammany Hall which ran American cities at the turn of the century derived their strongest support from: poor immigrants and the ethnic communities in the inner city How did the US gov. initially react toward movements to establish trade unions in businesses and factories in the latter half of the 19th century? It actively supported business efforts to destroy unions before they could effectively establish themselves Which of the following was used as scientific evidence by wealthy US industrialists? Darwin s theory of natural selection The term, robber baron refers to: late 19th century industrialists Jim Crow laws were laws that: established separate segregated facilities for blacks and whites The phrase 8 hrs. for work, 8 hrs. for rest, and 8 hrs. for what we will emphasizes trend toward: a greater availability of leisure time for working Americans Btw. 1860 and 1910, the area of US which underwent the largest percentage increase of population was: The Great Plains The growth of most American cities in 1880 was determined primarily by: profit motives The Marbury v. Madison case was important b/c it : affirmed the supreme court s power to judge the constitutionality of laws passed by congress The invention of cotton gin by Eli Whitney was important b/c it : allowed cotton to be picked and processed much more quickly, this vastly increasing the profitability of cotton and the need for more slaves to pick it The establishment of transcontinental rail lines and the construction of US s massive rail network had all of the following EXCEPT: They led to rapid industrialization of Old South following the Civil War The decline of open rage ranching in the West resulted primarily from: overgrazing and intense competition for se of the land btw. ranchers and farmers The Gospel of Wealth referred to the idea that: rich people obtained their wealth b/c God gave it to them Joseph Pulitzer was a pioneer in the development of : yellow journalism In the 1880s , the issue of tariffs on imported goods became a major controversy b/c: high tariffs were resulting in unnecessarily high prices on manufactured goods, hurting both farmers and consumers while protecting several wealthy manufactures Jacob Coxey is most well known for: leading an army of unemployed workers on a march from Ohio to Washington D.C. in 1894 to rally for a federal jobs program In general, most Europeans considered the American Indians to be: heathens who were inferior beings The most valuable export from US in 1860 was: cotton Helen Hunt Jackson s book, A Century of Dishonor recounted: the long record of broken treaties and injustices against American Indians The Populist Party in the 1890s had a great economic and political impact on the US mainly due to: its platform that raised the issue of uncontrolled industrial capitalism Pendleton Act was created in response to the: assassination of President Garfield The Civil Service Commission ended the spoils system by: requiring anyone applying for a gov. job to take a competitive exam Which of the following was not part of the Populist Party s platform? Adherence to a gold standard Which of the following transformed the practice of post-Civil War agriculture? The use of machinery on farm increased During the late 19th century, the reduction in price of US agricultural products led to: farmers being compelled to increase production Which of the following factors played the largest role in increasing the settlement of the Great Plains? Construction of railroads

Which of the following statements best describes the condition of western cattle ranching during the 1880s? Cattle ranching was plagued with natural and man-made obstacles During the late 19th century, robber baron would be best defined as: a powerful industrialist The goal of Sherman Antitrust Act was to: create greater fairness in industry The transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869 when the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad met at: Promontory Point, Utah Which author is credited with coining the term Gilded Age? Samuel Clemens A monopoly is best defined as : a market situation where there is only a single provider of a good or service Andrew Carnegie engaged in the practice of vertical integration by: controlling all aspects of the production process from beginning o end Horizontal integration is best illustrated by: John D. Rockefeller eliminating all competing firms that produced the same products Which of the following people is not correctly matched to the industry or business he is historically associated with? Gustavus Swift-tobacco In what way did Knights of Labor differ from the American Federation of Labor(AFL)? Unlike Knights of labor, AFL limited membership to skilled labor only Which of the following inventions is not associated with Thomas Edison? AC electric power In response to the 1894 Pullman strike, US gov. : used federal troops to subdue the workers Which of the following was not a result of the Haymarket Square riot of 1886? Increase in membership of the Knights of Labor The primary function of Grange movement was to: help farmers create cooperatives The function of Morrill Land Grant-Act of 1862 was to: assist sates with establishing colleges Which of the following statements was not true of the 1862 Homestead Act? Land speculators were effectively kept from abusing the act The main purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act was to: control unfair railroad rate and rebate practices Farmers of the late 91th century didn t benefit from the : McKinley Tariff The Wabash case, decided by Supreme Court, led to the passage of which law? Interstate Commerce Act Which Native American nation is most associated with Wounded Knee? Sioux The 1887 Dawes Severalty Act was passed to : force Native Americans to adopt Western culture and farming practices What was a bonanza farm? A large, professionally managed farm owned by investors What was a primary motivation for the Kansas Exodus of many AA to the West following the Civil War? Escaping the racial tensions of the Sourth What did the events that took palce btw. Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce and the federal gov. illustrate about US Native American relations in the late 19th century? Violent confilicts continued to be waged btw. Native Americans and gov. What was the main focus of the Ghost Dance movement? Restoring the traditional way of life to Native American and repelling white settlement Frederick Jackson Turner s thesis argued that America s frontier: was a fundamental factor in American government and individualism William Jennings Bryan lost his 1896 campaign for the presidency b/c he : couldn t win the support of eastern urban centers We shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them. You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. quote most associated with? William Jennings Bryan

Tammany Hall of the late 19th century was: a Democratic political machine that controlled NY city politics