work|energy|power

6January2012

REDG2011

WORK
(forceanddistanceshouldbeparallel witheachother)

Ifaforcemovesanobjectorchangesit direction,thenwork isbeingdone. UnitofworkisNm(Newtonmeter)orJ (Joule)

6January2012

REDG2011

WORK

Whodoesmorework A. Amanwholiftsalargeboxfromthegroundupinto thebackofatruck B. A manwhoputsthesameboxonatrolleyand wheelsituparampintothetruck?

Thesameforboth.

6January2012

REDG2011

WORK
Aweightlifterliftsbarbellsof200 newtonabovehisheadtoaheight of2meters.Howmuchworkdoes hedo? Acartonispulledalongthe groundforadistanceof3 m.If theaveragefrictionalforceis 98 N.Howmuchisthework done?

W=Fd =200N2m =400Nm

Tosetthecartontocovera distanceof3m,ithastomove. Forittomove,ithasto overcomethefrictionof98Nby thesameamountofforce.Sothe forceappliedisalso98N.

W=Fd =98N3m =294J

6January2012

REDG2011

WORK
EASY
Aforceof150Nisexertedto moveatrolleyataconstant speedtoadistanceof8mona levelroad.Howmuchworkis doneiftheforceisappliedat anangle35o withthe horizontal?
Tosolveforwork,wewillmultiply distance(displacement)withaforce thatisparalleltoit.Sincethe displacementisalongxaxis,wewill usetheFxonly

W=Fx d

Fx =Fcos35 =150Ncos35 =123N

W=Fx d =123N8m =984Nm

6January2012

REDG2011

WORK
AVERAGE
Awomanjumpsfromahighwall andlandonsoftsand.Thesand exertsanupwardaverageforceof 50,000Nwhilestoppingher.The womanstops5cmintothesand. Howmuchforceisdonebythe sandonher?
Noticethatthedirectionofforcethat thesandapplytothewomanisupward butthedisplacementofthewomanis downward.Conventionally,upward directiontakesapositivesignand downwardtakesnegative.
6January2012 REDG2011 6

Given: F=50,000N d=5cm=0.05m

W=Fd =50,000N(0.05)m =2500J

WORK
NIETHEREASYNORAVERAGE
Amandoesaworkof980J whilepullingatrolley8meters horizontallywithaforceof 150N.Atwhatanglewiththe groundwastheforceapplied?
Incoveringadistanceof8m,the workdoneis980Jtherefore,the forcethatisparalleltothis distancecanbecalculated:

W 980N m =122.5N Fx = = d 8m

Fx =Fcos Fx =cos F 1 F =cos x F

=35.25o
6January2012 REDG2011 7

ENERGY
Whatisthelawofconservationofenergy?

Energycannotbecreatednor destroyed
Whathappenstotheenergyofaballthatisspeeding whilefallingtotheground?

Itsgravitationalpotentialenergydecreases; itskineticenergyincreases.However,itstotal mechanicalenergy(sumofKEandPE) remainsconstant.

6January2012 REDG2011 8

ENERGY
Describethekineticandthetotalmechanicalenergyof aballbeingtossedupward.

Itskineticenergydecreasesasitapproachthe peakofitstrajectory.However,itstotal mechanicalenergy(sumofKEandPE) remainsconstant.

Whenatennisballisdroppedtotheground,itdoesnot bouncebacktoitsoriginalheight.Whynot?

Someenergyaretransformedintoother formslikesoundandthermal.
6January2012 REDG2011 9

ENERGY

SupposeGalileodropsaballfromthetopoftheLeaning TowerofPisa.AstheballacceleratestowardEarthit gainskineticenergy.Wheredoesthisenergycome from?

Kineticenergyisaresultofthe transformationofgravitationalpotential energy.

6January2012

REDG2011

10

ENERGY
Whenisthemechanical energyofapendulumthe highest?
Mechanicalenergy remainsconstant

Atwhichpoint(s)isthe potentialenergyequalskinetic energyinthissimpleoscillating PEisatmaximumwhereKEiszero(1,5). pendulum?

KEisatmaximumwherePEisatminimum(3). Theirvaluesareequalat2and4.
6January2012 REDG2011 11

ENERGY
Amassof 7 kgisraisedthrough averticaldistanceof 80 m.Ifthe gravitationalaccelerationis 10 m/s2,thenwhatisits gravitationalpotentialenergy. Supposeyouweigh500Nand youclimbupastaircasethatis4 mhigh.Whatisyourchangein gravitationalpotentialenergy?
PE=mgh =7kg10 m 2 80m s m2 2 orNm =5600kg s
PE=PE2 PE1 butPE1 = 0 PE=mgh =500N4m =2000Nm

6January2012

REDG2011

12

ENERGY
3.Sincethemassofthepotdoesnot A1.2kgpotistossedoutofan changeasitfallsanditisconsistently apartmentsome20mabove appearinginbothsidesofthe ground.Itlandsontheroofofa equation,wemayomitit. house5mabovetheground. ghabove =ghbelow + 1 2 v 2 Whatisthekineticenergyof thepotjustpriortohittingthe ghabove ghbelow =+ 1 2 v 2 roof? 2 ( ghabove ghbelow ) =v 2 1.Mechanicalenergyatanypointis constant.Soineachheight..

v= 2g (habove hbelow ) v= 2 (10 m s2 ) ( 20m5m ) v=17.32 m s

PEabove +KEabove =PEbelow +KEbelow

2.Atthetop,thepotwasnot movingtherefore,KE=0

PEabove +0=PEbelow +KEbelow mghabove =mghbelow + 1 2 mv 2

6January2012 REDG2011 13

ENERGY
EASY
Whatisthekineticenergy ofa250kgcarrunningat 20m/s?
1 KE= mv 2 2 1 = 250kg 20 m s 2 = 25,000J

AVERAGE

A400kgrollercoasterwas 48mabovethegroundat thestartandendat3m abovetheground.Calculate thechangeingravitational potentialenergy?Where doesthedifferencego?

PE=PE2 PE1 =mgh2 mgh1 = mg( h2 h1 ) =400kg 10 m 2 ( 380 )m s =308,000J

Anegativevalueintheanswer indicatesadecrease.Sinceweare onlylookingforachangeinPE negativeorpositivesignisnot 14 significant.

6January2012

REDG2011

ENERGY

KE=KE2 KE1 ; 1 1 5 m2 = mv 2 mv 2 2.6x10 kg s2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2.6x105kg m s2 = m ( v2 v1 ) 2 (2 ) (2.6x105kg m2 s2 ) 2 2 = v2 v1 m

2 v1 = v2 2

(2 ) (2.6x105kg m
m

s2

)
s2

v1 = v
2 2

(2 ) (2.6x105kg m
m
s

)
2

v1 =

(20
m s

(2 ) ( 2.6x105 kg m
1,500 kg

s2

v1 =7.3
REDG2011

6January2012

15

ENERGY
Thekineticenergyofthe coasterwasreducedby thebrakingsystem thereforethebraking systemdoesworkthatis equivalenttothechange initskineticenergy.

W=KE 1 2 Fd= m ( v 2 v1 ) 2 2 2 m ( v 2 v1 ) 2 F= 2d F= 600kg ( 5 m s ) ( 20 m s )

2

2 ( 20m ) m s2

)
REDG2011

F=5625kg
6January2012

Thenegativevalueindicates thattheforceisappliedTOthe coasterandnotBYthecoaster. Nevertheless,wewillignore thatdetailfornowand thereforeignorethenegative valueofthedifference.

16

POWER
Whendoingachinup,aphysics studentliftsher42.0kgbodya distanceof0.25metersin2seconds. Whatisthepowerdeliveredbythe student'sbiceps?(g=10m/s2)
Fd t

P=

Fd t mgd P= t ( 42kg ) (10 m s2 )0.25m P= 2s 2 kg m s2 J P=52.5 or orwatts s s P=

Pt =d F

N m 20 s s d= 2000 N P=10m 1000

6January2012

A1000Welectricmotorcanlifta weightof2000Nthroughaheightof _____in20s.

REDG2011

17

POWER
Anescalatorisusedtomove20passengers everyminutefromthefirstfloorofa departmentstoretothesecond.Thesecond floorislocated5.0metersabovethefirst floor.Theaveragepassenger'smassis 54.9kg. Determinethepowerrequirementofthe escalatorinordertomovethisnumberof passengersinthisamountoftime.
Fd mgd = t t (10kg ) (10 m s2 )50m

Mass(m)=20x54.9kg=1098kg
Fd t mgd P= t (1098kg ) (10 m s2 )5m P= 60s P=915watts P=

P= P=

5s P=1000watts
6January2012

Acraneliftsaloadof10kgtoa heightof50min5s.Whatisthe cranespower?

REDG2011 18