Mot ion

Kinematics
v
x
t
v is velocity, x is change in poisition, t is change in time
a
v
t
a is acceleration, v is change in velocity
s v
0
t
1
2
at
2
s is displacement, v
0
is initial velocity, t is time
v
f
2
v
0
2
2as
v
f
is final velocity
For ces
Newtons First Law
F ma
F is force, m is mass, a is acceleration
Static Equilibrium
F
net
0
F
net
is the vector sum of all forces acting on an object
Force of Friction
F
f
jF
N
F
f
is the force of friction, j is the coefficient of friction, F
N
is the normal force
An gu la r Mot ion
Angular Kinematics
o
0
t
o is angular velocity, 0 is change in angular poisition, t is change in time
o
o
t
1
o is angular acceleration, o is change in angular velocity
0 o
0
t
1
2
ot
2
0 is angular displacement, o
0
is initial angular velocity, t is time
o
f
2
o
0
2
2o0
o
f
is final angular velocity
T
2m
o
T is the period
f
1
T

o
2m
f is the frequency
Relating linear and angular quantities
s r0
v ro
a ro
Centripetal Motion
a
c

v
2
r
where a
c
is centripetal acceleration, v is linear (tangential) velocity, r is the radial
distance to the axis of rotation
F
c
ma
c

mv
2
r
Both the force vector and acceleration vector act with an inward direction.
Un iver s a l Gr a vit a t ion
F
Gm
1
m
2
r
2
F is gravitational force between two objects, m
1
and m
2
are the masses of the objects, r
is the distance between the objects.
Wor k, En er gy, a n d Power
Work
W Fs cos 0
2
W is work, F is force, s is distance, 0 is the angle between the force vector and the
direction of the objects motion.
Often times these are aligned, so 0 0, thus cos 0 1, therefore:
W Fs
Kinetic Energy
KE
1
2
mv
2
KE is kinetic energy, m is mass, v is velocity
Potential Energy
PE mgh
PE is potential energy, m is mass, g is acceleration due to gravity, h is height
Power
P Fv
P is power, F is force, v is velocity
P
W
t
W is work, t is time
Mom en t u m a n d I m p u ls e
Momentum
p mv
p is momentum, m is mass, v is velocity
Conservation of momentum
If momentum is conserved,
p 0, therefore
p
0
p
f
p
0
is initial momentum, p
f
is final momentum
Impulse
J Ft
J is impulse, F is force, t is time
Elastic Collisions
m
1
v
1,0
m
2
v
2,0
m
1
v
1,f
m
2
v
2,f
m
1
and m
2
are the masses of the objects, v
1
and v
2
are the velocities of the object, with
3
subscripts
0
and
f
denoting initial and final, respectively.
Inelastic Collisions
m
1
v
1,0
m
2
v
2,0
m
1
m
2
v
f
m
1
and m
2
are the masses of the objects, v
1
and v
2
are the velocities of the object, with
subscripts
0
and
f
denoting initial and final, respectively. *Note for an inelastic collison
both object have the same final velocity.
Rot a t ion a l Dyn a m ics
Torque
t Io
t is torque, I is moment of inertia, o is angular acceleration
t Fr sin0
F is force, r is the length of the lever arm, 0 is the angle between the force and the lever
arm
Often the force is perpendicular to the lever arm, thus 0 90, and sin90 1, therefore
t Fr
Work
W t0
W is work
Kinetic Energy
KE
1
2
Io
2
KE is kinetic energy
Circular object rolling down a ramp, converting potential energy to kinetic energy
v
2mgh
m
I
r
2
Momentum
L Io
L is rotational momentum
Ha r m on ic Mot ion
Springs
4
F kx
F is force, k is the spring constant, x is the distance from the springs equilibrium
position
Equation describing the position of a spring
y Acosot
y is position, A is amplitude, o is angular speed, t is time
Relating angular speed to period and frequency
o
2m
T
f
1
T
Equation describing the velocity of a spring
v
y
AosinoT
v
y
is the linear velocity of the spring, A is amplitude, o is angular speed, t is time
Equation describing the acceleration of a spring
a Ao
2
cosot
a is the linear acceleration of the spring, A is amplitude, o is angular speed, t is time
Finding angular velocity based on spring constant and mass
o
k
m
Potential energy of a spring
PE
1
2
kx
2
PE is potential energy, k is the spring constant, x is the distance from the springs
equilibrium position
Pendulums
o
g
L
o is angular speed, g is acceleration due to gravity, L is length of the pendulum arm
Th er m od yn a m ics
Temperature Conversions
C
5
9
F 32
F
9
5
C 32
5
K C 273. 15
C is degrees celcius, F is degrees farenheit, K is kelvins
Length expansion
L oL
0
T
L is change in length, o is the coefficient of linear expansion, L
0
is initial lenth, T is
change in temperature
Volume expansion
V [V
0
T
V is change in volume, [ is the coefficient of volume expansion, V
0
is initial volume,
T is change in temperature
Calorimetry
Q mcT
Q is quantiy of heat added or removed, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, T is
change in temperature
Latent Heat
L
f
is latent heat of fusion (or melting)
L
v
is latent heat of vaporization (or condensing)
L
s
is latent heat of sublimation (ie. solid to vapor)
Calculating the heat of a phase change
Q Latent Heat mass
Hea t Tr a n s fer
Conduction
Q
kATt
L
Q is quantity of heat, k is thermal conductivity of the material, A is the cross-sectional
area, T is the change in temperature, L is the distance the heat travels
Radiation
Q eoAtT
4
Q is quantity of heat, e is emissivity, o is stefan-boltzman constant, A is the area
producing radiation, t is time, T is temperature
I d ea l Ga s s es
6
Ideal Gas Law
PV nRT
N
Na
RT
P is pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, T is
temperature
If using the alternative expression, N is the number of molecules, N
A
is Avagadros
number
Kinetic Energy of Ideal Gasses
KE
3
2
kT
KE is kinetic energy, k is Boltzmans constant, T is temperature
Hea t a n d Wor k
Change in energy in terms of heat and work
U Q W
U is change in energy, Q is heat entering the system, W is work being done by the
system
Isobaric Work
W PV
W is work, P is pressure, V is change in volume
Isothermal Work
W nRTln
V
f
V
0

W is work, n is number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, T is temperature, V

f
and V
0
are the final and initial volume, respectively
Adiabatic Processes (No heat gained or lost)
W
3
2
nRT
0
T
f

W is work, n is number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, T

0
and T
f
are the
initial and final temperatures, respectively
Relating pressure and volume for ideal gasses in adiabatic systems
P
0
V
0
,
P
f
V
f
,
P is pressure, V is volume,
0
and
f
denoting initial and final, respectively
,
ideal

cp
cv

5
3
For an ideal gas, , is approximately equal to the ratio of specific heats,
approximately
5
3
7
Hea t En gin es
Efficiency of a heat engine
p
W
Q
h

Q
h
Q
c
Q
h
1
Q
c
Q
h
p is efficiency, W is work done by the engine, Q
h
is the heat delivered from the heat
source, Q
c
is the heat rejected to the cold source
Carnot Engine
p
carnot
1
T
c
T
h
p
carnot
is the carnot efficiency, T
c
is the temperature of the cold bank where heat is
rejected, T
h
is the temperature of the heat source from which heat is delivered
Elect r icit y
Force between two charges
F
kq
1
q
2
r
2

q
1
q
2
4mc
0
r
2
F is force, k is a coulombs constant, q
1
and q
2
are the charges of the two particles, r is
the distance between them
If using the alternative expression, c
0
is permittivity of free space
The electric field of a point charge
E
F
q

kQ
r
2
E is electric field, F is force, q is charge of a particle being attracted to charge Q, Q is
the charge of the particle creating the electric field, k is a coulombs constant, r is the
distance from point Q
Electric Field of Parallel Plates
E
q
c
0
A
E is electric field, q is the charge of the plates, c
0
is permittivity of free space, A is the
area of the plates
Voltage of parallel plates
V
W
q

qs
c
0
A
V is voltage, W is work, q is the charge of the plates, c
0
is permittivity of free space, A is
the area of the plates
8
Voltage of a point charge
V
kQ
r
V is voltage, k is a coulombs constant, Q is the point charge, r is the distance from
point Q
Cir cu it s
Current
I
q
t
I is current, q is the amount of charge, t is time
Ohms Law
V IR
V is voltage, I is current, R is resistance
Electrical Power
P IV
V
2
R
I
2
R
P is power, V is voltage, I is current, R is resistance
Adding Resistors in Series
R
eq
R
1
R
2
R
eq
is equivalent resistance of the two resistors, R
1
and R
2
in s er ies
Adding Resistors in Parallel
1
R
eq

1
R
1

1
R
2
R
eq
is equivalent resistance of the two resistors, R
1
and R
2
in p a r a llel
Kirchhoffs Rules
J u n ct ion Ru le
I 0
The net current flowing through any node in a circuit must be zero.
Loop Ru le
V 0
The net voltage around any loop in a circuit must be zero.
Mis cella n eou s
9
Adding Vectors
R X
2
Y
2
0 arctan
Y
X

R is the magnitude of the resultant vector, X is the magnitude of the horizontal
component vector, Y is the magnitude of the vetical component vector, 0 is the angle
between the resultant vector and the horizontal
Various values of the frictional coefficient
Various values of the moment of inertia
Con s t a n t s
Un it s ?
10