Chapter 5 (62-83)

Bab
Chapter
Udara di Sekeliling Kita
The Air Around Us
Konsep
PENTING!
ISTILAH Hujan asid Acid rain Pembakaran Combustion Udara hembusan Exhaled air Udara sedutan Inhaled air Mikroorganisma Microorganism Respirasi Respiration
WORD The
BIG Picture!
UP!
Acid rain Hujan asid Combustion Pembakaran Exhaled air Udara hembusan Inhaled air Udara sedutan Microorganism Mikroorganisma Respiration Respirasi
Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas PMR

Tahun 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Kertas 1 S4, S16 S19, S24 S8 S6, S7, S8 S4, S6, S7 S1 S8 Kertas 2 Bhg. A Bhg. B 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year
PMR Past-year Questions

Paper 1 Q4, Q16 Q19, Q24 Q8 Q6, Q7, Q8 Q4, Q6, Q7 Q1 Q8 Paper 2 Sec. A Sec. B
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Objektif Pembelajaran
Chapter 5
The Air Around Us
5.1
TUJUAN BAHAN RADAS PROSEDUR
Eksperimen PEKA
5.1 Memahami komposisi udara
Learning Objective
INKUIRI
Peratus gas oksigen dalam udara
Inkuiri-penemuan
5.1
Experiment PEKA
AIM
INQUIRY
5.1 Understanding the composition of air
Percentage of oxygen in the air
Inquiry-discovery
The Air Around Us
Chapter 5
Menentukan peratus gas oksigen dalam udara Gelang getah, lilin, mancis, air
Balang gas, kaki balang gas, takung kaca
gelang getah balang gas udara
To determine the percentage of oxygen in the air Rubber bands, candle, matches, water
gas jar
air
MATERIALS APPARATUS
rubber band
Gas jar, gas jar stand, glass trough 1 Divide the gas jar into five equal glass trough parts using rubber bands. 2 Fix a candle to the gas jar stand with melting wax. Place the stand in a glass trough of water. 3 Light up the candle. Invert the gas jar over the lighted candle. 4 Examine the change in the water level in the gas jar as the candle goes off. 5 Draw your observation in the diagram given. The water level in the gas jar rose until it reached one fifth of the marked height when the candle E1C1 went off. 1 Why does not water enter the gas jar at the beginning of the activity? Air occupies the space inside the gas jar.
burning candle
1 Bahagikan dengan sekata balang gas kepada lima bahagian dengan takung gelang getah. 2 Dirikan sebatang lilin di atas kaki kaca balang gas. Letakkan kaki balang gas itu dalam takung kaca yang berisi air. 3 Nyalakan lilin itu. Telangkupkan balang gas ke atas lilin yang bernyala itu. 4 Perhatikan perubahan aras air dalam balang gas apabila nyalaan lilin terpadam. 5 Lukis pemerhatian anda dalam rajah di sebelah. Air naik ke dalam balang gas itu sehingga kira-kira satu perlima daripada tinggi balang gas itu.
lilin menyala
PROCEDURE
air
water
gas jar stand
kaki balang gas
E1C6
E1C6
OBSERVATION
PEMERHATIAN
E1C1
ANALISIS
1 Mengapakah air tidak masuk ke dalam balang gas pada awal aktiviti? Udara memenuhi ruang dalam balang gas. 2 Namakan gas yang diperlukan untuk pembakaran lilin. Oksigen 3 (a) Apakah yang berlaku kepada nyalaan lilin selepas beberapa ketika? Terpadam (b) Terangkan pemerhatian anda. oksigen Semua dalam balang gas telah habis digunakan. 4 Berapakah peratus udara yang digunakan untuk pembakaran? Kira-kira 20% 5 Daripada jawapan anda di (4), anggarkan peratus oksigen dalam udara biasa. Kira-kira 20%
E1C8
ANALYSIS
CHAPTER
E1 C 1 4 6 8 S
BAB
2 Name the gas needed for the candle to burn. Oxygen 3 (a) What happens to the candle flame after awhile? Extinguishes (Goes off) (b) Explain your observation. oxygen All the in the gas jar has been used up. 4 What percentage of air is used for the burning? About 20% 5 From your answer in (4), estimate the percentage of oxygen in ordinary air. About 20%
E1C8
MINDRobics
E1 C 1 4 6 8 S
MINDRobics
5
E1C4
5
E1C4
CONCLUSION
The burning of a candle requires
oxygen
KESIMPULAN
Pembakaran lilin memerlukan
. Paras air naik sebanyak 5 dalam balang 20 gas menunjukkan bahawa udara mengandungi kira-kira % oksigen.
oksigen
the gas jar showing that air contains about
. The level of the water rises about in 5 20 % oxygen.
5.1 HP Menyatakan juzuk udara Menjalankan aktiviti untuk menunjukkan peratus oksigen dalam udara
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Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Eksperimen 5.1, hlm. 118; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 5.1, hlm. 85
5.1 LO State what air is made up of Carry out activities to show the percentage of oxygen in the air
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Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Experiment 5.1, p. 118; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 5.1, p 85
5.1
Experiment PEKA
INQUIRY
5.1
Understanding the composition of air

air lighted candle
5.2
Experiment
INQUIRY
1 What is the conclusion that can be made for the experiment below?
DISCUSSION
Activity
5.3
(One fth of the air consists of oxygen)
2 Water droplets are formed on the outside wall of a boiling tube lled with ice cubes. What is the conclusion that can be made? (Air contains water vapour) 3 Fungi grow on the surface of a piece of bread that had been left for a few days on the dining table. What is the conclusion that can be made? (Air contains microorganisms) 4 What is the percentage of nitrogen gas in the air? (78%) 5 State the percentage of oxygen in the air. (21%) 6 State the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air. (0.03%)
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5.2
TUJUAN BAHAN RADAS PROSEDUR
Eksperimen
INKUIRI
Udara sebagai campuran pelbagai bahan
Inkuiri-penemuan
5.2
AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE
Experiment
INQUIRY
Air as a mixture of various substances
Inquiry-discovery
KPS
Menentukan kandungan selain daripada gas dalam udara
Memerhati Membuat inferens
To find out the composition of substances other than gases in the air Ice cubes, dry cobalt chloride paper, sterilised nutrient agar, cellophane tape Boiling tube, rubber stopper, evaporating dish, Petri dish with cover, slide
Experiment
A
SPS
Observing Making inferences
Ketulan ais, kertas kobalt klorida kontang, agar-agar nutrien steril, pita selofan Tabung didih, penyumbat getah, mangkuk penyejat, piring Petri dengan penutup, sisip kaca
Eksperimen
A
Observation
Pemerhatian
1 Susun radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di sebelah. 2 Masukkan ketulan ais ke dalam tabung didih. 3 Uji cecair yang terbentuk di permukaan luar tabung didih dengan kertas kobalt klorida kontang.
B
penyumbat getah
Titisan cecair tidak berwarna terbentuk pada dinding luar tabung didih. Cecair ini menukarkan kertas kobalt klorida kontang daripada biru merah jambu kepada .
ketulan ais mangkuk penyejat
1 Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. 2 Add a few ice cubes into the boiling tube. 3 Test the liquid formed on the outside wall of the boiling tube with dry cobalt chloride paper.
B
rubber stopper
Drops of colourless liquid form on the outside wall of the boiling tube. This liquid turns the dry cobalt chloride paper from blue to pink .
ice cubes evaporating dish
1 Sediakan dua piring Petri, A dan B, yang mengandungi agar-agar nutrien steril. 2 Dedahkan piring Petri B di udara selama tiga jam dan kemudian tutup ia semula. 3 Biarkan dua piring Petri itu di tempat yang gelap selama tiga hari.
C
Koloni mikroorganisma ditemui dalam piring Petri B .
1 Prepare two Petri dishes, A and B, containing sterilised nutrient agar. 2 Expose Petri dish B to the air for three hours and then cover it again. 3 Leave the two Petri dishes in a dark place for three days.
CHAPTER C
Colonies of microorganisms are found in Petri dish B .
F1MR-ch5(62-83).indd 64
BAB
1 Bersihkan dan keringkan sekeping sisip kaca. 2 Biarkan sisip kaca itu selama dua hari di dalam makmal.
Permukaan sisip kaca dilitupi debu oleh satu lapisan .
1 Clean and dry a piece of slide. 2 Leave the slide exposed to the air for two days in the laboratory.
The surface of the slide is covered with a layer of dust .
5
ANALISIS
ANALYSIS
1 Name the liquid tested with the dry cobalt chloride paper. Water 2 State the process of matter change that happens (a) to the ice cubes Melting (b) in the formation of a colourless liquid on the outside wall of the boiling tube Condensation 3 From where do the colourless liquid on the outside wall of the boiling tube originate? From the air
TSTS
Comparing and contrasting
1 Namakan cecair yang diuji dengan kertas kobalt klorida kontang. Air 2 Nyatakan proses perubahan jirim yang berlaku (a) pada ketulan ais. Peleburan (b) dalam pembentukan cecair tidak berwarna pada dinding luar tabung didih Kondensasi 3 Dari manakah berasalnya titisan cecair tidak berwarna pada dinding luar tabung didih? Dari udara
KBSB
Membanding dan membezakan
5.2 HP Menerangkan mengapa udara adalah suatu campuran Menjalankan aktiviti untuk menunjukkan bahawa udara mengandungi wap air, mikroorganisma, dan debu
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Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Eksperimen 5.2, 5.3 & 5.4, hlm. 119, 120 & 121; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 5.2, hlm. 86
5.2 LO Explain why air is a mixture Carry out activities to show that air contains water vapour, microorganisms and dust
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Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Experiments 5.2, 5.3 & 5.4, pp. 119, 120 & 121; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 5.2, p 86
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4 Namakan dua jenis mikroorganisma yang terdapat di dalam udara. Bakteria dan virus 5 Bandingkan kandungan debu di dalam makmal dan di tepi jalan raya. banyak Kandungan debu di tepi jalan raya adalah lebih daripada yang terdapat di makmal. KESIMPULAN Udara mengandungi wap air , mikroorganisma dan
KBSB
4 Name two types of microorganisms present in the air. Bacteria and viruses 5 Compare the dust content in a laboratory and by the roadside. greater The dust content by the roadside is than that in a laboratory. CONCLUSION . Air contains water vapour , microorganisms and
TSTS
dust
debu
5.3 PERBINCANGAN
Aktiviti
Komposisi udara
Masteri
5.3
DISCUSSION
Activity
Composition of air
Mastery
2008 Sec. A, Q1(a) 2008 Bhg. A, S1(a)
Carta di bawah menunjukkan komposisi udara. Untuk maklumat yang lanjut, sila rujuk kepada laman web yang berikut: http://eo.ucar.edu/basics/wx_1_b_1.html. Tulis komposisi udara pada carta di bawah ini berdasarkan maklumat-maklumat yang diberi. Kemudian, nyatakan peratus kandungan gas dalam jadual yang disediakan. Oksigen Nitrogen Gas nadir Karbon dioksida 0.03 78 21 0.9
The chart below shows the composition of air. For more information, please refer to the following website: http://eo.ucar.edu/basics/wx_l_b_l.html Write the composition of air in the chart below based on the information given. Then, state the percentage of gas content in the table prepared. Oxygen Nitrogen Inert gases Carbon dioxide 0.03 78 21 0.9
(a) Nitrogen (a) Nitrogen (b) Oxygen CHAPTER (b) Oksigen (c) Gas nadir
BAB
(c) Inert gases
(d) Carbon dioxide
(d) Karbon dioksida
other gases gas-gas lain
Gas Gas Oksigen Nitrogen Gas nadir Karbon dioksida

5.3 HP Menyatakan juzuk udara Menyatakan purata peratus nitrogen, oksigen, dan karbon dioksida dalam udara
Percentage of gas content/% 21 78 0.9 0.03
Peratus kandungan gas/% Oxygen 21 Nitrogen 78 Inert gases 0.9 Carbon dioxide 0.03
5.3 LO State what air is made up of State the average percentage of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air
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Chapter 5
The Air Around Us
INKUIRI 5.4 1.1 PERBINCANGAN

BAHAN
BAB
Eksperimen Aktiviti
5.2 Memahami sifat oksigen dan karbon dioksida kehidupan harian 1.1 sains adalah sebahagian daripada
Sifat dan fenomena semula jadi Sainsgas dalam udara
Inkuiri-penemuan Kontekstual
5.4 1.1
INQUIRY DISCUSSION Experiment

Activity
Learning Objective Learning Objective 5.2 Understanding the properties of oxygen and carbon dioxide
1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday life
Properties of gases in the air Science and natural phenomena
Inquiry-discovery Contextual
The Air Around Us
Chapter 5
2008 Bhg. A, S1(a)
Tandakan () dalam petak yang disediakan bagi fenomena semula jadi. TUJUAN Mengkaji sifat oksigen dan karbon dioksida Kertas litmus biru dan merah, larutan natrium hidroksida pekat, penunjuk bikarbonat, air kapur
KPS
Memerhati Membuat inferens
Mark () in the boxes provided the natural phenomena. AIM To study the properties of oxygen and carbon dioxide MATERIALS Red and blue litmus papers, concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, bicarbonate indicator solution, lime water
CHAPTER
2008 Sec. A, Q1(a)
SPS
Observing Making inferences
RADAS PROSEDUR
Penunu Bunsen, tabung uji berisi gas oksigen, tabung uji berisi karbon dioksida, bikar 100 cm3, bikar 500 cm3, tangki gas oksigen, tangki gas karbon dioksida 1 Jalankan ujian 1 hingga 7 seperti yang diterangkan dalam jadual di bawah terhadap gas oksigen dan karbon dioksida. 2 Catat pemerhatian anda dalam ruang yang disediakan.
Pemerhatian Ujian Oksigen Karbon dioksida
APPARATUS PROCEDURE
Bunsen burner, test tubes filled with oxygen, test tubes filled with carbon dioxide, 100 cm3 beaker, 500 cm3 beaker, oxygen gas tank, carbon dioxide gas tank 1 Carry out the tests for oxygen and carbon dioxide by following tests 1 to 7 as explained in the table below. 2 Record your observations in the space provided.
Observation Test Oxygen Carbon dioxide
1
BAB
KEPUTUSAN
RESULTS
1.2 PERBINCANGAN
1 Ujian keterlarutan dalam air gas Paras air naik (a) Telangkupkan tabung uji sedikit yang berisi gas oksigen Objektif Pembelajaran dan karbon dioksida langkah-langkah keselamatan dan radas dalam tabung dalam makmal sains 1.2 Mengetahui air dalam bikar yang berisi air. uji. Aktiviti Radas makmal (b) Catat pemerhatian anda. dan kegunaannya
Paras air naik sedikit dalam tabung uji.

Kontekstual
MINDRobics
2 Ujian keterlarutan bawah. Namakan radas makmal dalam jadual di dalam natrium hidroksida Kelalang kon Telangkupkan tabung Buret (a) Tabung didih uji yang berisi gas Bikar Tabung uji Pipet oksigen dan karbon Silinder penyukat dioksida Kasa dawai dalam bikar Kelalang volumetri berisi larutan Kaki retort yang natrium hidroksida. (b) Catat pemerhatian anda. 1 2 3
Larutan natrium tiga Balang gas Tungku kaki Larutan natrium gas hidroksida hidroksida Rod kaca Kelalang dasar bulat naik tidak naik turas Takung kaca Corong Mangkuk pijar Corong tisel memenuhi dalam tabung larutan Mangkuk penyejat uji. Penunu Bunsen natrium tabung uji.
hidroksida
4
Kayu uji terus menyala .
5
Nyalaan kayu uji terpadam .
(b) Record your observations. Name the laboratory apparatus in the table below. 2 Solubility in sodium hydroxide Conical flask Burette Gas jar (a) Invert a test tube gas Boiling tube full of oxygen in a Beaker Glass rod Test tube Pipette Glass trough beaker containing Measuring cylinder hydroxide Crucible sodium Wire gauze sodium Volumetric flask Retort stand Evaporating dish solution. Do the same hydroxide with carbon dioxide. (b)2Record your observations. 1 3 4 3 Testing with a burning wooden splinter (a) Insert a burning wooden splinter into a test tube of oxygen and a test tube of carbon dioxide separately. (b) Record your observations
Test tube Boiling tube Beaker
1.2
DISCUSSION
Activity
1 Solubility in water (a) Invert a test tube full of gas oxygen into a beaker of Level of water water as shown in Objective Learning the rises a little 1.2 Knowing the diagram. Do the same safety percautions and apparatus in a science laboratory water in the test tube. with a test tube of Laboratory apparatus and their uses carbon dioxide.
Level of water rises a little in the test tube.

Contextual
Tripod stand Sodium Sodium Round-bottomed flask hydroxide hydroxide funnel solution Filter solution rises to Thistle funnel does not rise Bunsen burner fill up in the test tube. the test tube. 5
Wooden splinter continues to burn
Conical flask
CHAPTER
MINDRobics
5
5.2
5.4 5.5
Experiment
3 Ujian dengan kayu uji menyala (a) Masukkan kayu uji menyala ke mulut dua tabung uji yang masing-masing mengandungi gas oksigen dan karbon dioksida. (b) Catat pemerhatian anda.
Tabung uji Tabung didih Bikar
Flame of wooden splinter goes . out

Volumetric flask
Kelalang kon
Kelalang volumetri
4 Ujian dengan kayu uji berbara (a) Buka penyumbat 8 gas 6 7 9 10 tabung uji yang Kayu uji berbara Kayu uji berbara berisi gas oksigen menyala terpadam . . dan karbon dioksida, dan masukkan sebatang kayu uji berbara ke dalamnya. (b) Perhatikan perubahan yang berlaku kepada kayu uji berbara itu.Buret Silinder penyukat Pipet Kelalang dasar bulat Corong tisel
1.1 Menerangkan kepentingan sains dan karbon dioksida 5.4 HP Menyenaraikan sifat-sifat oksigen dalam kehidupan harian Menyenaraikan perkara dan karbon anda yang Mengenal pasti oksigen di sekeliling dioksida berkaitan dengan sains berdasarkan sifat-sifatnya Memilih ujian yang sesuai untuk oksigen dan karbon dioksida 1.2 HP Rujuk kepada Essential saintifik yang umum dalam Menggunakan radas Science Form 1, Eksperimen makmal 5.5, 5.6 & 5.7, hlm. 124, 126 & 127; Essential Science PMR, Laboratory Activities 5.45.9, hlm. 8991
4 Testing with a glowing wooden splinter (a)7Open the rubber 6 8 gas 9 The glowing 10 The glowing stopper of a wooden splinter wooden splinter test tube of oxygen ignites/ goes out and insert a glowing . lights up . wooden splinter. Do the same with a test tube containing carbon dioxide. (b) Observe what happens to the glowing wooden splinters. Measuring cylinder Pipette Burette Round-bottomed flask Thistle funnel
5.4 LO List the properties of oxygen and carbon dioxide 1.1 LO Identify oxygen and carbon science based on their Explain the importance of dioxide in everyday life properties of things around you that are related to Make a list Choose suitable tests for oxygen and carbon dioxide science Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Experiments 5.5, 1.2 LO Use some common scientific apparatus in the 5.6 laboratory124, 126 & 127; Essential Science PMR, & 5.7, pp. Laboratory Activities 5.45.9, pp 8991
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Understanding the properties of oxygen and carbon dioxide
INQUIRY
7 What can be observed when a lighted wooden splinter is put into a test tube lled with carbon dioxide gas? (The lighted wooden splinter extinguishes immediately) 8 What is the gas that can be used in re extinguishers to put out re? Explain your answer. (Carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide does not support combustion) 9 Which gas turns a moist blue litmus paper red, the oxygen or the carbon dioxide? (Carbon dioxide) 10 State a gas that is very soluble in pyrogallol solution. (Oxygen)
1 State a gas that supports combustion. (Oxygen) 2 State a gas that is very soluble in sodium hydroxide solution. (Carbon dioxide) 3 State the gas that has a slight acidic property. (Carbon dioxide) 4 Name the gas that lights up a glowing wooden splinter. (Oxygen) 5 Name the gas that clouds lime water. (Carbon dioxide) 6 Name the gas that turns purple (or red) bicarbonate indicator to yellow. (Carbon dioxide)
DISCUSSION
Activity
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Pemerhatian Ujian 5 Ujian dengan kertas litmus (a) Buka penyumbat tabung uji yang berisi oksigen dan masukkan sekeping kertas litmus merah lembap dan sekeping kertas litmus biru lembap ke dalam tabung uji itu. (b) Sumbat semula mulut tabung uji itu.Ulangi dengan tabung uji berisi karbon dioksida. (c) Catatkan perubahan yang berlaku kepada kertas litmus lembap itu. 6 Ujian dengan penunjuk bikarbonat (a) Buka penyumbat tabung uji dan titiskan beberapa titis larutan penunjuk bikarbonat ke dalam tabung uji berisi oksigen dan karbon dioksida dengan penitis. (b) Tutup mulut tabung uji dengan ibu jari dan goncang dengan kuat. (c) Perhatikan perubahan yang berlaku kepada larutan penunjuk bikarbonat dalam tabung uji. 7 Ujian dengan air kapur Ulangi langkah 6(a) hingga 6(c) dan gantikan larutan penunjuk bikarbonat dengan air kapur. Oksigen Karbon dioksida
Observation Test 5 Testing with litmus paper (a) Open the rubber stopper of the test tube containing oxygen and insert into the test tube a piece of moist red litmus paper and a piece of moist blue litmus paper. (b) Close the test tube with the rubber stopper. Do the same with the test tube containing carbon dioxide. (c) Record any change to the litmus papers. 6 Testing with bicarbonate indicator (a) Open the rubber stopper of a test tube containing oxygen and add a few drops of bicarbonate indicator solution. Repeat the same with a test tube containing carbon dioxide. (b) Cover the test tubes with your thumb and shake the test tubes vigorously. (c) Observe any colour changes to the bicarbonate indicator solutions. 7 Testing with lime water Repeat steps 6(a) to 6(c) substituting the bicarbonate indicator with lime water. Oxygen Carbon dioxide
Tiada perubahan pada warna kertas litmus.
Kertas litmus biru lembap bertukar kepada merah .
No change in colours of the litmus papers.
The moist blue litmus paper red turns .
Warna penunjuk bikarbonat kekal merah .
Penunjuk bikarbonat bertukar warna daripada merah kepada kuning .
The colour of the bicarbonate indicator remains red .
The bicarbonate indicator changed from red to yellow .
Air kapur
kekal jernih
Air kapur menjadi keruh
The lime water remains clear .
The lime water turns cloudy .
ANALISIS
1 Apakah keterlarutan oksigen dan karbon dioksida dalam air? Sedikit (a) Oksigen: (b) Karbon dioksida:
ANALYSIS Sedikit BAB
1 What is the solubility of oxygen and carbon dioxide in water? A little (a) Oxygen: (b) Carbon dioxide:
A little
CHAPTER
2 Apakah keterlarutan oksigen dan karbon dioksida dalam larutan natrium hidroksida? Tidak larut Sangat larut (a) Oksigen: (b) Karbon dioksida: 3 Antara oksigen dan karbon dioksida, yang manakah membantu pembakaran? Oksigen 4 Nyatakan satu alat yang menggunakan sifat karbon dioksida yang dinyatakan dalam Ujian 3. Alat pemadam api
KBSB
Menjanakan idea
2 What is the solubility of oxygen and carbon dioxide in sodium hydroxide solution? Very soluble (a) Oxygen: Does not dissolve (b) Carbon dioxide: 3 Between oxygen and carbon dioxide, which supports combustion? Oxygen 4 State one equipment which uses the property of carbon dioxide stated in Test 3. Fire extinguisher
TSTS
Generating ideas
5 Berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam aktiviti ini, nyatakan ujian pengesahan bagi gas oksigen dan karbon dioksida. (a) Oksigen: Menyalakan kayu uji berbara . air kapur (b) Karbon dioksida: Mengeruhkan . 6 Apakah sifat oksigen dan karbon dioksida berdasarkan Ujian 5? neutral (a) Oksigen bersifat (b) Karbon dioksida bersifat asid
5 Based on the observation of this activity, state the tests for oxygen and carbon dioxide. glowing wooden splinter (a) Oxygen: Ignites a . (b) Carbon dioxide: Turns lime water cloudy. 6 What are the properties of oxygen and carbon dioxide based on Test 5? neutral acidic (a) Oxygen is (b) Carbon dioxide is 7 Can the colour and smell of oxygen and carbon dioxide be used as tests for their presence? Give a reason. No no colour , oxygen and carbon dioxide have and no smell .
7 Bolehkah warna dan bau oksigen dan karbon dioksida digunakan sebagai ujian kehadiran gas-gas itu? Berikan alasan anda. Tidak tidak berwarna , oksigen dan karbon dioksida adalah dan tidak berbau .
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KESIMPULAN
1 Oksigen dan karbon dioksida larut sangat larut 2 Karbon dioksida oksigen tidak larut
sedikit
dalam air.
CONCLUSION
dalam larutan natrium hidroksida tetapi
1 Oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve very soluble 2 Carbon dioxide is does not dissolve
a little/slightly
in water.
in sodium hydroxide solution but oxygen extinguishes
dalam larutan yang sama.
in this solution.
menyalakan 3 Oksigen kayu uji berbara. Karbon dioksida memadamkan kayu uji bernyala. neutral asid 4 Oksigen bersifat manakala karbon dioksida bersifat . mengeruhkan 5 Karbon dioksida air kapur.
ignites 3 Oxygen a glowing wooden splinter. Carbon dioxide the flame of a burning wooden splinter. neutral acidic 4 Oxygen is while carbon dioxide is . 5 Carbon dioxide turns lime water cloudy .
5.5 PERBINCANGAN
Aktiviti
Sifat oksigen dan karbon dioksida
Konstruktivisme
5.5
DISCUSSION
Activity
Properties of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Constructivism
Bandingkan sifat oksigen dan sifat karbon dioksida. Oksigen Persamaan Tidak mempunyai bau dan Berada dalam keadaan pada suhu bilik Larut BAB
F1MR-ch5(62-83).indd 68
Compare the properties of oxygen with those of carbon dioxide. Karbon dioksida , Oxygen No and Similarity colour taste , smell Carbon dioxide
warna rasa gas
Exist in the gaseous room temperature Dissolve in water

CHAPTER
state at
sedikit
a little/slightly
dalam air
Perbezaan Neutral Keasidan/kealkalian
Difference
5
Bersifat asid Menyalakan kayu uji berbara Ujian pengesahan Mengeruhkan air kapur Ya Membantu pembakaran Tidak Ya Larut dalam larutan pirogalol beralkali Tidak
5.5 HP Menyenaraikan sifat-sifat oksigen dan karbon dioksida Mengenal pasti oksigen dan karbon dioksida berdasarkan sifat-sifatnya Memilih ujian yang sesuai untuk oksigen dan karbon dioksida
Neutral
Acidic/alkaline
Acidic
Ignites a glowing wooden splinter
Confirmatory test
Turns lime water cloudy
Yes
Helps combustion
No
Yes
Dissolves in alkaline pyrogallol solution
No
68
5.5 LO List the properties of oxygen and carbon dioxide Identify oxygen and carbon dioxide based on their properties Choose suitable tests for oxygen and carbon dioxide
68
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Objektif Pembelajaran Objektif Pembelajaran
Chapter 5
The Air Around Us
5.6 TAK TERBIMBING 1.1 PERBINCANGAN
Eksperimen PEKA Aktiviti
1.1 Memahami sains adalah sebahagian daripada respirasi harian 5.3 Memahami bahawa oksigen diperlukan dalam kehidupan
Gas yang fenomena semasa respirasi Sains dan digunakan semula jadi
5.6 1.1
CHAPTER
UNGUIDED DISCUSSION Experiment PEKA

Activity
Learning Objective Learning Objective 5.3 Understanding that oxygen is needed in respiration
1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday life Inquiry-discovery Contextual
Gas usedand natural phenomena Science during respiration
The Air Around Us
Chapter 5
Semasa respirasi, benda yang menggunakan fenomena semula jadi. Tandakan () dalam petakhidup disediakan bagi oksigen dan membebaskan karbon dioksida. Oksigen digunakan untuk mengoksidakan makanan semasa respirasi sel. Karbon dioksida disingkirkan daripada sel sebagai bahan buangan. TUJUAN Mengkaji gas yang digunakan semasa respirasi
BAB
During() in the boxes provided use natural phenomena. carbon dioxide. Oxygen is used to oxidise food Mark respiration, living things the oxygen and release during cell respiration. Carbon dioxide is removed from the cells as a waste product. AIM To study the gas used during respiration What is the gas used during respiration? Living things use oxygen during respiration. (a) that is kept constant: (b) that is manipulated: (c) that responds: Volume of air in boiling tube/Size of capillary tube The presence of a cockroach Movement of coloured water droplet
E1C10 E1C11
PERNYATAAN MASALAH HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH UBAH
PROBLEM STATEMENT HYPOTHESIS VARIABLE
Apakah gas yang digunakan semasa respirasi? Hidupan menggunakan oksigen semasa respirasi. Isi padu udara dalam tabung didih/Saiz tiub kapilari (a) yang dimalarkan: (b) yang dimanipulasikan: Kehadiran lipas (c) yang bergerak balas: Pergerakan titisan air berwarna
E1C10 E1C11
Planning The Experiment

You are required to plan the procedure cotton wool moistened with that can be taken in the experiment wire mesh sodium hydroxide solution cockroach shown in the diagram. You are provided Learning materials with the following Objective and 1.2 Knowing the safety percautions and apparatus in a science laboratory apparatus: coloured DISCUSSION Laboratory apparatus andboiling tube A their uses water capillary tube Contextual MATERIALS Cotton wool, coloured Activity droplet 1.2 water, sodium hydroxide Name the laboratory apparatussolution, livebelow. in the table cockroach boiling tube B Conical flask Burette Gas jar Tripod stand APPARATUS Boiling tube, cork, capillary Checklist Boiling tube Beaker Glass rod Round-bottomed flask tube, wire mesh Glass trough 1 Test tube Pipette Filter funnel Are all the materials and apparatus ready? Measuring cylinder Wire gauze Crucible Thistle funnel The list of experimental procedure must be approved 2 Are the positions of the Volumetric flask Retort stand Evaporating dish Bunsen burner coloured water droplets by the teacher before starting the experiment. 1 STEPS 2 3 4
the same in both the capillary tubes? 5
Merancang Eksperimen
Anda dikehendaki merancang langkahkapas dibasahi dengan langkah yang Objektif Pembelajaran dalam boleh diambil larutan natrium hidroksida 1.2 Mengetahui langkah-langkah keselamatan dan lipas dalam dawai sains radas kasa makmal eksperimen seperti yang ditunjukkan Aktiviti dalam rajah di sebelah.makmal dan kegunaannya Radas Anda dibekalkan Kontekstual dengan bahan PERBINCANGAN dan radas seperti berikut:
tabung didih A
1.2
MINDRobics
berwarna BAHAN Kapas, air berwarna, Namakan radas makmal dalam jadual di bawah. larutan natrium Kelalang kon Buret Balang hidroksida, lipas hidup gas tabung didih B Tungku kaki tiga Tabung didih Bikar Rod kaca Kelalang dasar bulat Tabung uji Pipet Takung kaca Corong turas Semak Senarai RADAS Tabung didih, gabus, tiub Silinder penyukat Kasa dawai Mangkuk pijar Corong tisel 1 Adakah semua bahan dan kapilari, kasa dawai radas Kelalang volumetri Kaki retort Mangkuk penyejat Penunu Bunsentelah disediakan?
titisan air tiub kapilari
CHAPTER
BAB
MINDRobics
Senarai prosedur eksperimen perlu mendapat persetujuan daripada guru sebelum memulakan 2 3 4 eksperimen ini.
2 Adakah kedudukan titisan air 5 berwarna dalam kedua-dua tiub kapilari adalah sama?
CARA KERJA
Arrangement of apparatus as shown in the diagram above were set up.
1 Susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas disediakan.

Tabung didih Bikar Kelalang Tabung-tabung didih itu disimpan secara mengufuk kon Kelalang volumetri Test tube
2 The boiling tubes were stored in a horizontal position for three hours.
Boiling tube Beaker Conical flask Volumetric flask
Tabung uji 2
selama tiga jam. 7 8 9 3 Pergerakan titisan air berwarna itu diperhatikan.
10
Sentiasa pastikan tiada sebarang perubahan suhu kerana perubahan suhu akan memberikan kesan kepada pergerakan titisan air berwarna itu.
3 The movements of the coloured water droplets were 7 8 9 observed.
10Ensure that there is no

change of temperature in the surroundings as a change of temperature will affect the movement of the droplet of coloured water.
E2C12
E2C13
Silinder penyukat
Pipet
Buret
E2C12 E2C13
Kelalang dasar bulat
Corong tisel
Measuring cylinder
Pipette
Burette
Round-bottomed flask
Thistle funnel
5.6 HP Menghubungkaitkan bahawa hidupan menggunakan oksigen 1.1 HP dan membebaskan karbon dioksida semasa respirasi Menerangkan kepentingan sains dalam kehidupan harian Menyatakan oksigen diperlukan untuk respirasi berkaitan Menyenaraikan perkara di sekeliling anda yang Menjalankan eksperimen untuk menunjukkan hidupan dengan sains menggunakan oksigen dan membebaskan karbon dioksida semasa respirasi
2 69
1.2 HP Rujuk kepada Essentialsaintifik yang umum dalam Menggunakan radas Science Form 1, Eksperimen makmal 5.8, hlm. 132; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 5.10, hlm. 94
5.6 LO Relate that living things use oxygen and give out carbon 1.1 LO dioxide during respiration science in everyday life Explain the importance of State that oxygen is needed for respiration Make a list of things around you that are related to Carry out an experiment to show that living things use science oxygen and give out carbon dioxide during respiration
69 2
Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Experiment 5.8, 1.2 LOp.132; Essential Science PMR, Experiment in the p. 94 Use some common scientific apparatus 5.10, laboratory
5.3
5.6 5.7
Experiment PEKA Experiment
Understanding that oxygen is needed in respiration
5.8
Experiment
INQUIRY
6 State the percentage of oxygen gas in inhaled air. (21%) 7 State the percentage of oxygen gas in exhaled air. (16%) 8 State the percentage of carbon dioxide gas in inhaled air. (0.03%) 9 State the percentage of carbon dioxide gas in exhaled air. (4%) 10 State the percentage of nitrogen gas in inhaled air. (78%) 11 What is the percentage of nitrogen gas in exhaled air? (78%) 12 State the percentage of inert gases in exhaled air. (0.9%)
UNGUIDED GUIDED
&
1 Name the gas that is needed for respiration. (Oxygen) 2 State the function of sodium hydroxide solution. (To absorb carbon dioxide) 3 Name the gas released during respiration. (Carbon dioxide) 4 State the colour change in bicarbonate indicator when carbon dioxide is owed through it. (From red/purple to yellow) 5 Write the word equation for cell respiration. (Glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide + energy)
69
69
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PEMERHATIAN
E1C1 E1C6
Tabung didih A (ada lipas) B (tiada lipas)
Pemerhatian pada pergerakan titisan air berwarna Bergerak ke arah tabung didih Tidak bergerak
E2C14
OBSERVATION
E1C1 E1C6
Boiling tube A (with cockroach) B (without cockroach)
Observation of the coloured water droplet movement Moves towards the boiling tube Stationary
ANALYSIS
ANALISIS
E1 C 8 10 11 S E2 C 12 13 14 15 16 S
1 Mengapakah titisan air berwarna bergerak ke arah tabung didih? Oksigen telah digunakan oleh lipas semasa respirasi. Tekanan udara di dalam kurang E1C8 E1C15 tabung didih adalah daripada tekanan udara di luar. 2 Apakah fungsi tabung didih B? Bertindak sebagai kawalan . 3 Nyatakan fungsi kasa dawai dan larutan natrium hidroksida. Bahan
(a) Kasa dawai (b) Larutan natrium
E2C14 1 Why does the coloured water droplet move towards boiling tube A? Oxygen has been used up by the cockroach for respiration. The air pressure in
E1 C 8 10 11 S E2 C 12 13 14 15 16 S
than the air pressure outside. control 2 What is the function of boiling tube B? Acts as a . 3 State the functions of the wire mesh and the sodium hydroxide solution.
Substance (a) Wire mesh (b) Sodium hydroxide solution Function
the boiling tube is
less
E1C8
E2C15
Fungsi memisahkan Untuk lipas daripada kapas yang dibasahi larutan natrium hidroksida karbon dioksida Untuk menyerap dibebaskan oleh lipas yang
separate To the cockroach from the cotton wool soaked with sodium hydroxide solution carbon dioxide To absorb by the cockroach
released
hidroksida
4 Nyatakan dua contoh hidupan lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan lipas dalam eksperimen ini. Belalang dan biji benih yang sedang bercambah 1 Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat diterima atau ditolak? 2 Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat? Hidupan menggunakan oksigen semasa respirasi. Diterima
E2C16
4 State two examples of living things which can be used to replace the cockroach in this experiment. Grasshopper and germinating seed 1 Is the hypothesis made accepted or rejected? 2 What conclusion can be made? Living things use oxygen during respiration. Accepted
E2C16 E2C16
CONCLUSION
KESIMPULAN
E2C16
APLIKASI IDEA
peparu Kita menyedut masuk oksigen ke dalam . Oksigen ini diangkut oleh darah respirasi sel ke sel-sel badan untuk proses . Tumbuhan hijau membebaskan oksigen melalui proses fotosintesis.
APPLICATION oF IDEA REFLECTION
lungs We breathe oxygen into our . This oxygen is carried by the blood cell respiration to body cells for . Green plants release oxygen through photosynthesis.
CHAPTER
F1MR-ch5(62-83).indd 70
BAB
REFLEKSI
5.7
TUJUAN PERNYATAAN MASALAH HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH UBAH
TERBIMBING
Eksperimen
Gas yang dibebaskan semasa respirasi
Inkuiri-penemuan
Mengkaji gas yang dibebaskan semasa respirasi Apakah gas yang dibebaskan semasa respirasi? Hidupan membebaskan gas karbon dioksida semasa respirasi (a) yang dimalarkan: Isi padu udara dalam tabung didih (b) yang dimanipulasikan: Kehadiran hidupan (c) yang bergerak balas: Perubahan warna pada penunjuk bikarbonat (hidrogen karbonat) Belalang, kacang hijau yang sedang bercambah Tabung didih, kasa dawai, penyumbat getah, penunjuk bikarbonat
Kandungan karbon dioksida dalam udara berubah-ubah bergantung kepada tempat. Jika karbon dioksida yang disedut melebihi 5% mengikut isi padu, keadaan itu berbahaya kepada kehidupan dan kesihatan manusia, tumbuhan dan haiwan.
5.7
Experiment
AIM
GUIDED
Gas released during respiration
Inquiry-discovery
To study the gas produced during cell respiration What is the gas produced during cell respiration? Living things release carbon dioxide during respiration (a) that is kept constant: (b) that is manipulated: (c) that responds: Volume of air in the boiling tubes The presence of living things The change in colour of the bicarbonate (hydrogen carbonate) indicator
Carbon dioxide content in air varies depending on location. If carbon dioxide is inhaled in high concentration (more than 5% by volume), it is dangerous to the life and health of humans, plants and animals.
PROBLEM STATEMENT HYPOTHESIS VARIABLE
BAHAN RADAS
MATERIALS APPARATUS
Grasshopper, germinating green beans Boiling tube, wire gauze, rubber stopper, bicarbonate indicator
5.7 HP Menyatakan bahawa tenaga, karbon dioksida dan wap air adalah hasil respirasi Menghubungkaitkan bahawa hidupan menggunakan oksigen dan membebaskan karbon dioksida semasa respirasi
70
5.7 LO State that energy, carbon dioxide and water vapour are the products of respiration Relate that living things use oxygen and give out carbon dioxide during respiration
70
Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Experiment 5.9, p. 133; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 5.11, p. 95
7/22/10 10:29:25 AM
PROSEDUR
1 Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di sebelah. Labelkan tabung didih A, B, dan C. 2 Biarkan kesemua radas selama dua hingga tiga jam di dalam makmal. 3 Catat perubahan warna penunjuk bikarbonat dalam jadual yang disediakan.
PROCEDURE
C
belalang
kacang hijau bercambah penunjuk bikarbonat
1 Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. Label boiling tubes A, B and C. 2 Leave all the apparatus for two to three hours in the laboratory. 3 Record the changes in the colour of the bicarbonate indicator solution in the table prepared below.
grasshopper
germinating green beans bicarbonate indicator
CARA KERJA
1 Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah dengan melabelkan tabung didih A, B, dan C. 2 Semua radas dibiarkan selama dua hingga tiga jam dalam makmal. 3 Perubahan warna penunjuk bikarbonat dicatat dalam jadual yang disediakan.
STEPS
1 The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram with the boiling tubes labelled A, B and C. 2 All the apparatus were left for two to three hours in the laboratory. 3 Change in colour of the bicarbonate indicator was recorded in a table.
KEPUTUSAN
Warna penunjuk bikarbonat Tabung didih Awal eksperimen A B C Ungu/Merah Ungu/Merah Ungu/Merah Akhir eksperimen Kuning Kuning Ungu/Merah
RESULTS
Boiling tube
Colour of bicarbonate indicator Beginning of experiment A B C Purple/Red Purple/Red Purple/Red End of experiment Yellow Yellow Purple/Red
ANALISIS
1 Apakah fungsi penunjuk bikarbonat? karbon dioksida Menunjukkan kehadiran berasid.
ANALYSIS , yang merupakan sejenis gas BAB
1 What is the function of the bicarbonate indicator? carbon dioxide To show the presence of
, that is an acidic gas.

CHAPTER
2 Namakan gas yang menyebabkan perubahan warna pada penunjuk. Karbon dioksida 3 Apakah proses yang berlaku pada hidupan yang membebaskan gas yang dikesan di (2)? Respirasi 4 Apakah fungsi tabung didih C? Bertindak sebagai 5
daun hijau penunjuk bikarbonat
2 Name the gas that caused the indicator to change colour. Carbon dioxide 3 What process occurred to the living thing which released the gas mentioned in (2)? Respiration 4 What is the function of boiling tube C? control It acts as a 5
green leaves bicarbonat indicator
kawalan
Radas di sebelah didedahkan kepada cahaya matahari. (a) Ramalkan apa yang dapat diperhatikan pada penunjuk bikarbonat. Warna merah penunjuk bikarbonat kekal merah/tidak berubah . (b) Terangkan jawapan di 5(a). karbon dioksida Daun hijau menyerap Ya semasa respirasi. semasa pernafasan. APPLICATION oF IDEA semasa fotosintesis.
KBSB
Menjanakan idea
The apparatus on the left is exposed to sunlight. (a) Predict what can be observed on the bicarbonate indicator. The red bicarbonat indicator remains red/does not change . (b) Explain your answer in 5(a). carbon dioxide Green leaf absorbs Yes during respiration. during photosynthesis.
TSTS
Generating ideas
KESIMPULAN
1 Adakah hipotesis yang telah dibuat boleh diterima? 2 Hidupan membebaskan 3 Kita menghembus keluar karbon dioksida karbon dioksida
CONCLUSION
1 Can the hypothesis be accepted? carbon dioxide 2 Living things release 3 We exhale The carbon dioxide
during breathing.
APLIKASI IDEA
Karbon dioksida diserap semula untuk proses
carbon dioxide photosynthesis
yang dibebaskan oleh tumbuhan hijau pada siang hari fotosintesis .
released by green plants during daytime is reabsorbed for .
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5.8
TUJUAN BAHAN RADAS
Eksperimen
INKUIRI
Perbandingan kandungan oksigen dalam udara sedutan (udara biasa) dan udara hembusan Inkuiri-penemuan
5.8
AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS
Experiment
INQUIRY
Comparison of the oxygen content in inhaled air (ordinary air) and exhaled air
Inquiry-discovery
Membandingkan kandungan oksigen dalam udara sedutan dan udara hembusan Air, batang lilin Dua balang gas dengan penutup, salur penghantar, jam randik, besen
Compare the content of oxygen in inhaled and exhaled air Water, candle Two gas jars with cover, delivery tube, stopwatch, basin
exhaled air
balang gas udara hembusan balang gas
udara hembusan
gas jar exhaled air
besen
air
lilin menyala
basin
water
gas jar
lighted candle
Rajah (a)
Rajah (b)
Diagram (a)
Diagram (b)
PROSEDUR
1 Sediakan dua balang gas yang masing-masing mengandungi udara sedutan (udara biasa) dan udara hembusan. 2 Gunakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a) untuk mengumpulkan udara hembusan sehingga memenuhi balang gas. 3 Tutup balang gas dengan penutup ketika balang gas masih di dalam air. 4 Dirikan sebatang lilin menyala di atas meja dan telangkupkan balang gas yang mengandungi udara hembusan seperti pada Rajah (b), dan mulakan jam randik. Hentikan jam randik apabila nyalaan lilin terpadam dan catatkan masa. 5 Ulangi langkah di (4) dengan menggunakan balang gas yang berisi udara biasa.
CHAPTER
PROCEDURE
1 Prepare two gas jars, one containing inhaled air (ordinary air) while the other exhaled air. 2 Use an apparatus as show in Diagram (a) to collect the exhaled air until the gas jar is filled. 3 Close the gas jar when the gas jar is still in the water. 4 Erect a lighted candle on a table and invert the gas jar containing exhaled air over the lighted candle as shown in Diagram (b). Immediately, start the stopwatch and record the time it takes for the candle flame to extinguish. 5 Repeat step 4 using a gas jar containing ordinary air.
Type of air Inhaled air Exhaled air Time taken/second 15 11
RESULTS
KEPUTUSAN BAB
F1MR-ch5(62-83).indd 72
Jenis udara Udara sedutan Udara hembusan
Masa yang diambil/saat 15 11
ANALYSIS
5
ANALISIS 1 Namakan gas yang diperlukan untuk pembakaran lilin. Oksigen
KBSB
1 Name the gas needed for the candle to burn.
Oxygen
TSTS
2 Kandungan oksigen dalam udara yang manakah adalah lebih tinggi, udara sedutan (udara biasa) atau udara hembusan? Udara sedutan
2 Which type of air has higher oxygen content, inhaled (ordinary) air or exhaled air? Inhaled air
3 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang perbandingan kandungan gas dalam udara sedutan dan udara hembusan. Gas Oksigen Karbon dioksida Nitrogen Gas nadir (adi) Wap air KESIMPULAN Udara sedutan/% 21 0.03 78 0.9 Sedikit Udara hembusan/% 16 4 78 0.9 Banyak lebih tinggi Panduan: 78 21 0.9 16 0.03 Banyak 4 Sedikit
3 Complete the table below on the comparison of the gas content in inhaled and exhaled air.
Gas Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Inert gases Water vapour Inhaled air/% 21 0.03 78 0.9 A little Exhaled air/% 16 4 78 0.9 A lot
Guides: 78 21 0.9 16 0.03 A lot 4 A little
Kandungan oksigen dalam udara sedutan
daripada udara hembusan.
CONCLUSION
The oxygen content in inhaled air is
higher
than in exhaled air.

5.8 HP Membandingkan dan membezakan kandungan oksigen dalam udara sedutan dan udara hembusan dalam manusia
72
5.8 LO Compare and constrast the content of oxygen in inhaled air and exhaled air in humans
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Objektif Pembelajaran Objektif Pembelajaran
Chapter 5
The Air Around Us
5.9 TAK TERBIMBING 1.1 PERBINCANGAN
Eksperimen PEKA Aktiviti
5.4 Memahami oksigen diperlukan untuk pembakaran 1.1 Memahami sains adalah sebahagian daripada kehidupan harian
Hubungan antara isi padu udara dengan Sains dan fenomena semula jadi pembakaran lilin
5.9 1.1
UNGUIDED DISCUSSION Experiment PEKA

Activity
Learning Objective Learning Objective 5.4 Understanding that oxygen is needed for combustion
The relationship between volume of air and the burning Science and of a candle natural phenomena Inquiry-discovery
1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday life
Contextual
The Air Around Us
Chapter 5
Pembakaran ialah satu proses kimia yang menggabungkan suatu bahan dengan oksigen secara kimia. Tandakan ()membebaskan tenaga haba dan cahaya, dan hanya boleh berlaku jika terdapat bahan api, Pembakaran dalam petak yang disediakan bagi fenomena semula jadi. oksigen dan haba. 2009 Bhg. A, S8(b) TUJUAN Mengkaji hubungan antara isi padu udara dengan masa yang diambil oleh lilin untuk padam
CHAPTER BAB
Combustion is a boxes provided thethat combines a substance with oxygen. Combustion gives out heat Mark () in the chemical process natural phenomena. and light energy, and can only happen in the presence of fuel, oxygen and heat. 2009 Sec. A, Q8(b) AIM
To study the relationship between the volume of air and the time a candle takes to extinguish How does the size of a container influence the time taken for a candle to extinguish? The bigger a container, the longer Type/Length of candle Size of container Time taken for a candle to extinguish
E1C10
PERNYATAAN MASALAH HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH UBAH

E1 C 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 S
Bagaimanakah saiz bekas mempengaruhi masa yang diambil oleh lilin untuk padam? Semakin untuk padam. besar bekas, semakin lama masa yang diambil oleh lilin
E1C11
PROBLEM STATEMENT HYPOTHESIS
the time taken for

E1C11
Jenis lilin/Panjang lilin (b) yang dimanipulasikan: Saiz bekas (c) yang bergerak balas: Masa untuk lilin padam (a) yang dimalarkan:
a candle to extinguish. VARIABLE

E1C10
(a) that is kept constant: (b) that is manipulated: (c) that responds:
E1 C 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 S Name
Merancang Eksperimen
Anda dikehendaki merancang langkahbekas langkah yang Objektif Pembelajaran dalam boleh diambil eksperimen seperti yang ditunjukkan udara biasa dalam makmal sains 1.2 Mengetahui langkah-langkah keselamatan dan radas dalam rajah di sebelah. Anda dibekalkan Aktiviti Radas makmal dan kegunaannya lilin menyala dengan bahan dan radas seperti berikut:
P Q
Planning The Experiment
Bdalam Batang bawah. Namakan radas makmal AHAN jadual dililin, mancis
E2 C 12 13 14 15 16 S
1.2 PERBINCANGAN
Kontekstual
MINDRobics
Kelalang kon RADAS Bekas yang berlainan saiz, Buret Balang gas Tungku kaki tiga Senarai Semak jam randik Tabung didih Bikar Rod kaca Kelalang dasar bulat bahan dan 1 Adakah semua radas Tabung uji Pipet Takung kaca Corong turas telah disediakan? Silinder Senarai prosedur eksperimen perlu mendapat persetujuan penyukat Kasa dawai Mangkuk pijar Corong tiselAdakah lilin yang sama 2 daripada guru sebelum memulakan eksperimen ini. panjang Kelalang volumetri Kaki retort Mangkuk penyejat Penunu Bunsen dan jenis digunakan? 2 3 1 Sebatang lilin ditegakkan di atas meja. tempoh nyalaan lilin dicatat. 3 Eksperimen diulangi dengan menggunakan bekas yang berlainan saiz. 4 5
You are required to plan the procedure container Learning Objective that can be taken in thesafety percautions and apparatus in a science laboratory experiment 1.2 Knowing the shown in the diagram. air DISCUSSION following You are provided ordinaryuses Laboratory apparatus and their with the materials and Contextual Activity 1.2 lighted candle apparatus: the laboratory apparatus in the table below. MATERIALS Candle, matches E2 Conical flask P R Burette Gas jar Tripod stand Q C A Boiling tube PPARATUS Different sized containers, stopwatch Round-bottomed flask Beaker Glass rod Checklist 12 Test tube Pipette Glass trough Filter funnel1 Are all the materials and 13 Measuring cylinder experimental procedure must be approvedThistle funnelapparatus ready? Wire gauze Crucible The list of 14 Volumetric the teacher before starting the experiment. Retort stand Evaporating dish Bunsen burner the candles used of the by flask 2 Are 15
16
same length and type?
CHAPTER
BAB
MINDRobics
1 CARA KERJA
1S STEPS 1
A candle was erected on a table. was started and the time taken for the lighted candle to continue burning was recorded.
2 Lilin dinyalakan dan bekas ditelangkupkan. Jam randik dimulakan dan
2 The candle was lighted and the container was inverted over the candle. The stopwatch 3 The experiment was repeated using different sized containers.
Test tube Boiling tube Beaker Conical flask Volumetric flask
E2C12 E2C13
Tabung uji
Tabung didih
Bikar
Kelalang kon
Kelalang volumetri
6KEPUTUSAN
7 Bekas
P Q R
9 Masa untuk padam/s

5 8 11
10
6 RESULTS
7 Container
P Q R
9 Time taken to extinguish/s

5 8 11
10
E2C12 E2C13
Silinder penyukat
(Jawapan pelajar)
Pipet
Buret

E1C3 E1C6
Corong tisel
E2C14
Measuring cylinder
(Student's answers)
Pipette
Burette
E1C3
E1C6
E2C14
Thistle funnel
1.1 HP Menerangkan kepentingan sains dalam kehidupan 5.9 HP Menyatakan oksigen diperlukan untuk pembakaranharian Menyenaraikan perkara di sekeliling anda yang berkaitan Menjalankan eksperimen untuk mengkaji pembakaran dengan sains
2 73
1.2 HP Rujuk kepada Essential saintifik yang umum dalam Menggunakan radas Science Form 1, Eksperimen makmal 5.14, hlm. 141; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 5.12, hlm. 101
5.9 LO State what combustion is 1.1 LO State that oxygen is needed for combustion Explain the importance of science in everyday life Make a experiment to investigate combustion Carry outlist of things around you that are related to science
73 2
Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Experiment 5.14, 1.2 LOp.141; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 5.12, p. 101 Use some common scientific apparatus in the laboratory
5.4
5.9
Experiment PEKA
Understanding that oxygen is needed for combustion
UNGUIDED
5 What is the product formed when charcoal (coal/carbon) is burnt in oxygen (or air)? Write a word equation to represent the reaction. (Carbon dioxide. Carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide) 6 State the type of compound that only consists of hydrogen and carbon elements? (Hydrocarbon compound) 7 State two examples of hydrocarbons. (Petrol and kerosene/candle) 8 What is the product formed when hydrocarbon (petrol/ kerosene) is burnt in oxygen? Write a word equation to represent the reaction. (Carbon dioxide and water. Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water) 9 Hydrocarbon burns in oxygen producing a colourless substance that changes the blue cobalt chloride paper pink. Name the substance. (Water)
1 State the gas that is needed for burning. (Oxygen) 2 State the relationship between the volume of air (oxygen) and the time taken for a candle to burn. (The bigger the volume of air (oxygen), the longer the time taken for the candle to burn.) 3 State two fuels that only consist of carbon element. (Charcoal, coal)
5.10
Experiment
GUIDED
4 State the gas that is released during burning. (Carbon dioxide)
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Chapter 5
The Air Around Us
1 Nyatakan perbezaan dalam masa yang diambil bagi lilin untuk padam dalam bekas Q Aktiviti dan bekas R. Sains dan fenomena semula jadi Kontekstual pendek/panjang PERBINCANGANbekas Q/R mengambil masa yang lebih 1.1 Lilin dalam E1C8 E2C15 . untuk padam. Tandakan () dalam petak yang disediakan bagi fenomena semula jadi. KBSB 2 Apakah inferens yang boleh dibuat berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen? Membuat inferens Saiz bekas mempengaruhi masa yang diambil bagi lilin untuk padam.
E1C4
ANALISIS
1.1 Memahami sains adalah sebahagian daripada kehidupan harian
1.1 Understanding that 1 State the difference in the timescience is part ofthe candle to extinguish in container Q and taken for everyday life DISCUSSION Science and natural phenomena container R. Contextual Q/R shorter/longer Activity 1.1 The candle in container takes a time to E1C8 E2C15 . extinguish. Mark () in the boxes provided the natural phenomena. TSTS 2 What inference can be made based on the results of the experiment? Making inferences The size of container affects the time taken for the candle to extinguish.
ANALYSIS
Learning Objective
The Air Around Us
Chapter 5
E1C4
CHAPTER
BAB
3 Berdasarkan keputusan dalam jadual, lukis satu carta bar bagi masa yang diambil oleh lilin untuk padam dalam setiap bekas.
Masa untuk padam/s
12
10
4 Nyatakan hubungan antara saiz bekas dengan masa yang diambil untuk lilin padam. besar Semakin saiz bekas, semakin panjang masa yang diambil oleh lilin untuk padam.
E1C7
3 Based on the results in the table, draw a bar chart for the time taken by the candle to extinguish in each container. 4 State the relationship between the size of the container Time taken to extinguish/s and the time taken for the candle to extinguish. 12 bigger The the size of the container, the longer the time taken for the candle to
10
1
8 6 4 2 1.2 PERBINCANGAN P Q R
extinguish. 5 Predict the time taken for the candle to extinguish (a) if a container smaller than P is used Less than 5 s/4 s/3 s/student's answers
E1C7
5 Ramalkan masa yang diambil untuk lilin padam (a) jika bekas yang lebih kecil daripada P digunakan Kurang daripada 5 s/4 s/3 s/jawapan pelajar
Objektif Pembelajaran E1C5
E1C5
4
Aktiviti
(b) jika udara dalam bekas P digantikan 1.2 Mengetahui langkah-langkah keselamatan dan radas dalam makmal sains
dengan udara hembusan Radas makmal dan kegunaannya Kurang daripada 5 s/4 s/3 s/jawapan pelajar Kontekstual
E1C5
1.2
CHAPTER
DISCUSSION
Activity
the air in container P is replaced with exhaled air 1.2 Knowing the safety percautions and apparatus in a science laboratory Less than 5 s/4 s/3 s/student's answers Laboratory apparatus and their uses E1C5
SPS
Predicting
Learning Objectiveif (b)
Contextual
Namakan radas makmal dalam jadual di bawah. 0 Bekas BAB
KPS
Meramal
Container Name the laboratory Q apparatus in the table below. P R
MINDRobics
Kelalang kon Buret Balang gas Tungku kaki tiga E1C6 E2C15 Tabung didih Bikar Rod kaca Kelalang dasar bulat Tabung uji Pipet Takung kaca Corong turas 6 Berdasarkan keputusan dalam eksperimen ini, susun dalam urutan KBSB Silinder penyukat Kasa dawai Mangkuk pijar Corong tisel yang diambil untuk lilin padam. Kelalang menurun masaKaki retort volumetri Mangkuk penyejat Penunu Bunsen Membuat urutan R, Q, P 1 2 3 4 7 Berikan definisi secara operasi bagi pembakaran. Pembakaran adalah masa yang diambil untuk lilin padam Ya 5
E1C8
Conical flask Gas jar Tripod stand E1C6Burette E2C15 Boiling tube Beaker Glass rod Round-bottomed flask TSTS 6 Test tubeBased on the results in this experiment, arrange the time taken Pipette Glass trough Filter funnel Sequencing for the candle to extinguish in descending order. Measuring cylinder Wire gauze Crucible Thistle funnel R, Q, P Volumetric flask Retort stand Evaporating dish Bunsen burner
E1C8
MINDRobics
5
6
KPS
Mendefinisi secara operasi
1 .
7 Give2 operational definition for burning (combustion). the 3 4 Burning is the time taken for a candle to extinguish
SPS
Defining operationally
E1C9
E1C9
KESIMPULAN
CONCLUSION
E2C16
1 Is the hypothesis accepted?
Yes
E2C16
1 Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima?
Tabung uji
Bikar Kelalang kon 2 Apakah Tabung didih yang dapat dibuat? kesimpulan Semakin besar bekas, semakin tinggi kandungan oksigen. 7 8 9
Kelalang volumetri
Test tube
2 What conclusion can be made? Beaker Boiling tube Conical flask The bigger the container, the higher the oxygen content.
Volumetric flask
E2C16
10
E2C16
APLIKASI IDEA
Semasa memasak, tingkap dapur harus dibuka untuk membenarkan udara segar yang oksigen mengandungi bergerak masuk untuk membantu pembakaran.
6 APPLICATION oF IDEA REFLECTION
7 8 9 10 When cooking is being done in the kitchen, the windows need to be opened to allow oxygen fresh air containing to come in to help combustion. When someones clothing catches fire, a wet blanket can be used to cut off the supply of oxygen to the fire.
Pipette Burette Round-bottomed flask Thistle funnel
Apabila pakaian seseorang dijilat api, selimut lembap boleh digunakan untuk menyekat oksigen Silinder penyukat Pipet Buret Kelalang dasar bulat Corong tisel bekalan kepada api.
1.1 HP Menerangkan kepentingan sains dalam kehidupan harian Menyenaraikan perkara di sekeliling anda yang berkaitan dengan sains 1.2 HP Menggunakan radas saintifik yang umum dalam makmal
REFLEKSI
Measuring cylinder
2 74
1.1 LO Explain the importance of science in everyday life Make a list of things around you that are related to science
74 2
1.2 LO Use some common scientific apparatus in the laboratory
10 A candle was burnt in a closed gas jar. State the gas which exist the most in the gas jar when the ame of the candle extinguished. (Nitrogen gas) 11 What is the effect of the gas released during the combustion of carbon on lime water? (Lime water becomes cloudy)
12 What is the effect of water vapour, released during the combustion of hydrocarbon, on anhydrous cobalt chloride paper? (Anhydrous cobalt chloride paper changes from blue to pink)
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5.10 TERBIMBING
TUJUAN PERNYATAAN MASALAH HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH UBAH
Eksperimen
Pembakaran karbon (arang) dan hidrokarbon (kerosin)
Inkuiri-penemuan
5.10
AIM PROBLEM STATEMENT HYPOTHESIS VARIABLE
Experiment
GUIDED
Burning of carbon (charcoal) and hydrocarbon (kerosene)
Inquiry-discovery
Menguji hasil pembakaran seperti karbon dioksida dan air Apakah hasil pembakaran karbon (arang) dan hidrokarbon (kerosin)? Pembakaran karbon menghasilkan karbon dioksida manakala pembakaran hidrokarbon menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air (a) yang dimalarkan: Isi padu udara (b) yang dimanipulasikan: Jenis bahan api (arang dan kerosin) (c) yang bergerak balas: Hasil pembakaran Serbuk arang, kerosin, kertas kobalt klorida kontang, air kapur Penunu Bunsen, balang gas, sudu balang gas, penutup balang gas
penutup balang sudu balang gas balang gas
To study the products of combustion such as carbon dioxide and water What are the products of burning carbon (charcoal) and hydrocarbon (kerosene)? The burning of carbon produces carbon dioxide while the burning of hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide and water (a) that is kept constant: (b) that is manipulated: (c) that responds: Volume of air Type of fuel (charcoal and kerosene) Products of combustion
BAHAN RADAS
MATERIALS APPARATUS
Charcoal powder, kerosene, dry cobalt chloride paper, lime water Bunsen burner, gas jar, gas jar spoon, gas jar cover
gas jar cover gas jar spoon gas jar air
udara
arang air kapur panaskan
arang terbakar heat
charcoal lime water
burnt charcoal
Rajah (a)
Rajah (b)
Diagram (a)
Diagram (b)
CHAPTER
BAB
PROSEDUR
1 Panaskan sedikit serbuk arang dalam sudu balang gas sehingga terbakar seperti dalam Rajah (a). 2 Masukkan sudu yang mengandungi arang terbakar itu ke dalam balang gas yang berisi udara (oksigen) dengan cepat seperti dalam Rajah (b). 3 Biarkan serbuk arang terbakar sepenuhnya. 4 Buka penutup balang gas dan tuangkan dengan cepat sedikit air kapur ke dalamnya. Tutup balang gas semula dan goncangkannya. 5 Ulangi langkah-langkah di atas dengan menggunakan kerosin. Uji juga cecair yang terbentuk pada dinding dalam balang gas dengan kertas kobalt klorida kontang. 6 Catat pemerhatian anda dalam jadual yang disediakan. 1 Sedikit serbuk arang dipanaskan dalam sudu balang gas sehingga terbakar seperti dalam Rajah (a). 2 Sudu yang mengandungi arang terbakar itu dimasukkan dengan cepat ke dalam balang gas yang berisi udara (oksigen) seperti dalam Rajah (b). 3 Serbuk arang dibiarkan terbakar sepenuhnya. 4 Penutup balang gas dibuka dan sedikit air kapur dituangkan dengan cepat ke dalamnya. Balang gas ditutup semula dan digoncang.
PROCEDURE
1 Heat some charcoal powder in a gas jar spoon as in Diagram (a). 2 Put the gas jar spoon with the burning charcoal into a gas jar filled with air (oxygen) quickly as in Diagram (b). 3 Leave the charcoal powder to burn completely. 4 Open the gas jar cover and quickly pour in some lime water and cover it again. Shake the lime water in the gas jar. 5 Repeat the above steps but this time use kerosene. Test the liquid formed on the interior wall of the gas jar with dry cobalt chloride paper. 6 Record your results in the table below. 1 A little charcoal powder in a gas jar spoon was heated until it burned as shown in Diagram (a). 2 The spoon with the burning charcoal powder was quickly put into a gas jar containing air (oxygen) as shown in Diagram (b). 3 The charcoal powder was left to burn completely. 4 The gas jar cover was opened and some lime water was quickly poured in. The jar was closed again and shaken.
5
STEPS
CARA KERJA
5.10 HP Menyenaraikan hasil pembakaran Menjalankan eksperimen untuk menyiasat pembakaran
75
5.10 LO List the products of combustion Carry out experiments to investigate combustion
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5 Langkah di atas diulang dengan menggunakan kerosin. Cecair yang terbentuk pada dinding dalam balang gas diuji juga dengan kertas kobalt klorida kontang. 6 Pemerhatian dicatat dalam jadual yang disediakan.
5 The above steps were repeated using kerosene. The liquid formed on the interior wall of the gas jar was tested with dry cobalt chloride paper. 6 Observations were recorded in the table provided.
KEPUTUSAN
RESULTS
Bahan api Arang (karbon) Balang gas menjadi Air kapur menjadi Kerosin (hidrokarbon) Balang gas menjadi Air kapur menjadi Pemerhatian panas keruh panas keruh . . . .
Fuel Charcoal (carbon) The gas jar becomes The lime water turns Kerosene (hydrocarbon) The gas jar becomes
Observation hot cloudy hot cloudy . . . .
The lime water becomes
Kertas kobalt klorida kontang berubah daripada warna biru merah jambu kepada .
The dry cobalt chloride paper changes colour from blue to pink .
ANALISIS
ANALYSIS 1 Namakan gas yang terbebas apabila arang dan kerosin terbakar. Karbon dioksida 2 Tenaga apakah yang terbebas semasa arang dan kerosin terbakar? Tenaga haba 3 Apakah cecair yang terhasil apabila kerosin terbakar? Air 4 Lengkapkan persamaan kimia dalam bentuk perkataan untuk mewakili tindak balas pembakaran arang dan hidrokarbon. KBSB (a) Karbon + oksigen Karbon dioksida Mensintesiskan + 5 Nyatakan dua contoh hidrokarbon selain kerosin. Diesel dan petrol. 6 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu eksperimen yang dijalankan untuk mengkaji hasil pembakaran petrol. Nyatakan pemerhatian dan berikan sebab anda.
ke pam turas corong turas petrol ais dan garam kertas kobalt klorida biru
1 Name the gas released when charcoal and kerosene are burned. Carbon dioxide 2 What energy is released during the burning of charcoal and kerosene? Heat energy 3 What liquid is produced when kerosene burns? Water 4 Complete the equation in word form to represent the combustion reactions of charcoal and hydrocarbon. TSTS Synthesising (a) Carbon + oxygen Carbon dioxide (b) Hydrocarbon + oxygen Carbon dioxide + 5 State two examples of hydrocarbon other than kerosene. water Diesel and petrol
CHAPTER
F1MR-ch5(62-83).indd 76
BAB
(b) Hidrokarbon + oksigen
Karbon dioksida
air
5
KESIMPULAN
6 The diagram below shows an experiment carried out to study the products of the combustion of petrol. State the observation in this experiment and give your reasons.
to filter pump
Observation and reason: (a) The cobalt chloride pink paper turns . Water is produced. blue
Pemerhatian dan sebab: (a) Kertas kobalt klorida biru merah jambu . menjadi dihasilkan. (d) Air kapur menjadi keruh . Karbon dioksida terbebas. Air
filter funnel petrol ice and salt blue cobalt chloride paper
air kapur
lime water
(b) The lime water becomes cloudy . Carbon dioxide is released.
1 Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat boleh diterima? Ya karbon dioksida 2 Pembakaran karbon menghasilkan 3 Pembakaran hidrokarbon menghasilkan karbon dioksida
CONCLUSION . dan air .
1 Is the hypothesis made accepted? Yes carbon dioxide 2 The burning of carbon produces 3 The burning of hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide
. and water .
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Chapter 5
The Air Around Us
5.11 PERBINCANGAN 1.1 PENYELIDIKAN
BAB
Aktiviti PUSTAKA Aktiviti
5.5 Menganalisis kesan pencemaran udara 1.1 Memahami sains adalah sebahagian daripada kehidupan harian
Pencemaran udara Sains dan fenomena semula jadi
Kontekstual Kontekstual
5.11 1.1
Lead
RESEARCH DISCUSSION Activity LIBRARY

Activity
Learning Objective Learning Objective 5.5 Analysing the effects of air pollution
1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday life Contextual Contextual
Air pollution natural phenomena Science and
The Air Around Us
Chapter 5
Anda diberi bahan-bahan pencemar udara yang fenomena Tandakan () dalam petak yang disediakan bagiberikut: semula jadi.
Plumbum Sisa bahan radioaktif Nikotina Asap hitam Karbon monoksida Sulfur dioksida/Nitrogen dioksida
Mark () in the boxes provided the natural You are given the following air pollutants: phenomena.
Klorofluorokarbon (CFC) Karbon dioksida
CHAPTER
Black smoke Carbon monoxide Sulfur dioxide/Nitrogen dioxide
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
Carbon dioxide Depletion (thinning)
Radioactive waste Nicotine
Penipisan
Kaji dengan teliti rajah-rajah di bawah. Kemudian, isi tempat kosong dengan bahan pencemar udara yang sesuai. 1
Karbon dioksida menyebabkan kesan rumah hijau
Study carefully the diagrams below. Then, fill in the blanks with the suitable air pollutants. 1 Carbon dioxide
Nicotine
Nikotina
causes the greenhouse effect
causes lung cancer
menyebabkan kanser peparu
pembakaran
burning menghisap Kontekstual rokok
1.2 PERBINCANGAN
Aktiviti
1.2 Mengetahui langkah-langkah keselamatan dan radas dalam makmal sains
Learning Objective
Asap hitam Radas makmal dan kegunaannya menutup stoma daun
Namakan radas makmal dalam jadual di bawah.
Sulfur dioksida/
clogs up and their uses Laboratory apparatusstomata in leaves Activity 1.2 Sulphur dioxide/ Name the laboratory apparatus in the table below. Nitrogen dioxide
Black smoke 1.2 Knowing the safety percautions and apparatus in a science laboratory smoking
Contextual
DISCUSSION
MINDRobics
Nitrogen dioksida Tungku kaki tiga Kelalang kon Buret Balang gas Tabung didih Rod kaca menyebabkan hujan asid Kelalang dasar bulat kilangBikar Tabung uji Pipet Takung kaca Corong turas Klorofluorokarbon (CFC) Silinder penyukat Kasa dawai Mangkuk pijar Corong tisel Kelalang volumetri Kaki retort Mangkuk penyejat penipisan Bunsen Penunu menyebabkan lapisan ozon 2 3 4 5
Conical flask factory Burette Gas jar Tripod stand causes acid rain Boiling tube Beaker Glass rod Round-bottomed flask Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Glass trough Test tube Pipette Filter funnel Measuring cylinder Wire gauze Crucible Thistle causes the depletion (thinning)funnel Volumetric flask Retort stand ofEvaporating dish Bunsen burner the ozone layer 1 2 3 4 5
CHAPTER
BAB
MINDRobics
5
2
2
Tabung uji
3
Karbon monoksida
3 Carbon monoxide reduces oxygen content in blood

Boiling tube Beaker Conical flask
mengurangkan kandungan oksigen dalam darah Bikar Tabung didih 7

Plumbum 8 merosakkan sistem saraf
Sisa bahan
Kelalang kon Kelalang volumetri Test tube
Radioactive waste causes defect in foetus 10
Volumetric flask
radioaktif
kenderaan
9 stesen kuasa nuklear
10 menyebabkan kecacatan fetus
vehicle
7 destroys the nervous 8 system
Lead
9 nuclear power station
Silinder penyukat
Pipet
Buret
Corong tisel
Measuring cylinder
Pipette
Burette
Thistle funnel
1.1 HP Menerangkan kepentingan sains dalam kehidupan harian 5.11HP Memberikan contoh bahan pencemar udara Menyenaraikan perkara di sekeliling anda udara Menyatakan kesan buruk bahan pencemaryang berkaitan dengan sains
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1.2 HP Menggunakan radas saintifik yang umum dalam makmal
5.11 LO List examples of air pollutants 1.1 LO List the sources of air pollutants Explain the importance of science in everyday life Make a the effects around you that Describelist of thingsof air pollution are related to science
77 2
1.2 LO Use some common scientific apparatus in the laboratory
5.11 Activity LIBRARY 5.12
RESEARCH RESEARCH
Activity ICT
5.5
Analysing the effects of air pollution
6 What is the phenomenon that causes the melting of ice at the poles? (The greenhouse effect) 7 State the pollutant contained in exhaust smoke from vehicles that can reduce the oxygen content in blood. (Carbon monoxide) 8 State one source of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. (The burning of fossil fuels by factories) 9 State one pollutant that can cause blood poisoning and brain damage. (Lead) 10 State one method to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. (Plant more green plants/ Reduce open burning)
1 Name the gas that causes global warming. (Carbon dioxide) 2 Name the pollutant that depletes the ozone layer. (CFC/Chlorouorocarbon)
5.13
DISCUSSION
Activity
5.6
&
Realising the importance of keeping the air clean
3 Name two gases that cause acid rain. (Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide) 4 State one effect of acid rain on iron objects. (Corrodes the iron objects) 5 Name the gas that causes the greenhouse effect. (Carbon dioxide)
5.14 Activity COLLABORATIVE
PROJECT PEKA
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5.12 PENYELIDIKAN
Aktiviti ICT
Kesan hujan asid
STM
5.12
RESEARCH
Activity ICT
Effects of acid rain
STS
Kaji gambar foto yang diberi dan jawab soalan mengenai kesan hujan asid. 1 Nyatakan dua jenis gas yang boleh melarut dalam air hujan dan seterusnya membentuk hujan asid. Nitrogen dioksida dan sulfur dioksida
Study the photograph and answer the questions about the effects of acid rain. 1 Name two gases which dissolve in rainwater to form acid rain. Nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide
2 Apakah kesan hujan asid ke atas patung dalam gambar foto? mengakis Hujan asid patung itu. 3 Nyatakan satu contoh bahan lain yang dapat dikakis oleh hujan asid. Jambatan besi
2 What effect has acid rain had on the statue in the photograph? corroded The acid rain has the statue. 3 State one other object which can be corroded by acid rain. Iron bridge
Learning Objective
5.13 PERBINCANGAN
Aktiviti
5.6 Menyedari kepentingan dalam mengekalkan udara bersih
Kepentingan mengekalkan udara yang bersih
Kontekstual
5.13
DISCUSSION
Activity
5.6 Realising the importance of keeping the air clean
Importance of keeping the air clean
Contextual
Bincang bersama rakan-rakan anda tentang kepentingan menjaga kebersihan udara dan lengkapkan ruang yang disediakan daripada maklumat yang diberi.
Discuss with your friends the importance of keeping the air clean, then fill the spaces with the information provided below.
penyakit peparu plumbum BAB

F1MR-ch5(62-83).indd 78
pembakaran terbuka perubatan
kesihatan plastik
sistem penapisan udara asap
lung disease lead
open burning medicine Clean air
health plastic
air filtering system smoke
CHAPTER
Udara bersih
5
Bagaimana kehidupan tanpa udara yang bersih 1 Menimbulkan masalah kesihatan penyakit peparu seperti 2 Menambahkan perbelanjaan pada perubatan dan pemasangan sistem penapisan udara Tabiat yang dapat mengekalkan udara yang bersih pembakaran 1 Mengelakkan terbuka 2 Membakar bahan-bahan plastik hanya dalam tempat khas seperti insinerator 3 Menggunakan petrol tanpa plumbum 4 Tingkatkan penggunaan kenderaan asap yang tidak mengeluarkan seperti basikal
5.12 HP Menerangkan kesan pencemaran udara 5.13 HP Menerangkan kehidupan tanpa udara yang bersih Mencadangkan cara untuk mengekalkan udara yang bersih Tabiat yang patut diamalkan untuk mengekalkan udara yang bersih
How life would be without clean air
Habits that keep the air clean
health 1 Raises lung disease 2 Extra expenses on installation of system
problems like medicine air filtering and
1 Avoid
open burning
plastic 2 Burn discarded materials only in special places like the incinerator lead 3 Use only free petrol 4 Increase the use of vehicles that do not release smoke like the bicycle
5.12 LO Describe the effects of air pollution
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5.13 LO Describe how life would be without clean air Suggest ways to keep the air clean Practise habits that keep the air clean
7/22/10 10:29:26 AM
5.14
TUJUAN
Aktiviti KOLABORATIF
PEKA
PROJEK
Kepentingan menjaga kebersihan udara
Masteri
5.14
COLLABORATIVE
PROJECT PEKA
Activity
Importance of maintaining cleanliness of the air
Mastery
Menimbulkan kesedaran pelajar tentang kepentingan menjaga kebersihan udara
AIM
To make students aware of the importance of maintaining the quality of air
1 Pelajar dikehendaki menjalankan kajian tentang: (a) kesan rumah hijau (b) penipisan lapisan ozon (c) hujan asid 2 Kumpulkan maklumat tentang punca pencemaran tersebut dan cara-cara untuk mengawalnya.
Kejadian akibat pencemaran udara A Kesan rumah hijau B Penipisan lapisan ozon C Hujan asid Punca pencemaran Cara untuk mengawal pencemaran
1 Students are required to carry out a study about: (a) the greenhouse effect (b) the thinning of the ozone layer (c) acid rain 2 Collect information on the sources of pollution and the ways to control it.
Effects of air pollution A The greenhouse effect B Thinning of the ozone layer C Acid rain Sources of pollution Ways to control pollution
3 Satu pelan tindakan aktiviti pengumpulan maklumat dicadangkan di bawah. 3 A plan of action for collecting information is proposed below:
Peringkat I Aktiviti Mengumpul maklumat tentang kesan pencemaran terhadap hidupan dan isu berkaitan dengan punca pencemaran. Mengumpul maklumat tentang cara untuk mengawal pencemaran tersebut. Tempoh masa/tarikh Tindakan Level Activity Collect information of the effects of pollution on living things and issues relating to the sources of pollution. Collect information on ways to control pollution. Time/date Action
CHAPTER
BAB
II
II
4 Anda dinasihatkan bertindak mengikut pelan projek. Aktiviti projek ini dibahagikan kepada dua peringkat untuk memudahkan pengumpulan maklumat. Maklumat boleh dikumpul daripada pusat sumber atau mengakses Internet. 5 Sediakan satu folio yang mempunyai kira-kira 810 halaman. Folio anda perlu mengandungi perkara-perkara mengikut urutan seperti yang berikut: (a) Tajuk E1 (b) Latar belakang/Pengenalan Pencemaran udara C merujuk kepada (c) Objektif projek 6 sebarang bahan-bahan (d) Jadual/data kajian/maklumat dalam pelbagai bentuk E1C6 kimia, fizikal (zarah8 zarah jirim) atau biologi (e) Perbincangan E1C8 S yang mengubah sifat(f) Kesimpulan sifat semula jadi atmosfera. (g) Sumber rujukan 6 Anda boleh memasukkan gambar foto di dalam folio anda. 7 Gunakan perisian komputer seperti Microsoft Word untuk menyiapkan folio. 8 Anda diberikan tempoh dua minggu untuk menyiapkan folio ini.
5.14 HP Mencadangkan cara-cara untuk mengekalkan udara bersih
4 You are required to follow the plan of action. The activities in this project are divided into two stages to facilitate the collecting of information. Information can be collected from a resource centre or by accessing the Internet. 5 Prepare a folio of 810 pages. The folio should have the headings in the following sequence: (a) Title E1 (b) Introduction C (c) Objectives of the project 6 Air pollution refers to any (d) Table/data of study/information in various forms E1C6 chemical, physical 8 (particles of matter) or (e) Discussion E1C8 S biological agents that (f) Conclusion alter the natural characteristics of the (g) Reference source atmosphere. 6 Include photographs in your folio. 7 Use computer software such as Microsoft Word to prepare the folio. 8 You are given two weeks to prepare the folio.
5.14 LO Suggest ways to keep the air clean
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PMR
Kunci Kejayaan
Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan PMR. Pastikan anda boleh menjawap semua soalan berikut.
PMR
Key To Success
Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that are frequently tested in the PMR exam. Make sure you can answer all the questions correctly.
1 Tulis gas dan peratusnya dalam carta yang ditunjukkan di bawah. Oksigen 21% Nitrogen 78% Gas nadir 0.9% Karbon dioksida 0.03%
1 Write the gas and its percentage in the chart shown below. Oxygen 21% Nitrogen 78% Inert gases 0.9% Carbon dioxide 0.03%
L K M N
lain-lain
K: Nitrogen 78% L: Oksigen 21% M: Gas nadir 0.9% N: Karbon dioksida 0.03%
L K M N
others
K: Nitrogen 78% L: Oxygen 21% M: Inert gases 0.9% N: Carbon dioxide 0.03%
2 Lengkapkan rajah pada (b) untuk menunjukkan pemerhatian aktiviti. Kemudian, tulis kesimpulan.
2 Complete the diagram in (b) to show the observation of the activity. Then, write the conclusion.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
Kesimpulan:
1 5
daripada isi padu udara terdiri daripada oksigen. Conclusion:
1 5 of the volume of air consists of oxygen.
3 Jawab soalan yang berikut berdasarkan rajah di sebelah. (a) Namakan dua proses perubahan jirim yang berlaku. Peleburan dan kondensasi (b) Berikan kesimpulan. Udara mengandungi wap air 4 Namakan gas X dan gas Y. (a)
gas X
ais
3 Answer the following questions based on the diagram on the right. (a) Name two processes of the changes of matter that occur. Melting and condensation (b) Give a conclusion. Air contains water vapour 4 Name gas X and gas Y.
ice
(b)
gas Y
(a)
gas X
(b)
gas Y
larutan natrium hidroksida
larutan pirogalol beralkali
sodium hydroxide solution
alkaline pyrogalol solution
X:
Karbon dioksida
Y:
Oksigen
X:
Carbon dioxide
Y:
Oxygen
5 Tulis pemerhatian bagi ujian pengesahan gas-gas yang berikut. (a) kayu uji Pemerhatian: Kayu uji berbara menyala.
berbara
5 Write the observations for the confirmatory test of the following gases. (a) glowing Observation: The glowing wooden splinter ignites/lights up.
wooden splinter
oksigen
oxygen
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(b)
kayu uji menyala karbon dioksida
(c)
karbon dioksida air kapur
(d)
karbon dioksida penunjuk blkarbonat
(b)
lighted wooden splinter carbon dioxide
(c)
carbon dioxide lime water
(d)
carbon dioxide bicarbonate indicator
Pemerhatian: Nyalaan kayu uji menyala terpadam.
Pemerhatian: Air kapur menjadi keruh.
Pemerhatian: Penunjuk bikarbonat bertukar warna daripada merah ke kuning.
Observation: The flame of the lighted wooden splinter extinguishes.
Observation: Lime water turns cloudy.
Observation: Bicarbonate indicator changes colour from red to yellow.
6 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan bagi respirasi sel. oksigen karbon dioksida Glukosa + 7 Jawab soalan berdasarkan rajah di sebelah. Pemerhatian: Dakwat penunjuk bergerak ke arah tabung didih A. (a) Kesimpulan: Hidupan menggunakan oksigen semasa respirasi. (b) Fungsi larutan natrium hidroksida: Menyerap karbon dioksida
air
6 Complete the word equation of cell respiration. oxygen Glucose +
carbon dioxide
water
dakwat penunjuk
7 Answer the questions based on the diagram on the right. Observation: Indicator ink moves towards boiling tube A. (a) Conclusion: Living things use oxygen during respiration.
cockroach
indicator ink
lipas
kapas dilembapkan dengan larutan natrium hidroksida
(b) The function of sodium hydroxide solution: To absorb carbon dioxide

B
cotton moistened with sodium hydroxide solution
dakwat penunjuk
8
boiling tube grasshopper lime water
8
tabung didih belalang air kapur
Jawab soalan di bawah berdasarkan rajah ini. (a) Apakah yang dapat diperhatikan pada akhir eksperimen? Air kapur menjadi keruh.
Answer the questions based on the diagram. (a) What can be observed at the end of the experiment? The lime water turns cloudy. (b) Explain your answer in 8(a). Living things release carbon dioxide during respiration.
indicator ink
(b) Terangkan jawapan di 8(a). Hidupan membebaskan karbon dioksida semasa respirasi.
9 Berikan peratusan gas dalam udara hembusan: 16% (a) Oksigen (b) Nitrogen 10 Jawab soalan berdasarkan rajah di bawah. Pemerhatian: Nyalaan lilin terpadam selepas beberapa ketika.
udara balang gas
78%
(c) Karbon dioksida
4%
9 Give the percentages of exhaled air. 16% (a) Oxygen
(b) Nitrogen
78%
(c) Carbon dioxide
4%
10 Answer the questions based on the diagram below. Observation: The flame of candle extinguishes after a while.
air gas jar
(a) Berikan kesimpulan bagi eksperimen.
Pembakaran memerlukan oksigen Nitrogen .
(a) Give a conclusion for the experiment.
Combustion needs oxygen Nitrogen and heat .
(b) Apakah gas yang mempunyai peratusan paling tinggi dalam balang gas pada akhir eksperimen? 11 Pembakaran hanya berlaku dengan kehadiran 12 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan yang berikut: (a) Karbon + oksigen karbon dioksida (b) Hidrokarbon + oksigen karbon dioksida oksigen , bahan api dan haba
(b) What gas has the highest percentage in the gas jar at the end of the experiment? 11 Burning can only take place in the presence of 12 Complete the word equation of the following: oxygen , fuel
air
(a) Carbon + oxygen
carbon dioxide
(b) Hydrocarbon + oxygen
carbon dioxide
water
13 Namakan gas pencemar yang menyebabkan: (a) kesan rumah hijau karbon dioksida CFC (b) hujan asid sulfur dioksida/nitrogen dioksida
13 Name the air pollutants causing: (a) greenhouse effect carbon dioxide CFC (b) acid rain sulphur dioxide/nitrogen dioxide
(b) penipisan lapisan ozon
(c) thinning of the ozone layer
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PMR
KERTAS
Sudut Pengukuhan
5
8 Rajah 3 menunjukkan eksperimen yang telah dijalankan untuk menyiasat hasil pembakaran petrol.
PMR
PAPER
Enhancement Corner
5
8 Diagram 3 shows the experiment carried out to investigate the products of the combustion of petrol.
1
4 Apakah hasil pembakaran kerosin? A Oksigen dan karbon dioksida B Karbon dioksida dan wap air C Nitrogen dan wap air D Karbon dioksida dan nitrogen
KLON 2007
air plastisin
1
4 What are the products of the combustion of kerosene? A Oxygen and carbon dioxide B Carbon dioxide and water vapour C Nitrogen and water vapour D Carbon dioxide and nitrogen CLONE B 2007 5 The following shows the characteristics of gas X. Colourless Odourless Very soluble in sodium hydroxide solution What is gas X? A Oxygen B Nitrogen C Argon D Carbon dioxide
CLONE 2001 CLONE 2002
Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
1 Sebatang lilin bernyala berada dalam keadaan seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah 1.
balang gas udara biasa 4 3 2 1 0
Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.
1 A lighted candle is placed in a situation as shown in Diagram 1.
gas jar normal air 4 3 2 1 0 water plasticine
5 Yang berikut menunjukkan ciri-ciri gas X. Tidak berwarna Tidak berbau Sangat larut dalam larutan natrium hidroksida Apakah gas X? A Oksigen B Nitrogen C Argon D Karbon dioksida 6
KLON 2001 KLON 2002
Rajah 1 Di aras yang manakah air akan naik dalam balang gas apabila nyalaan lilin terpadam? A 1 C 3 A B 2 D 4 Jadual 1 menunjukkan gas dengan peratus kandungannya dalam udara. Gas P Q R S Kandungan udara/% 78 21 1 0.03
Rajah 3 Kemudian, titisan tidak berwarna itu diuji dengan kertas kobalt klorida biru. Apakah yang akan terjadi pada air kapur dan kertas kobalt klorida biru itu? Air kapur A B C Kekal jernih Menjadi keruh Kekal jernih Menjadi keruh Kertas kobalt klorida biru Menjadi merah jambu Menjadi merah jambu Kekal biru Kekal biru
KLON 2008
Diagram 1 At what level will the water in the gas jar rises to when the flame of the candle extinguishes? A 1 C 3 A B 2 D 4 2 Table 1 shows some gases and their content in air. Gas P Q R S Table 1 B Among gases P, Q, R and S, which are used and produced during photosynthesis? Used Produced A P R CLONE B Q P 2000 C R S D S Q D 3 The following word equation shows a combustion process. Hydrocarbon + oxygen : carbon dioxide + water + heat energy + light energy Which of the following explains the equation given? A Combustion gives out oxygen and carbon dioxide B Combustion needs oxygen, water and carbon dioxide C Combustion gives out heat energy and light energy D Combustion needs heat energy CLONE and light energy C 2009 Content in air/% 78 21 1 0.03
Diagram 3 The colourless droplet is then tested with a blue cobalt chloride paper. What will happen to the lime water and blue cobalt chloride paper? Lime water A B C D Remains clear Blue cobalt chloride paper Turns pink
Rajah 2 menunjukkan beberapa ketul kiub ais dalam bikar yang berisi cuka.
titisan ais kuib ais cuka
6 Diagram 2 shows a few ice cubes in a beaker filled with vinegar.

water droplet ice cube vinegar CLONE 2006
Becomes cloudy Turns pink Remains clear Remains blue
Jadual 1 Antara gas P, Q, R, dan S, yang manakah digunakan dan dihasilkan dalam proses fotosintesis? Digunakan Dihasilkan A P R KLON 2000 B Q P C R S D D S Q 3 Persamaan perkataan yang berikut menunjukkan proses pembakaran. Hidrokarbon + oksigen : karbon dioksida + air + tenaga haba + tenaga cahaya Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menerangkan persamaan yang diberi? A Pembakaran membebaskan oksigen dan karbon dioksida B Pembakaran memerlukan oksigen, air dan karbon dioksida C Pembakaran membebaskan tenaga haba dan tenaga cahaya D Pembakaran memerlukan tenaga haba dan tenaga cahaya C
KLON 2009
Rajah 2
KLON 2006
Becomes cloudy Remains blue

CLONE 2008
Diagram 2
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah benar tentang titisan-titisan air? A Rasa masam B Menukarkan kertas litmus merah kepada biru C Tidak memberi kesan ke atas kertas litmus biru D Bertindak balas dengan marmar membebaskan karbon dioksida C 7 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah benar tentang oksigen dan karbon dioksida? Oksigen Karbon dioksida A Sedikit berasid Neutral B Tidak membantu Membantu pembakaran pembakaran C Tidak larut dalam Larut dalam larutan natrium larutan natrium hidoksida hidroksida D Memadamkan Menyalakan kayu uji kayu uji menyala membara KLON C
2009
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah merupakan langkah yang paling baik untuk mengurangkan kesan rumah hijau? A Menggunakan petrol tanpa plumbum B Menanam lebih banyak tumbuhan hijau C Mengurangkan penggunaan racun serangga D Mengurangkan penggunaan klorofluorokarbon B
KLON 2008
Which of the following is true about the water droplets? A Taste sour B Turn red litmus paper blue C Do not have effect on blue litmus paper D React with marble to release carbon dioxide C 7 Which of the following is correct about oxygen and carbon dioxide? Oxygen Carbon dioxide A Slightly acidic Neutral B Does not support Support combustion combustion C Does not dissolve Dissolves in in sodium sodium hydroxide hydroxide solution solution D Extinguishes a Ignites a lighted wooden glowing splinter wooden CLONE splinter C
2009
Which of the following is the best step to reduce greenhouse effect? A Use unleaded petrol B Plant more green plants C Reduce the use of pesticides D Reduce the use of chlorofluorocarbons B
CLONE 2008
10 Gas yang manakah digunakan semasa respirasi manusia? A Nitrogen KLON B Oksigen 2009 C Hidrogen B D Karbon dioksida
10 Which gas is used during human respiration? A Nitrogen CLONE B Oxygen 2009 C Hydrogen D Carbon dioxide B
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KERTAS
2
KLON 2008
PAPER
Bhg. A, S1
2
CLONE 2008
Bahagian A Jawab semua soalan.

1 (a) Rajah 1 menunjukkan kompisisi udara. X: Oksigen
21%
Section A Answer all the questions.

1 (a) Diagram 1 shows the composition of air. X: Oxygen
21%
Sec. A, Q1
(b) Tandakan () untuk menunjukkan sifat-sifat karbon dioksida. (i) Tidak membantu pembakaran (ii) Sangat larut dalam air (iii) Menukarkan warna kertas litmus merah lembap kepada biru (iv) Sangat larut dalam larutan natrium hidroksida
(b) Mark () to show the properties of carbon dioxide. (i) Does not support combustion (ii) Very soluble in water (iii) Turns moist red litmus paper blue (iv) Very soluble in sodium hydroxide solution
Y: Karbon dioksida
Gas nadir Gas lain
Y: Carbon dioxide
Inert gases Other gases
Z: Nitrogen
Z: Nitrogen
Diagram 1 (i) On Diagram 1, label gases X, Y and Z using the following words. Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon dioxide
Rajah 1 (i) Pada Rajah 1, label gas X, Y, dan Z dengan menggunakan perkataan yang berikut. Oksigen Nitrogen Karbon dioksida
(ii) What is the percentage of nitrogen in air? 78% (ii) Apakah peratusan bagi nitrogen di dalam udara? 78%
Section B Bahagian B
2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua lilin yang serupa ditutupi oleh dua balang gas yang sama saiz.
udara sedutan lilin menyala gas jar
60 5 55 50 10 45 15 40 20 35 30 25
CLONE 2009
Sec. A, Q8(b) & (d)
KLON 2009
Bhg. A, S8(b) & (d)
Diagram 2 shows two similar candles being covered by two gas jars of the same size.
inhaled air lighted candle gas jar exhaled air lighted candle gas jar
udara hembusan lilin menyala gas jar
Type of air
60 5 55 50 10 45 15 40 20 35 30 25
Time to extinguish/s 10 5 Table 2
60 5 55 50 10 45 15 40 20 35 30 25
Jenis udara Udara sedutan Udara hembusan
Masa untuk padam/s 10 5 Jadual 2
60 5 55 50 10 45 15 40 20 35 30 25
Inhaled air Exhaled air
Rajah 2 (a) Dalam Jadual 2, rekodkan masa yang diambil oleh lilin dalam balang gas untuk padam. (b) Nyatakan perbezaan dalam masa yang diambil bagi lilin padam dalam udara sedutan dan udara hembusan. Lilin dalam udara sedutan mengambil masa yang lebih panjang untuk padam. (c) Apakah inferens yang boleh dibuat daripada eksperimen ini? Jenis udara mempengaruhi masa yang diambil oleh lilin untuk padam. (d) Berdasarkan data dalam Jadual 2, lukis satu carta bar untuk menunjukkan masa yang diambil bagi lilin untuk padam dalam gas yang berlainan. (e) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang terlibat. (i) Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan Jenis udara/udara sedutan dan udara hembusan (ii) Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas Masa untuk padam (iii) Pemboleh ubah yang dimalarkan Isi padu udara/jenis lilin
0 8 6 4 2 12 10
Diagram 2 (a) In Table 2, record the time taken for the candle in gas jars to extinguish. (b) State the difference in the time taken for the candle to extinguish in inhaled and exhaled air.
Time to extingush/s 12
Masa untuk padam/s
The candle in inhaled air takes a longer time to extinguish. (c) What inference can be made from this experiment? The type of air affects the time taken by the candle to extinguish. (d) Based on the data in Table 2, draw a bar chart on the right to show the time taken for the candle to extinguish in different gases. (e) State the variables involved. (i) Manipulated variable Type of air/inhaled and exhaled air (ii) Responding variable Time taken to extinguish (iii) Constant variable Volume of air/type of candle
Bekas
10
8 6
2 0 Inhaled Exhaled air air
Container
udara udara sedutan hembusan
83
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Chapter 5 (62-83)

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Bab

Udara di Sekeliling Kita

The Air Around Us

Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas PMR

PMR Past-year Questions

The Air Around Us

5.1 Memahami komposisi udara

Peratus gas oksigen dalam udara

5.1 Understanding the composition of air

Percentage of oxygen in the air

The Air Around Us

gas jar stand

kaki balang gas

The burning of a candle requires

Pembakaran lilin memerlukan

the gas jar showing that air contains about

. The level of the water rises about in 5 20 % oxygen.

Understanding the composition of air

(One fth of the air consists of oxygen)

Udara sebagai campuran pelbagai bahan

Air as a mixture of various substances

Menentukan kandungan selain daripada gas dalam udara

Memerhati Membuat inferens

ketulan ais mangkuk penyejat

ice cubes evaporating dish

Koloni mikroorganisma ditemui dalam piring Petri B .

Colonies of microorganisms are found in Petri dish B .

Permukaan sisip kaca dilitupi debu oleh satu lapisan .

The surface of the slide is covered with a layer of dust .

2008 Sec. A, Q1(a) 2008 Bhg. A, S1(a)

(c) Inert gases

(d) Carbon dioxide

(d) Karbon dioksida

other gases gas-gas lain

Gas Gas Oksigen Nitrogen Gas nadir Karbon dioksida

Percentage of gas content/% 21 78 0.9 0.03

The Air Around Us

INKUIRI 5.4 1.1 PERBINCANGAN

Sifat dan fenomena semula jadi Sainsgas dalam udara

INQUIRY DISCUSSION Experiment

Properties of gases in the air Science and natural phenomena

The Air Around Us

2008 Bhg. A, S1(a)

2008 Sec. A, Q1(a)

Paras air naik sedikit dalam tabung uji.

Level of water rises a little in the test tube.

Flame of wooden splinter goes . out

Understanding the properties of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Tiada perubahan pada warna kertas litmus.

Kertas litmus biru lembap bertukar kepada merah .

No change in colours of the litmus papers.

The moist blue litmus paper red turns .

Warna penunjuk bikarbonat kekal merah .

Penunjuk bikarbonat bertukar warna daripada merah kepada kuning .

The colour of the bicarbonate indicator remains red .

The bicarbonate indicator changed from red to yellow .

Air kapur menjadi keruh

The lime water remains clear .

The lime water turns cloudy .

ANALYSIS Sedikit BAB

dalam larutan natrium hidroksida tetapi

in sodium hydroxide solution but oxygen extinguishes