Circuits I

Circuit Analysis I
FE Examination
Preparation Courses
Engineering and Science Services
The American University in Cairo
Hanna Kirolous, 2009
Circuit Analysis I FE-Exam
Course Outline
Introduction
1
Voltage, Current, Energy and Power
Voltage and Current Sources
Basic circuits laws
Simple resistive circuits
Techniques of Circuit Analysis 2
Mesh-current method
Node-voltage method
Thevenin's theorem
Norton's theorem
maximum power transfer theorem
Inductive and Capacitive Circuits. 3
Transients in RC and RL Circuits.
4
Basic Concepts of AC Analysis and Phasors.
5
Course Outline
Power and Energy: 1
t d
W d
P =
Watts
Joules
t d
q d
q d
W d
P =
Voltage
(VOLTS)
Current
(AMPERES)
I V P =
Introduction
Voltage and Current: 2
E
q
I
+
V
Introduction
Voltage and Current Sources: 3
E
q
I
+
V
+
s
V
Introduction
Ideal Voltage Source:
+
s
V
s
I
Ideal Current Source:
Independent Ideal Sources:
Introduction
Ideal Voltage-Controlled
Voltage Source:
x s
V V =
Dependent Ideal Sources:
+
x s
I V =
+
Ideal Current-Controlled
Voltage Source:
Introduction
Ideal Voltage-Controlled
Current Source:
x s
V I o =
Dependent Ideal Sources:
x s
I I | =
Ideal Current-Controlled
Current Source:
Introduction
Basic Circuits Laws: (Ohms Law) 4
I
+
V R
R I V =
I
+
V R
R I V =
R
V
R I I V P
2
2
= = =
Basic Laws
Basic Circuits Laws: (Kirchhoffs Laws) 4
c
I
+
s
V
g
R
g g g
R I V =
L
I
+
L
V
c
R
L
R
c
V
g
I
+
g
V
a b
c
c c c
R I V =
L L L
R I V =
s
I
Basic Laws
Basic Circuits Laws: (Kirchhoffs Laws) 4
Kirchhoffs Current Law:
The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit
equals zero
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law:
The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed
path in a circuit equals zero
Basic Laws
Basic Circuits Laws: (Kirchhoffs Current Law) 4
c
I
+
s
V
g
R
0 =
c g
I I
L
I
+
L
V
c
R
L
R
c
V
g
I
+
g
V
a b
c
At node a
0 =
L c
I I
At node b
0 =
s L
I I
At node c
s
I
Basic Laws
Basic Circuits Laws: (Kirchhoffs Voltage Law) 4
c
I
+
s
V
g
R
0 =
L c g s
V V V V
L
I
+
L
V
c
R
L
R
c
V
g
I
+
g
V
a b
c
s
I
For Loop abca
Basic Laws
0
5 4 2 1
= + i i i i
Application on Kirchhoffs Current Law
0
3 2 1
= + +
b a
i i i i i
0
4 3
= +
c b
i i i i
0
5
= + +
c a
i i i
At node a
At node b
At node c
At node d
Basic Laws
0
3 4 2 1
= + + u u u u u
b
Application on Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
For loop a
For loop b
For loop c
For loop d
0
5 3
= + + u u u
a
0
5 6 4
= u u u u u
c b
0
7 2 1
= + +
d c a
u u u u u u
Basic Laws
o
i
Example 1:
a) Find
b) Check power
balance
For loop abca:
At node b:
0 6
1
= + i i
o
0 50 10 120
1
= + + i i
o
A i 3
1
= A i
o
3 =
W P
abs
900 3 150 3 30 3 120 = + + =
W P
del
900 6 150 = =
Basic Laws
o
u
Example 2:
Find
For loop abca:
At node b: 0 5 = +
A A o
i i i
o
i i 20 5 500 + =
A
A i 4 =
A
A i
o
24 =
A
= i i
o
6
V i
o o
480 20 = = u
Basic Laws
u
Example 3:
a) Find and
2 1 1
30 i i i = +
2
3
1
3
10 6 10 54 1 5 i i + = +
A i 25
1
=
1 2
31i i =
V 2 = u
1
i
b) Check power balance
+

+
+
2
i
3
1 1
10 ) 186 54 ( 6 + = i i
1
3
1
3
31 10 6 30 10 8 . 1 8 i i + = +u
Basic Laws
u
Example 3:
a) Find and
mW i i P
del
15 . 6 30 8 ) 1 5 (
1 1
= + + =
, 25
1
A i =
V 2 = u
1
i
b) Check power balance
+

+
+
2
i
mW
i i i i P
abs
15 . 6
30 2 ) 30 ( 10 8 . 1 ) 31 ( 10 6 10 54
1
2
1
3 2
1
3 2
1
3
=
+ + + =
Basic Laws
Simple Resistive Circuits
5
Resistors in Series
Resistors in Parallel
Voltage Dividers
Current Dividers
Resistive Circuits
Resistors in Series
2
I
+
s
V
1
R
eq s
R I R R R I V V V V = + + = + + = ) (
3 2 1 3 2 1
3
I
+
3
V
3
R
2
V
1
I
+
1
V
a b
c
I
2
R
I I I I = = =
3 2 1
eq
R
s
V
I
3 2 1
R R R R
eq
+ + =
Resistive Circuits
Resistors in Parallel
2
I
+
s
V
1
R
eq
s
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
I I I I = + + = + + =
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1
3
I
+
3
V
3
R
2
V
1
I
+
1
V
I
2
R
s
V V V V = = =
3 2 1
eq
R
s
V
I
3 2 1
1 1 1 1
R R R R
eq
+ + =
Resistive Circuits
Resistors in Parallel (special case)
1
R
2 1
2 1
2 1
1 1 1
R R
R R
R R R
eq
+
=
+ =
2
R
eq
R
2 1
2 1
R R
R R
R
eq
+
=
Resistive Circuits
The Voltage Divider
1
R
2 1
R R
V
I
+
=
2
R
V
+
+
+
1
V
2
V
I
2 1
1
1 1
R R
R
V R I V
+
= =
2 1
2
2 2
R R
R
V R I V
+
= =
Resistive Circuits
1
R
2 1
2 1
R R
R R
I R I V
eq
+
= =
2
R
The Current Divider
I
1
I
2
I
V
+
2 1
2
1 2 1
2 1
1
1
1
R R
R
I
R R R
R R
I
R
V
I
+
=
+
= =
2 1
1
2 2 1
2 1
2
2
1
R R
R
I
R R R
R R
I
R
V
I
+
=
+
= =
Resistive Circuits
c) Power dissipated by the resistor
u
Example:
a) Find
b) Power delivered by the
source
V 60 12 5 = = u
O 10
u
+
u
+
W P
del
300 60 5 = =
Resistive Circuits
Example:
A I 3
30 20
30
5
1
=
+
=
c) Power dissipated by the
resistor
O 10
u
+
1
I
1
I
2
I
1
I
2
I A I 4 . 2
16 64
64
3
2
=
+
=
W I P 6 . 57 10 ) 4 . 2 ( ) 10 (
2 2
2 10
= = =
O
Resistive Circuits
Capacitance & Inductance
The Capacitor
u Q
d
A
c
+
u
Q
Q
u C Q =
Capacitance in Farad
For a parallel-plate Capacitor
d
A
C
c
=
The Capacitor as a circuit element
u C Q =
Capacitors can NOT conduct DC current
Voltage across a capacitor can NOT
change instantaneously
t d
d
C
t d
Q d
i
u
= =
t d t i d C ) ( = u
t d t i
C
d
t t
} }
=
0
) (
) 0 (
) (
1
u
u
u ) 0 ( ) (
1
) (
0
u u + =
}
t d t i
C
t
t
Power and energy in a Capacitor
u i p =
t d
d
C i p
u
u u = =
(
(
+ =
}
) 0 ( ) (
1
) (
0
u t d t i
C
i t p
t
t d
C d
2
2
1 u
=
t d
C d
t d
w d
p
2
2
1 u
= =
2
2
1
u C w=
The Inductor
t d
i d
t d
d
=
|
u
Inductance in Henrys
Faradays Law
t d
i d
L = u
Transformers
The Inductor as a circuit element
For DC current inductor is short-circuit
Current in an inductor can NOT change
instantaneously
dt i d L u =
t d t
L
i d
t t i
i
} }
=
0
) (
) 0 (
) (
1
u ) 0 ( ) (
1
) (
0
i t d t
L
t i
t
+ =
}
u
t d
i d
L = u
Power and energy in an Inductor
u i p =
t d
i d
i L i p = = u
t d
i L d
2
2
1
=
t d
Li d
t d
w d
p
2
2
1
= =
2
2
1
i L w=
(
(
+ = =
}
) 0 ( ) (
1
) ( ) (
0
i t d t
L
t i t p
t
u u u
Inductors in series
3 2 1
u u u u + + =
dt
di
L
dt
di
L
dt
di
L
3 2 1
+ + =
dt
di
L L L ) (
3 2 1
+ + =
dt
di
L
eq
=
3 2 1
L L L L
eq
+ + =
Inductors in series
Inductors in parallel
3 2 1
i i i i + + =
) 0 ( ) (
1
) 0 ( ) (
1
) 0 ( ) (
1
3
0
3
2
0
2
1
0
1
i dt t
L
i dt t
L
i dt t
L
t t t
+ + + + + =
} } }
u u u
| | ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) (
1 1 1
3 2 1
0
3 2 1
i i i dt t
L L L
t
+ + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
}
u
) 0 ( ) (
1
0
i dt t
L
t
eq
+ =
}
u
3 2 1
1 1 1 1
L L L L
eq
+ + =
Inductors in parallel
Capacitors in series
Capacitors in parallel
Mutual Inductance
Current & Dot Convention of Mutually coupled coils
When the reference Currents leave (or enter) the dots in
both coils they induce voltages of the same polarity as the
self inductance
Dot Convention
Current & Dot Convention of Mutually coupled coils
t d
i d
M
t d
i d
L R i
g
2 1
1 1 1
+ = u
t d
i d
M
t d
i d
L R i
1 2
2 2 2
0 + =
Energy Calculations
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
) ( i i M i L i L t w + + =
RL & RC Responses
RL & RC
Responses
Natural
Response
Step
Response
General
Method
The Natural Response of an RL Circuit
0 = + R i
t d
i d
L t d
L
R
i
i d
=
} }
=
t t i
i
t d
L
R
i
i d
0
) (
) 0 (
t
L
R
i
t i
i
=
) (
) 0 (
ln
For 0 > t
RL & RC Responses
t
L
R
i
t i
i
=
) (
) 0 (
ln t
L
R
i
t i
=
) 0 (
) (
ln
t
L
R
e i t i

= ) 0 ( ) (
RL & RC Responses
t
L
R
e i t i

= ) 0 ( ) (
) 0 ( i
RL & RC Responses
) 0 ( i
t
L
R
e i t i

= ) 0 ( ) (
R i = u
>
s
=

0 ) 0 (
0 0
t e R i
t
t
L
R
R i ) 0 (
) (t u
RL & RC Responses
) 0 ( i
The time-constant of an RL Circuit
>
s
=

0 ) 0 (
0 0
) (
t e R i
t
t
t
L
R
u
>
s
=

0 ) 0 (
0 ) 0 (
) (
t e i
t i
t i
t
L
R
R
L
= Constant Time t
>
s
=

0 ) 0 (
0 ) 0 (
) (
/
t e i
t i
t i
t t
>
s
=

0 ) 0 (
0 0
) (
/
t e R i
t
t
t t
u
RL & RC Responses
The switch has been closed for a long time before it is opened at t=0. Find:
Example:
0 for ) ( and ) ( ), ( > t t t i t i
o o L
u
RL & RC Responses
Example:
O 10 40 10 2 0 = + = > // R t for
eq
RL & RC Responses
A 20 ) ( i
L
=
+
0
s . R / L
eq
2 0 = = t
A e 20 e ) ( i ) t ( i
-5t -t/
L L
= =
t
0
A e 4 i ) t ( i
5t -
L o
=
+
=
40 10
10
V e 1 ) t ( i ) t (
-5t
o o
60 40 = = u
The Natural Response of an RC Circuit
0 = +
R t d
d
C
u u
t d
RC
d 1
=
u
u
} }
=
t t
t d
RC
d
0
) (
) 0 (
1
u
u
u
u
t
RC
t
1
ln
) (
) 0 (
=
u
u
u
For 0 > t
RL & RC Responses
t
RC
t 1
) 0 (
) (
ln =
u
u
t
RC
e t
1
) 0 ( ) (

=u u
t
RC
t
1
ln
) (
) 0 (
=
u
u
u
RC = Constant Time t
t
u u
/
) 0 ( ) (
t
e t

=
RL & RC Responses
t
u u
/
) 0 ( ) (
t
e t

=
) 0 ( u
) (t u
RL & RC Responses
The switch has been closed for a long time before it is opened at t=0. Find:
The expression for for
Example:
) (t u
0 > t
RL & RC Responses
Example:
V ) ( i ) (
2
200 50 0 0 = =
+ +
u
0 > t
RL & RC Responses
2
i
mA . ) ( i 4
50 20 80
80
5 7 0
2
=
+ +
=
+
ms . C R 20 10 4 0 10 50
6 3
= = =

t
, V e e ) ( ) t (
t / t 50
200 0
+
= =
t
u u
The Step Response of an RL Circuit
t /
) 0 ( ) (
t
s s
e
R
V
i
R
V
t i

|
.
|
\
|
+ =
RL & RC Responses
|
.
|
\
|

=
t /
1 ) (
t
e
R
V
t i
s
0 ) 0 ( = i For
RL & RC Responses
dt
di
L ) t ( = u
t /
) 0 ( ) (
t
s s
e
R
V
i
R
V
t i

|
.
|
\
|
+ =
( )
t
u
/
) 0 ( ) (
t
s
e R i V t

=
RL & RC Responses
The Step Response of an RC Circuit
RC = t
( )
t
u u
/
) 0 (
t
s C s C
e R I R I

+ =
RL & RC Responses
The Step Response of an RC Circuit
For 0 > t
RC = t
( )
t
u u
/
) 0 (
t
s C s C
e R I R I

+ =
dt
d
C i
C
u
=
t
u
/
) 0 (
) (
t
C
s
e
R
I t i

|
.
|
\
|
= For
+
> 0 t
RL & RC Responses
General Solution for Step & Natural Responses:
t /
) 0 ( ) (
t
TH
TH
TH
TH
e
R
V
i
R
V
t i
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
( )
t
u u
/
) 0 (
t
TH C TH C
e V V
+
+ =
TH
R L/ = t C R
TH
= t
RL & RC Responses
t / ) (
) ( ) (
o
t t
TH
TH
o
TH
TH
e
R
V
t i
R
V
t i

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = ( )
t
u u
/ ) (
) (
o
t t
TH o C TH C
e V t V

+ =
When switching occurs at
o
t t =
final
i
final
i initial
i
final
u
final
u
initial
u
( )
t / ) (
) ( ) (
o
t t
f o f
e x t x x t x

+ =
RL & RC Responses
( )
t / ) (
) ( ) (
o
t t
f o f
e x t x x t x

+ =
RL & RC Responses
Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis
The Sinusoidal Voltage Signal
( ) | e u + = t V
m
cos
Amplitude
Period
Angular Frequency (rad/s)
Phase Angle
T
f
1
=
f t e 2 =
The Sinusoidal Voltage Signal
The Root Mean Square (rms)
( ) | e u + = t V
m
cos
( )
}
+ =
T
m rms
t d t V
T
V
0
2 2
cos
1
| e
2
m
rms
V
V =
For a sinusoidal Signal:
The Phasor
( ) | e u + = t V
m
cos
Amplitude
u u
u
sin cos j e
j
+ =
{ }
u
u
j
e 9 = cos
( )
{ }
| e
u
+
9 =
t j
m
e V
{ }
| e j t j
m
e e V 9 =
| j
m
e V V
Eulers Identity:
We Define phasor voltage:
The Phasor
( ) | e u + = t V
m
cos
Sinusoidal Form in time domain
| j
m
e V V
Phasor Form in Complex
(frequency) Domain
( )
20 10 cos 10
5
+ = t u

20
10
j
e V
| Z =
m
V
20 10Z =
( )
20 10 sin 10
5
+ = t u

70
10
j
e V

70 10 Z =
The Phasor Forms
| j
m
e V V
Phasor in Polar Form
| Z =
m
V
Phasor in Rectangular Form
| | sin cos
m m
jV V V + =
m
V
|
9
Phasor Diagram
| cos
m
V
| sin
m
V
Inverse Phasor Transform
| j
m
e V V
To retrieve time domain voltage from frequency domain form
| Z =
m
V
( ) | e + = t V
m
cos
| j
m
e V
t j
e
e
{ 9
}
= ) (t u
Circuit Elements in Frequency Domain
I. Resistors:
V
|
9
R I V =
I
II. Inductors:
I L j V e =
|
9
I
V
III. Capacitors:
V
|
9
I
I
C j
V
e
1
=
Impedance
Impedance
X j R Z + =
I Z V =
Resistance Reactance
I
V
+

Z
Impedance
Impedance
I Z V =
Resistance Reactance
I
V
+

Z
Resistor
Inductor
Capacitor
R
R
0
L j e
0
L e
C j e
1
C e
1
0
Admittance
Admittance
B j G Y + =
V Y I =
Conductance Susceptance
I
V
+

Y
Z
Y
1
=
Admittance
Admittance
Z
Y
1
=
Conductance Susceptance
I
V
+

Y
Resistor
Inductor
Capacitor
R
1
0
L j e
1
R
G
1
=
L e
1
C j e
0
0
C e
Impedance
( ) V 25 4000 cos 30 ) (

+ = t t u
Find:
) (t i
25 30Z = V
O =

=

50
10 5 4000
6
j
j
C
j
Z
e
115 6 . 0
90 50
25 30
Z =
Z
Z
= =
Z
V
I
( ) A 115 4000 cos 6 . 0 ) (

+ = t t i
Kirchhoffs Laws
Time Domain Frequency Domain
Voltage Law
Current Law
0
2 1
= + + +
n
u u u 0
2 1
= + + +
n
V V V
0
2 1
= + + +
n
i i i 0
2 1
= + + +
n
I I I
Series & Parallel Simplifications
I Z V
ab ab
=
n
Z Z Z Z + + + =
2 1 ab
I Z V
eq ab
=
n
Z Z Z Z
1 1 1 1
2 1 ab
+ + + =
n
Y Y Y Y + + + =
2 1 ab

Circuits I

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Circuits I

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Circuit Analysis I

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