Hnh hc 11

Phm Th Oanh

Mt s dng ton thng gp trong hnh hc khng gian.

A. PHNG PHP GII MT S DNG TON: Bi ton 1: Tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng Yu cu: Tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng( ) v( ) Phng php: Tm hai im chung A, B ca hai mt phng ( ) v ( ) .
( ) ( ) = AB

Bi ton 2: Tm giao im ca ng thng v mt phng Yu cu: Tm giao im ca ng thng (a) v mt phng ( ) Phng php: - Chn mp ( ) cha ng thng (a). - Tm ( ) ( ) = d - Tm d a = I - Chng minh I = a ( ) Bi ton 3: Chng minh ba im thng hng Yu cu: Chng minh ba im A, B, C thng hng. Phng php: Chng minh A, B, C cng thuc hai mp ( ) v ( ) no . A, B, C cng thuc giao tuyn ca ( ) v ( ) . Bi ton 4: Chng minh ba ng thng ng quy Yu cu: Chng minh ba ng thng AB, CD, EF ng quy. Phng php: - Gi I = AB CD - Ta cn chng minh I EF chng minh I, E, F thng hng. V d 1: Cho t gic ABCD c AB CD = E , S ( ABCD ) . Gi M, N, P ln lt l trung im ca SA, SB, SC. a) Tm ( SAC ) ( SBD ) c) Tm Q = SD ( MNP ) Gii: b) Tm ( MNP ) ( SBD ) d) Gi H = MN PQ . Chng minh S, H, E thng hng

Hnh hc 11
S

a) Tm ( SAC ) ( SBD )
Q

Phm Th Oanh

- S l im chung th nht.
D

I
N P

- Trong (ABCD), ta c AC BD = O

O AC ( SAC ) O l O BD ( SBD )

O B C

im chung th hai.Vy ( SAC ) ( SBD ) = SO . b) Tm ( MNP ) ( SBD ) - N l im chung th nht. - Trong (SAC), MP SO = I
I MP ( MNP ) I l im chung I SO ( SBD )

th hai.Vy ( MNP ) ( SBD ) = NI c) Tm Q = SD ( MNP ) - Chn (SBD) cha SD. - Ta c ( MNP ) ( SBD ) = NI - Trong (SBD), NI SD = Q . Do
Q SD Q = SD ( MNP ) Q NI ( MNP )

d) Chng minh S, H, E thng hng. Ta c H = MN PQ S, H, E thng hng. V d 2: Cho t din ABCD, gi M l trung im AB, K l trng tm ACD . a) Tm ( KAM ) ( BCD ) b) Tm H = MK ( BCD ) c) Trn BC ly N.Tm P = CD ( MNK ) v Q = AD ( MNK ) d) Chng minh MQ, NP, BD ng quy.
A

H MN ( SAB ) H ( SAB ) ( SCD ) m ( SAB ) ( SCD ) = SE . Suy ra H SE hay H PQ ( SCD )

Gii :
Q

a) Tm ( KAM ) ( BCD ) - B l im chung th nht.

D I

K B N P C H

- Trong (ACD), AK CD = I ,

I AK ( AKM ) I l im chung I CD ( BCD )

th hai. Vy ( KAM ) ( BCD ) = BI b) Tm H = MK ( BCD ) 2

Hnh hc 11

- Chn (AMK) cha MK. Ta c ( KAM ) ( BCD ) = BI - Trong (AMK), MK BI = H .Do

H MK H = MK ( BCD ) H BI ( BCD )

Phm Th Oanh

c) Tm P = CD ( MNK )

- Chn (BCD) cha CD. Ta c ( MNK ) ( BCD ) = NH - Trong (BCD), CD NH = P . Do Tm Q = AD ( MNK ) - Chn (ACD) cha AD.Ta c ( MNK ) ( ACD ) = KP - Trong (ACD), AD PK = Q . Do
Q AD P = AD ( MNK ) Q PK ( MNK ) P CD P = CD ( MNK ) P NH ( MNK )

d) Chng minh MQ, NP, BD ng quy - Gi O = MQ NP

O MQ ( ABD ) O ( ABD ) ( BCD ) = BD . Vy MQ, NP, BD ng quy ti O. O NP ( BCD )

Bi ton 5: TM THIT DIN CA HNH CHP VI MT MT PHNG Phng php: Tm cc on giao tuyn ca mt phng vi cc mt bn ca hnh chp. Ni cc on giao tuyn ta c thit din cn tm. V d 3: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh. Gi M, N, P ln lt l trung im cc cnh AB, AD, SC. Xc nh thit din ca hnh chp vi mp(MNP). Gii:
S

- Trong mp(ABCD) gi I, J ln lt l giao im ca MN vi BC v CD. - Trong mp(SBC), ta c IP v SB ct nhau ti E.

F

P J

- Trong mp(SCD), ta c JP v SD ct nhau ti F.

D N

E
B I

- Ta c MN, NF, FP, PE , EM l cc on giao tuyn ca mp(MNP) vi cc mt ca hnh chp. Vy thit din l ng gic MNFPE.

V d 4: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD. im M nm trn cnh SC. Tm thit din ca hnh chp vi mp(ABM) 3

Hnh hc 11 Gii: - Chn mp(SBD) cha SD - Trong mp(ABCD), gi I l giao ca AC v BD. - Trong mp(SAC), ta c SI v AM ct nhau ti E. - Ta c BE = (ABM) (SBD) - Trong mp(SBD), ta c BE ct SD ti N. Suy ra N = SD (ABM) Thit din l ABMN.
B C S

Phm Th Oanh

D A

V d 5:Cho hnh chp SABCD c ABCD l hnh thang ( AB l y ln ), M l cc im trn SC. Tm thit din ca hnh chp v mp(ABM).
S

Gi O = AC BD

Gii:

Ta cn tm giao im ca SD v mp(ABM).
P I A B M

- Chn (SBD) cha SD. - Trong (SAC), AM SO = I ( SBD ) ( ABM ) = BI - Trong (SBD), BI SD = P - Ta c :
P SD P = SD ( ABM ) P BI ( ABM )

O D C

Ta c AB, BM, MP, PA l cc on giao tuyn ca mp(ABM) vi cc mt ca hnh chp.Vy ABMP l thit din cn tm.

V d 6: Cho hnh chp SABCD, ly M trong SCD . a) Tm ( SBM ) ( SAC ) b) Tm BM ( SAC ) c) Tm thit din ca hnh chp vi mp(ABM). Gii:

Hnh hc 11
S P M D A E N I C H

a) Tm ( SBM ) ( SAC ) - Trong (SCD), SM CD = H

Phm Th Oanh

- Trong (ABCD), AC BH = I ( SBM ) ( SAC ) = SI b) Tm BM ( SAC ) - Chn (SBM) cha BM. Ta c - Trong (SBM), BM SI = E - Ta c
E BM E = BM ( SAC ) E SI ( SAC )

( SBM ) ( SAC ) = SI

c) Tm thit din ca hnh chp vi mp(ABM). Ta cn tm giao im ca SC vi (ABM). - Chn (SAC) cha SC. Ta c - Trong (SAC), AE SC = N - Ta c
N SC N = SC ( ABM ) N AE ( ABM )

( ABM ) ( SAC ) = AE

Trong (SCD), MN SD = P . Ta c AB, BN, NP, PA l cc on giao tuyn ca mp(ABM) vi cc mt ca hnh chp. Vy t gic ABNP l thit din cn tm.
Bi ton 6: Tm qu tch giao im ca hai ng thng Yu cu: Tm qu tch im I = a b Phng php: - Chn mp ( ) c nh cha a v ( ) c nh cha b.

Ta c

Qu tch im I l ng giao tuyn ca ( ) v ( ) . Bi ton 7: Chng minh ng thng i qua mt im c nh Yu cu: Chng minh ng thng d (di ng) lun i qua mt im c nh. Phng php: - Xem d l giao tuyn ca hai mp ( ) v ( ) .

I a ( ) I ( ) ( ) I b ( )

Chn a ( ) , b ( ) l hai ng thng c nh. Tm I = a b I c nh. I ( ) ( ) = d Vy ng thng d lun i qua im I c nh

V d 7: 5

Hnh hc 11 Phm Th Oanh S ( ABCD ) . Gi E, F ln lt l trung im ca SB, Cho t gic ABCD c AB ct CD ti I sao cho IA = AB; SC; M l im ty trn SA. a) Tm H = FM ( SBD ) b) Tm N = SD ( MEF ) c) Tm qu tch giao im P ca EM v FN khi M di ng t S n A. Gii:
S F E H M B O A D N C

a) Tm H = FM ( SBD ) - Chn (SAC) cha MF. Trong (ABCD), AC BD = O .Ta c:

( SAC ) ( SBD ) = SO
- Trong (SAC), MF SO = H . Do
H MF H = MF ( SBD ) H SO ( SBD )

b) Tm N = SD ( MEF ) - Chn (SBD) cha SD. Ta c ( MEF ) ( SBD ) = EH -Trong (SBD), EH SD = N . Do

N SD N = SD ( MEF ) N EH ( MEF )

c) Tm qu tch giao im P ca EM v FN khi M di ng t S n A. Tm qu tch im P: - Ta c

P EM ( SAB ) P ( SAB ) ( SCD ) = SI P di ng trn ng thng SI. P FN ( SCD )

Gii hn qu tch:Ta c P = EM SI - Khi M S th P S - Khi M A th P P0 = SI EA . Vy qu tch im P l on SP0 . V d 8: Cho t din SABC , E, F l trung im ca SB, AB. G l im di ng trn AC v khng l trung im AC. a) Tm tp hp I = FG ( SBC ) b) Gi H = SC ( EFG ) .Tm tp hp J = EG FH . c) Chng minh IJ lun i qua mt im c nh khi G di ng trn AC. Gii:

Hnh hc 11
S

a) Tm tp hp I = FG ( SBC ) - Trong (ABC), FG BC = I

I FG I = FG ( SBC ) I BC ( SBC )

Phm Th Oanh

E O A P J G

F B

Ta c I BC c nh.Vy qu tch im I l ng thng BC

b) Tm H = SC ( EFG ) - Chn (SBC) cha SC. Ta c ( SBC ) ( EFG ) = EI . Trong (SBC), EI SC = H - Do

H SC H = SC ( EFG ) H EI ( EFG )

Tm tp hp J = EG FH - Ta c
J EG ( EAC ) J ( EAC ) ( FSC ) J FH ( FSC )

- Trong (SAB), AE SF = O .Ta c ( EAC ) ( FSC ) = OC J OC .Vy qu tch im J l ng OC. c) Chng minh IJ lun i qua mt im c nh khi G di ng trn AC. - Ta c IJ = ( OBC ) ( EFG ) - Trong (SAB), OB EF = P c nh. Vy IJ lun i qua im P c nh. C. BI TP T GII: Bai 1: Trong mat phang ( ) cho mot tam giac ABC .Mot iem S khong thuoc ( ) Tren canh AB lay iem P , tren canh SA,SB lay cac iem M,N sao cho MN khong song song vi AB .Tm giao iem cua ng thang MN vi : a) (SPC) b) ( ) Bai 2: Cho t dien SABC. Goi I,J lan lt thuoc mien trong cua cac tam giac SAB va ABC . gia s IJ cat (SAC). Xac nh giao iem gia chung . Bai 3: Cho t dien ABCD ,M,N lan lt la hai iem tren AC,AD .O la iem ben trong tam giac BCD. Tm giao iem cua . a) MN vi (ABO) b) AO vi (BMN). Bai 4: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la mot hnh thang ,canh ay ln AB .Goi I,J,K lan lt tren SA,AB,BC. Tm giao iem cua: a) IK vi (SBD). b) SD,SC vi (IJK). Bai 5: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hbh .Goi M la trung iem SC . a) Tm giao iem I cua AM va (SBD) .Chng minh IA = 2IM. b) Tm giao iem F cua SD vi (ABM).Chng minh F la trung iem SD. c) N la iem tuy y tren canh AB .Tm giao iem MN vi (SBD). 7
P OB ( OBC ) P ( OBC ) ( EFG ) = IJ P EF ( EFG )

Hnh hc 11 Phm Th Oanh Bai 6: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hbh tam O . Goi M la trung iem SB ,G la trong tam tam giac SAD. a) Tm giao iem I cua GM vi (ABCD).Chng minh I nam tren ng thang CD, IC = 2ID. JA . b) Tm giao iem J cua (OGM)vi AD. Tnh JD Bai 7: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD , M la iem tren canh SC . a) Tm giao iem cua AM vi (SBD). b) Goi N la iem tren canh BC , tm giao iem cua SD vi (ANM). Bai 8:Cho t dien ABCD .Goi I,J lan lt la trung iem cua AC va BD .Tren canh BD lay iem K sao cho BK = 2 KD. a) Tm giao iem E cua CD vi (IJK). Cmr DE = DC. b) Tm giao iem F cua AD vi (IJK). Cmr FA = 2 FD. c) Chng minh FK // IJ. d) Goi M,N la hai iem bat ky lan lt nam tren hai canh AB va CD . Tm giao iem cua MN vi (IJK). Bai 9:Cho hai ng thang cheo nhau a va b .Tren a lay 2 iem A,B tuy y , tren b lay hai iem C,D tuy y .Chng minh AB va CD la hai ng thang cheo nhau. Bai 10: Cho hnh thang ABCD (AD//BC,AD > BC). Mot iem S khong thuoc (ABCD). I la giao iem AC va BD. a) Chng minh AB va SI cheo nhau. b) M,N la hai iem bat ky tren ng thang SI. Chng minh AM va BN ; AN va BM la nhng cap ng thang cheo nhau . c) Goi G la trong tam tam giac SAB ,G la trong tam tam giac SCD .Chng minh SC va GG cheo nhau. Bai 11: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD ,AB cat CD tai E , AC cat BD tai F . a) Tm giao tuyen cua cac cap mp sau : (SAB) va (SCD), (SAC ) va (SBD). b) Tm giao tuyen cua (SEF) vi (SAD) va (SBC). Bai 12: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hbh tam O .Goi M,N,P lan lt la trung iem cua BC,CD,SO. Tm giao tuyen cua (MNP) vi (SAB) va (SBC). Bai 13: Cho t dien ABCD ,O la iem ben trong tam giac BCD ,M la iem tren canh AO . a) Tm giao tuyen cua (MCD) vi (ABC) va (ABD). b) I,J la hai iem tren BC,BD .Tm giao tuyen cua (IJM) vi (ACD). Bai 14: Cho t dien ABCD , tren AC va AD lan lt lay cac iem M,N sao cho MN khong song song vi CD .Goi O la iem ben trong tam giac BCD . a) Tm giao tuyen cua (OMN) va (BCD) . b) Tm giao iem cua BC va BD vi (OMN). Bai 15: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD .M la mot iem thuoc mien trong cua tam giac SCD . a) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SBM) va (SAC). b) Tm giao iem cua ng thang BM va mat phang (SAC). c) Tm giao tuyen gia mat phang (ABM) vi cac mat cua hnh chop neu co. Bai 16: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hnh thang , AB la ay ln .Goi M,N lan lt la trung iem cua cac canh SB va SC . a) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) . b) Tm giao iem cua SD vi mat phang (AMN). c) Tm giao tuyen cua (AMN )vi cac mat cua hnh chop neu co . 8

Hnh hc 11 Phm Th Oanh Bai 17: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD ,goi I,J la hai iem tren AD va SB . a) Tm giao iem K,L cua IJ va DJ vi (SAC). b) AD cat BC tai O , OJ cat SC tai M . Chng minh rang A,K,L,M thang hang. Bai 18: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD .Goi I,J la hai iem co nh tren SA va SC (SI > IA,SJ < JC).Mot mat phang ( ) quay quanh IJ cat SB tai M , SD tai N . a) Chng minh IJ ,MN,SO ong quy (vi O la giao iem AC va BD). b) AD cat BC tai E ,IN cat MJ tai F . Cmr S ,E , F thang hang . c) IN cat AD tai P , MJ cat BC tai Q .CMR PQ luon i qua mot iem co nh khi ( ) di ong . Bai 19:Cho t dien ABCD . Goi E,F,G lan lt la ba iem tren ba canh AB,AC,BD sao cho EF cat BC tai I ,EG cat AD tai H . CMR CD , IG , HF ong quy . Bai 20: Cho t dien ABCD .Goi H,K lan lt la trung iem cua AB va BC .Tren CD lay iem M sao cho KM ko song song vi DB . Tm thiet dien cua t dien xac nh bi mat phang (HKM) trong hai trng hp : a) M gia oan CD . b) M ngoai oan CD . Bai 21: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD ay la hbh tam O . Goi M,N,I la ba iem tren AD,CD,SO. Tm thiet dien cua hnh chop vi mat phang (MNI). Bai 22:Cho hnh chop S.ABCD .Trong tam giac SBC lay iem M , trong tam giac SCD lay iem N . Xac nh thiet dien cua hnh chop vi mat phang (AMN). Bai 23:Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hbh .M la trung iem cua SB , G la trong tam tam giac SAD. a) Tm giao iem I cua GM vi (ABCD) .Chng minh (CGM) cha CD . b) Chng minh (CGM) qua trung iem cua SA .Tm thiet dien cua hnh chop bi (CGM). c) Tm thiet dien cua hnh chop xac nh bi mat phang (AGM). Bai 24: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hnh thang ABCD (AB//CD,AB > CD). Goi M,N lan lt la trung iem cua SB va SC . a) Tm giao tuyen cua (SAD) va (SBC). b) Tm giao iem cua SD vi (AMN). c) Tm thiet dien cua hnh chop S.ABCD vi (AMN). Bai 25:Cho Hnh chop S.ABCD ,ay la hbh tam O . Goi M,N,P lan lt la trung iem SB,SD,OC . a) Tm giao tuyen cua (MNP) vi (SAC) . b) Xac nh thiet dien cua hnh chop vi (MNP) , tnh t so ma (MNP) chia cac canh SA,BC va CD. Bai 26: Cho t dien eu ABCD canh a . Goi I,J lan lt la trung iem cua AB va CD . a) Tnh IJ. b) M la iem di ong tren oan BC , tm giao iem cua AM vi (ICD) c) G la trong tam tam giac ACD . Xac nh thiet dien cua t dien vi (IGM) khi M la trung iem BC. Tnh cac t so ma (IGM) chia cac canh CD, AD. Thiet dien la hnh g ?. Tnh dien tch cua no . QUAN HE SONG SONG * HAI NG THANG SONG SONG Bai 1: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD ay ABCD la hnh thang (AB//CD ,AB > CD ). Goi M,N la trung iem SA,SB . a) CMR MN // CD. b) Tm giao iem P cua SC va (AND) . AN cat DP tai I . CMR SI // AB. 9

Hnh hc 11 Phm Th Oanh Bai 2: Cho hai HBH ABCD va ABEF khong cung nam trong mot mat phang . Tren AC lay iem M ,tren BF lay iem N sao cho AM:AC = BN : BF = 1 : 3. ng thang qua M ,song song vi AB cat AD tai M; ng thang qua N song song AB cat AF tai N. a) CMR MN // DF. b) MN //DE. Bai 3: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la mot t giac loi .Goi M,N la trong tam SAB,SAD ;E la trung iem CB. a) Cmr MN // BD. b) Xac nh thiet dien vi mat (MNE). c) Goi H,L lan lt la cac giao iem cua (MNE) vi SB,SD. Chng minh LH // BD. Bai 4: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hnh thang (AB//CD) . Goi I,J lan lt la trung iem cua AD va BC ,G la trong tam cua SAB . a)Tm giao tuyen cua (SAB) va (IJG) b) Tm thiet dien cua hnh chop xac nh bi (IJG). Bai 5:Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hbh .I,J lan lt la trong tam cua cac tam giac SAB,SAD, M la trung iem cua CD . Tm thiet dien cua hnh chop xac nh bi mat phang (IJM). Bai 6: Cho t dien ABCD .Goi M,N lan lt la trung iem AC va BC , P la iem bat ky tren BD. a) Tm giao tuyen cua (MNP) vi (ABD). b) Goi Q la giao iem cua AD vi (MNP). Xac nh v tr cua P e MNPQ la hbh . c) Trong trng hp MQ va NP cat nhau tai I . Xac nh giao tuyen cua (NMP) va (ABI). Bai 7: Cho t dien ABCD .Goi I,J,K theo th t la trong tam BCD,CDA,ABC.Xac nh giao tuyen cua cac cap mp (IJK) va (BCD); (IJK) va (ABC). Bai 8: Cho t dien eu ABCD ,canh a. I,J lan lt la trung iem cua AC va BC .Goi K la iem tren canh BD vi KB = 2KD. a) Xac nh thiet dien cua t dien vi mat (IJK).Chng minh thiet dien la hnh thang can . b) Tnh dien tch thiet dien theo a. Bai 9: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD , ay la hnh vuong canh a , tam O. Mat ben SAB la tam giac eu .Goc SAD bang 900 .Dx la ng thang qua D song song vi SC. a) Tm giao iem I cua Dx va (SAB). Chng minh AI // SB. b) Tm thiet dien xac nh bi (AIC). Tnh dien tch thiet dien . Bai 10: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hbh tam O .N la trung iem SC,N la trung iem OB. a) Tm giao iem I cua SD vi (AMN). b) Tnh SI/ID. * NG THANG SONG SONG VI MAT PHANG . Bai 1:Cho hai hnh bnh hanh ABCD, ABEF khong cung nam trong mot mat phang . a) Goi O va O la tam cua ABCD va ABEF .Chng minh OO song song vi (ADF) va (BCE). b) M,N la hai iem tren AE, BD sao cho AM = 1/3AE, BN = 1/3BD. Chng minh MN // (CDEF). Bai 2:Cho t dien ABCD .Goi M la trung iem cua AB , N thuoc canh CD khong trung vi C,D. Mat phang (P) qua M song song vi BC . 10

Hnh hc 11 Phm Th Oanh a) Hay xac nh thiet dien vi mat phang (P). b) Xac nh v tr cuaN sao cho thiet dien la hbh . Bai 3:Cho hnh chop S.ABCD .M,N la hai iem tren AB va CD , ( ) qua MN song song vi SA. a) Tm giao tuyen gia ( ) vi (SAB),(SAC). b) Xac nh thiet dien cua hnh chop vi mat phang ( ) c) Tm ieu kien MN e thiet dien la hnh thang. Bai 4: Cho t dien ABCD .Hay xac nh thiet dien khi cat bi mat phang (P) trong cac trng hp sau: a) (P) i qua trong tam G cua t dien ,qua E thuoc canh BC va song song vi AD. b) i qua trong tam song song vi BC va AD. Bai 5:Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la mot hnh bnh hanh .M la trung iem SC .(P) la mat phang qua AM song song BD. a) Xac nh thiet dien . b) Goi E,F la giao iem (P) vi SB,SD .Tm t so dien tch cua hai tam giac SME va SBC; SMF va SCD. c) Goi K la giao iem ME va CB , J la giao MF va CD. CMR K,A,J nam tren mot ng thang song song vi EF . Tm t so EF / KJ. Bai 6: Trong mat phang ( ) cho tam giac vuong ABC vuong tai A , goc B = 600 , AB = a . Goi O la trung iem BC .Lay iem S ngoai ( ) sao cho SB = a va SB OA. M la iem tren canh AB, mat phang ( ) i qua M song song vi SB va OA, cat BC,SC,SA tai N,P,Q. at BM = x (0 < x<a). a) Chng minh MNPQ la hnh thang vuong . b) Tnh theo a va x dien tch hnh thang . Tm x e dien tch la ln nhat .

11