R.M. Santilli - Foundations of Hadronic Chemistry. With Applications To New Clean Energies and Fuels

Institute for Basic Research
P.O. Box 1577, Palm Harbor, FL 34682, U.S.A.

ibr@verizon.net, http://www.i-b-r.org
http://www.magnegas.com
.. ..
2002
00.00
00
..
.
: . . 2002. 554 ., .
ISBN 1-4020-0087-1 (.)
R.M. Santilli, Foundations of Hadronic Chemistry. With Applications to New
Clean Energies and Fuels. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston-DordrechtLondon, 2001. Russian translation by V.V. Arkhipov.
c Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001. This book was originally published
in the English language by Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston-DordrechtLondon, 2001.

, .. .. , 2002.
ISBN 1-4020-0087-1 (.)

. (T. Nejat Veziroglu),
lean Energy Research Institute,

University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida,

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
Elsevier Science, Oxford, England,

,

, .
iii
iv
1
1.1 .
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
1.5 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7 ... . . . . . . . . .
1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 -, - -
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.4 . . . . . . . . .
2.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.8 , ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.9 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v
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1
1
3
6
12
13
20
24
33
55
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73
73
75
75
79
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85
87
89
91
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93
95
99
99
vi
2.3.2 . . . .
2.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.5 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.6 . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.8 ,
2.3.9 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 . . .
3.2.2 . . . . . . . .
3.2.3 . . . . . . .
3.2.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.5 - . . . . . . . . .
3.2.6 - . . . . . . . . .
3.2.7 . . . . . . . . .
3.2.8 -- . . . .
3.2.9 . . . . . . . .
3.2.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.11 -, - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.12 . . .
3.2.13 . . . . . .
3.2.14 . .
3.2.15 . . . . .
3.2.16 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2 -, -, - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
108
109
111
113
113
114
116
118
120
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129
129
133
133
135
136
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137
139
142
145
146
147
. 147
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149
152
154
155
156
. 156
. 156
. 156
. 157
vii
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.7
3.3.8
. . . . . . . . . .
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3.3.9 -, -
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3.3.10 -, -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.11 -, - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.12 . . . . . . . . . .
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159
161
163
167
170
. 171
. 173
. 177
. 178
. 179
4
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 . . . . .
4.3 . .
4.4 . . . . . . .
4.5 . . . . .
4.6 ... . . . . . .
4.7 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.A H2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.B H2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
. .
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. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. . . 235
. . . 237
5
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 . . . . .
5.3 ... . . . . . . . .
5.4 ... . . . . . .
5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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185
. 185
. 190
. 202
. 210
. 212
. 216
. 220
. 226
. 230
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247
247
255
259
264
269
272
274
viii
6 ...
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 -... . . . . . . . . . .
6.3 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
283
. 283
. 284
. 290
7 ...
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 ... . . . . . . .
7.3 ... . . . . . . .
7.4 ... . . . . . . .
7.5 ... . . . . .
7.6 ... . . . . . . .
7.7 ... . . . . . .
7.8 PlasmaArcFlow ... . .
7.9 EPA...
7.10 . .
7.11 ... . . . . .
7.12 . . . . . . . . . .
7.A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
305
. 305
. 309
. 313
. 314
. 318
. 319
. 321
. 344
. 347
. 352
. 354
. 362
. 365
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8 :
373
8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
8.3 . . . . . . . . . 379
8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
8.5 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
8.7 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
8.8 ... . . . . . . . . . . . 396
8.8.1 . . . . . . . . . 396
8.8.2 . . . . . . . . 398
8.8.3 . . . . . . . . 401
8.8.4 H3 O3 . . 405
8.8.5 . . . 407
8.9 . . . . . . . 409
8.9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
8.9.2 GC-MS/IRD McClellan410

GC-MS/IRD
Pinellas County Forensic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.9.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.9.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.10 . . . . . . . . .
8.10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.10.2 . .
8.10.3 , Tekmar-Dohrmann Corporation .
8.10.4 ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.11 ... . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.A . . . . .
ix
8.9.3
.
.
.
.
412
414
415
418
. 418
. 419
. 439
. 445
. 447
. 461
. 462
486

,

, , 1950- . , -,
.
, ( , ),
( .
).
, , ,
. (Caccioppoli), , .

, , .
, (Enrico Fermi)
( 1954 . 1950- ), . 111 " "
(University of Chicago Press, 1950):
" , (
xi
)."
,
,
,
.
(Emilio Segre),
(Victor Weisskopf)
,
, (
), - "" (
) ,
.
,
(Blatt) " " (John Wiley
& Sons, , 1952 .), (. 31, 1963 .):
", ,
."
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
, , (. 1 6
. III [9]).
" " , (Einstein), (Podolsky) (Rosen) (Phys. Rev. 47, 777, 1935), , . ,
,
xii
"" . ,
, , , , .
,
, , ( ,
1955 .),
.
, , ,
.
,
.

,
. ,
-.
, , , , , ,

. , ,
,
, ,
, , .
, 20- ,
, -
, . , 20- . ,

. 1 . ,
,
. , , , ,
. ,
1
xiii
, , , -, (Lagrange), (Hamilton) (Jacobi) ,

, , , ,
(. ).
, 1960- , ,
. .
, 3.8%
, .
,
, . 1%
, . ,
,
( , ) , : 1)

, , ; 2)

- , ; 3)
,
, . , , (
) , ,
, , ? , ,
, , , ,
.
, , , . (. [12]), , ,
,
, .
xiv

H C
,
:
A(t) = U A(0) U = eiHt A(0) eitH ,
i
(1a)
dA
= [A, B]operator = A H H A,
dt
U = eiHt , U U = U U = I,
(1b)
(1c)

H(r, p) | i = E | i,
(2a)
pk | i = i h k | i,
(2b)
, :
A(t) = et( H/ r
k )( / p
k)
A(0) et( / r
k )( H/ p
k)
(3a)
drk H(t, r, p)
=
,
dt
pk
d pk
H(t, r, p)
=
.
(3b)
dt
rk
dA
A H H A
= [A, H]classical = k
.
(3c)
dt
pk r k pk
r
.
, - (1a) (3a), [A, B]
.
, , [A, B]
, :
i
dH
= [H, H] = H H H H = 0.
dt
(4)
(
) , , - ,
xv
, , , .. 2 .
[1] 1967 ( , . [2]), (
"" ("") :
A(t) = U A(0) W = eiHqt A(0) eitpH , H = H ,
(5a)
i dA/dt = (A, B)operator = p A H q H A =

= m (A B B A) + n (A B + B A) =
(5b)
= m [A, B] + n {A, B},

U, W , p = m+n, q = mn
pq ,
, " " , 20- . ,
. , H = p2 /2m + i V 6= H ; : A(t) =
{eiHt } A(0) {eitH }; (1b)

: idA/dt = [A, H, H ] = A H H A. , " "
, ( , ,
,
). , , "" "", - , -: SU(2) , ; ,
; . , ,
, H,
(- ). , , , ,
, , ,
(. 1.7, 1,
2.10, 1, ).
2
xvi
[3]:
h
i
k
A(t) = etq( H/ r )( / pk )
h
i
k )( H/ p )
tp(
r
k
A(0) e
,
drk
H(t, r, p)
= p
,
dt
pk
H(t, r, p)
d pk
= q
dt
rk
A H
H A
dA
= (A, H)classical = p k
q k
.
dt
pk
pk
r
r
(6a)
(6b)
(6c)
(A, B) ,
( ) :
i
dH
= (H, H) = (p q) H H 6= 0.
dt
(7)
, [1-3] ,
, ,
.
, .
, (A, B) , ,
- , .. (A.A. Albert), . (A, B)
-, :
[A,B] = (A, B) (B, A) = Lie,
(8)
(. 1.7 1).
, ,
,
. ,
xvii
(Jordan), :
{A,B} = (A, B) + (B, A) = Jordan.
(9)
, , ,
. , [1, 2, 3] (p, q)- , 1967 , , ,
, q-.

DOE
1967 ,
,
, ,
. , ,
.
1978 , ,
, ,
(U.S. Department of Energy),
. ,
1978 [4] , ,
: , ,
,
.
" ",
, , , , , ,
( , ,
, ..).
xviii
, , : . (S. Okubo),
. (S. Adler), . (T. Gill), . (L. Lindesay), .
(C. Wolf) ; . (J. Ellis), .. (M.E. Mavromatos), . (N. Nanopoulos) (CERN) ;
.. (J.V. Kadeisvili), . (Yu. Arestov) .. (A.K. Aringazin) ; . (R. Mignani), .
(M. Gasperini), . (F. Cardone) ; .
(A. Jannussis), . (F. Brodimas), .. (C.N. Ktorides)
; . (J. Lohmus), . (E. Paal), . (L. Sorgsepp) ; . (D. Schuch), ... (C.A.C. Dreismann) ; .
(N. Ntibashirakandi), .. (D.K. Callebaut) ; . (E. Trell) ; . -
(D. Rapoport-Campodonico) ; . (M. Nishioka)
; ... (A.O.E. Animalu) ;
. (M. Mijatovic), . (B. Veljanovski)
; ( . II
[9]) 3 .
1978
:
I) - , [4]:
A(t) = U A(0) W = eiHQt A(0) eitPH ,
(10a)
dA
= (A,H)operator = A < H H > A = APH HQA =
dt
= (AT H HT A) + (AW H + HW A) =
(10b)
= [A,H] + {A,H},
H = H , P = Q ,
(10c)
2000 , 20 40 ,
10000 , , .
3
xix
P = T +W , Q = T W P Q ( ), [5],
H(r, p) > | i = H(r, p) Q | i = E | i,
(11a)
h | < H = h | Q H(r, p) = h | E 0 , E 0 6= E,
(11b)
[4],
h
i
j )Q j ( / p )
t(
H/
r
i
i
A(t) = e
h
i
j
j
A(0) et( / r )Pi ( H/ pi ) ,
drk
H(t, r, p)
= Pik (t, r, p)
,
dt
pi
d pk
H(t, r, p)
= Qik (t, r, p)
,
dt
ri
dA
A
H H
A
= (A,H)classical = i Pji
i Qij
,
dt
r
pj r
pj
(12a)
(12b)
(12c)
, [A,B] = (A,B) (B,A) {A,B} = (A,B) +

(B,A) .
- . , - (5),
, , (10)
(11).
, (5a), , :
U = eiHpt ,
W = eitqH ,
U W 6= I.
(13)
, , , (5a)
(10). ,
- (
P Q).
, (A,B)
xx
( , (10b)).
, (10) " ",
,
.
,
, :
i
dH
= (H,H) = H < H H > H = HPH HQH 6= 0.
dt
(14)
, - (10)-(14) ,
, .
II) - . (10)-(14) 1978 . ,

[A, B] = A B B A, :
[A,B] = (A, B) (B, A) = A T B B T A,
(15a)
T = P + Q = P + Q = Q + P = T ,
(15b)
,
.
, , " " [4]. - (10)-(13) [4],
" ".
, , , ,
.
, [4] 1978
- :
A(t) = U A(0) U = [eiHT t ]A(0)[eitT H ],
i
T = T ,
dA
H A
= AT H HT A,
= [A,H]operator = AH
dt
(16a)
(16b)
xxi
T ( ), :
H(r, p) T | i = E | i, h | T H(r, p) = h | E,
(17)
:
A(t) = et( H/ r
j )T j ( / p )
i
i
A(0) et( / r
j )T j ( H/ p )
i
i
(18a)
drk
H(t, r, p) d pk
H(t, r, p)
= Tik (t, r, p)
,
= Tki (t, r, p)
,
dt
pi
dt
ri
(18b)
dA
A
H H
A
= [A,H]classical = i T ji
i T ji
.
dt
r
pj r
pj
(18c)
, ,
,
i
dH
H H
= H T H H T H 0.
= H H
dt
(19)
, - , .
, . , ,
H = p2 /2m +V , T . ,
, , T
, .
,
, , .
, , ,
, .
( ), , , , ,
xxii
. ,
Springer-Verlag [14], ,
.
- , [9],
, , , , .
, . , ,
, ,
[12].
III) , - - . , ,
, , (10)(14) ,
, ,
, , .
- [6]:
A(t) = U A(0)U = eiH{Q}t A(0)eit{P}H , P = Q ,
(20a)
i dA/dt = (A,H)operator = A{<}H H{>}A =

= A {P} H H {Q} A =
= (A {T } H H {T } A)+
(20b)
+(A {W } H + H {W } A) = [A,H] + {A,H},

{P} = {P1 , P2 , P3 , . . .},
{Q} = {Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , . . .},
(20c)
{P}, {Q} and {P Q} () ( ), :

H(r, p) {P} |{ }i = {E} |{ }i,
(21a)
xxiii
h{ }| {Q} H(r, p) = h{ }| {E},
[loc. cit.]:
h
i
j
j
A(t) = et( H/ r ){Q}i ( / pi )
h
i
j
j
A(0) et( / r ){P}i ( H/ pi ) ,
drk
H(t, r, p)
= {P}ki (t, r, p)
,
dt
pi
(21b)
(22a)
(22a)
(22b)
d pk
H(t, r, p)
= {Q}ik (t, r, p)
,
dt
ri
dA
A
H H
A
= (A,H)classical = i {P}ij
i {Q}ij
.
dt
r
pj r
pj
(22c)
, -, ( ) () , .
-
.
,
, ,
, .
,
, , , . ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
xxiv
, , ,
.
.
, 20-
.
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
. , , (
, ), " ".
,
. ,
.
, "" , , , , ,
( )
, vice versa,
.
.
, ( ),
. 20- " ",
xxv
, ,
.
, , 20-
,
,
, , , ,
.

. 20- "
", , , .
, . , , ,
, ,
,
.
. 4 .
20- (
, , ), ,
(,
, , ,
).
, , 20-
- , H =
p2 /2m+V (r)+V 0 (t, . . .) , " " . , ,
, , , , , .
4
p2 /2m+V (r) H 0 =
xxvi
.
,
, 1970-, , "
", , ,
(12) 5 ,
d L(r, v) L(r, v)
= Fk (t, r, v),
dt rk
vk
drk H(r, p)
=
,
dt
pi
Pji = ji ,
d pk
H(r, p)
+ Fk (t, r, p),
=
dt
rk
fj
j
j
Qi = i 1 +
.
H/ r j
(23a)
(23b)
(23c)
, (23b) , - , .
- , (. 2.10 1). , P Q ,
(12).
[14] ,
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r r0 (r, p), p p0 (r, p), , , -
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p0 = C p log(D p2 ); A, B, C, D .
5
xxvii

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xxviii
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, : .. (H.C. Myung), .. (D.B. Lin), . (M. Tomber) ; .
(Gr. Tsagas), .. (D.S. Sourlas), . (T. Vougiouklis)
; . (R. Miron), . (S. Vacaru), .. (J.V. Kadeisvili) ; . (R. Aslaner),
. (S. Keles) ; .-. (C.-X. Jiang)
xxix
; . (N. Kamiya) ;
(. I [9]).
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[6]:
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[4] , I, , , ,
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( . 1)
I = 1/T = I ,
I> = 1/P,
{I> } = {1}/{P},
 = (<I)
= {1}/{Q},
{<I}
.
{I> } = ({<I})
(24b)
(24c)

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- -, -, - - ..
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xxx
. .
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H = p2 /2m + V , .
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1967 . [1], , ,
[6] 1996 .
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xxxi
. ,
[6]
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.
,
[6]:
k = Iik (t, r, p, , . . .)dri ,
dr
= Tki (t, r, p, , . . .) i ,
r
rk
(25)
-
.
, , [6] 1996 ., ,
pk T | i = ih k | i = ih Tki (t, r, p, , . . .)i | i,
(26)
.
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1997 !
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xxxii
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:
1) ( H = p2/2m+
V I) , , , ;
2) ( , H T ), , ,
H, , , ,
T , ;
3) ( , H, P Q),
, , , H,
-- , P, , Q,
;
4) (, , :
{H}, {P} {Q}),
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xxxiii
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5) -
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20- , ,
( ),
.

[7].
:
1) , , U U 6= I .
,
I I = U I U = 1/T ,

B = U (AB) U =
A B A
= (U AU ) (U U )1 (U BU ) = A T B,
n n = U n U = n (U U ) = n I,
m,
n

U H | i = (U HU ) (U U )1 (U | i) = H T | i,
xxxiv

i = U (h || iI) U =
h | | i I h ||
= (h |U (U U )1 (U | i) (U IU ),
.. , , , , I I> = U I W , U U 6=
I, W W 6= I, (
) , I ) 6= I> . , , .
2) ,
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, , Z Z 6= I, I I0 = Z IZ 6= I.
, . , .

Z = Z
Z = I,
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xxxv
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xliv
. , :
I) ( , ) , - , , , , . , , H =
p2 /2m +V , ,
,
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, ) , 1 .
(2), ,
U U = I 6= I,
(27a)
U H | i = (U H U ) (U U )1 (U | i) =
= H T | i = U E | i = E | i,
H = U H U ,
| i = U | i,
T = (U U )1 .
(27b)
(27c)
h = 1
(. 1)
p) T (t, r, p, , . . .) | i =
t| i = H |
i = H(r,
i
i = E | i,
= E |
(28a)
i = pk T | i = i k | i = iTki i | i,
pk |
(28b)
, .
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xlv
, , , . ,
= A T B , AB
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= A
I = A, "2 2"
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= H > Q | > i,
(29b)
h | H W = h | W (W U )1 (U H W ) =
= h< | P <H,
(29c)
H > = U H W ,
(29d)
U U 6= I,
W W 6= I,
U W = I> ,
Q = (U W )1 ,
| > i = U | i,
, , :
H > > | > i = H > Q | > i = E > > | > i,
> i = p>
> i = i k> | i = iQ ik i | i,
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k > |
k Q |
(30a)
(30b)
. : , ,
; , ,
,
xlvi
, A > B = A Q B A B, , I> = 1/Q 2.
III) ( , ), , , .
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{W } {W } 6= I, {U} {W } = {I> },
{W } {U } = {<I}, {H > } > | > i = {E} | > i,
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> i = i {k> }| i.
{ p>
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xlvii
""
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H1 (H2 | i) = (H1 H2 ) | i = H1 H2 | i.
. , i (= H T | i, T H |
,
2 |
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2 )|
i = H1 H
2 |
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xlviii
, , , ,
1 ( ),
(
I
for r > 1 fm,
U U =
(32)
R 3
e / d r (r) (r) for r 1 fm,
;
; (32)
r > 1 ; ;
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. 6 - - .

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U U = I = Diag.(n21 , n22 , n23 , n24 ),
nk , , n4 .
[9]. ,
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6
xlix
, , , , . , ,
,
:
U U = AeBr ,
U(1/r)U = AeBr /r,
A, B = const.
(33)
, , , , , .
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per se,
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liii
Sanibel Symposium 1996 ,

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lvi
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.
Ruggero Maria Santilli
The Institute For Basic Research
Palm Harbor, Florida, USA
November 10, 2000

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. (T. Nejat Veziroglu)

, , , International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (Elsevier Science, Oxford,
England),
,
(. [16] ).
. . (M. van der Merwe),
Foundations of Physics Foundations of
Physics Letters,
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.. (D.V. Ahluwalia),
International Journal of Modern Physics A B
Modern Physics Letters, ,
(. 2).
. .. (D.D. Shillady),
.. .. ,
.
- (Leon Toups), USMagnegas, Inc., - (John Stanton), EarthFirst Technologies, Inc., , ,
,
.
- . (J. Herskee), -, - (Thomas McGee),
-, - . (Kenneth L.
Purzycki), Givaudan-Roure Corporation, Teaneck, New Jersey, ,
. -
(Konrad Lerch), Givaudan-Roure Research
lx
Laboratory, Dubendorf, Switzerland, (. 8.19).
, National Technical Systems, McClellan Air Force
Base, Sacramento, California; Pinellas County Forensic Laboratory, Largo,
Florida; Givaudan-Roure Research Laboratory, Dubendorf, Switzerland; Marine Science Laboratory, University of South Florida in St. Petersburg; Chemistry Laboratory of Florida International University, Miami; SGS U.S. Testing Company, Fairfield, New Jersey; Spectra Laboratory, Largo, Florida;
.
- (David Hamilton),
, ... (A.O.E.
Animalu) .. (J.V. Kadeisvili), Institute for Basic Research, Palm Harbor, Florida, .
- . (D. Zuckerman)
, , , ,
.. LATEX .
- (Sabine Freisem) Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, The Netherlands, .
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1.1
(., , [1]) , ,
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h | | i C(c, +, ) c,
"+" "", 0 1,
A(t) = U(t) A(0) U (t) = eiHt A(0) eitH ,
(1.1a)
| (t)i = U | (t0 )i = eiHt | (t0 )i,
(1.1b)
U U = U U = I.
(1.1c)
dA
= [A, H] = A H H A,
dt
1
(1.2a)
1.
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0
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U (A B) U = A0 + B0 ,
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(1.3c)
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, , ,

H -
1.7. ...
25
C = C(c, +, ),
U U 6= I.
(1.10)
, , , (1.10),
(1.1c).
() , [5a, 5b] 1967
(1.1), (
"q-"
[5a]),
A(t) = eiHqt A(0) eitpH ,
(1.11a)
i dA/dt = (A, B)operator = pAH qHA =

= m(AB BA) + n(AB + BA) =
(1.11b)
= m [A, B] + n {A, B},

p = m + n, q = m n p + q ( ""
,
AB A B, A (B C) (A B) C).
, , (A, B) = p A B q B A - , (A, B) (B, A) = (p + q) [A, B] . (1967 .)
.
, , ,
, - [. [5e], (4.15.34) (4.18.11)],
A(t) = U A(0)U = eiHQt A(0)eitPH , P = Q ,
(1.12a)
i dA/dt = (A,B)operator = A A =

= APH H QA =
= (AT B BT A) + (AW B + BW A) =
= [A,B] + {A,B}.
(1.12b)
26
1.
, . , :
1)
(1.11) (1.12) , U U 6= I;
2) RR 6= I (1.11) (1.12) p q P = p (R R )1 Q = q (R
R )1 ;
3)
S S 6= I (1.12) - ,
P Q. , ,
:
1.1: - (1.12) " "
- ("")
(" ")
(
).
, (A,B) ""
"" ( , , ). , (A,B)
, , ,
- ,
, , , , , -
..
, (1.11)
(1.12) [4]:
1.2: , H
1.7. ...
27
C(c, +, ) , :
1) , ,
.., ;
2) , ;
3) ;
4) , ;
5)
.
[4g].
.
,
,
. , I = Diag.(1, 1, 1)
,
, I = Diag.(1 cm, 1 cm, 1 cm). , , U U 6= I ,
, :
I = Diag.(1 cm, 1 cm, 1 cm)
I 0 = U I U = Diag.(7 cm, 9.2 cm, 2 cm).
(1.13)

, , .
, , (h | H ) | i h | (H | i) , H C. ( [4b]),
:
[h | U (U U )1 U H U ] U| i =
28
1.
= h | U [(U H U ) (U U )1 U| i] =
= (h T H ) | i = h | (H T | i),
(1.14)
| i = U | i, T = (U U )1 = T ,
H = T 1 HT
6= H.
, .
,
,
. , .
, ,
U U[t=0]
= 1 U U[t=15min]
= 15, t = 0, , 2 .
, , ,
30 t = 15 ,
. ,
U U [t = 0] = I, U U [t = 15 ] = 15,
(1.15a)
U H| i = (U HU )(U U )1 (U | i) =
= H 0 T | i = U E | i = E (U | i) = E | i,
H0
= U HU ,
(1.15b)
= (U U )1 ,
H 0 | i |t=0 = 2 eV | i |t=0 , T = 1 |t=0 ,
(1.15c)
H 0 | i |t=15 = 2 eV (U U )| i |t=15 =
= 30 eV | i |t=15 .
(1.15d)
, , . . , , , .
1.7. ...
29
, .

.
-
(1.12), , , . , U U 6= I , , ,
U (A,B)U = U (A A)U = (U AU )
[(U U 1 )(U PU )(U U )1 ](U BU )
(U BU )[(U U 1 )(U QU )(U U )1 ]
(1.16)
(U AU ) = A0 P0 B0 B0 Q0 A0 =
= A0 <0 B0 B0 >0 A0 .
-
, (1.12), 1.1. , ,
P0 = (U U 1 ) (U Q U ) (U U )1 6= P,
(1.17a)
Q0 = (U U 1 ) (U Q U ) (U U )1 6= Q.
(1.17b)
, "" (1.3c). , "<" ">" (1.12) ,

.
,
.
, ,
, [4g].

,
..
30
1.

. . , , , ,
, .
. ,
, , .
, , . ,
, .
, , , , , .
,
, .
1.3 : , , , , , , ..
- ,
[14](. [6c, 6d]),
" " . , ,
, .

, [6b]. , -
1.7. ...
31
, ( ). ,
, 1.3.
, (1.12),
, (1.12). , ,
(
. [4g]):
1) [12a], H = H0 = iV 6= H , (1.1). ( ), , i dA/dt = A H H A = [A, H, H ].
" "
, (,
)
.
2) C [12b],
, i d /dt = H =
[ , H] + C, H = H , H - , (1.1a), .
3) "q-" ABqBA,
q - [12c],
(p, q)- (1.11).
4) "k-" [12d] q-,
(1.11).
5) " " [12e] A?B = AT B, T - , A ? B B ? A,
(1.1) - .
6) -
[12f, 12g].
32
1.
7) [12h].
8) -
(1.16) [12i].
9) [12j].
10) [12k] (A, B) = [A, B]+{A, B} = (ABBA)+(AB+BA), , , -
(1.12b) T = 1 W = I.
11) - [121],
- (1.12b) T = I
W .
12) [12m], , .
13) [12m],
,
.
, , 1.2
[4]. , , H(t, r, p, | i)
| i = E | i ( H ).

, , : ,
; ,
; [4],
.

[12n]. ,
A B [A, B] = A B B A
A B, A
(B C) 6= (A B) C.
1.8.
33
[4a],
- , (
, , ).
, [4d], : - ,
(- - E ,
E A A E = A, A), ;
(- ); .
- [4].

R
" " V = d ( , . . .) .
,
. , , , , -, .
, ,
.
, 1980- ,
[5, 6], , . ,
,
.
1.8

(DOE), 1978 . [5c, 5d, 5e]
,
34
1.
, :
I) , 1.1 H
C, [5e], (4.15.49),
A(t) = U A(0) U = eiHT t A(0) eitT H ,
(1.18a)
dA
HA
= AT H HT A,
= [A,H]operator = AH
dt
(1.18b)
T = T > 0,
U U 6= I,
(1.18c)
T ( ), [5d]
j
A(t) = etTi ( H/ r )( / p j ) A(0) etTi ( / r )( H/ r j ) ,
(1.19a)
drk
H(t, r, p) d pk
H(t, r, p)
= Tik (t, r, p)
,
= Tki (t, r, p)
,
dt
pi
dt
ri
(1.19b)
dA
A
H H
A
= [a,H]classical = i T ji
i T ji
,
dt
r
pj r
pj
(1.19c)
"" [5d],
, " BA
=
" . , [A,B] = AB
A T B B T A ,
.
(1.18)
(1.18c), H T . , .
, (1.18) - , T , . , , T = T > 0,
(1.18) , T = T (r, v, , , . . .). , T
,
, .
1.8.
35
(1.18)
, ,
. -
,
T = T (t, . . .) 6= T (t, . . .).
,
, , , , ,
i
dH
H H
= H T H H T H 0.
= H H
dt
(1.20)
, , ,
- , , .
, (1.18) (1.19) , ,
, H,

, .
II) ,

1.1, [5e], (4.15.34) (4.18.11):
A(t) = U A(0)U = eiHQt A(0)eitPH ,
P = Q ,
(1.21a)
i dA
dt = (A,B)operator = A A =
= APH H QA =
(1.21b)
= (AT B BT A) + (AW B + BW A) =
= [A,B] + {A,B},
P = Q ,
P 6= Q,
U U 6= I,
(1.21c)
P = T +W, Q = T W P + Q
( ), [5d, 5f],
A(t) = et( H/ p j )Pj ( / r ) A(0)et( / p j )Q j ( H/ r ) ,
i
(1.22a)
36
1.
drk
H(t, r, p) d pk
H(t, r, p)
= Pik (t, r, p)
,
= Qik (t, r, p)
,
dt
pi
dt
ri
(1.22b)
dA
A
H H
A
= (A,B)classical = i Pji
i Qij
,
dt
r
pj r
pj
(1.22c)
, ,
, [A,B] = (A,B) (B,A), -.
"" [5d], , "
" . , - , -.
, (1.21) , (1.18),
,
, . ,
P Q, , .
,
(, ),
, .

i
dH
= (H,H) = H < H H > H = HPH HQH 6= 0.
dt
(1.23)
, (1.21) (1.22) ,
- H,
P Q, .
III) , ,
[5k]
A(t) = U A(0)U = eiH{Q}t A(0)eit{P}H ,
P = Q ,
(1.24a)
1.8.
37
i dA
dt = (A,H)operator = A < H H > A =
= A {P} H H {Q} A =
(1.24b)
= (A {T } H H {T } A)+
+(A {W } H + H {W } A) =
= [A,H] + {A,H},
{P} = {P1 , P2 , P3 , . . .} 6= {Q} = {Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , . . .},
(1.24c)
{P} = {T } + {W }, {Q} = {T } {W } {P Q}
( ), [5k]
A(t) = et( H/ p j ){P} j ( / r )
i
(1.25a)
A(0) et( / p j ){Q} j ( H/ r ) ,

i
drk
H(t, r, p) d pk
H(t, r, p)
= {P}ki (t, r, p)
,
= {Q}ik (t, r, p)
,
dt
pi
dt
ri
dA
A
H H
A
= (A,H)classical = i {P}ij
i {Q}ij
.
dt
r
pj r
pj
(1.25b)
(1.25c)
,
-, .
"" [5k] "". , , , , , , , , .
,
, [5d, 5k]
-, - -.
.
. I
A B (= AB), I A = A I = A,
A.
38
1.
= AT
AB
B, ( ) T , , I = T A 6= A,
, I A
, ,
.
, , , ,
, , ,
, ..
1990- . , . ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
, ,
[5k] 1996 , . [5l, 5n]. ,
,
[5k, 5l, 5n] 1996-1997 , , , , .
, , , -, - - , -, - - , .
, , -,
-. , 1.1.
,
, , , ,
..
1.8.
39
, "" -- [3a], " " [3c],

= T .
[3e] .
, , [5k], [5o]. , ( , -, - -
, ), ( , -, - ).
,
, . , , , . , ,
.
, , , ,
, , , . [6k] . . 1.91.20 .
40
1.
. 1.8: , ,
, . , , , . ,
.
, .
,
, ,
. ,
,
, .
3 4, ,
, .
1.8.
41
. 1.9: [6k]
, . -
- ( ) ( ). ( " "). , -
, .
T .
42
1.
. 1.10: [6k] . () , .

0 100 , 0 400 .
, , ,
, - , ,
.
1.8.
43
. 1.11: [6k] .
.
. O(3). ,
, ( )
. , ,
1% ,
( ). , , , .
I = Diag.(n21 , n22 , n23 , n24 ), where n21 , n22 , n23
( ), n24
(
).

. ,
( , , 1% ).
, , :

.
44
1.
. 1.12: [6k] .
4 -
, ,
.
. , , . ,
,
. ,

, SU(2) .
1.8.
45
. 1.13: [6k] . (
Mark 205) ( MGC 4319),
, -.
. , .
,
, . , , ,
.
, , .
46
1.
. 1.14: [6k] : . ,
, , ( )
(
) .
, ,
, . .
:
, -
; ; ( , ..)
( ), ;
" "; .
1.8.
47
. 1.15: [6k] , 7. , , , ,
, .

.
. ,
, 7.
48
1.
. 1.16: [6k] .
, ,
, , ..
, , , m = Diag.(1, 1, 1, c2 )
m = Diag.(1, 1, 1, c2 /n2 ), n
. ,
(
) , n = 1.
() ,
,
, ,
. , , , .
1.8.
49
. 1.17: [6k] , :
0 1 .
- . ,
, , , ,
, 0 , ,
1 , 0 138 .
,
,
0 , , , , , , ,
0 e+ + e ,
. ,
0 ,
, , , -. , indexPoincareSantilli isosymmetry , .

, ,
, , (

).
50
1.
. 1.18: [6k] ,
, , , , , , " "
( 1
). , : "" (
); 1/2
,
1/2 ; , ; .. .
,
, . , ,
, .
,
, . ,
,
(. 7).
1.8.
51
. 1.19: [6k] , 20- , .

1/2 .
. ,
,
, , , ,
-. , , ,
, . ,
, . ,
,
, ,
- .
,
.
52
1.
. 1.20: [6k] , ( ), ().

. , 50 1 , : 1)
, ; 2)
,
, ; 3)
. - ,
. ,
, .
1.8.
53
, ,
, , (. 7.7). .
(.
[6k]),
.
, , SU(3)
,
.
, , SU(3)
, , . , ,

. ,
, ,
-.
, .
. ,
, ,
, ,
-.
, , () , ,
, .
, , - .
, ,
54
1.
, ,
,
SU(n)
, , -, .
, . ,
, 0 , 0 e+ + e . , , 0 . , ""
. , , , ,
, [6k].
, , . , ,
,
(" "). , , . , "" , "" .
,
[6k].
, , , , 7.7. , ,

[6k]. , , (
), -
1.9.
55
.
.
, , "" , , , , ,
, . "" ,
.
1.9
, ,
.
.
( )
, -,

.
"", . ,
, .
, ,
.
, 20- . ,
, - .
56
1.
() .
[10a], , , ,
.
()
[10b] Sanibel Symposium 1995 ,

CP = (e
, e )HM ,
(1.26)
e , , .
.
(1.26) . , ,
0 , , ( [5e],
5)
0 = (e+
(1.27)
, e )HM ,
,
, , .
= (e
, e )HM , ,
0 = (e+
, e )HM , .
e,
, ,
, .
1
e2
k
pk p +
(1.28a)
HCoul. (t, r) =
(t, r) = E0 (t, r),
2m
r
1.9.
pk (t, r) = i k (t, r),
57
(1.28b)
m .
(t, r) ,
. ,
, , (t, r).
, -
,
= U , U U = U U =
I 6= I, I (. ). ab
initio 1.8.
, ,
(1.28), , , = U , U ,
U HCoulomb U (U U )1 U (t, r) =
= H Coulomb T (t, r) =
1
e2
k
= 2m pk T p + r I T (t, r) = E (t, r),
pk T (t, r) = iTki i (t, r).
(1.29a)
(1.29b)
(1.29) , Cuz+ ,
ze2 /r [10].
( -) ,
, (1.29).
= (e
, e )HM , ,
1
e2 e2
k
pk T p + I z
T (t, r) =
2m
r
r
1
e2
e2
pk T pk T + z T (t, r) =
2m
r
r
= E (t, r),
(1.30)
pk T (t, r) = iTki i (t, r).
, ,
58
1.
, [10]
I.
, , ,

I = eh | i / 1 h | i / + . . . ,
(1.31)
T = e+h | i / 1 + h | i / + . . . ,
(1.30)
1
e2
pk T pk T (z 1)
2m
r
(1.32)
e2
z h | i( / ) (t, r) = E .
r
,
(L = 0)
(r) Aer/R ,
(1.33)
A () R . , ,
(5.1.21), . 837, [5e],
1 er/R
,
r
(1.34)
B .
(1.34) (Hulten)
V0
er/R
,
1 er/R
V0 = e2 h | i.
(1.35)
!
e2
er/R
I 2 d 2 d
r
r
(z 1) V0
(r) = E (r), (1.36)

2m dr dr
r
1 er/R
m .
1.9.
59
[5e], 5.1.

,
er/R
R
VHulten = V0
.
(1.37)
0
r
1 er/R
, , (1.36)

!
1 2d 2d
er/R
r
r
V
(r) = E (r),
(1.38a)
2 m dr dr
1 er/R
V = V0 R + (z 1) e2 ,
(1.38b)
,
(. [5c], . 837-838)
(r) = 2 F1 (2 +1+n, 1 , 2 +1, er/R )er/R
1 er/R
,
r
(1.39a)
= ( 2 n2 )/2n > 0, 2 = m V R2 /h2 > n2 ,

(1.39b)
2
m V R2 1
h 2
E =
n , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
(1.39c)
4 m R2
n
h 2
h .
[5e] (1.39)
0 = (e+
, e )HM ( , ,
- V ),
k1 = h /2 m R c0 ,
k2 = m V R2 /h,
(1.40)
c0 . ,
V = 2 k1 k22 h c0 /R,
(1.41)
0 = (e+
, e )HM (
n = 1 )
Etot, 0 = 2 k1 [1 (k2 1)2 /4] h c0 /R =

= 2 k1 (1 2 ) h c0 /R.
(1.42)
60
1.
0 (135 ),
(R 1013 ) ( 1016 )
(. [5e], . 840, (5.1.33))
k1 = 0.34,
= 4.27 102 ,
k2 = 1 + 8.54 102 > 1.
(1.43a)
(1.43b)
[10a] (1.39)
k1 = F R/h c0 ,
k2 = KR/F ,
(1.44)
F - ( )
, , ,
ETot, Cooper pair = 2k1 [1 (k2 1)2 /4]h c0 /R k2 Tc /D ,
(1.45)
D .
[10]. ,
D = 4280 K, F = 11.6 eV, Tc = 1.180 K,

k1 = 94,
k2 = 1.6 103 < 1.
(1.46)
(1.47)
YBa2 Cu3 O6 [loc. cit.]

k1 = 1.3z1/2 104 , k2 = 1.0 z1/2 ,
(1.48)
z = 2(7 )/3 z = 4.66 YBa2 Cu3 O6.96 (Tc = 910 K) z = 4.33

YBa2 Cu3 O6.5 (Tc = 200 K). , YBa2 Cu3 O6 ([10a], . 373, . (5.15))
Tc = 367.3 z e13.6/z ,
(1.49)
(.
. 1.211.23).
1.9.
61
. - ,
. , (1.31).
h | i,
, ,
,
H.
( , ), - - .
, ,
h | i = 0, I I,
, .
, -,
, , - -
,
, , . ,
, , , , .
, , , ,
. , 0 .
, , , .
,
, , ,
, "" . , ,
. [5e]
62
1.
0 ""
, 135 0 k2 > 1. , [10],
.
, , R, -- . , -, , 0 . ,
.
, , , -, ,
, 0 = (e+
, e )HM ,
= (e
, e )HM .
.
(, ), (, , ,
). ,
-- , .
[5e] " ", ,

.
,
4 5.
-
1.9.
63
.

V0 = h ,
(1.50)
() .
ETot = 2 F E 2 k1 k2 h c0 /R(e1/NV 1),
(1.51)
N V () - .
, [10] ,
"" ,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
[10] .
64
1.
. 1.21: . 10 [10a], Tc z ( )
" "
( ).
1.9.
65
. 1.22: . 5 [10a], . 380, 1:2:3 .
66
1.
. 1.23: [10a], . 379,

.

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72
2
-, -
-
2.1
, ,
, ,
, ,
: U U = U U = I.
,
,
, U U 6= I.
,
, , ,
. , , [2a],
.
, , 73
74
2. -, - -
, .
, - . , , . ,
H = p2 /2 m +V (r, p) = H , U = exp[i H t], U U = U U = I.
,

, , , , . :
, - -
,
.
, ,
() , , , , , .. , () , , ,
. ,
, , .
, , () .
1978- [1a]
- -,
- , (. [1e]). -
2.2.
75
,
. -, - -
.
-,
- - , ,
, .
, , ,
, .. .
,
,
() , ,
.
2.2
2.2.1
, U U 6= I
I = U U , .
I, , I,
.
3, , , , . -
, ,
, , , ,
, , .
, , n- I = (I ij ) =
= Diag(1, 1, 1,. . .), i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n, -
76
2. -, - -
( e I = Diag.(1, 1, 1)),
, , - ,
, n n- I,
,
t, r, p, ,
[1a],
r, p, , , . . .) = 1/T > 0.
I = Diag.(1, 1, 1) > 0 I = (Ii ) = I(t,
j
(2.1)
, , 0, n n + 0 = 0 + n = n
I, n
n I = I n = n. , () (2.1)
.
, , A B = AB, A, B
( , , ..). ,
I A B, A I 6= A. , ,
A B , [1a],
= A T B,
A B AB
T ,
(2.2)
I ,
= A
I = A,
I A = A I = A IA
(2.3)
A . ( )
I T .
(2.1), (2.2) (2.3) [1a], ,
. , I I,
, ,

AB
C)
= (AB)
C,
, A(B
AB .
2.2.
77
, ,
T A B A B T ,
(
[loc. cit.]).
1.
. , , , -, n n- . , I =
= Diag.(A, B,C, . . .), A, B, C, . . . - , .
, , I,
,
A = n21 , B = n22 C = n23 n1 , n2 , n3 (. 2.3). I .
, , I , I = Diag.(A, B,C, D) , A, B, C D .

I = Diag.(A, B,C, D) (t, r, , . . .),
A, B, C , D =
exp F(t, r, , . . .) , (. ).
,
, . ,
e , I = Diag.(1, 1, 1), 1, 1, 1 - .
I = Diag.(1, 1, 1) I = Diag.(A, B,C) ,
.
, ,
78
2. -, - -
, 1 4-
I = Diag.(1, 1, 1, 1) = Diag.(1, 1, 1, 1).
I = Diag.(1, 1, 1, 1) I = Diag.(A, B,C, D) D , . D
D = n24 , n4 c0 /n4 , n4 = 1
c0 . ,

, (
. [1d]).
, .
- , H = p2 /2 m +V (r, p).
,
V . , ,
H ,
.
,
I = 1 I = (t, r, p, , . . .). ,

, , ,
.

: ,

,
.
, , , (sic),
- 2% (
2.2.
79
1.2).
,
, , , .
,
, .
,
= A T B.
I I = 1/T > 0 A B AB
2.2.2
F = F(a, +, ) a = n,
F = R(n, +, ), a = c, F = C(c, +, ), a,

),
a = q, F = Q(q, +, ). F = F(
+,
[1b] (. [4a]), , a F I
a = a I,
b = (a + b) I F, a+
, F
b = a T b = (a b) I.
a
, . ,
F F .
F , , , , .. [1b],
a
...
a = (an ) I,
an = a
(2.4a)
a/ b = (a/b)
I = (a/b) I,
(2.4b)
a 2 = a 2 I,
a 2 = a I,
a 2
|a| = |a| I.
(2.4c)
(2.4c)
80
2. -, - -
+1, ,
, , .
, , n
[1b] n = n I,
I , , m = (n + m) I
.., n +
n m = (nm) I, ,
n.
, , [4a]. , , . , 4 ,
I = 3.
, , 2
2 = 4, ,

.
= 12.
, I = 3 22
,
. , , I.

, ,
.
2.2.3
, ( ) S = S(r, m, R) r m R = R(n, +, ). , E = E(r, , R) r = {rk } =

{x, y, z}, k = 1, 2, 3, = {i j } = Diag.(1, 1, 1)
I = (I ij ) = Diag.(1, 1, 1). R R
2.2.
81
( ) .
r, , R),,
E = E(
[1c] (. [1d]), r = r I = {rk } I = {i j } = {Tik k j }
= I,
rk = ri
i j
rj =
r2 = rk
T (i j I)
T (r j I)
=
(2.5)
= (ri I)
= (ri i j r j ) I R.
[loc. cit.], E E , , E E .
, ,
, = (t, r, p, , , . . .). ,
,
, . , .
[1c] ,
.
, , - , ,
[1d, 1e], , - r. ,
.
, [1d, 1e],

,
, , .
-, [1d, 1e], ,
82
2. -, - -
, 20- .
, ,
. ,
,
.
, "", r, H .. ,
"", r, H ..
. , r
T A
= (r I)
A , rA
r A. , , r , . (2.5), r .
rk , rk
( ),
i j ri r j Tki rk
( ).
. ,
I = Diag.(1, 1, 1) , , , ,
I = Diag.(1 cm, 1 cm, 1 cm).
2 2
I = Diag.(n21 , n22 , n23 ), T = Diag.(n2
1 , n2 , n3 ), nk > 0.
(2.6)
,
n2k , , ,
, .
E t ) E(r, , R),

t, R
E(
, , , -
ITot = Ispace Itime = {Diag.(n21 , n22 , n23 )} {n24 }.

(2.7)
2.2.
83
, -, r = {rk } I t = t It , .
, (2.6) [1c, 1d]
(r1x r2x )2 (r1y r2y )2 (r1z r2z )2
D=
+
+
n21
n22
n23
1/2
I.
(2.8)
, "" . ,
,
[loc. cit.]
= n2 ,
I I = n2 I,
(2.9)
n , [loc. cit.],
r2 = (ri i j r j ) I [ri (n2 i j ) r j ] (n2 I) =
= (ri i j r j ) I = r2 .
(2.10)
n 3 3 I.
""
.
,
[]2 []2 = ,
(2.11)
I = I.
I I = I I
,
, .
, I = Diag.(1, 1, 1) I =
Diag.(n21 , n22 , n23 ), = Diag.(1, 1, 1)
84
2. -, - -
2 2
= Diag.(n2
1 , n2 , n3 ). , ,
2.2.2, r2 = ri i j r2 = (x2 + y2 + z2 ) I r2 = ri i j r j I =
(x2 /n21 + y2 /n22 + z2 /n23 ) I.
, r2 = ri i j
r j I = (x2 /n21 + y2 /n22 + z2 /n23 ) I ,
, ,
. - ,
1k n2k , 1k 1/n2k . (2.11),
1.

4- 4 I =Diag.(1,1,1,1) I = Diag.(n21 , n22 , n23 , n24 ), n > 0, = Diag.(1, 1, 1, c20 ) =
Diag.(1/n21 , 1/n22 , 1/n23 , c20 /n24 )
, x2 + y2 + z2 c20 t 2 = 0 x2 /n21 + y2 /n22 + z2 /n23 c20 t 2 /n24 = 0.

c = c0 /n4
(. [1d] ).
, . ,
" " , c0 /n4
,
, ,
.. " " , ,
,
, . ,
, .
, , -
2.2.
85
, ,

, , 1 [2e]. ,
,
. , ( )
, , ,
.
, , .
, - . ,
,
(, ),

- (2.11);
- - (2.8); ,
, , (.
[2e] . 2.1).
,
:
, . , ,

.
2.2.4

1978 . ,
86
2. -, - -

, . , , , .
[1e] 1996 ,
drk = Iik d ri ,
(2.12a)
drk = T i d ri ,
(2.12b)
k

Ik ri ) = T i / ri =
k = / rk = /(
i
k
i
= (T / ri ) I = T i / ri ,
(2.13a)
T i ri ) = Ik / ri =
k = / rk = /(
i
k
= (Iik / ri ) I = Tik / ri ,
(2.13b)
ri / r j = ji = ji I,
(2.14)
, (2.13b),
k k = i i j j = i i j T jk k .
(2.15)
, ,
, i j = j i ,
. , E R -
T r, (Tim m ) (T jn n ) 6= (T jm m ) (Tin n ). ,
: ( )

( ).
() It = 1/Tt
dt = It dt,
t = Tt t = Tt / t.
(2.16)
2.2.
()
87
R
= T ,
dr =
T I d r = r.
(2.17)
2.7.
2.2.5
, H, ,
| i, | i, . . .,R h | | i = 1
h | | i = dr3 (r) (r) C = C(c, +, ).
c,
),
, C(c, +, ) C(
+,
H H | i, | i, . . .,

R 3
i I = dr (r) T (r) I C,
h ||
(2.18)
h || i = 1,
1982 . [3a] (
. [2c, 2d]).
,
H H
( T > 0). , H
. , . , ,
,
, .
, H | i = E | i [3a]
i = H T | i = E |
i =
H |
T | i = E | i,
= (E I)
(2.19)
, , i,
. H |
88
2. -, - -
, H | i. , I
i = T 1 T | i | i.
, I|
, ,
E R(n, +, ). , E = E I,
- .
, C,

U H
U = U
U = I.
U
(2.20)
U U .
C
H H

= h |H | i .
hHi
i
h ||
(2.21)
,
, .
,
= I,
, , , hIi
= I).
( hIi
, ,
[1f], n :
i I.
h | | i I h | n2 | i (n2 I) = h ||
(2.22)
,
" ",
, = T , (2.19). ,
E, ,
"" = T H.

.
2.2.
89
,
, " ", 1, , ,
"
".
, 4 5, , , "" ,
. ""
, , . [1g] [2d].
, (2.10) (2.22) 20- , .
2.2.6
. , , ( ), (
)
( ),
|T | 1,
1.
|I|
(2.23)
[3b] [2d] .
H C
H(k) = H0 + k V,
H0 | i = E0 | i,
H(k) | (k)i = E(k) | (k)i,
k 1.
(2.24a)
(2.24b)
, H0 . , , . -
90
2. -, - -
, E(k) H(k)
E(k) = E0 + k E1 + k2 E2 =
= E0 + k h | V | i + k2
p6=n
|h p |V |n i|2
,
E0n E0p
(2.25)

H(k) = H0 + k V,
H0 T | i = E0 | i,
| (k)i,
H(k) T | (k)i = E(k)
E 6= E,
E0 6= E0 ,
(2.26a)
k > 1.
(2.26b)

2) =
E(k)
= E0 + k E1 + k2 E2 + O(k
= E0 + k h | T V T | i+
(2.27)
|h p | T V T | n i|2
+k
,
E0n E0p
p6=n
2
, , ,
, , |T | k.
, T k1 , (2.27)
E(k)
= E0 + k T 2 h | V | i + k2 T 5

p6=n
|h p |V |n i|2
.
E0n E0p
(2.28)
, 1, k, k2 , . . .
1, k T 2 , k2 T 5 , . . .,
k > 1 T 1/k, T k V .
,
2.9.
,
A(k) = A(0) + k [A, H]/1!+
k > 1,
+k2 [[A, H], H]/2! + . . . ,
(2.29)
2.2.
91
[A, H] = A H H A - A
H . ,
:
+ k [A,H]/1! + k2 [[A,H],H]/2! + . . . |N| < ,

A(k)
= A(0)
[A,H] = A T H H T A,
(2.30a)
(2.30b)
, , T = k1 ,
.
, , ( )
, , , , ( ).
4 5, (2.23),
, , , , .
2.2.7
, [3c], .
, , I .
, , , .. ,
. ,
, , ..
92
2. -, - -

, , [2c].
, [2c],

r, , R),
I = Diag.(n21 , n22 ), nk > 0,
E(
r = {x, y} I,
r2 = (x2 /n21 + y2 /n22 ) I R.
(2.31a)
(2.31b)
, I = n1 n2 .
.
R = I = (n1 n2 ) R
[2c]
isocos = [n1 cos( n1 n2 )] I,
(2.32a)
isosin = [n2 sin( n1 n2 )] I,
(2.32b)
2 + isosin2 /n
2=
isocos2 /n
1
2
2
2
= (cos ( n1 n2 ) + sin ( n1 n2 ) I = I.
(2.33)
(2.33) ,
[loc. cit.]
x = risocos
, y = risosin
.
(2.34)
, E E
1k n2
k , . ,
, 1k n2k ,
(2.11).
[2c]
isocos
,
x = risosin
y = risosin
isosin
,
z = risocos
,
= n3 .
(2.35)
2.2.
93
, , .
.
2.2.8
, ,

, ,
,
. , , () .
,
( ), r, p)
T (r, p,
H(

, , . . .)
| i = E | i. ,
. ,
| i, | i H,
a,
b C
a|
i + b |
i) = a
A |
i + b
A |
i.
A (
(2.36)
.
1.7,
- ( ). ,
,
. , , -

.
. , -,
,
94
2. -, - -
. , ,
. ,
-, . ,
- ,
[3d] (. [1e]).
, -,
, - , .
, , .
,
, , U U = U U = I. , , , , , . ,
, . , [2c]
W W = I = 1/T 6= I, W = W T 1/2 ,
(2.37a)
W = W
W = I.
W W W
(2.37b)
,
. , ,
.
, ,
, , ,
2.2.
95
,
.
2.2.9
, , , - , (., , [6]).
, ()
.
, 1978 ., [1a] (.
[2b]) (
, , ,
..). -. [4].
, -
,
. , (
) . ,

, () .
,
() , () ,
.
- . (L) n- L X =
{Xk } = {Xk }, I = Diag.(1, 1, 1, . . .), Xi X j , I, Xk , Xi X j , i j, Xi X j Xk , i
j k, . . ., ( --)
eiXw = I + (i X w)/1! + (i X w) (i X w)/2! + . . ., w R.
96
2. -, - -
(L), [1a], Xk = Xk , (L) I,

X j ,
, Xi
( -- [loc. cit.])
Xk , Xi
X j , i j,
I,
X j
Xk , i j k, . . . ,
Xi
(2.38)
( X = X)

eiXw eiX w = {eiXT w } I,
(2.39)
.
w = {wk } R w = w I R
L [ (L)]
(L) F(a, +, ) , [Xi , X j ] = Xi X j X j Xi =
Cikj Xk . -, [1a], F,
L Xk = Xk = Xk H

X j X j
Xi = Cikj
Xk ,
[Xi,X j ] = Xi
(2.40)

,B] = [B
,A],
[A
(2.41a)
,[B
+ [B
,A]]
+ [C
,[A
,B]]
,C]]
,[C
= 0,
[A
(2.41b)

= A [
+ [A
,C]
,C]
,C]
B
B
B.
[A
(2.42)
G () , "" G U(w) = eiXw

U(w)U(w0 ) = U(w+w0 ), U(w)U(w) = U(0) = I. ()
- G,
[1a], "" L (2.39)

w)
x = ei X w
x =
x0 = U(

w
iX
T
iX
= {e
} I T x = {e T w } x,
(2.43a)
2.2.
97
= I.
w)
w 0 ) = U(
w + w 0 ), U(
w)
w)
0)
U(
U(
U(

= U(
(2.43b)
--
[1a]:
U 2 = {eX1 }{e
X2 } = U 3 = eX 3 ,
U 1
(2.44a)
X3 = X1 + X2 + [X1,X2 ]/2 + [(X1 X2 ),[X1,X2 ]]/12 + . . . ,

(2.44b)
, L ,
( L ) T .
( . 3)
- b =
{b } = {rk , pk }, = 1, 2, . . . , 6, [1a, 2c],

0)
= U(
t)
b = {ei t H / b / b }
b(0),
b(
(2.45)
= I .
H / b .
db / dt =
(2.46)

.
( . 3)
C
[1a, 2c]:
- H
0)
t) = {ei H t}
{
A(
ei t H } =
A(

{eitT H },
= {eiHT t } A(0)
(2.47)

,H]
= A
H
H
A = A T H H T A.
i dA / dt = [A
(2.48)
.
- T (2.44). ,
, , - , , .
98
2. -, - -
(2.44) , , , L G L
G . ,
I > 0 ,

, L L, G G.
. , . ,
SU(2) , ,
( . 4).
- ,
, , (. [2c, 2d] ).
, -, , - , , .
, SO(2), ,
(2.33), , ,
, , (2.33)
E R.
E R,
, E R,
SO(2).
,
,
, ,
.
, - . ,

(. 3), , (.
3). -
2.3.
99
.
, , . , - :

.
,
,
, . [2f]
(. [3f] [4c] ).
, , ( ,
), .
2.3
2.3.1
, 20- , ,
, ( ,

).
, , , , , , , ,
, .
, , , ,
, i dH/dt =
[H, H] = H H H H 0.
, -
100
2. -, - -
, ,
. ,
, ( ),
. ,
, , .
, . , ,
-,
. ,
.

,
, . , , , ,
, .

[5a, 5b, 5c] 1967 . : [1a] 1978 .; [5d]
1979 .; [1c] 1983 .; [1b] 1993 .
[1e] 1996 ,
, , 1.7,
[5e] 1997 . , .
, , , , ,
.
-
2.3.
101
, ,
.
, .
, , ,
, .
, ,
"" 1978 ., , " ". ,
, ,
.
2.3.2

, .

, ,
,
.
,
. X = X
F H
( -
[1d]).
, U > > A(0) < w
<
} > A(0) < {eiw X } =
= (I > + i X > w + . . .) > A(0) < ( = (<U) = U,
X > = (<X) = X,
I > = < , .

i dA/dw = i [A(dw) A(0)]/dw =
= A < X X > A = A X X A,
(2.50)
, AX = A < X
(X A = X > A), X ().
, ,
- {<U,U > }, {<H, H> }
- {<F, F> }, ) = U, <H = H> = H, <F = F> .
, ,
. (., , [6a] [6b]),

X > > = X = < < <X = X,
(2.51)
> H> , < <H, X >
> (L) L [ > (L)]
<X < (L) .
H> = <H = H, > (L) = < (L) = (L),
{< (L), > (L)} {<H, H> } , , , (L) H, [6].
, ,
.
- - [1a] , (2.51)
, > < ,
, . ,
2.3.
103
U > > A(0) , > , ,

A(0) < <U.
, . () U > A(0) = U > T A(0)
A(0) < > I = I < <A = A A
.
(2.49) , ,
A(w) = U > > A(0) < w
<
} > A(0) < {eiw X } =
> T w
<
iwT X },
}A(0)
{e
X = X , T = T ,
(2.52)

i dA/dw = i [A(dw) A(0)]/dw = A T X X T A.
(2.53)
, , = A T B,, :
I A > B = A B = A P B, A = P1 , I > > A = A > I> = A,
(2.54b)
<
(2.54c)
I = Q1 ,
 = P1 = (<I)
(2.54d)
P 6= Q , , , . , P + Q P Q
, , .
(2.54)
(2.49), [5a, 1a] -
A(t) = U > > A(0) < <A =
} > A(0) < {< eiwX } =
= {eiXw
>
= {eiXPw } A(0) {eiwQX } =
(2.55a)
= (I > + iX w + . . .) > A(0) < ( = (<U) ,
X > = (<X) = <X = X,
P> = P = (<Q) = Q ,
(2.55b)
I> = P1 = (<I) = (Q1 ) ,
(2.55c)
, - [loc. cit.]
i [A(dw) A(0)]/dw = (A, B) =
= A < X X > A = APX X QA =
= (A T B B T A)+
+(A W B + B W A) =
= [A,B] + {A,B},
(2.56)
2.3.
105
P = T + W, Q = W T ,

eiXw
= I > + i X w/1! + (i X w) > (i X w)/2! + . . . =
>
= {eiXPw } I > ,
eiwX
= (i X w)/2! + . . . =
<
= } - {<F, F> } ( ). , <H H> . , -
,
.
, ()
(A, B) = A P B B Q A (2.56) , ..
[7] (. [5]). , A a, b, c, . . . ( ) ab -, U ,
, U, [a, b]U = abba,
.
- n n- A, B, C, . . .
A B, A (B C) = (A B) C. , L
[A, B]A = A B B A.
A (2.56) - , -, [A, B]A = (A, B) (B, A) =
[A, B]A = A T B B T A.
, - (A, B), [1a] 1978 ,
106
2. -, - -
,
( ,
). , (A, B),
, P Q, , : , , , ,
- ..
)
U > = (<U) ( I> = (<I)
, , . , ,
,
, 1.7.
, (2.55), :
> , < ; H = p2 /2m +V (r)
; w = t . ,

, , ,
. , , H(t) H(t).
, ,
, .
, (2.49) . , A p = m v = m
dr/dt, , , , p(t) =
p. , (2.50) ,
i d p(t)/d(t) = p(t) H H p(t) =
= i d p/dt = (p H H p).
(2.58)
, T ,
w =
t = t It , - ,
2.3.
107
t t,
i d p (t)/d(t) =
= p (t) T H H T p (t) =
(2.59)
= i d p/dt = (p T H H T p).
, T , T = T (t, . . .) 6= T (t, . . .), ,
- , T , , i dH/dt = H T H H
T H 0. -, ,
- , ,
,
[2b].
, . , , (2.56)
i d p (t)/d(t) =
= p (t) P H H Q p (t) =
(2.60)
= i d p/dt = (p Q H H P p),
, , P Q,
.
, , i dH/dt = H P H H Q H 6= 0,
, ,
.

, ,
. ,
,
108
2. -, - -
, .
, , , - . .
2.3.3
:
1) , ,
: I> = 1/Q
, B = A Q B, Q ,
, A P > B, ,
I> = P1 = (<I)
,
,
1.7.
.
2.2, ,
, I = Diag.(n21 , n22 , n23 , n24 ),
n21 , n22 , n23 , n24 .
,
I> <I,
, ,
n21 , n22 , n23 , n24 I,
F(t, r, p, , . . .) .
,
. ,
2.3.
109
.
. ,
. - ,
2 > 3 ( , 2 3 )
, 2 < 3 ( , 3
2 ).
- ,
.
, ,
, 2 > 3 2 <
3, . ,

, ,
, .
, , ,
, > , <
.
, ,
.
2.3.4
F = F(a, +, ) R, C Q a 0, I = 1, a + b a b. , F> = F> (a> , +> , > ),

[1b] 1993 ., a> = a I >
, a F, I > = P1
, , F, ,
, -
110
2. -, - -
..
a> +> b> = (a + b) I > ,
a> > b> = a> > b> = a> Q b> = (a b) I > ,
(2.61a)
(2.61b)
0> = 0 I > .
, <F = <F(<a, <+, <) [1b], <a = } , , ..,
I> = (<I) .
, , , F> , , <F, F. , F F> , F <F {F, F} {<F, F> } .
, ( ) , ,
a > b = a b = b > a a b = a P b 6= a = S> (r> , G> , R> ),
[1c, 2c, 1e],
r> = r I > , G> = Q g I > = (g> ) I > , g> = Q g

(r> )2> = (r> )t > (G> ) > r> = [rt (g> ) r] I > R> ,
(2.63)
, , , , n I > R> . , , , , I >= Q1 , Q , , n n .

n- , , <S = <S(<r, <+, <F)
[loc. cit.] n n- , } .. {<R, R> }
I > = (<I) .
, , S> ,
, <S ( {<S, S> })
S({S, S}).
, g g>
Q g, I I > = P1 , ( ()2 (unit)2
), .
,
112
2. -, - -
( Q)
rt grI rt grQQ1 (rt g> r)I >
P1 P(rt grI) <I(r <grt ).
(2.64)
(2.11)
.
[1d, 1e] .
2.2, ,
, .
.
, . , , .
.

, = Diag.(1, 1, . . . , 1)
.
. , , > = Q
< = P
. > 6= < , .
, , 20- ,
. , [1e]
, . , I =Diag.(1,1,. . .,1). ,
, , , ,
, .
2.3.
113
, , .
2.3.6

R> , [1e], ,
( I > ),
(2.65a)
drk d > rk = (I > )ki dri ,
S> (r> , R> )
drk d > rk = Pki dri ,
(2.65b)
/ rk > / > rk = Pki / ri ,
(2.65c)
/ rk > / > rk = (I > )ki / ri ,
(2.65d)
> ri / > > r j = ji I> ,
> ri / > > r j = ij I> , etc.
(2.66)

, , . {<S, S> } {<R, R> } I > = (<I) .
, , , ,
..
2.3.7
H | i, | i, . . .,
h | | i C = C(c, +, ) h | | i = 1.
, , H> [1e]
| > i, | > i, . . .,
h > | > | > i = h > | Q | > i I > C> (c> , +> , > ),
(2.67a)
114
2. -, - -
h > | > | > i = I> ,
(2.67b)
, ,
C> (c> , +> , > ) I> = Q1 .
, , <H [loc. cit.]
H> . {<H, H> }
{<C, C> } I > = (<I) .
, , -
H. , : h| |i
h|P|i, , 1
P1 , .
[2c]
( P Q, ,
)
h | | i h | | i P P1
h | P | i P1 = h | < | i | i I > .
, (2.64) . ,
(2.64) (2.68)
, , , ,
.
, , , , .

[1g].
2.3.8
, , A,
2.3.
115
B, . . . , , , > , , H> C> ;

.
.
, , ,
U > > U > = U > > U = I > ,
(2.69a)
<
(2.69b)
U < C> ,
<H <C. .
, H> X > = Q Q1 X Q Q1 = X ,
.

, . ,
( ) , .
, , U H
C, U U 6= I,
, , [11f]
U = (U > ) Q1/2 or P1/2 (<U).
(2.70)
,

. , ,
, TrX, DetX .. .
. ,
[2c].
116
2.3.9
2. -, - -
, ,
[1a] (. [1e,
2], -) [4].
N- X = {Xk }, w = {wk }, = (L),
L [ (L)] , () G S(r, , F)
r = {rk } F.
- , :
1) , , > (L) N- L X > X =
{Xk }, k = 1, 2, . . . , N, I> = Q1 , Xi > X j = Xi Q X j --,
I > = Q1 , Xk , Xi > X j (i j),
Xi > X j > Xk (i j k), . . . ,
(2.71)
(2.57a);
, , < (L) },
.
I> = (<I)
2) - {< , > } {<F, F> } -
(Xi , X j ) = Xi < X j X j > Xi =
= Xi P X j X j Q Xi .
(2.73)
2.3.
117
3) () - -
{<G, G> } {<S, S> } {<F, F> } )
r>0 = (U > ) > r> = (U > ) Q > r I > = V r I> ,
U > = V I> ,
<r 0
W,
= <r < (<U) = > S> S> <S <S < <G,

, U > = exp> (i w X) (w> ) > U > (w>0 ) = U > (w> + w>0 ),
U > (w> ) > U > (w> ) = U > (0> ) = I > ,
(2.75)
I> }.
- (2.56) {<I,
2.2, , [A, B] = A B B A - [A,B] =
BA
= A T B B T A , AB
,
. , , , -
(A, B) = A A = A P B B Q A
{< , > } {<F, F> },
.
, < >
, <I(A, B) = (A, B)I > , A B = A Q B, I > = Q1 .
, , -
.
,
, , , , , ..
118
2. -, - -
, . ,
P = Q , . , , P Q
, . ,
. , ,
[1f]. , ,
, , .
.
,
, , .
2.4
2.2,
. ,
[1e, 2e]. ,
, ;
,
; .

, ,
{I> } = {I1> , I2> , . . .} = {1/Q1 , 1/Q2 , . . .},
(2.76a)
= {<I1 , <I2 , . . .} = {1/P1 , 1/P2 , . . .},

{<I}
(2.76b)
,
A{>}B = {A Q1 B, A Q2 B, . . .},
(2.77a)
2.4.
A{<}B = {A P1 B, A P2 B, . . .},
119
(2.77b)

, {I> } {<I}
.
, , , ..
, , 2 < 3 (3 2 ) 2 > 3 (2 3 )
6 . , 2 < 3 2 > 3 , ,
2 < 3 2 > 3 275.65.
, 2 < 3 2 > 3
,
, 2 <
3 31.37 6= 2 > 3 27.81.
, 2{<}3 2{>}3
, , 2 < 3 {5.23, 72.45, 0.67, . . .} 6= 2 > 3 {1.24, 45.43, 137.42, . . .}.
,
. , [2e].
,
, . ,
.
,
.
1, . 1.6,
.
,
.

120
2. -, - -
, .
,
. , 32- - .
, . 1.6
. .
,
, , +1,
. ,
,
, - 1040 .
, " ", , , .
, , [8]. ,
.
2.5
20- . , 20- ,
,
. , 20-
, ,

, - .
[9] -
2.5.
121
,
,
. , 20-
, .
, ,
, .
,
-, - -. , ,
, .
[loc. cit.] , , : 1) , -, -, ; 2) ; 3) , -
.
[9a] 1985 . +1 ,
I = +1 I d = 1,
(2.78)
, d,
1, +1,
.
Fd (nd , +d , d )
[1b], nd = n I d = n, n , , , ..
nd +d md = (n + m) I d = n m,
(2.79a)
nd d md = nd (1) md = n m,
(2.79b)
|n|d = |n| I d = |n|,
(2.79c)
+, |...| - F(n, +, ).
122
2. -, - -
, . ,
, , , , ..,
, . ,
t d = t I d = t,
I d = 1 . ,
, , , ,
.
, ..
,
, , , ,
(. [9b] ). [9] ,
, , .
, (2.78)
- -, -
,
A = A(r, p, , . . .) Ad = A (r , p , , . . .),
(2.80)
,
A > B = A Q B A >d B = A (Q ) B,
(2.81)
-, - .
, [9] [2e].
,
. 2.1 .
, .
,
.
2.5.
123

t d>
t >
-
0
<t <t d
. 2.1: , ,
, .
, "
" :
. [9] ,

. , . , ,
, - ( , ,
, ). ,
" " ( , vice versa)
: t > = t <t = t,
(2.82)
( ) , [9], , ,
,
: It> = t It>d = It> = t.
(2.83)
It = +1, , t> = t I > =

t, I > = 1, I >d t. ,
124
2. -, - -
+1 . ,
, , ,
. , ,

, , ,
,
()2 ()2 = .
(2.84)
, , ,
:
1), ,
t> = t It> , It> = It> (t, r, p, . . .) = 1/Tt > 0
, (, It> = 187 ., , ,
), ;
2) , ,
,
<t = ;
t
t
t
3) , , , t>d = t = I> t;
4) , , , <td = <It (t).
,
,
,
(t2 t1 )2 1 [(t2 t1 ) T d (t2 t1 )] Id ,
,
2.5.
125
. ,
, ,
,
,
.
, , , It> > 1 .
It> < 1 . , , , . ,
It> 1 ., ,
, .

, ,
,
.
,
( )
. , , . ,
, ( . [2e]). ,
2.4,
. , .
,
, ,
( , ),
. , , -
126
2. -, - -
, , .
, ,

, , , ,
, .

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J.V.: Algebras, Groups and Geometries 9, 283 and 319 (1992) [3c]. Tsagas,
Gr.T. and Sourlas, D.S.: Algebras, Groups and Geometries 12, 1 and 67
(1995) and 13, 129 (1996) [3d]. Kamiya, N. and Santilli, R.M.: Hadronic
J. 16, 168 (1993) [3e]. Kadeisvili, J.V.: Math. Methods in Applied
Sciences 19, 1349 (1996) [3f]. Illert, C. and Santilli, R.M., Foundations
of Conchology, Hadronic Press (1996) [3g].
[4] Jiang, C.X.: An Introduction to Santillis Isonumber Theory, Hadronic
Press, in press [4a]. Tsagas, Gr.R. and Sourlas, D.: Mathematical
Foundations of the Lie-Santilli Theory, Ukraine Academy of Sciences,
Kiev (1992) [4b]. Kadeisvili, J.V.: Santillis Isotopies of Contemporary
Algebras, Geometries and Relativities, Ukraine Academy of Sciences,
Kiev, 2nd edition (1997) [4c].
127
128
[5] Santilli, R.M.: Nuovo Cimento 51, 570 (1967) [5a]; Suppl. Nuovo Cimento
6, 1225 (1968) [5b]; Meccanica 1, 3 (1968) [5c]; Hadronic J. 3, 440 (1979)
[5d]; Found. Phys. 27, 1159 (1997) [5e]; Lie-Admissible Approach to the
Hadronic Structure, Vol. I (1978) and II (1982) [6d], Hadronic Press [5f].
[6] Gilmore, R.: Lie Groups, Lie Algebras, and Some of their Representations,
Wiley, New York (1974) [6a]. Jacobson, N.: Lie Algebras, Interscience,
New York (1962) [6b].
[7] Albert, A.A.: Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 64, 552 (1948).
[8] Santilli, R.M. and Vougiouklis, T.: in Frontiers in Hyperstructures,
Vougiouklis, T,. Editor, Hadronic Press, Florida (1996).
[9] Santilli, R.M.: Hadronic J. 8, 25 and 36 (1985) [9a]; Intern. J. Modern
Phys., A14, 2205 (1999) [9b]; Hyperfine Interactions 109, 63 (1997) [9c].
3

3.1
, ,
" " , , [2] "".
""
, [3]. "" , - , .
,
-, - - .
, ,
-, - -,
, , .
, ,
,
1 , , 129
130
3.
. , ,
, ,
, 1.3.
. , ,
, .
, . , " " [4a] ,
,
4.
.. [4b], . . [4c] 2 He, 8 Ne, 8 Ar, 18 Kr, 18 Xe, 32 Ra.
,
. . [4d, 4e] " " -, , . ,

(. 4 5).
" ", [4] "" .
, (" "),
.
, , , [4],
. , ( ),

, .
3.1.
131
, , "
", , . , "" ,

.
, 1.7,
, , , .

, , ,
.
, , ,
() ( ). , I U U = I,
.
,
limr1fm (U U ) = I.

,

,
, ,
. 1.7.
, "" , , . ,
132
3.
. , ,
,
, (.
7 8).
( ), , , , .
,
. - ,
H = p2 /2
m +V (r, p), ( , , )
- . ,
,
, . ,
.
,
,
. ,
. ,
, , .
. ,
, ,
, , , ( ).
-
3.2.
133
,
.
,
, ,
. , , , . ,
.
, , , .

.
,

[2]. , :

. ,

.
3.2
3.2.1
[5],
, 20 , ,
,
d L(t, r, r ) L(t, r, r )
= F(t, r, r ),
dt
r
r
(3.1a)
134
3.
dr H(t, r, p)
dp
H(t, r, p)
=
,
=
+ F(t, r, p, . . .),
(3.1b)
dt
p
dt
r
r = {rk }, r = {rk }, p = {pk }, F = {F k }.
, [5c],
.

20- , .
d L(t, r, r ) L(t, r, r )
= 0,
(3.2a)
dt
r
r
dp
H(t, r, p)
dr H(t, r, p)
=
,
=
,
(3.2b)
dt
p
dt
r
.
20- ,
,
.
, , ,
, , , .
,
F(t, r, p, . . .).

, ,
, , H
, ,
F
, .
, ,
20- , , , ,
, , ,
3.1.
3.2.
135
,
, . , , .

,
.
3.2.2
, [6a] ( ), [5] ,
.
, ,
, ( ) . , ( , , [6a])
- , ,
- , .

, ,
, , .
, ,
136
3.
, ,
, , r0 = exp[Nrp].
,
[6a, 6b],
, ,
. ,
.
3.2.3
(3.1) , . ,
(3.2), ,
,
dA
A H H A
= [A, H] = k
,
(3.3)
dt
r pk rk pk
[A, H], , -, ( ) ,
. , (3.1) ,
dA
A H H A
A k
= (A, H) = k
k
+
F ,
dt
r pk r pk pk
(3.4)
(A, H) - ,
( ). ,
(3.1) , , - .
, , (3.1b) .
, ,
(3.2b)
( , , ),
3.2.
137
(3.1),
. , (3.1)
, 1.7.

(3.1) , :
1)
;
2) ;
3) ;
4) ; ,
,
5)
( ).
, -, - - (3.1), [7] -, - -.
.
3.2.4
20-
, ,
( , ,
)
.
[6b]
(. 6.3, . 236). , , , , F k
(3.1), ,
F k (t, r, p) = 0,
k
(3.5a)
138
3.
rk F k (t, r, p) = 0,
(3.5b)
pk F k (t, r, p) = 0.
(3.5c)

, ( ) [6b], ,
(), ( ).
, ,
, .
, ,
,
(3.5) , , .
, [6b]
,
, :
1) , .
. .
2) ,
, , (3.5).
,
. ,
. ,
, , .
3) ,
( ) , (3.5). ,
3.2.
139
, . ,
.
, 20- , [6], ,
, ,
. ( -),
, . ,
,
,
, . , ,
, .
3.2.5
(3.5), 3.2.3 , 2.2, - [7].

(3.1b) ( 2.2.3
r, , R)
6- T E(
, , [7]) b = {b } = {b } I6 = {rk , pk } I6 ,
6- [loc. cit.]
I6 = Diag.(I3 , T3 ), I3 = 1/T3 > 0.
(3.6)
, rk , pk ,
drk = Iik d ri dpk = Tki d pi .
,
, (3.1b) -
140
3.
[7]
033 I33
drk /dt
dr /dt
( )
=
=
I33 033
d pk /dt
d pk /dt
ri
rk
d pk /dt
Tk H/
H/
=
=
pi ,
pk
drk /dt
Iik H/
H/
(3.7a)
pk /2
m + V (r) = [pk pk /2 m +V (r)] I3 ,
H = pk
(3.7b)
T3 = Diag.[I F/( H/ r)],
(3.7c)
, = A T3 B , AB
k-
> = T3 ; r = {rk }, r = {rk }, p = {pk }, F = {F k }.
, (3.7)
F T3 . , (3.7), ,

.
, , . , , (3.1) (3.7) .
, T3 , (3.7c), ,
. ,
T ,
--
[7] (, - ,
).
, - ,
, , , ,
F(t, . . .) 6= F(t, . . .),
or
(3.8a)
T (t, . . .) = Diag.[I F(t, . . .)/( H/ t)] 6=

6= T (t, . . .) = Diag.[I F(t, . . .)/( H/ r)].
(3.8b)
r)|t 6= ( H/
r)|t , ( H/
p)|
p)|
t 6= ( H/
t ,
( H/
(3.8c)
3.2.
141
, ,
(. ).
, (3.7)
b)
b)
H(t,
d b
H(t,
=
= T6
,
dt
b
b
T6 = Diag.(I3 , T3 ).
= I6 , b = (r, p),
(3.9a)
(3.9b)
(3.7) [6a, 6b]

R = {R } = (pk , 0),
b = {b } = (rk , pk )
(3.10a)
R R
(3.10b)
= .
b
b
,
(3.9)
R R
H(b)
d b
H(b)
=
= T6
.
(3.11)
dt
b
b b
b
, -
. , 2.2,
,
.., . , I I,
, ,

, , , .
" "
(3.7), (3.9) (3.2b). , (3.7)
( ) , (),
142
3.
( ). ,
- F, .
(3.7c). , , , [6a, 6b].
, (3.7) , , t
d/dt, t = t I (. .
2.1) d/ dt. , ,
( ),
.
(3.7)
[7] -.
3.2.6
, (3.7) (3.9) , 3.2.3.

, (3.7)
[7]
H H A
d A
,H]
= A
= [A
=
dt
rk pk rk pk
(3.12)
A H H A
I,
=
rk pk rk pk
.
H , T
,
H H H
d H
,H]
= H
= [H
0,
dt
rk pk rk pk
(3.13)
3.2.
143
dH H H H H H
H
= k
k+
Fk =
F k 0,
dt
pk pk r
pk
pk
r
(3.14)
, (3.5c).
, ,
(3.1b), (3.7).
, , , (3.7)
"", , , (3.5) . (3.13)
,
,
.
, , . , , ,
. , .
,
I.
- (3.7)
[A,B] =
A j
B B j
A
Ti (t, r, p, . . .)
Ti (t, r, p, . . .)
,
rj
p j ri
pj
(3.15)
(3.9) b [7]
,B]
=
[A
A B

b
b
= ( bA T T bB ) I = ( bA bB ) I,
(3.16)
144
3.
, (3.9),
} = {(| | )
}=
033 I33
I33 033
(3.17)
, (. [loc. cit.], (2.67))
T T = .
(3.18)
,
, 3.2.3. (3.4), ,B]

[A
, () .
,B],
, , [A
, -, 2.2.9.
,B]

[A
. ,
, , (3.13), , .
(3.9)
[7], . ,
. ,
,
. , ,
.
3.2.
3.2.7
145
, (3.7) [7]
R
drk H dt) =
A = ( pk
t2
t1
Rt2
(3.19)
= (pk Iik (t, r, p, d p/dt, . . .) dri H dt) = 0.

t1
(3.10), ,
R
R
drk H dt) (R
db H dt)
A = ( pk
=
t2
t1
t2
Rt2
t1
= (R I6 db H dt) = 0,
(3.20)
t1
(3.11), , , .
, ,
.

.
( 2.2.8), ,
drk H dt. , pk
[7],
.
, , . , . , (3.1b) 20-
.
, (3.1b) -
146
3.
. , ,
.

(3.6), .
(3.19) , . ,
dr/dt. ,

(3.20).
, .
, , ,

. ,
, , ,
. , -
.
3.2.8
--
-- [7]
A
+ H = 0,
t
A
pk = 0,
rk
A
0,
pk
(3.21)
3.2.
3.2.9
147
- , r, V (r), , , ,
F( , r, p, . . .),
dp
H
m
=
+ Fnsa ,
dt
r
Fnsa =
d F( , r, p, . . .),
(3.22)
nsa (nonselfadjointness), , [6a].

(3.7) H = p2 /2m +V (r) T = 1 F/( V / r). .
,
, , . -
.
.
3.2.10
[6b] (
),
(Birkhoffian mechanics).

Zt2
A =
(R db H dt) = 0,
(3.23a)
t1
R = R(b) = {R } = {Ak (r, p), Bk (r, p)},
(3.23b)
148
3.
k = 1, 2, 3,
, = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
(3.23c)
, ,
R = (p, 0), (3.10),
R = R(r, p), ()
r p.

(3.23)
db
H(b)
(b)
=
,
(3.24a)
dt
b
db
H(b)
= (b)
,
(3.24b)
dt
b
R R
(3.24c)
= ,
b
b
= ||( )1 || .
(3.24d)
, , [6b], " " . , (3.1b)

(3.24) b = (r, p) .
, ,
,
1.7, , -
, .
- , [6b],
, ,
[7], .
,
-
H(b)
db
= (b)
=
dt
b
3.2.
149
(3.24e)
H(b)
H(b)
= T6 (b)
=
.
b
b
, :
1) (b), (3.23c),
, (3.17),
(b) = T6 (b);
(3.25)
2) 6 6- T , ,
3)
T (b) = .
(3.26)
6
(3.9), () ,
. ,
, (. 3.5),
(. 3.3 3.4).
,
, , ,
, , , [6b].
,
- (3.7) (3.9)
(3.7c) Fk (t, r, p) -
- .
3.2.11
-, -
, - (3.13).
150
3.

, (3.5),
,
.
,
, , - [7],
, .
- - ,
T , , . T > <T ,
, I> = 1/T >
" "<". ,
,
,
.
. ( ). , - [7]
db
dt
drk /dt
d pk /dt
033 I33
I33 033
>
= >
> rk
> H/
6> > H =
I
=
> pk
b
> H/
I33 K33
033 I33
H/ pk
,
H/ rk + Fk
I6> = I33 K33 ,

033 I33
H/ rk
H/ pk
(3.27a)
(3.27b)
3.2.
b = {rk , pk },
H = p2 /2 m +V (r, p),
K = F/( H/ p) = F/(p/m).
151
(3.27c)
, [7]:
dA
> A
> H
= (A, H) = > > > > >
dt
b
b
A H H A H i A
k
(3.28)
pk rk pk pk k pi
r
A H H A
A
k
k
+
Fk
pk r
pk pk
r
, (A, H) , ,
dH/dt = (H, H) = pk F k .
(3.29)
, , . (3.27)
. , ,
.
(3.27) (3.1b)
. -, (3.4), (A, B) ( ). , -
, [A,B] =
(A, B) (B, A) ,
(. [7]).
, , , .
(3.27), [7],
Rt2
> A = > (R > d> b H dt) =

=
Rt2
>
t1
t1
>
(R I6 db H dt) = 0,
(3.30)
152
3.
H dt . ,
, .
, - [7]:
A
> A
> A
+ H = 0,
pk = 0,
0.
t
> rk
> pk
(3.31)
, -- , . , , ,
(3.1b), , -
(3.4).
- [6d].
- [7], , , ,
. ,
.
- - [7] -
,
2. , [14]. ,
, ,
(. . 2.1).
3.2.12

, .
3.2.
153
, -
T
0
t
U U = I6 =
,
(3.32a)
0 T 1
T = I
F
F
=I
,
H/ p
p/m
(3.32b)
t F
(3.1b).

,
. , : 6
I6 I6 = U I6 U t ;
(3.33a)
n n = U n U t = n (U U t ) = n I6 ;
(3.33b)
A B A,
B, ,
= U (A B) U t = A0 T B0 ,
A B AB
A0 = U A U t , B0 = U B U t , T = (U U t )1 = T t ;
(3.34a)
(3.34b)
( )
x2 = xt x x2 = U x2 U t =
= [(xt U t ) (U t1 U 1 ) (U x) (U U t ) =
= [x0t (T ) x0 ] I;
(3.35)
154
3.
, , -:
db/dt H/ b = 0
U db/dt U t U / b U t =
= db/dt (U U t ) (U U t ) (U t
1 U 1 )
(3.36)
b = 0,
(U H/ b U t ) (U U t ) = d b/dt
H/
H/ b = T H/ b U
b = b I,
t
U .
,
. , ,

.
3.2.13
,
, ,
,
1.7.
, , . ,
,
U U t .
(3.37)
, ,
. , ..
3.2.
155
, ,
, , , ( 1.7). ,
.
, , U
U t 6= , , ,
.
, . ,
, U - ,

U t .
U
(3.38)
,
,
.
3.2.14
[7]
U U t 6= ,
W W t 6= ,
(3.39)
= W U t = (I6> )t .
(3.40)

I6> = U W t ,
<
I6
U W t
,
n > = U n W t = n I6> , , .., [7].
, W
t
U .
156
3.2.15
3.
, . , ,
, , ,
:
U > > > W t > ,
(3.41a)
W < < , H > , > ..
,
.
, "" -, -
-, "", .
3.3.2
-, -, -

- .
, , ,
.
,

Zt2
(pk drk H dt) i h ln | i,
A=
(3.42)
t1
, -
,
t A = H i h t | i = H | i,
(3.43a)
k A = pk i h k | i = pk | i.
(3.43b)
158
3.
(3.19)
, , . , .
, [8]
Zt2
dxk H
dt] i I ln | i,
[ pk
A =
(3.44)
t1
I ln | i = i isoln| i.
i = i I , i
-- (3.21) (
, T r, ),
i = H T | i,
t A = H i h t | i = H |
(3.45a)
i = pk T | i,
k A = pk i h k | i = pk |
(3.45b)
, .
:
Zt2 h
A =
i
dt i I> ln | > i.
pk > d> xk H
(3.46)
t1
-- (3.31)
:
t A = H i h t | > i = H > | > i = H T > | > i,
(3.47a)
k> A = pk i h k> | > i = pk > | > i = pk T > | > i,
(3.47b)
, ,
.

[7] .
3.3.
3.3.3
159
, -- (3.23), , A / pk = 0. ,
,
, / p = 0, = (t, r),
. , , ,
pk = 0,
, A/
, = (t, r, p), , ,
.

(. 3.2):
1) , -
, : H(t, r, p) =
p2 /2m +V (r, p), V , ,
r, p, , , . . .),
I = I(t,
, - . , [2].
.
( )

H(t, r, p) = p2 /2m +V (r, p),
(3.48a)
Z
I = exp N dv (r) (r) ,

(3.48b)
,
. ,
.
2) I > 0 I = 1/T > 0,
, I
, , ,
160
3.
, ,
.., - , .
. ,
, .
3) , [7]:
= C(
c,
I = 1/T > 0, 3a) C
+, )

c
d = (c d) I,
c = c I = (n1 + i n2 ) I,
c,
d C,
c, d C,
(3.49)
n,
n R, n = n I,
R(
+, )
;
| i, | i, . . . ,
3b) H

i I C,
h ||
i = 1,
h ||
(3.50)
;
, r, , R)
3c) E(
, ,
= T (t, r, p, , , . . .) , = Diag.(1, 1, 1),
r = {rk } I,
(3.51)
r2 = (ri i j r j ) I R;
3d) (. 3.2) (2.13);

3e) - B,
. . . , I,
A,
AB = A T B, -
,B]
= A
B B
A,
[A
U = eX = (eXT ) I = I (eT X ),
(3.52a)
X = X ,
(3.52b)

C,
U = U
U = I.
U
(3.53)
3.3.
161
,
, , I I.
.
, , , , . , , I ,
limr I = I.
, , ,
. ,
, , ..,
tot = H
1 H
2 ...
tot = C
1 C
2 ..., H
Itot = I1 I2 . . . , C
(3.54)
, , , , ( ),
- ( ), .
,
. ,
, , , . ,
, , , I .
3.3.4
, 3.3,
162
3.
[7],
t | i = H |
i = H T | i = E |
i = E | i,
i
(3.55a)
i = pk T | i i
k | i = i Tki i | i,
pk |
(3.55b)
= {eiH t}|
(0)i
(0)i,
| (t)i = U |
(3.55c)
[7],
t) = U
0)
0)

{
A(
U = {eiH t}
A(
eit H },
A(
,H]
= A
dA / dT = [A
H H
A = A T H H T A,
i
= i I6 ,
[b ,b ] = i
b = (rk , pk ).
(3.56a)
(3.56b)
(3.56c)
, ( 3.2), , ,
.
, (3.55) (3.56)
It (t, r, , . . .) = Tt > 0 dt = It dt
t = Tt t . , (3.46b) , , , .
" " (3.55)
(3.56) . , ,
, . ,
(3.55a)
t = i It t | i = H |
i = H T | i =
i
m + U k (t, r)
vk +
= { pk pk /2
+U 0 (t, r)} T (t, r, p,
, , . . .) | (t, r)i =
(t, x)i
= E |
= E | (t, x)i,
(3.57)
3.3.
163
, , () ( ).
(4.56a) [9] , (
3.2). (3.55a) [10a], [10b] [11]
.
(3.55b) , , . (3.55b)
(3.56b)
[7] .
3.3.5
, () ,
h , I , - ,

r, p, , , . . .) = I > 0.
h = I > 0 I = I(t,
(3.58)
, , ,
,
=
hIi
I|
i
h |
= 1 = h ,
i
h ||
i = T 1 T | i = 1 | i = | i.
I|
(3.59a)
(3.59b)
164
3.
, , I = h , ,
I
...
I I,
In = I
(3.60a)
1
I2 I,
(3.60b)
,H]
= I
dI/ dt = [I
H H
I 0.
i
(3.60c)
, (3.55)
(3.56) - , [7].
, (3.56c):
1
1
h[xk, pk ]i = .
(3.61)
2
2
, ,
() SU(2)
k
H C,
xk pk
[i , j ] = i j j i = 2 ii jk k ,
(3.62a)
2 | i = k k | i = 3 | i,
(3.62b)
3 | i = 1 | i.
(3.62c)
, , ,
(. 3.3.6)
k = U k U , U U = I 6= I,
im1
0
im1
0
U=
, U =
,
0
im2
0
im2
2
m
0
m
0
1
1
I =
, T =
,
0 m22
0 m2
2
(3.63a)
(3.63b)
m , ,
, [15]
0 m21
0
im21
m1 0
1 =
, 2 =
, 3 =
.
(3.64)
m22 0
im22
0
0 m22
3.3.
165
[loc. cit.],
0 m1
0 m2
U=
, U =
,
m2 0
m1 0
2
2
(3.65)
m
0
m
0
1
1
, T =
,
I =
0 m22
0 m2
2
,
0
m1 m2
0
im1 m2
, 2 =
,
1 =
m1 m2
0
im1 m2
0
2
m1 0
3 =
,
(3.66)
0 m22
I [15].

C
H
[ i, j ] = i T j j T i = 2 i i jk k ,
(3.67a)
i = ( 1
1 + 2
2 + 3
3 )|
i = 3 | i,
2 |
(3.67b)
i = 1 | i,
3 |
(3.67c)
1/2, - .
,
SU(2)
, [15].
,
, , .
-
, .
166
3.
, , ,
H(t, x, p, , . . .) | i = E | i,
(3.68)
(. 1.7). ,
, , .
,
H(t, x, p, , . . .) | i H0 (t, x, p) T ( , . . .) | i = E | i,
(3.69)
.
(3.56a) ( ); , ;
.
,
, , . ,

.
, ,
,
.
[12]. , ,
, ,
-
.
, , , "" [1],
:
3.3.
167
1) "" - .
2) ""
( ) .
3) "" .
, , , .
, [15],
, .
, " " ,
= T . ""
, . ,
i = H | i = E | i, = T .
H |
, "" ( T )
"" H
| i.
,
[15]
.
3.3.6
, ,
, , ,
,
.
, .
168
3.
, , , . [12]
U U = I 6= I,
(3.70)

(): ,
I I = U I U ;
(3.71)
,
a = n, c,
a a = U a U = a (U U ) = a I;
(3.72)
A B ,
B = A T B,
A B A
A = U A U , B = U B U , T = (U U )1 = T ;
(3.73a)
(3.73b)

H | i = E | i U(H | i) =
= (U H U ) (U U )1 (U | i) =
(3.74a)
i;
= H T | i = H |

i dA/dt A H H A = 0
U (i dA/dt) U U(A H H A) U =
(3.74b)
A/dt
H H
A = 0;
= id
A

h || i U h || iU =
iI;
= (h |U )(U U)1 (U | i)(U U)1 = h ||
(3.74c)
3.3.
169

A(k) = A(0) + k[A, H] + k2 [[A, H, ], H] + . . . U A(k) U =
h
i
= U A(0) + k [A, H] + k2 [[A, H], H] + . . . U =
= A(0)
k)
+ k [
, H]
, H]
+ k 2 [[
, H]
+...,
A
A
= A(
k > 1,
(3.74d)
|T | 1;

( p 6= n)
i|
E(k) = E(0) + k h | V | i + k2 |hE|V|
+...
0n E0p
i
h
U E(k)U = U E(0) + kh |V | i + . . . U =
2
= E(0)
k)
| T V T | i + . . . ,
= E(
+ k h
k > 1,
(3.74e)
|T | 1;
..
, , , ,
, ..
, , (3.74d) (3.74e), . 1.3,
,
, . ,

. , 4, 5 6
, 1000 ,
.
, (3.74d) (3.74e), ,
( ) ,
( ) , ,
170
3.
( ) () 1) (. [6d]).
() , |T | 1 (|I|
, , , . ,
,
[9] (. [6d] ),
, AB
.
, (3.74d) (3.74e) k > 1,

.
|T | = 1/k. , (3.74d) (3.74e) .
, ,
, , ,
|T | .
, , . , 4 5, 1, , |I|
,
.
,
( 3.2.12).

[5e]
( . [12]).
3.3.7
,
( 3.2.13), , -
3.3.
171
, , ,
. , U U 6= I [12]
U = U T 1/2 ,
(3.75)
, H C C,
U = U
U = I.
U U U
(3.76)
- ,
A

B 0 , etc.,
I
U I,
B U (
A
B)
U = A 0
I I0 = U
(3.77a)
i = E |
i U H |
i =
H |
U |
i) = H 0 |
0 i =
= (U H U )(
(3.77b)
E |
i = E
U |
i = E |
0 i,
= U
, , .
,
U U = I I. ,
U = I I,
, U
W = I 6= I, I
W
.
- [12].
3.3.8
1.3 ,
,
172
3.
. ,
F = 1/r2 U (1/r2 ) U = 1/r2 , U U = I.
(3.78)
1.3 , ,
,
, ,
"" . , , ,
:
F = 1/r W (1/r) W = eAr /r, W W = eAr 6= I.
(3.79)
, " "
, , "" ,
, "" ,
"" .
, , .
, , . , ( 1.7), "" , .
,
U U = screening function 6= I,
(3.80a)
U H U = U (p p/2 m + 1/r)U =
p/ 2
m + (1/r) (U U ) =
= p
(3.80b)
m + any desired function.

= p2 / 2
3.3.
173
,
, , ,
, "" ,

.
, , ,
,
H+
2 . , , .
,
ad hoc , ,

- , , 2% . ,
3 4, ,
,
. , , ,
,
, .
3.3.9
-, -
2 , , , ,
[7].
, , , , ,
= A T B = A T B, T .
I = 1/T = I , AB
(3.81)
, , , (, -
174
3.
, ). ,
, :
I> = 1/T > ,
A > B = A T > B,
T > ,
(3.82a)
<
A = (<I)
(3.82c)
,
, ,

.

i > t> | > i = H > | i = H T > | > i =
= E > | > i = E | > i,
pk > | i = pk T > | i =
= i > k > | > i = i Tk>i i | > i,
> t
= {eiHT
| (t)> i = U > > | (0)i
> i,
} | (0)
(3.83a)
(3.83b)
(3.83c)

h< (0)|<t = (<T ) ,
(3.84a)
(3.84b)
(3.84c)
, > (<), () , E 6= E 0 ( ).
3.3.
175

t) = U > > A(
0)
< 
0)
{eit<T H },
{eiHT t } A(
,H)
= A < H H > A =
i dA / dt = (A
= A <T H H T > A,
(b ,b ) = i = i I6> , b = (rk , pk ).
(3.85a)
(3.85b)
(3.85c)
, , 2, , ..
, , ( ) .
,
.
, , .., ,
, , , .
, ,
. ,
. ,
""
, .

[7], 18 [8].
2, ,
,
,
176
3.
, ,
I> = {1/T1> , 1/T2> , . . .},
A > B = A T1> B + A T2> B + . . . ,
(3.86a)
 = (<I)
(3.86c)
(3.83)(3.85), (. [6e, 7]).

-
I I d = I,
(3.87a)
A B A d B = A (I) B,
(3.87b)
I A = A I = A I d d A = A d I d = A,
(3.87c)
, ,
I d = I, I,
. , , ..
-, - -
-, - -, , [14]
p, , . . .) Id = I (r , p , , . . .),
I(r,
(3.88a)
= A T B A
d B = A T d B,
AB
(3.88b)
= A
I = A Id
d A = A
d Id = A.
IA
(3.88c)
, , -, - -
.
3.3.
3.3.10
177
-,
, 3.3.6, -, , ,
.
3.3.6, ,
U U = I 6= I.
[12, 13]:
U U 6= I,W W 6= I,
(3.89a)
U W = I> ,W U = <I,
(3.89b)
, , ,
.
, , , .. [12,
13]
I I> = U I W ,
(3.90a)
n n > = U n W = n I> ,
A B A0 > B0 = U (A B) W =
= (U A W ) (U W )1 (U B W ),
(3.90b)
(3.90c)
H | i U (H | i) =
= (U H W ) (U W )1 (U | i) =
(3.90d)
= H T > | > i = H > | > i,

h | | i U (h | | i) W =
= (h | W ) (U W )1 (U | i) (U W ) =
= h< | > | > i I> .
(3.90e)
178
3.

. W
U = <I.
, ,
(3.89) .
- [14],
U U = I,
(3.91)
.
, , , .. [14],
I I d = U I U = I,
(3.92a)
n U n U = nd = n,
(3.92b)
A B Ad d Bd = U (A B) U .
(3.92c)
-, - -
.
, , , , (,
) (, ) . - , - -.
3.3.11
-, -

-, - , ,
. , -,
, .
3.3.
179
, , . ,
: . ,

[13]
Z Z 6= I, Z = Z T >1/2 ,
(3.93a)
Z Z Z > Z = Z > Z = I> .
(3.93b)
,
. ,
[13],
I> I>0 = Z > I> > Z I> ,
(3.94a)
A > B Z > (A > B) > Z = A 0 > B 0 ,
(3.94b)
, . ,
.
, .
3.3.12
, ,
, , :
;
;
;
.
180
3.

, , , ,
.
, ,
, - , , , - [9],
i
d H
H H
H = H T H H T H 0.
= H
dt
(3.95)
, - ,
, , ,
- [9] ,
i
d H
= H < H H > H = H <T H H T > H 6= 0.
dt
(3.96)

, , (3.95)
.
, , (.
. 1.6 ), ,
i ddtH = H < H H > H =
= (H <T1 H H T1> H)+
(3.97)
+ . . . 6= 0.
+(H <T2 H H T2> H)
,
3.3.
181
, . 2.1. ,
- , ,
-,
[15]
id d d d Ad /d d d t d = i dA/dt =
(3.98)
= Ad d H d H d d Ad = A H + H A.
, (. 1.6 2.1).
-, - - .

, , , " ".
,

.
182
3.

[1] Einstein, A., Podolsky, B. and Rosen, N.: Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935).
Hanna, M.W.:Quantum Mechanical Chemistry, Benjamin, New York
Orbits, McGraw Hill, New York (1970) [2c]. Linnet, J.W.: The Electronic
Structure of Molecules, A New Approach, Methuen Press, London, and
Wiley, New York (1964) [2d].
[3] Santilli, R.M. and Shillady, D.D.: Hadronic J. 21, 633 (1998) [3a]; Intern.
J. Hydrogen Energy 24, 943 (1999) [3b]; Intern. J. Hydrogen Energy 25,
173 (2000) [3c].
[4] Sinanoglu, O.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sciences 47, 1217 (1961) [4a].
Lewis, G.N.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 38, 762 (1916) [4b]. Langmuir, I.: J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 41, 868 (1919) [4c]. Boyd, R.J. and Yee, M.C.: J. Chem.
Phys. 77, 3578 (1982) [4d]. Cann, N.M. and Boyd, R.J.: J. Chem. Phys.
98, 7132 (1992) [4e].
[5] Lagrange, L.: Mechanique Analytique (1788), reprinted by GauthierVillars, Paris (1888) [5a]; Hamilton, W.R.: On a General Method
in Dynamics (1834), reprinted in Hamiltons Collected Works,
Cambridge Univ. Press (1940) [5b]. Jacobi, C.G.: Zur Theorie del
Variationensrechnung under der Differentialgleichungen (1937) [5c].
[6] Santilli, R.M.: Foundations of Theoretical Mechanics, Vol. I (1978) [6a]
and II (1983) [6b], Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg-New York; Elements
of Hadronic Mechanics, Vol. I [6c] and II [6d] (1995) and III, in
preparation [6i], Ukraine Academy of Sciences, Kiev; Isotopic, Genotopic
183
184
and Hyperstructural Method in Theoretical Biology, Ukraine Academy of

Sciences, Kiev (1996) [6e].

(1996).
[8] Animalu, A.O.E. and Santilli, R.M.: in Hadronic Mechanics and
Nonpotential Interactions, M. Mijatovic, Editor, Nova Science, New York
(1990).
[10] Santilli, R.M.: Hadronic J. 3, 440 (1979) [10a]. Mignani, R., Hadronic
J. 5, 1120 (1982) [10b].
[11] Myuing, H.C. and Santilli, R.M.: Hadronic J. 5, 1277 and 1367 (1983).
[12] Santilli, R.M.: Found. Phys. 27, 625 (1997).
[13] Santilli, R.M.: Found. Phys. 27, 1159 (1997).
[14] Santilli, R.M.: Hyperfine Interactions 109, 63 (1997); Intern. J. Modern
Phys. D7, 351 (1998).
[15] Santilli, R.M.: JINR Rapid Comm. 6, 24 (1993); Acta Appl. Math. 50,
177 (1998).
4

4.1
,
(., , [1]) :
1) , ,
;
2) -, ;
3) ,
.
, ,
,
, , ,

U = eiHt ,
U U = U U = I,
H = H ,
(4.1)
.
20- , "" - 1.
185
186 4.
. :
1) , ;
2) -, , , ,
;
3) , "" , .

, . , ,
U U = U U 6= I,
(4.2)

.
, , -
.
3 , [2], ,
, , .
3, , "" ( ) "" ,
, .

.
4.1.
187
, , , , , ,
p, , , ...) 6= I,
U U = I(r,
(4.3)
, I,
I, .
. 4.1: , . ( ).
, , , ( ), , , . ,
. ( 3)
, .
,
. ,
, . , ,
.
188 4.
, (' 108 ),

(1 = 1013 ).
, ,
, ,
.

, ,
1 ,
lim
r1
p, , , . . .) = I,
I(r,
1,
|I|
|T | 1.
(4.4a)
(4.4b)
, .
(4.4b),
, 3.6, (. (3.74d) (3.74e)),
, .
, (4.4a) (4.4b),
,
.
, ,
( 3). ,a priori

.
,
.

. , .
4.1.
189
,
, 1. ,
(. . 1.7).
, ,
, ,
.

2 , 3
(. [3, 4]).
, (. 3.3.6), - . , , , .
. 4.2: , ,
1 (= 1013 ), , ,
.
190 4.
4.2
, H2 , [5].
.
H- , H2
() ,
[1].
[5] ,
"", oo- ,
(. 4.3).
, [39] , oo-,
,
.
, , ,
, 4.3.
4.2. 191
. 4.3: ,

- , , . . 4.7 .
, . , , ,
, .
H- oo- ,
. , .
oo- ,

0, 2e .
, : H2
H2 O ; ; ;
. , ,
HO, HC .., 3.
. , , , , , ,
.
192 4.
. 4.4: .
, .

. , 1 ,
,
1013 . ,
, , ,
(. 8). , , -
. , ,
, .

= A T B |T | 1 ( 3). ,
AB
, . ,
, ,
, ,
.
4.2. 193
.4.4. ,
. ,
, , ,
. , , in media
virtus,
. , () , ,
, ( 4.3).
, , ,
,
, ,
, ,
(. . 4.4).
, ,
, , , ,
.

= A T B T AB
1. ,
"" -
.

, 1, ,

ad hoc . , , ,
.
194 4.
, , .
, - ,
(. 4.2),
1978 ., . ,
,
,
, .
,
1 . ,
, , . 6,
,
, ,
1 .
,
. , , , .
, , , :
1) , , , , .. , , , - .
, , , . ,
,
, ,
.
4.2. 195
2) , , , . ,
, , . ,
- ,
, - , ,
(. 4.4);
3) ,

, ,
,
.. ,
, .
,
, , , -
.
, 1 , oo-, o-
(. 4.3). . 4.4 (. 8),
.
() , oo-
o-. , : , , (, ,
196 4.
oo- ) .
,
, ,
H- H2 ,
, ( 8).
:
1) ;
2) ,
;
3) ( ) ,
;
4) "" ;
5) ;
6) , . ,
, ,
o-,
(-).
4.2. 197
. 4.5: ,
,
,
. 1,
, --
, . , , .
, ,
. 4.3,
oo- (
), o- . , o-
,
. 7, .
198 4.
3,
. ,
,
.
.
, "" ( "" ), ,
"" , ( ""
).
, ( )
H-, .
H- , , , ,
( )
().
, ,
, , 3.
( ) ,
8.
,
. , ( ) , , ( ).
6.
4.2. 199
. 4.6: , ,
, , (. 4.2),
.
200 4.
[7a] 0
.
[7b] [7c]

.

, , ()
,
(. 4.2)
. , .
0 , ,
. ,
, [7b] [7c]
. , , H-, . ,

, .
, ""
, , , . "" , ,
"",
, , , -. [3c, 3d, 4a].
(), -
4.2. 201

. -
, 1024 .
, , , . , , , , .
, ,

, , , .
, (), , ,
.

,

. ,
, 20- - .
,
, , , , .
, "" .
, , , "" . ,
202 4.
.
4.3
(. 4.3) ,
(. 4.4). , ,

,
.
,
, , ,

.
,
,
. ,
. , ,
.
,
, , "" ,
. , ,
, .

.
, -
4.3. 203
, , , . - , , ,

, , , , .
, "" ,
(. 4.4). , , ,
const/r,
, , . ,
, ,
, .
, , , ,
,
1 , . ,
,
1 ,
.

, e
e , (r) = (r),
p p e2
+
m
r
(r) = E (r).
(4.5)
, H- ze, , ,
204 4.
(4.5) , ,
, ,
( 1),
U U = I = 1/T > 0,
(4.6a)
A = U A U ,
A = p, H, . . . ,
= U ,
B = A T B,
U (A B) U = A
2
2
1
e
z
e
p T p T + T
(r) = E0 (r),
m
r
r
(r) = i T (r),
p
(4.6b)
(4.6c)
(4.6d)
(4.6e)
T - (4.5),
, . ,
,
.
(4.6) [3] . r = |r|, [7]
N /
I = e
1 + N / ,
N=
dr3 (r)1 (r)2 ,
(4.7a)
T 1 N / ,
(4.7b)
1,
|I|
(4.7c)
|T | 1,
lim I = 1,
r1
(4.7d)
, (4.7c) (4.7d) (4.7a) (4.7b).

, ,

N exp(b r),
(4.8)
4.3. 205
N ,

1
rc = ,
(4.9)
b

exp(b r)
M 1
,
(4.10)
r
M [7a].
V
ebr
T 1 Hulten = 1 V0
,
(4.11)
r
(1 ebr )/r
, .
,
1 V0 1
.
(4.12)
b
b
r
, ( )
e2 e2
e2
VHulten
ze2
ebr
+ T + 1
= V
, (4.13)
r
r
r
r
r
1 ebr
VHulten r
.
|T | = 1,
0 [7a] [7b, 7c],
V b,

1 d 2d
m
ebr
r
+
E0 +V
(r) = E0 (r). (4.14)
r2 dr dr
1ebr
2 h 2

[7a], 5
.
,
2
2 h 2 b2
m V
1
n ,
(4.15)
|E0 | =
4m
2 h 2 b2 n
206 4.
, , .
,
[7a],
1
k1 =
,
(4.16a)
b
k2 =
m V
2 h 2 b2
(4.16b)
, (1.39)
, k2 , , k2 1 [7].
, , ,
m V
= 1.
(4.17)
2 h 2 b2
, V
, [7],
V 2 h 2 0.5 MeV = 1 MeV,
(4.18)
, 1,
rc = b
h 2
m V
1/2
=
h
m 0
1.054 1027
1.82 1027 1.236 1020
1/2
=
1/2
=
(4.19)
= 6.8432329 1011 = 0.015424288 = 0.006843

A,
, : 1) rc V , , ; 2) ,
; 3)
(
m ).
4.3. 207
,
, , " ", , .
(4.19).
k1 :
k1 =
V
= 0.19,
2 k2 b c0
k2 1.
(4.20)
, 0 [7a] [7b, 7c] (.

1.9),
k1 = 0.34, k2 = 1 + 8.54 102 ,
k1 = 1.3 z 104 , k2 = 1.0 z,
(4.21a)
(4.21b)
, ,
,
,
2
mV
V
2 h 2 b2
|E0 | =
1 =
(k2 1)2 = 0.
(4.22)
2
2
2
4m
4k
h b
2
, , ,
.

( " " [7a])
,
. , , , 0 ,
, , , . , ,
.

,
208 4.
. ,
, ,
- , .
,
[7a]
h
k1
| (0)| EeKin
= 7.16104
.
2
(k2 1)3 bc0
4 h
(4.23)
= , ,
k2 1, , , E0 0.
. , ,
, , [7b],
, . 0

, ,
- , ,
, .
, . .
, , [7b, 7c]. , ,
, , .
. ,

, .
4.3. 209
,
( ) , , ,
. ,
, 2e ,
.
, , , .
, (
),
(4.5) , ,
, ( 1.7). , .
, (4.7) ,
, . ,
,
(4.7a) , I (4.7d), ,
.
, (4.7a), (4.5)
: ,
/ ; , - (4.7a);
, - .
, T ,
(4.7b),
, (4.7c),
|T | = |1 N / | 1.
(4.24)
3, ,
.
210 4.
4.4
,
[5] (, . 4.3, 4.4 4.5).

, , ,
,
.
1 MeV, = 0,
= 2 e, 0,
= rc = b1 = 6.8432329 1011 =
= 0.015424288 = 0.006843
A.
(4.25a)
(4.25b)
,
, ,
.

, (4.25), ,
,
,
( ) ( , . 4.3).
, ,
,
.
H2 [1],
1
1
p1 p1 +
p2 p2 +
(4.26)
21
22
e2
e2
e2
e2 e2
e2
+
+
| i = E | i.
r12 r1a r2a r1b r2b R
4.4.
211
,
U U |rrc = I = 1/T 6= I,
(4.27)

rc = b1 = r12 6.8 1011 cm,
(4.28)
,
U U |r1010 6= I,
Ir1010 = I.
(4.29)
,
, .
(4.29) , . , (4.29) ,

( 1).
(4.26) ( ) [1]
| i = |12 i |1a i |1b i |2a i |2b i |R i,
HTot = H12 H1a H1b H2a H2b HR .
(4.30a)
(4.30b)
, ,
r12 .
:
(r
)
12
U(r12 )U (r12 ) = I = exp

dr12 (r12 )1 (r12 )2 ,
(4.31)
(r12 )
.
, , , ()
212 4.
,
( ),
h 2
h 2
T 1 T 1
T 2 T 2 +
2 1
2 2
e2
e2
e2
e2
e2 e2
+
r12 r1a r2a r1b r2b R
| i = E | i.
(4.32)
, , (4.32) :
h 2
h 2
er12 b
2
2
1
2 V
2 1
2 2
1 er12 b
e2
e2
e2
e2 e2
+
r1a r2a r1b r2b R
| i = E | i.
(4.33)
.
, , . H2
H-. ,
(4.33) ,
.
4.5
(4.33)
, . ,
, .
, (. . 4.3)
r12 r1a , r1b ,
r12 0,
(4.34a)
4.5. 213
r1a r2a = ra ,
r1b r2b = rb .eqno(4.34b)
, H- 2000 , .
, (4.33)
, , H+
2
[1], H2 .

, (, oo-, . 4.4),

h 2
h 2
er12 b
21
21 V
2 1
22
1er12 b
2e2 2e2 e2
+
ra
rb
R
| i = E | i.
(4.35)
,
H2 , H+
2
. 6 .

. .
,

. ,
1 , ,
.
, (4.35) H2 .

.
,
H- , O, , - ,
, HOH, ,
214 4.
HO OH, ,
.
, (4.35),
, ,
. , (4.35) 4.3,
m = 2 m .
(4.36)
, 4.7 .
, ,
.
, , , , . ,

.
, . , ,
, . 4.4.
, : , , ,
. ,
.
,
,
m < 2 m .
(4.37)
, m > 2m .
4.5. 215

(4.35). 6, , (4.35)
(4.36) . , , .
, ,
, (4.19). , 4.3, .
(4.35) . ,
(4.35)
rc = b1 6.8 1011 .
(4.38)
(4.35), ,
rc = b1 6.8 1011 ,
(4.39)
, 4.2 4.3, ,
,
1011 , .
, (4.36) (4.39), (4.38), -
, .
,
,
, .
(4.35) , , , R. ,
. ,
(4.35), R ,
, .
, (4.33) (4.35) , , , ,
216 4.
, , : 1)
; 2) ; 3) .
, (4.35)

H-, .
4.6
[5], ,
(4.35) . 4.3,
, ,
(4.25). ,
, , ad hoc .
, , [6]. [838]
.
,
, ,
, 6.8 1011 .
, erb /(1 erb ), rc = b1 , . ,
(4.35)
erb
1 Aebr
,
r
1 erb
(4.40)
A .
,
. , -
4.6. ... 217

(4.40), , .
4.3,
, "" , .
,
.
, , ,
, -
.
, " "
6.8 1011 .
, , , , ..
,
(4.40). ,
, ,

, . ,
.
,
(4.35) ,
,
(..)
2 1
1 2 2
,
(4.41)
H = +
2
ra rb R
H+
2 [1] -
218 4.
= 1 = 2 e = 1
e = 2.

. S
1. S

. H S
. E .
1
HC = ESC; define C = S 2 C0 , then HS 2 C0 = ES 2 C0 ,

1
HC = ESC; C = S 2 C0 , HS 2 C0 = ES 2 C0 ,
1
(S 2 HS+ 2 C0 ) = H 0C0 = E(S 2 SS 2 )C0 = EC0 ,
(4.42a)
(4.42a)
(4.42b)

1
1
1
S 2 , S 2 = S+ 2 . C0 H 0
1
C = S 2 C 0 .
,
. - C

i = ( j : j = k ; =
ci, j
a j,k
3/4
exp[( A)2 ] = / , A).
(4.43)
1s ;
" " 1s
[18]. s-, p-, d- f -
1s , 1s-
H2 .
4.6. ... 219

( , H-)
. , 1s 1.191 2-, 3- 4- ,
.
, , ,
1.4011 (= 0.74143 ). , .
7.61509174 (= 207.2051232 ), .
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4 f

, ,
, [12]. , 6- (6G) 1s [18]
0.499946 H , 0.001 .
,
,
,
H2 6
. E(1)
( 11.473164 ) ,
- 1/R.
220 4.
4.7
, ,
, , .
, , , .
[5], H2 ,
, (. . 4.7).
[20] 1930- 2%
. [22] " ", ,
. -, . [23],
,

. . [24],
(MCSCF) . [25] -- [26], , , ,
, [27] Cr2 .
, ""
,
--, .
4.7. ...
221
. 4.7: ,
,
. 4.4 .
,
. , , , , ,
,
1. , ,
, . , ,
.
222 4.
, : ? ,
, .
- [1] (
, [27]) .
, - ,
, 1/2
. , . , [27] 1.39 - Cr2 Mo2 . ,

FC = ESC;
1
Fi, j = Hi, j + Pk,l [(i, j|k, l) (i, k| j, l)],
2
k,l
ZZ
(i, j|k, l) =
Pi, j = 2 cn,i cn, j
i (1) j (1)
1
k (2)l (2) d 1 d 2 ,
r12
(4.44a)
(4.44b)
(sum n only over occupied orbitals).
(4.44c)
( n ).
(4.44c)

n
[7c] 1995 .
, 0 - [7a], - , . ,
,
. , -

.
4.7. ...
223
1978 . , [7a], ,
.
, , .
, -

. ,

, [16], .
1
=
r12
r Z
1
1
2
]ds,
s 2 exp[sr12
1+
(4.45a)
p+q
1
s=
.
pq
1 t2
(4.45b)
, , s = 0. , ,
, (4.45). (
.. ) ,
, [6] 1950 . .
SCF [8, 28] .
, .
,
. ,
.
,
. exp[r2 ]/r,
224 4.

, ,
x, y, z .

, ,
1 2 exp[ r2 ]
Y (r) =
.
(4.46)
r
,
F0 , [8, 28] 1
1
. s 2 (s + ) 2
, .

p+q
1
1+
(s + ) =
,
(4.47)
pq
1 t2
1
(s + )1/2 s 2 .
70- (
20 50 .)
64-,
, 14 .
( ) 1.0 1015 ( )
.
, ,
14 , , , ,
, 12 [28].

1.01015 1.79940
1013 1.01015
( ).
, ,
70- ,
4.7. ...
225
s = 0.0,
, .
1.0 1015 .
exp( (r12 )2 )
cC(2), dD(2) =
(4.48a)
aA(1), bB(1)
r12
=
Z1
2 5/2 [ab/(a+b)]AB2 [cd/(c+d)]CD2
pq p + q
[pq/(p+q)]PQ t 2
[pq/(p + q)]t 2
[pq/(p + q)]t 2 + (t 2 1)
1/2
dt,
(4.48b)
p+q
=+
, p = (a + b), q = c + d, = 1.0 1015 , (4.48c)
pq + (p + q)
pole = (1.79940 1013 )e[pq/(p+q)]PQ
2 2
(4.48d)
,
-- (SCF), F0 ,
(4.46). H2 1.4011 .
6G-1s [18],
H- -- SASLOBE,
512 .
,
E( ). . ,
, , " " rc
.
( : A) . ,
226 4.
rc , b 5,
b=
1
exp[ rc2 ]
=A
,
rc
rc
A = exp[+ rc2 ].
(4.49)
,
( ),
A
ln 2
ln 2 2
A exp 2 rc = , =
, A = 2.
(4.50)
rc
2
rc
4.3 0.6843 1010 , 0.012931401 .
--
H2 , SCF
1.17446875 , 0.0118447 1.18447
1010 , 1s . , b 1/rc H2
. 6G-1s, 1G-2s,
1G-2p .
4.B.
4.8

, - [22]
[2].
CISD -- SCF
99 99 "codetor" [6] . 1s 1.191 6G-1s , 1G-2s, 2G-2p, 1G-3s, 1G-3p, 3G-3d, Thd 1G4sp ( ), 4G-4 f

[17].

4.8.
227
4.1: .

1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4sp
4f
(. .)
SCF (. .)
CI (. .)
CINO (. .)
SAS (. .)
(. .) [30]
()
()
H2
H2 a
H2
1.191
0.50
0.50
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.25
0.25
*
1.12822497
1.14231305
1.14241312
*
1.174474
1.4011
*
6.103
24.35
24.35
16.23
16.23
16.2b
12.18
12.18
7.61509174
*
*
*
*
*
0.2592
*
1.191
0.50
2.36
*
*
*
*
*
*
1.13291228
*
*
1.174444
1.174474
1.4011
0.01124995
(5.1).
3d 16.20 "" 3d .
b
, ,
,

rc . 4.1.
C.I. - 1.14241305 ,
SCF 1.12822497 . " " (CINO),

[29]. , , , 1.14241312
( 7.0 107 ), , 99-
228 4.
,
.
SASLOBE n7 , n5 (' n ), SASLOBE C.I.
20 300 MFLOPS Silicon
Graphics.
,
. ,
. ,
SASLOBE
.
, , , , 1000
C.I. ,
vs. .
, , ( ),
--, .
H2
. ,
,
(. ).

H F,
100% SCF
, SCF
-.
HF,
4.8.
4.2:
.
SCF- (DH) (. .)
-d (. .)
- (. .)
Rc (
A)
QMC d,e (. .)
-. (. .)
(%)
SCF- (D)
- (D)
. (D)
h (:)
229
,
H2
1.132800a
H2 O
76.051524
1.174441c
0.00671
1.17447
1.174474 f
99.9b
0.0
0.0
0.0
0:15.49
76.398229c
0.00038
76.430020e
91.6b
1.996828
1.847437
1.85g
10:08.31
HF
100.057186
100.07185d
100.459500c
0.00030
100.44296d
100.4595d
103.8
1.946698
1.841378
1.82g
6:28.48
(DH+ ) - (10S/6P), [6,2,1,1,1/4,1,1]+H2 P1 +3D1.

a LEAO-6G1S + GLO-2S GLO-2P.
b ,
HF-.
c - HF.
d - QMC [33].
e QMC . [30].
f 7 . [34].
g Chemical Rubber Handbook, 61- ., . E60.
h O2 Silicon Graphics workstation (100 MFLOPS max.).
- (QMC) [33],
, 10 . ,
HF 8 CPU 100 MFLOP Silicon
Graphics O2 workstation.
(4.48d) 100% HF, H2 O , . HF F , rc
" " . -
230 4.
. H2 O
HF H2 .
H F 4.2.

( )
.
4.9
, [5],
, ,
oo-
.
, ,
, - , , .
, ,
, . , ,
, , , ,
(. 1.7).
, ,
, ;
[3b] ,
.
4.9.
231
, ,
,
, , "
" ().
0.69
10
10
. "", , ,
,
.
, ,
, , .
, , .
, , ,
. , .
[7a] 1978 , 0 -
. . , 0
- , : 0 , "" ,
;
0 ,
; 0 ; .
, , , 0 - ,
232 4.
,
0 e +e+ , [7a].
, 0 - , ( ).
[7b] 1994 [7c] 1995 ,
, .
0 -. ,
, , . ,
, -
.
, -
, ,
( 1.9). , , ,
,

( ).
-, ,
,
.
, 0 -
,
I I = 1/T ,
(4.51a)
4.9.
1,
|I|
233
|T | 1,
(4.51b)
A B A T B,
(4.51c)
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
, . . , , " ",
.
20-
[6, 838] - ,

.
, [5] , :
1) , ,
.
2) H2 H2 O H-.
3) ,
.
4) ,
, ,
,
, ,
234 4.
.
5) , , , , .
6) . " "
,
,
.
7) " " [35], -
.
, " " - " ".
8) "", KCl , ,
[36], [37].
9) , , 1000
(. 7).
,
, , 0.69 1010 , 4.3, 4.6 4.7, ,
0.00671
A.
, ,

, ,
[38].
,
,
4.9.
235
. , .
, ,

, [5], , , , "
" " ".
, ,

.
7, ,

.
4.A H2
[5]
, (4.35), .
(4.25).

: . .
, 1978-1997
3 BODY H2 ()
236 4.
ipear = 1, dt = 0.0, tk = 0.0, imd = 0, ntime = 60, mul = 1, iqd = 0,
icor = 3, mdtim = 0, idb = 0.
ELECTRONIUM-PAIR CALCULATION
Atomic Core
1.
Z1s =
Z3s =
Z4p =
1.
Z1s =
Z4p =
X
0.000000
6.103 Z2s =
16.230 Z3p =
12.180 Z4f =
0.000000
6.103 Z2s =
12.180 Z4f =
Nuclear
Y
0.000000
24.350
16.230
12.180
0.000000
24.350
12.18O
Z2p =
Z3d =
Coordinates
Z
0.000000
24.350
-16.200
Z2p =
Z3d =
0.259200
24.350
-16.200
Basis Size = 50 and Number of Spheres = 142 for 2 Electrons.

Distance Matrix in Angstroms:
H
H
H
H
0.00000 0.13716
0.13716 0.00000
A-B-C Arcs in Degrees for 2 Atoms.

The Center of Mass is at Xm = 0.000000, Ym = 0.000000, Zm = 0.129600.
One-Electron Energy Levels:
4.9.
E( 1)
E( 2)
E( 3)
E( 4)
E( 5)
E( 6)
E( 7)
E( 8)
E( 9)
E(10)
E(11)
E(12)
E(13)
E(14)
E(15)
E(16)
E(17)
E(18)
E(19)
E(20)
E(21)
E(22)
E(23)
E(25)
= -11.473116428176
= -4.103304982059
= -1.621066945385
= -1.621066909587
=
0.735166320188
=
3.760295564718
=
3.760295673022
=
4.206194459198
=
4.813241859203
= 11.2330B0571453
= 15.70B645318078
= 15.708645469273
= 18.535761604401
= 18.535761951543
= 19.329445299735
= 19.329445306194
= 19.644048052034
= 24.002368034839
= 24.002368621986
= 24.076849036707
= 24.076853269415
= 24.574406183060
= 26.836031180463
= 27.860752485358
E(26)
E(27)
E(28)
E(29)
E(30)
E(31)
E(32)
E(33)
E(34)
E(35)
E(36)
E(37)
E(38)
E(39)
E(40)
E(41)
E(42)
E(43)
E(45)
E(46)
E(47)
E(48)
E(49)
E(50)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
237
28.974399759209
28.974400079775
31.002613061833
31.002614578175
35.201145239721
38.003259639003
44.948398097510
44.94839B118458
52.259825531212
57.732587951875
57.732589021798
68.743644612501
68.743644649428
73.195648957615
79.303486379907
85.865499885249
85.865531919077
127.196518644932
130.602186113463
130.602190550265
137.484863078186
158.452350229845
205.158233049979
446.152984041077
epair Energy = -7.615091736818.
4.B H2
[5] , (4.33), 6G-1s . (4.25). , ,
1.174447 .
238 4.

: . .

,
1978-1997
Test of SASLOBE on H2
SANTILLI-RADIUS = 0.01184470000000.
Cutoff = (A/r)*(exp(-alp*r*r)), A = 0.20E+01, alp = 0.49405731E+04.
Atomic Core
1.
Z1s =
Z3s =
Z4p =
1.
Z1s =
Z3s =
Z4p =
X
0.000000
1.200 Z2s =
0.000 Z3p =
0.000 Z4f =
0.000000
1.200 Z2s =
0.000 Z3p =
0.000 Z4f =
Nuclear
Y
0.000000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Z2p =
Z3d =
Coordinates
Z
0.000000
0.000
0.000
Z2p =
Z3d =
1.401100
0.000
0.000
Basis Size = 2 and Number of Spheres = 12 for 2 Electrons.

Distance Matrix in Angstroms:
H
H
H
H
0.00000 0.74143
0.74143 0.00000
The center of Mass is at: Xm = 0.000000, Ym = 0.000000, Zm = 0.700550.

Spherical Gaussian Basis Set:
4.9.
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
No. 9
No. 10
No. 11
No. 12
alpha
alpha
alpha
alpha
alpha
alpha
alpha
alpha
alpha
alpha
alpha
alpha
239
=
0.944598E+03 at X = 0.0000 Y = 0.0000 Z
=
0.934768E+02 at X = 0.0000 Y = 0.0000 Z
=
0.798123E+01 at X = 0.0000 Y = 0.0000 Z
=
0.519961E+01 at X = 0.0000 Y = 0.0000 Z
=
0.235477E+00 at X = 0.0000 Y = 0.0000 Z
=
0.954756E+00 at X = 0.0000 Y = 0.0000 Z
= 0.1944598E+03 at X = 0.0000 Y = 0.0000 Z
= 0.7934768E+02 at X = 0.0000 Y = 0.0000 Z
= 0.40798123E+01 at X = 0.0000 Y = 0.0000 Z
= 0.11519961E+01 at X = 0.0000 Y = 0.0000 Z
= 0.37235477E+00 at X = 0.0000 Y = 0.0000 2
= 0.12954756E+00 at X = 0.0000 Y = 0.0000 Z
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
1.4011
1.4011
1.4011
1.4011
1.4011
1.4011
a.u.
a.u.
a.u.
a.u.
a.u.
a.u.
a.u.
a.u.
a.u.
a.u.
a.u.
a.u.
Contracted Orbital No. 1:

0.051420*(1), 0.094904*(2), 0.154071*(3), 0.203148*(4), 0.169063*(5), 0.045667*(6).
Contracted Orbital No.2:
0.051420*(7), 0.094904*(8), 0.154071*( 9), 0.203148*(10), 0.169063*(11),
0.045667*(12).
***** Nuclear Repulsion Energy in au = 0.71372493041182. *****
Overlap Matrix:
#
1
2
H
H
at-orb
1
1s 1.000
1s 0.674
2
0.674
1.000
S(-1/2) Matrix:
#
1
2
H
H
at-orb
1
2
1s 1.263 -0.490
1s -0.490 1.263
H
H
at-orb
1
2
1s -1.127 -0.965
1s -0.965 -1.127
H-Core Matrix:
#
1
2
Initial-Guess-Eigenvectors by Column:
240 4.
#
1
2
H
H
at-orb
1
1s 0.546
1s 0.546
2
1.239
-1.239
One-Electron Energy Levels: E(1) = -1.249428797385, E(2) = -0.499825553916.

minus
total
minus
total
minus
total
minus
total
minus
total
minus
total
(1,1/1,1)
(1,1/1,1)
(1,1/1,1)
(1,1/1,2)
(1,1/1,2)
(1,1/1,2)
(1,1/2,2)
(1,1/2,2)
(1,1/2,2)
(1,2/1,2)
(1,2/1,2)
(1,2/1,2)
(1,2/2,2)
(1,2/2,2)
(1,2/2,2)
(2,2/2,2)
(2,2/2,2)
(2,2/2,2)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.75003658795676
0.08506647783478
0.66497011012199
0.44259146066210
0.02960554295227
0.41298591770983
0.55987025041920
0.01857331166211
0.54129693875709
0.30238141375547
0.01938180841827
0.28299960533720
0.44259146066210
0.02960554295227
0.41298591770983
0.75003658795676
0.08506647783478
0.66497011012199
Block No. 1 Transferred to Disk/Memory. The Two-Electron Integrals

Have Been Computed.
Electronic Energy = -1.88819368266525 a.u., Dif. = 1.8881936827,
Electronic Energy = -1.88819368266525 a.u., Dif. = 0.0000000000.
Energy Second Derivative = 0.00000000000000.
e1a = -2.499 e1b =
e2a = 0.611 e2b =
-2.499
0.611 e2ab = 0.611
Iteration No. = 2, alpha = 0.950000.

Electronic Energy = -1.88819368266525 a.u., Dif. = 0.0000000000.
Total Energy = -1.17446875 a.u.
One-Electron Energy Levels: E(1) = -0.638764885280, E(2) = 0.561205833046
Reference State Orbitals for 1 Filled Orbitals by Column:
4.9.
#
1
2
H
H
at-orb
1
1s 0.546
1s 0.546
241
2
1.239
-1.239
Dipole Moment Components in Debyes:

Dx = 0.0000000, Dy = 0.0000000, Dz = 0.0000000.
Resultant Dipole Moment in Debyes = 0.0000000.
Computed Atom Charges: Q(1) = 0.000, Q(2)= 0.000.
Orbital Charges: 1.000000, 1.000000.
Mulliken Overlap Populations:
#
1
2
H
H
at-orb
1
1s 0.597
1s 0.403
2
0.403
0.597
Total Overlap Populations by Atom:

H
H
H
H
0.597222 0.402778
0.402778 0.597222
Orthogonalized Molecular Orbitals by Column:

#
1
2
H
H
at-orb
1
1s 0.422
1s 0.422
2
2.172
-2.172
Wiberg-Trindie Bond Indices:

#
1
2
H
H
at-orb
1
1s 0.127
1s 0.127
2
0.127
0.127
Wiberg-Trindie Total Bond Indices by Atoms:

H
H
H
H
0.127217 0.127217
0.127217 0.127217
242 4.

Hanna, M.W.: Quantum Mechanical Chemistry, Benjamin, New York
Orbits, McGraw Hill, New York (1970) [1c]. Schaefer, H.F.: The
Electronic Structure of Atoms and Molecules, Addison-Wesley, Reading,
Mass. (1972) [1d].
[2] Santilli, R.M. and Shillady, D.D.: Ab Initio Hadronic Chemistry: Basic
Methods, Hadronic J. 21, 633 (1998).
(1996) [3a]; Found. Phys. 27, 625 (1997) [3b]; Nuovo Cimento Lett.
37,545 (1983) [3c]; J. Moscow Phys. Soc. 3, 255 (1993) [3d]; Elements
of Hadronic Mechanics, Vol. I and II, Ukraine Academy of Sciences,
Kiev, 2-nd Edition (1995) [3e]; Isotopic, Genotopic and Hyperstructural
Methods in Theoretical Biology, Ukraine Academy of Sciences, Kiev
(1996) [3f]; Intern. J. Modern Phys. A14, 3157 (1999) [3g].
[4] Kadeisvili, J.V.: Math. Methods Applied Sciences 19, 1349 (1996) [4a].
Tsagas, Gr. and Sourlas, D.S.: Algebras, Groups and Geometries 12,
1 and 67 (1995) [4b]. Tsagas, Gr. and Sourlas, D.: Mathematical
Kiev (1992) [4c]. Lohmus, J., Paal, E. and Sorgsepp, L.: Nonassociative
Algebras in Physics, Hadronic Press (1995) [4d]. Vacaru, S.: Interactions,
Strings and Isotopies on Higher order Superspaces, Hadronic Press
(1998) [4c].
[5] Santilli, R.M. and Shillady, D.D.: Intern. J. Hydrogen Energy, 24, 943
(1999).
243
244
[6] Lewis, G.N.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 38, 762 (1916) [6a]. Langmuir, I.: J.
Am. Chem. Soc., 41, 868 (1919) [6b]. Frost, A.A.: J. Chem. Phys., 47,
3707 (1967) [6c]. Bates, D.R., Ledsham, K. and Stewart, A.L.: Phil.
Tran. Roy. Soc. (London) A246, 215 (1954) [6e]. Wind, H.: J. Chem.
Phys. 42, 2371 (1965) [6f]. Boys, S.F.: Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A200,
542 (1950) [6g].
[7] Santilli, R.M.: Hadronic J. 1, 574 (1978) [7a]. Animalu, A.O.E.: Hadronic
J. 17, 379 (1994) [7b]. Animalu, A.O.E. and Santilli, R.M.: Intern. J.
Quantum Chemistry 29, 175 (1995) [7c].
[8] Whitten, J.L.: J. Chem. Phys. 39, 349 (1963); Sambe, H.: J. Chem. Phys.
42, 1732 (1965); Preuss, H.: Z. Naturforsch. 11a, 823 (1956); Whitten,
J.L. and Allen, L.C.: J. Chem. Phys. 43, S170 (1965); Harrison, J.F.:
J. Chem. Phys. 46, 1115 (1967); Frost, A.A.: J. Chem. Phys. 47, 3707
(1967).
[9] Le Rouzo, H. and Silvi, B.: Int. J. Quantum Chem. 13, 297, 311 (1978);
Nguyen, T.T., Raychowdhury, P.N. and Shillady, D.D.: J. Comput.
Chem. 5, 640 (1984).
[10] Shavitt, I.: Methods in Computational Physics, B. Alder (ed.), Academic
Press, New York (1963).
[11] Born, M. and Oppenheimer, J.R.: Ann. Physik 84, 457 (1927).
[12] Bates, D.R., Ledsham, K. and Stewart, A.L.: Phil. Tran. Roy. Soc.
(London), A246, 215 (1954); Wind, H.: J. Chem. Phys. 42, 2371 (1965).
[13] Boys, S.F.: Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A200, 542 (1950).
[14] Whitten, J.L.: J. Chem. Phys. 39, 349 (1963). Sambe, H.: J. Chem. Phys.
42, 1732 (1965). Preuss, H.: Z. Naturforsch. 11a, 823 (1956). Whitten,
J.L. and Allen, L.C.: J. Chem. Phys. 43, S170 (1965). Harrison, J.F.:
J. Chem. Phys. 46, 1115 (1967). Frost, A.A.: J. Chem. Phys. 47, 3707
(1967).
[15] Le Rouzo, H. and Silvi, B.: Intern. J. Quantum Chem. 13, 297,
311 (1978). Nguyen, T.T., Raychowdhury, P.N. and Shillady, D.D.: J.
Comput. Chem. 5, 640 (1984).
245
[16] Shavitt, I.: Methods in Computational Physics, B. Alder, (ed.), Academic

Press, New York, (1963).
[17] Shillady, D.D. and Talley, D.B.: J. Computational Chem. 3, 130
(1982). Shillady, D.D. and Richardson, F.S.: Chem. Phys. Lett. 6, 359
(1970).
[18] Ditchfield, R., Hehre, W.J. and Pople, J.A.: J. Chem. Phys. 52, 5001
(1970).
[19] Davis, K.B., Mewes, M.O., Andrews, M.R., van Druten, N.J., Durfee,
D.S., Kurn, D.M. and Ketterle, W.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3969 (27
November 1995). Ketterle, W. and van Drutten, N.J.: Phys. Rev. A54
656 (1996).
[20] Hylleras, E.: Z. Physik 54, 347 (1929).
[21] Yip S.K. and Sauls, J.A.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 2264 (1992). Xu, D., Yip,
S.K. and Sauls, J.A.: Phys. Rev. B51 16233 (1955); see also the levels
of "normal"H2 in Symmetry and Spectroscopy, by D.C. Harris and M.D.
Bertolucci, p. 345, Oxford Univ. Press. New York (1978).
[22] Boys, S.F. and Cook, G.B.: Rev. Mod. Phys. 45, 226 (1960). Reeves,
C.M.: Commun. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 9, 276 (1966); Lengsfield, B.
and Liu, B.: J. Chem. Phys. 75, 478 (1981); Walch, S.P., Bauschlicher,
C.W. Jr., Roos, B.O. and Nelin, C.J.: Chem. Phys. 103, 175 (1983).
[23] Pople, J.A., Krishnan, R., Schlegel, H.B. and Binkly, J.S.: Int. J.
Quantum Chem. 14, 545 (1978). Krishnan R. and Pople, J.A.: Int. J.
Quantum Chem. 14, 91 (1978).
[24] Cizek, J.: J. Chem. Phys. 45, 4256 (1966); Paldus, J., Cizek, J. and
Shavitt, I.: Phys. Rev. A5, 50 (1972). Bartlett, R.J. and Purvis, G.D.:
Int. J. Quantum Chem. 14, 561 (1978). Purvis, G.D. and Bartlett, R.J.:
J. Chem. Phys. 76, 1910 (1982).
[25] Schaefer, H.F.:The Electronic Structure of Atoms and Molecules,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass. (1972).
[26] Kelly, H.P.: Phys. Rev. 131, 684 (1963).
246
[27] Goodgame, M.M. and Goddard, W.A.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 661 (1985).
[28] Mosier, C. and Shillady, D.D.: Math. of Computation 26, 1022 (1972);
cf. program LOBE140 described by D.D. Shillady and Sheryl Baldwin,
Int. J. Quantum Chem., Quantum Biology Symposium 6, 105 (1979).
[29] Bender, C.F. and Davidson, E.R.: Phys. Rev. 183, 23 (1969). Alston,
P.V., Shillady, D.D. and Trindle, C.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 469 (1975).
[30] Hammond, B.L., Lester, W.A. Jr., and Reynolds, P.J.: Monte Carlo
Methods, in: Ab Initio Quantum Chemistry, World Scientific Lecture
and Course Notes in Chemistry, Vol. 1, World Scientific, New Jersey, p.
67 (1994).
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157, 200 (1989). Becke, A.D.: J. Chem. Phys. 88, 1053 (1988). Lee,
C.L., Yang, W. and Parr, R.G.: Phys. Rev. B37, 785 (1988).
[32] Dunning, T.H.: J. Chem. Phys. 55, 716 (1971).
[33] Luchow, A. and Anderson, J.B.: J. Chem. Phys. 105, 7573 (1996).
[34] Kolos, W. and Wolniewicz, L.: J. Chem. Phys. 49, 404 (1968).
[35] Boyd, R.J. and Yee, M.C.: J. Chem. Phys. 77, 3578 (1982).
[36] Fois, E.S., Selloni, A., Parinello, M. and Car, R.: J. Phys. Chem. 92,
3268 (1988).
[37] Xia, P. and Bloomfield, L.A.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1779 (1993).
[38] Burnett Collaboration, http://eve.physics.ox.ac.uk/intense/
[39] Moore, C.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3675 (1993). Chenciner, A. and
Montgomery, R.: Annals of Math., 2001, in press. Montgomery, R.:
Notices of the Am. Math. Soc. 48, 471 (2001).
5

5.1

, . , , , (., , [1]).
, , , , :
1) , , ,
(, - [1]) "", ""
( "" "" ,
, ). , " ", , -- . ,
"
"
.
247
248
5.
2) ,
.
,
, , .
3)
, . ,
2% , 20- .
4) , ,
, , ,
.
5) . , 2%
950 Kcal/mole,
50
Kcal/mole. , 20
.
6)
, , , , (. , [1a], . 22).
,
.
7) .
, .
8) "
",
. , , , ,
.
5.1.
249
9) , , . , , , ,
.
,
. , ,

, -.
, ,

, , . ,

, . , ,
, ,
100% ,
. , , , .
, , , . , , ,
[1].
, , , ,
,
.
, . ,
, ,
, .
250
5.
, , . , ( ) ( , ),
, ( , ). , ,
, .
,
[2], , " "
( 1.8). , ,
1 (= 1013 ), ,
() .
, , ""
, --,
, , ,
,
.
,
, -, - - [2c]
(. 2) , , , .
I
I ,
, , 1978 . [2],
I I = I ,
I I 6= I ,
= {I1 , I2 , I3 , ...} 6= {I}

.
I {I}
(5.1)

, I,
I, .
-, - - -
5.1.
251
, -, - -, :
1) -, , ;
2) -, ,
;
3) -, ,
.
, [6]
, -, - - ( 1.9) ( ) ,
, .
1999 ., [3a] ( 3), , -, .
, .
[3a] ( 4), ,
- , .
4, ,
, : ,
H-; ;
1000
;
.

,
[3b], ,
.
, ,
, ,
252
5.
, , -
.
, ,
""
. ,
, 1)9)
, .
, ,
I ( , )
, . , .
, ,
, , ,
, .
,
, , , ,
1.7.
, ,
, , ,
+1 .
,
I = 1/T = U U > 0,
(5.2)
( 3.6). , ,
, 1,
lim
r1
I = I.
(5.3a)
5.1.
253
1.
|I|
(5.3b)
(5.3a) , , ,
. (5.3b) .
, [3b], , :
1)
(5.2) (5.3), , , ,
, ,
[3a] ;
2) ,
;
3) ,
I,
I,
, - .
, 1.7 (, ), , ,
..
. ,
, , , .
, ,
, / .

. ,
, - .
254
5.
4.3,
, .
,

, ,
.
, ,
U (H| i) = (U HU )(U U )1 (U | i) =
i = U (E | i) =
= H T | i = H |
(5.4)
= [E (U U )](U U )1 (U | i) = E T | i =
= E | i,
,
U n U = n (U U ) = n I,
n R,
(5.5a)
i I C.
U h || iU = h |T | i(U U ) = h ||
(5.5b)
, E = E I
R,
H
E, E T | i =
(E/T )T | i = E | i.
,
, , ,
.
H,
4.3
, ,
i = E | i H |
. , ,
.

, ,
5.2.
255
5.2
. , ,
1 H, 2 H 3 H, , 14 O
19 O. , 1 H 16O,
2
H2 O = H-O-H, .
: 1) ; 2) - , , ; 3) (. [1]
).
H- 1s. ,
1s
, 2s 2p
.
, ,
y-z H O-, , 1s 2s , 2p yz 2px ; xz xy
2py 2pz .
,
9.511 ; 10.086 ; 2070.46 ;
0 K 2080.55 ,
+2080.6 4411.4 ;
is +250.2 ; 2330.8 ; O-H 5.11 H-
4.40 .
256
5.
-, 0 K ,
H-O 0.95718108 , H-O O-H
104.523 . ,
H-O-H , .
,
, . , , 8.5 .
,
.
1.83
8
10 e.s.u. cm 5.6 1026 e.s.u. cm.
,
H-O-H
(.., 180 ).
, ( ) (2.46, 0.77 1.42)106
e.m.u./mol xx,
yy and zz, .
,
H-O
(..),
1 = (H0 , 1s) + (O, 2pz ),
(5.6a)
2 = (H00 , 1s) + (O, 2py ),
(5.6b)
.
, 90 . , 2p 2s . , ,
H-O-H ,
. ,
, ,
.
1 = [cos (O, 2s) + sin ((O, 2p)] + (H0 , 1s),
(5.7a)
5.2.
2 = [cos (O, 2s) + sin ((O, 2p)] + (H00 , 1s),
257
(5.7b)
cos =
0.093, , , , 2p .
, , , , ,
. , ( ),
.
, H-O O-H
,
.
, H2 O H+ O-H [H+ ][O-H ]
, 1.0 1014 , pH
pH = log10 [H+ ], pOH = 14 pH.
(5.8)
, [H+ ] = [O-H ] = 1.004107

/.
, 1.84
1.834 80 20 C.
, ,
5.7 108 1 1 .
, , ,
HCl H2 SO4 , , - H+ H2 O
H3 O+ , , H+ "" H3 O+ H+ ,
[4]. ,
, ,
, 70% H+ . , OH
, H + (
, H+ ),
258
5.

.
H-O-O-H HO 11.63 pH [5] 1.363
0.0293 pH, . (M. Pourbaix) H+ , O-H , H , H-O-O-H H-O . ,
H-O-O-H
pH.
, H+ , OH ,
H2 O 2H2 1O2 , / pH ( H+ ) H-O-O-H.
, , - ( ) , , ,
, . ,
, H2 O.
,
, , , -- ,
H O H2 O , .
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
5.3. ...
5.3
259
3 [3a], , , -
- , oo - ,
(. 4.3). , ,
4.3 :
2e, 0, 0,
1.022 MeV, = rc = b1
(h2 /m V )1/2 = (h/m )1/2 = 6.8432329 1011 cm =
.
= 0.015424288 = 0.006843 A
(5.9)
,
( ,
, , ,
( )). ,
(, -- ..), ,
.
H2 O=HO-H, [3b], ,
- , . ,
H- 2p O-,
,
H-O . 5.1.
/
. , , , ,
. ,
, H-C.
260
5.
. 5.1: ,
- , . , , , , " " .
( ) ,
, , , , H-O,
(. ). H-O O-.
, oo- H- O-.

. ,
oo - ,
0 2e. , ,
H-O-H ,
5.2. , --
,
. : 1) ""
; 2) H2 O ; 3) ,
; , .
H-O H, H-C.
5.3. ...
261
H-O-H H-O , ,
.
, 5.2. , H-O ,
, +e, . ,
, , , . [1].
,
[3b]
+e
+e(1 e r )
,
(5.10)
r
r
,
, "" O- (- ), "+" O- H- (-
).
3 [3a],
, .
1 a , 2 b ,
, H-O ,
+e, :
1
1
p1 p1 +
p2 p2
21
22
e2
e2
e2 e2 e2
e2
+ +
| i = E | i,
(5.11)
r1a r2a r1b r2b rR r12

H2 ,
, ,
2
262
5.
rc = b1 = r12 (rc )
Ir1010 6= I, Ir1010 = I.
, (5.11)
( )
| i = |12 i |1a i |1b i |2a i |2b i |R i,
(5.12a)
HTot = H12 H1a H1b H2a H2b HR .
(5.12b)
,
r12 , , .
U(r12 ) U (r12 ) = I = e[ (r12 )/ (r12 )]
dr12 (r12 )1 (r12 )2
(5.13)

,

|T | = |(U U )1 | 1.
(5.14)
() (),
h 2
h 2
T 1 T 1
T 2 T 2 +
2 1
2 2
e2
e2
e2
e2 e2
e2
+
T
+
r12
r1a r2a r1b r2b R
| i = E| i.
(5.15)
,
, (5.15)
h 2
h 2
er12 b
21
22 V
2 1
2 2
1 er12 b
5.3. ...
e2
e2
e2
e2 e2
+
r1a r2a r1b r2b R
263
| i = E | i.
(5.16)
. , ,
H-O (5.16) ,
H+
2 [1] (
H2 ),
h 2
h 2
er12 b
21
21 V
21
2 2
1 er12 b
2e2 2e2 e2
+
ra
rb
R
| i = E | i.
(5.17)
"" O- , H-
h 2
h 2
er12 b
21
22 V
21
2 2
1 er12 b
2e2 2e2 (1 e rb ) e2 (1 + e R )
+
| i = E | i,
ra
rb
R
(5.18)
; E ; , (4.35), ,
.
, , ,
. , , , .
, (5.18)
"" H-O , ; , H.
264
5.
, , ,
.
, , , ,
H-C. ,
, ( 8).
5.4
(5.18) . ,
[3b] , .
, , , ,
,
-
.
, ,
,
.
. , , HOOH
, HO H2 O

2e OH+ . OH+
5.4. ...
265
OH HOOH,
2e .
, " " (. 4.6) () ,
,
.
V0
, [6] 1978 , , ,
" ",
(

).
" " , , . , .
, , , -
[7-9]
,
,
.
, - , , . OH .
OH OH+ + (2e)2 .
(5.19)
, OH OH+ , , ,
266
5.
. , 2e , ,

, , I 2 R
.
, , , , ,
" " H+ . ,
,
.
, , -, 2e
.
"" - , .

, , ( )
.
, (Ashoori) . [10]

GaAs, (Boyd) (Yee) [11] "" alkali halide .
,
(Car) (Parinello) [12].
, .
;
OH .
,
, - 2e
5.4. ...
267
, . . OH
OH+ , 2e
OH , H+
OH H2 O, .
, OH OH+ ,
HO-OH,
. , (),
,
, [13], ( , ,
H+ ).

OH ,
OH+ + OH HOOH,
(5.20)
CH = CHR
\ /
+ H2 O.
CH2 = CHR + HOOH
O
, , . , ,
" " " ",
.

, .
, kT
= RT ,
.
, HO+ HO - "
", HO+ .
, ,
268
5.
HOOH -
H+ HOO , , H+ , OH ,H , H2 O2 , HO
2 , H2 O ,
[5].
, , H+
OH , OH+ H .
, , , , HOOH,
H+ + HOO HOOH,
(5.21a)
H+ + OH H + OH+ ,
(5.21b)
OH+ + OH HOOH,
(5.21c)
, .
. (" "),
, OH-. -.

, 2e.
,
OH
HFR-SCF ,
1.0 .
" " (Cook) [14] (. 438) , HFR-SCF
. , HFR-SCF SCF , , " "
- [15] (
) . , OH
" SCF ".
5.5.
5.5
269
, [3b], -- [16] (
,
[15]) .
, ,
,
1/2 .
.
, (Goddard) [15]
1.39 - Cr2 Mo2 .
FC = ESC; Fi, j = Hi, j + Pk,l [(i, j|k, l) 1/2(i, k| j, l)],
(5.22a)
k,l
ZZ
(i, j|k, l) =
n
i (l) j (l)
1
k (2)l (2)d 1 d 2 ,
r12
(5.22b)
( n ).
(5.22c)
[6b] 1995 ,
, ,
0 - [6a],
, . , " " ,
-
.
- , , , .
, .
. -
270
5.
1978 [6a],
, , . ,

,
.

,
b (, ). ,

, V0
.
,
, , ,
,
.
,
(Shavitt)
[17] .
SCF [18, 19]
. ,
,
.
,
. , 1/r . , [3b],
5.5.
271
exp[ r2 ]/r,
, ,
( ) ,
x, y, z .

1 2 exp[ r2 ]
Y (r) =
.
(5.23)
r
,
0.13441885 107 . ,
F0 , [18] .
s1/2 , (s + )1/2 , . (s + )1/2
s1/2 .
70-
( 20 50 ).
64-
, 14 . 1.0 1015 , ,
.
, ,
, , , ,
12 . 1.01015 ,
3.43207 108 1.01015 (
).
F0 [17], -
272
5.
70- ,
s = 0.0
. ,
1.0 1015 .
H2 [20].
, , ,
erf(x) (. 6),
, . ,

.
5.6
H2 O (Dunning) [21] HFR-SCF 3d [3b] O (2s,2p) H . O3d

(O3d,H2s,H2p)
(2.498, 0.500, 1.000). - (10s6p) [20] H1s
1.2 , 6-31G GAMESS.
OH+ .
OH ,
HFR-SCF ,
, , . 0.00038 ,
H2 O, OH+ OH .
Rc , HF, - [21].
, ,
5.6.
273
.
5.1:
[3b].
SCF-Energya
Hartree-Fockb
Iso-Energyc
Horizon Rc (
A)
QMC Energyb,d
Exact non-rel.
Iso-Dipole (D)
Exper. Dipole
OH+
OH
-74.860377
-75.396624 -76.058000
-75.056678
0.00038
-76.430020d
5.552581
H2 O
HF
-100.060379
-100.07185b
-75.554299 -76.388340 -100.448029
0.00038
0.00038
0.00030
-100.44296b
-100.4595
8.638473
1.847437
1.8413778
1.84
1.82
- (10s/6p), (6,2,1,1,1/4,1,1)+H2s1+H2p1+3d1.

HF.
c - QMC [22].
d QMC , [21].
b
5.1, OH OH+
0.497621 (13.54 ) SCF . SCF H2 O ,
, . , ,
HF, .
0.0115
, [22] - (QMC). , H2 O HF
, , .
, 13.7 HOOH
13.7 . , ,
SCF
274
5.
; , -- (14),

--.
, SCF [6a] ,
--
"
" .
, ,
( , )
, / -, . -
. ,
HFR-SCF , , , , ""; "
".
5.7
3, . 4,
,
- , .
, , ,
:
; ;
1000 ; .
5.7.
275
,
, . ,
,
:
1) ( ), ;
2)
;
3) ;
4)
, ;
5)
1000 ;
, .
, 4,
(5.9) ,
.
3. 4 ,
, ,
[23]. . ,
.
, ,
, ,
[3], -
276
5.
, - , " " .
, , . , -SCF
OH- , OH+ , . OH+
, 8 , OH , 10 , 13.54 . ,
, (2e)2 OH .
13.6 , (2e)2 . H+
.

(2e)2 .
, HOOH .
,
, ,
. , OH OH+ ,
HOOH.
HOOH
, , .
, .
, . ,
, ,
.

, ( ), -
5.7.
277
( . 8).
, ,
,
, oo , , .

7 8.
278
5.

[1] Eisenberg, D. and Kauzmann, W.: The Structure and Properties of
Water, Oxford University Press, New York (1969).
[2] Santilli, R.M.: Elements of Hadronic Mechanics, Vols. I and II, Ukraine
Academy of Sciences, Kiev, 2-nd ed. (1995); Found. Phys. 27, 625
(1998); Rendiconti Circolo Matematico Palermo, Suppl. 42, 7 (1996);
Algebras, Groups and Geometries 10, 273 (1993); Isotopic, Genotopic
and Hyperstructural Methods in Theoretical Biology, Ukraine Academy
of Sciences, Kiev (1996). Sourlas, D.S. and Tsagas, G.T.: Mathematical
Kiev, (1993). Lohmus, J., Paal, E. and Sorgsepp, L.:Nonassociative
Algebras in Physics, Hadronic Press, Palm Harbor, FL (1994).
[3] Santilli, R.M. and Shillady, D.D.: Intern. J. Hydrogen Energy 24, 943
(1999) [3a]; Intern. J. Hadrogen Energy 25, 173 (2000) [3b].
[4] Barrow, G.M.: Physical Chemistry, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York
(1996), Chapter 8.
[5] Pourbaix, M.: Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions,
National Assoc. Corrosion Engr., Houston, Texas, USA, p. 99. (1974).
[6] Santilli, R.M.: Hadronic J. 1, 574 (1978); Animalu, A.O.E. and Santilli,
R.M.: Int. J. Quantum Chem. 29, 175 (1995).
[7] Boys, S.F.: Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A200, 542 (1950).
[8] Whitten, J.L.: J. Chem. Phys. 39, 349 (1963); Sambe, H.: J. Chem. Phys.
42, 1732 (1965); Preuss, H.: Z. Naturforsch. 11a, 823 (1956); Whitten,
J.L. and Allen, L.C.: J. Chem. Phys. 43, S170 (1965); Harrison, J.F.:
279
280
J. Chem. Phys. 46, 1115 (1967); Frost, A.A.: J. Chem. Phys. 47, 3707
(1967).
[9] Le Rouzo, H. and Silvi, B.: Int. J. Quantum Chem. 13, 297, 311 (1978);
Nguyen, T.T., Raychowdhury, P.N. and Shillady, D.D.: J. Comput.
Chem. 5, 640 (1984).
[10] Zhitenev, N.B., Ashoori, R.C., Pfeiffer, L.N. and West, K.W.: Phys. Rev.
Lett. 79, 2308 (1997).
[11] Boyd, R.J. and Yee, M.C.: J. Chem. Phys. 77, 3578 (1982).
[12] Fois, E.S., Selloni, A., Parinello, M. and Car, R.: J. Phys. Chem. 92,
3268 (1988).
[13] March, J.: Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed., John Wiley and Sons,
New York, p. 733 (1985),
[14] Cook, D.B.: Handbook of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Oxford
Science Publications, Oxford New York, pp. 285-295 and 438-441 (1998).
[15] Goodgame, M.M. and Goddard, W.A.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 661 (1985).
[16] Schaefer, H.F.: The Electronic Structure of Atoms and Molecules,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass. (1972).
[17] Shavitt, I.: Methods in Computational Physics, B. Alder (ed.), Academic
Press, New York (1963).
[18] Mosier, C. and Shillady, D.D.: Math. of Computation, 26, 1022 (1972):
Program LOBE140 described by D.D. Shillady and Sheryl Baldwin, Int.
J. Quantum Chem., Quantum Biology Symposium 6, 105 (1979).
[19] Shillady D.D. and Talley, D.B.: J. Computational Chem. 3, 130 (1982);
Shillady D.D. and Richardson, F.S.: Chem. Phys. Lett. 6, 359 (1970).
[20] Dunning, T.H.: J. Chem. Phys. 53, 2823 (1970), J. Chem. Phys. 55, 716
(1971), J. Chem. Phys. 55, 3958 (1971).
[21] Hammond, B.L., Lester, W.A. Jr., and Reynolds, P.J.: Monte Carlo
Methods, in: Ab Initio Quantum Chemistry, World Scientific Lecture
and Course Notes in Chemistry, Vol. 1, World Scientific, New Jersey, p.
67 (1994).

[22] Luchow, A. and Anderson, J.B.: J. Chem. Phys. 105, 7573 (1996).
[23] Burnett Collaboration, http://eve.physics.ox.ac.uk/INTENSE/zz.
[24] USMagnegas, Inc., http://www.santillimagnegas.com.
281
282
6.1
[1a], 4, , ,
, .
[1b], 5,
, HO
, .
4 5, SASLOBE [1] , ,

.
[1a,1b] .. .. [2a]
.. [2b] (Ritz), [1].
283
284
6. ...
[2], , ,
.
6.2
[2a] ,
H2 - [1a], (4.35), r12 ' 0, ,
h 2 2
2e2 2e2 2e2
+
= E.
2M ab
ra
rb
R
(6.1)
4, (6.1) ,
- (4.25), ,
' 1 ,
= 0,
= 2e,
' 0,
= rc = b1 = 6.8432329 1011 =
(6.2)
= 0.015424288 = 0.006843
A,
.
(, ,
), H2 , , , .
,
, , . ,
, , , . 4.4. ,
6.2. -...
285

M < 2m ,
(6.3)
.
,
H2 H+
2 . ,
2 , ( ) "", H2 .
"", H
, [2a]
:
1) ;
2)
H2 ;
3) H2 ;
4) ;
5) R H2
.
[2a] , 2 -
H

M = 0.308381me ,
(6.4)

R = 1.675828 a.u.,
(6.5)
19.6% , R[H2 ] = 1.4011 . . = 0.742

A.
, (6.1) , ,
[1a].
-, ,
, H+
2 M -
286
6. ...
q
q
+ 2M E + +
= 0.
ra rb
2
(6.6)
,
x=
ra + rb
,
R
1 x ;
y=
ra rb
,
R
1 y 1;
0 2 ,
R a b,
4
2
2
2
= 2 2
(x 1) + (1 y )
+
R (x y2 ) x
x y
y
+
(6.7)
(6.8)
2
1
.
R2 (x2 1)(1 y2 ) 2
(6.1)
2
x 2 y2
2
(x 1) + (1 y2 ) +
+
x
x y
y 4(x2 1)(1 y2 ) 2
MER2 2
2
+
(x y ) + 2MqRx = 0,
2
1
1
4 x
+ =
.
ra rb R x 2 y 2

= f (x)g(y)eim ,
(6.9)
(6.10)
(6.11)
d
m2
d
MER2 2
2
(x 1) f 2MqRx
x + 2
f = 0,
dx
dx
2
x 1

d
MER2 2
m2
2 d
y
g = 0,
(6.12)
(1 y ) g +
dy
dy
2
1 y2
. f (x) g(y)

(csf) .
6.2. -...
287
[2a]

Qk+1 = Qk Nk Qk1 Nk Nk+1 ,
Q1 = 0,
Q0 = 1,
(6.13)
s =
(s + 2m + 1)[b 2p(s + m + 1)]

,
2(s + m) + 3
s = (s + m)(s + m + 1) ,
s =
(6.14)
s[b + 2p(s + m)]

.
2(s + m) 1
[2a] N = 16
, . 16
,
R 0.
(x) (p, a) = (y) (p, b),
(6.15)
,
E(R) = E1s (R),
(6.16)
1sg H+
2 , R . , " "
, N, N = 50,
(, ..).
, ,
, E(R)
H+
2 .
6.1 ,
M = me ,
M = , .
(6.17)
288
6. ...
6.1: Emin 2
Ropt H
a
- M .
M, a.u.
Emin , a.u. Ropt , a.u. M, a.u. Emin , a.u. Ropt , a.u.
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.307
0.308
0.308381
0.309
0.31
a
-0.380852
-0.571278
-0.761704
-0.952130
-0.990215
-1.028300
-1.066385
-1.104470
-1.142556
-1.169215
-1.173024
-1.174475
-1.176832
-1.180641
5.167928
3.445291
2.583964
2.067171
1.987664
1.914050
1.845688
1.782044
1.722645
1.683367
1.677899
1.675828
1.672471
1.667073
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
-1.218726
-1.256811
-1.294896
-1.332982
-1.523408
-1.713834
-1.904260
-2.856390
-3.808520
-4.760650
-5.712780
-6.664910
-7.617040
1.614977
1.566041
1.519981
1.476553
1.291982
1.148428
1.033585
0.689058
0.516792
0.413434
0.344529
0.295310
0.258396
. . 6.1 and 6.2.
[2a] 27 , , R. , 6.1.
/ , 6.1 (. 6.1 6.2) ,

Emin (M) ' 3.808M,
(6.18)

Ropt (M) ' 0.517/M.
(6.19)
, M = 2me
Emin (M) = 7.617041 ..,
Ropt (M) = 0.258399 ..,
(6.20)
6.2. -...
289
6.2: E R.
E, a.u.
R, a.u.
H2+ ion, exact theory, N=16 [2a]
H2+ ion, experiment [3]
2 , M=2me , exact theory [2a]
3-body H
2 , M=2me , var. theory [1a]
3-body H
2 , M=0.381me , exact theory [2a]
3-body H
4-body H2 , rc =0.01125 a.u., Vg var. theory [1a]
4-body H2 , rc =0.01154 a.u., Ve var. theory [2b]
4-body H2 , rc =0.08330 a.u., Ve var. theory [2b]
H2 , experiment
-0.6026346
-0.6017
-7.617041
-7.61509174
-1.174475
-1.174474
-1.144
-1.173
-1.174474
1.9971579
2.00
0.258399
0.2592
1.675828
1.4011
1.4011
1.3184
1.4011
, [1a],
Emin = 7.61509174 ..,
Ropt = 0.2592 ..,
(6.21)
.
, ,
, ,
. Emin Ropt
6.2.
[2a] , , ,
.
, 4,
, ,
, .
290
6. ...
0
-1
Emin, a.u.
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
0
0.5
1
Mass M, a.u.
1.5
2
. 6.1: Emin (M) H
M.
6.3
[2b] (4.33), ,
h 2 2
h 2 2
er12 /rc
e2
+
1
2 V0
2m1
2m2
1 er12 /rc r12
(6.22)
e2
e2
e2 e2
e2
+
| i = E| i,
r1a r2a r1b r2b R

,
.
, H2 -
6.3. ...
291
Ropt, a.u.
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.5
1
Mass M, a.u.
1.5
2
. 6.2: Ropt (M) H
M.
, Vg , ,
Ve =
Aer12 /rc
,
r12
(6.23)
Vh (6.22). . ,
,
[2b].
Ve ,
Vg Vh , -
(Gegenbauer).
, , (6.22) (6.23), ,
[1a]
SASLOBE Vg -. Emin
292
6. ...
Ropt 6.2.
, [2b]
rc , , 6.2.
, [2b] , 1% 6% Ve . ,
, -, Vh .
, Vh rc
, (6.27).
Ve -,
.
, [loc. cit.] , ,
, .
.
,
-, V (r) , ,
r < rmax
r > rmax , rmax .
,
, . ,
, ,
( ,
), .
,
,
, . 6.3.
, . , , -
6.3. ...
293
6.3: [2b]
, E , , r rmax , .
Energy E, a.u. eV
Lifetime, D0 sec
2
1
0.5
0.037
0.018
0.0018
54.4 2.6 1018

27.2 1.6 1017
13.6 2.2 1016
1
5.1 106
0.5 4.0
0.1 3.1 10+25
. ,
,
,
. R ,
.
, [loc. cit.] ,
,
r
3 r
(r) =
e ,
(6.24)
= R .
, ,

.
, H2 - , V0 rc , V0
rc , . , : , , V0 rc .
, ,
294
6. ...
0
Ce, a.u.
-0.001
-0.002
-0.003
-0.004
-0.005
-0.006
0
3
r, a.u.
. 6.3: Ce0 , = 1/37,

= R, R , = 2 rc rc .
.
H2 , . , , ,
, .

Vh [2b]. , , , ,
, -,
(Lerch).
-,
[2b] : Ve Vg ,, Vh .
,
, A rc .
, A A = V0 rc
.
, ,
6.3. ...
295
-0.03
Ce,, a.u.
-0.04
-0.05
-0.06
-0.07
-0.08
-0.09
0
2
3
rc, a.u.
. 6.4: Ce0 rc , = 1.67.

rc > 0.2 a.u. .
.
, , Vg , erf(z), Ve
. , [2b]

A 2
e2
4
0
Ce =
( + 2 2 + 3 ) + 3 2 (5 + 10 2 + 4 3 )
2
4
8(1 )
4 3
4
2
3
6
2
2 2
(15 + 14 + 4 ) + (8 + 11 + 6 + 8e
) ,
(6.25)
3
= 2 rc . . 6.3 6.4.
[2b] . ,
,
. [2b], Ve , , , , , ( ). , Ee0 Ve
296
6. ...
, R = 0 ( ), . ,
R-, EC0 (
(Sugiura)), ,
5 2 8 0
A 2
1 1
0
Ee '
+ +
E ,
(6.26)
(1 + )4 8 2
8
5 C
= 2 rc (. . 6.5). , Ve .
,
, Ve .
0
-0.01
Ee,, a.u.
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
-0.06
-0.07
0
3
rc, a.u.
. 6.5: Ee0 rc , = 1.67.

, Ve ,
,

, , A rc . ,
( ) -: V0 = h 2 /(2mrc2 ). ,
A = V0 rc , A = 1/rc 2 / , (h = me = c = 1).
6.3. ...
297
-1
-1.025
E, a.u.
-1.05
-1.075
-1.1
-1.125
-1.15
-1.175
1
1.5
2
r, a.u.
2.5
. 6.6: E = Emol , = 1/60, 1/40,

1/20, 1/10, 1/5. = 1/5.
, [2b] ,
,
1 = > 0,
(6.27)
.

, Ve .
, - -
,
4 1 60,
(6.28)

.
, 56 ,
(6.28).
. 6.4, 6.5, . 6.6. , rc ,
.
298
6. ...
, [2b], , , rc 1 .
6.3, .
, 1 , . 4, 1
,
, .
, , , .
, " 1 " 1 , . 3 ,
1 , , (
), ,
,
, , .
, [2b], , rc ,
, , .
, ,
-,
.

" " ,
. , "
" , rc 1 . , "
6.3. ...
299
" rc ,
. , Vh ,
Ve Vg .
, [2b] Ve , 1%
6%. Ve ,
.
,
, [2b], E,
R , [1].
300
6. ...
6.4: Emin Ropt rc Ve .

1 rc , . .
Ropt , . .
Emin , . .
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.10337035071618050
0.08329699109108888
0.06975270534273319
0.05999677404817234
0.05263465942162049
0.04688158804756491
0.04226204990365446
0.03847110142927672
0.03530417706681329
0.03261892720535206
0.03031323689615631
0.02831194904031777
0.02655851947236431
0.02500959113834722
0.02363136168905809
0.02239708901865092
0.02128533948435381
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0.01852644434336641
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0.01705288514774330
0.01640064219648127
0.01579645313764336
0.01523519631632570
0.01471245291356761
0.01422439038752817
1.297162129235449
1.318393698326879
1.333205576478603
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1.352417789644028
1.358984317233049
1.364292909163710
1.368671725082009
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1.375468373051375
1.378157728092548
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1.384366780045693
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1.391009413196452
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1.397080057337240
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6.3. ...
1
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
301
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0.01095393745919852
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0.00791925286251402
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1.397620687025853
1.398127830817745
1.398604504597664
1.399053372836414
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1.399876883556063
1.400255505817128
1.400954915288619
1.401278573036792
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1.402427000676349
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1.403600319405678
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1.404728067404676
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302
6. ...

[1] Santilli, R.M. and Shillady, D.D.: Intern. J. Hydrogen Energy 24, 943
(1999) [1a]; Intern. J. Hadronic Energy 25, 173 (2000) [1b].
[2] Aringazin, A.K. and Kucherenko, M.G.: Hadronic J. 23, 1 (2000). e-print
physics/0001056 [2a]. Aringazin, A.K.: Hadronic J. 23, 57 (2000). e-print
physics/0001057 [2b].
[3] Flugge, Z.: Practical Quantum Mechanics, Vols. 1, 2, Springer-Verlag,
Berlin (1971).
303
304
7

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-
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CO2 , ,
CO2 , ( ). ( ), , ,
, , , ,
. , CO2 ,
, .
7.10
,
. , ( 2001 .). ,
, .
, , 8, ,
- (GC-MS) , , , , , 1000 a.m.u.,
MS
.
8, , , (IRD),
, ( -
7.10.
353
,
).
, , CO, ( ),
,
.
, , , . , PlasmaArcFlow , , , , , 50% H2 50% CO,
O2 CO2 .
,
CO, CO2 MS ,
, .
, , ,
50% H2 50% CO, 315 BTU/. , ,
. ,
, , 50% ,
( 2300 BTU/. ).

, , H2 , .
, , , ,
.
,
, ,
.
, , GC-MS ,
, , .
354
7. ...
, H, C O
. ,
, 50% H, 25% O, 25%
C, ,
, ..

, , ,
.
, ,
, H2 CO, GC-MS .
, ,
, ,
8.
7.11
,
, , - ,
, , .
, ,
, , . , ,
:
Emg + Eheat

=
< 1.

Eelectr + Eliq
(7.33)
,
, , -
7.11. ...
355
, ,
Emg + Eliq
> 1.
Eelectr
(7.34)
, , .
,

, , .
, , ,
.
, ,
..
(7.34),
.
, , - (HT M ) .
, , (7.34) 18 19 , 1998 ., , , ,
Motorfuelers, Inc., , , (. [8]):
1) ,
WattWatchers, Inc.,, , -,

;
2) , ,
, ..;
3) , ,
..
, Motorfuelers
, , -
356
7. ...
,
.
,
, . ,
. , ,
.
, Motorfuelers, Inc. [8],
,
, , , :
Eelectr = 122 W/cf = 416 BTU/cf 5%.
(7.35)
, , .
, 65%
,
Eelectr = 79.3 W/cf = 270 BTU/cf.
(7.36)
(1,050 BTU/cf). , Motorfuelers,

Inc. ,
, 110 psi.
5 psi, , . , ,
.
, Motorfuelers, Inc. [8],
,
, 80%
,
Emg = 871 BTU/cf 5%.
(7.37)
, , , , .
7.11. ...
357
,
Motorfuelers, Inc. .
, 871 BTU/cf . , , 7.9,
, ,
, ,
Emg = 1, 000 BTU/cf.
(7.38)
, , ,
, ,
.
Motorfuelers, Inc. , 1 cf , 285 BTU/cf , 23 BTU/cf
,
Eheat = 308 BTU/cf.
(7.39)
, 122 W = 416 BTU,

, 871 BTU/cf, , 308 BTU/cf.
, , , , ,
5% :
871 BTU/cf + 308 BTU/cf
= 2.83.
416 BTU/cf
(7.40)
, ,
, 79.3 W/cf = 270 BTU/cf, , :
= 4.36.
270 BTU/cf
(7.41)
358
7. ...
, Motorfuelers, Inc. , , , ,
.
Motorfuelers, Inc. , (7.37) ,
, ,
, , ,
,
.
,
,
, .
. (David A. Hernandez), Radiation Protection
Associates, , , , , ,
, .
, , ,
- . , Radiation Protection Associates , , :
"PlasmaArcFlowT M , 64-E. ,
".
, , , 50 kW
, , , , :
Emg = 871 BTU/cf,
(7.42a)
7.11. ...
359
Eliq = 326 BTU/cf,
(7.42b)
Eelectr = 100 W/cf = 342 BTU/cf,
(7.42c)
, ,
, , , , 50 kW :
= 3.5.
342 BTU/cf
(7.43)
, 2.78.
,
,
. , 250 kW, 250 psi 400o F.
, (7.43).
(7.43)
. , , [9],
, .
[9],

PlasmaArcFlow ,
. , .
, . ,
PlasmaArcFlow , ,
.
, . ,
, . ,
300o K , , 3300o K.
360
7. ...
, , (.
7.A ):
1)
H2 O() H2 O() 10.4 Kcal/mole,
(7.44)
2) ,
1
H2 O H2 + O2 57 Kcal/mole,
2
(7.45)
3) ,
H2 H + H 104 Kcal/mole,
(7.46)
4) H O, , , 1197 Kcal.
:
C() C() 437 /,
(7.47)
1634 Kcal 4 ,
408.5 Kcal/mol = 0.475 kWh/mol = 1621 BTU/mol =
= 515.8 Kcal/cf = 0.600 kWh/cf = 2, 047 BTU/cf,
(7.48)
,
220 BTU/cf, 2267 BTU/cf.
, ,
, ,
. , ,
PlasmaArcFlow , 70%,
, , , :
Total Electric Energy = 3, 238 BTU/cf = 949 W/cf.
(7.49)
, PlasmaArcFlow , . , ,
7.11. ...
361
50% 50% , .
PlasmaArcFlow , . , CO2 . , CO2
, .
, , ,
,
,

. ,
H O, H2 O (
).
, PlasmaArcFlow : 3300o K 300o K
;
H + H H2 + 104 Kcal/mole,
1
H2 + O2 H2 O + 57 Kcal/mole,
2
C + O CO + 255 Kcal/mole.
(7.50a)
(7.50b)
(7.50c)
100% ( , ),
398 Kcal/mole = 1, 994 BTU/cf.
(7.51)
,
, PlasmaArcFlow ,
2254 BTU/cf.
, .
:
1
H2 (mg) + O2 (atm) H2 O + 57 Kcal/mole,
2
(7.52a)
362
7. ...
1
CO(mg) + O2 (atm) CO2 + 68.7 Kcal/mole.
(7.52b)
2
, 50%-50% H2 CO :
=
= 62.8 Kcal/mole = 249.19 BTU/mole = 315 BTU/cf.
(7.53)
, PlasmaArcFlow
:
E(mg) + E(heat) = 315 BTU/cf + 2, 254 BTU/cf = 2, 569 BTU/cf. (7.54)
, PlasmaArcFlow ,
=
=
Emg + Eheat
2, 569 BTU/cf
Total energy out
=
=
= 0.79.
Electric energy in
Eelectr
3, 238 BTU/cf
(7.55)
, 50% ( ,
50% H O ) , , . [9].
7.12
,
,
,
, ,
, , .
,
, , ,
H, C O, .
7.12.
363
EarthFirst Technologies, Inc., . , , , : , , WattWatchers, Inc., ; , , Tampa Transformers, Inc.; , , , Miller

Corporation, , ,
; , , Motorfuelers, Inc., Clearwater,
; Institute for Basic Research, , , .
, , ,
, , , ,
.
. , , 3238
BTU/cf = 949 W/cf H2
CO . ,
2569 BTU/cf.

, PlasmaArcFlow , , :
1) , 949 W/cf, , ;
2) , , 1994 BTU/cf, -
364
7. ...
, ,
;
3) , , 315 BTU/cf, , , .
, ,

. ,
, .
, :
1) ,

.
, 7.7, , , , , , .
.
2) ,
. .
3) , , [8].
,
,
.
7.12.
365
7.A
7.1: .
1
1
1
1
1
a
kWh
Kcal
eV
cal
molea
860 Kcal = 3413 BTU

3.97 BTU
3.831023 Kcal
4.18 J
22.4 liters = 0.792 cf
1 cf
28.3 liters
a
1 cf
1.263 mol
NA
6.0221023 mol1
NA k/2 1 cal/(molK)
R
8.314 J/(molK) = 1.986 cal/(molK)
, .
7.2: . p = 1 .,
H2 (gas)
29.83 J/(molK)
7 cal/(molK)
H2 O (liquid)
4.18 J/(gramK) 1 cal/(gramK)
Graphite (solid) 0.71 J/(gramK) 0.17 cal/(gramK)
O2 (gas)
29.36 J/(gramK) 7 cal/(gramK)
H (gas)
14.3 J/(gramK) 3.42 cal/(gramK)
O (gas)
Fe (solid)
T = 25o C.
18 cal/(molK)
2 cal/(molK)
6 cal/(molK).
7.3: , T =25o C.
Kcal/mol
HH 104.2a
CC 82.6
CO 85.5
a
H2 ;
O2 ;
Kcal/mol
C=O 192.0d
OH 110.6
CC 199.6
Kcal/mol
O=O 119.1b
C=C 145.8
C=O 255.8c
d
366
7. ...
7.4: .
Kcal/mol
Water
10.4
Graphite 171.7
Atoms
eV
H
C
O
13.6
11.26
13.6
. 7.11: [8] 308 GTSi 1980 .

Honda Civic, USMagnegas, Inc.,
, EPA
,
, CO2 50% 10% 14%
.
7.12.
367
. 7.12: [8]
, , . 7.10, , .
. , , , , ,
.
368
7. ...
. 7.13: EPA 40-CFR, 86, Vehicle

Certification Laboratory Liphardt & Associates -, Honda Civic Natural Gas Vehicle,
USMagnegas, Inc., , .
, ,

EPA .
. ,

.
7.12.
369
. 7.14: . , : 1)
, , ,
( ,
, 2300 BTU/. ); 2) , , 50% , ; 3) , , ,
, ; 4)
,
, ,
; 5) - ,
; 6) , ,
; 7) ,
.
370
7. ...

[1] Jena, P., Rao, B.K. and Khanna, S.N.: Physics and Chemistry of Small
Clusters, in NATO ASI Series, Series B: Physics, Vol. 158, Plenum Press
(1986). Jena, P., Khanna, S.N., and Rao, B.K.: Physics and Chemistry of
Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals, in NATO ASI Series, Series
C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 374, Vol. 1 and 2 (1991).
Jena, P., Khanna, S.N., and Rao, B.K.: in Proceedings of the Science and
Technology of Atomically Engineered Materials, World Scientific Press
(1996).
[2] http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/energy.html.
[3] Spath, P. and Mann, M.: A Complete Look at the Overall Environmental
Impact of Hydrogen Production, in Proceedings of HY 2000 EFO Energy
Forum, GmbH, p. 523 (2000).
[4] Frank, D., Wolf, J., and Pehr, K.: Visions Come True: BMW Hydrogen
Vehicles lead the Way, in Proceedings of HY 2000 EFO Energy Forum,
GmbH, p. 181 (2000).
[5] Santilli, R.M.: The Physics of New Clean Energies and Fuels According
to Hadronic Mechanics, Journal of New Energy 4, Special Edition, No. 1
(1999), 318 pages.
[6] Santilli, R.M.: Nuovo Cimento Lettere 37, 545 (1983) [6a]; J. Moscow
Phys. Soc. 3, 255 (1998) [6b]; and Intern. J. Modern Phys. D7, 351
(1998) [6c].
[7] Santilli, R.M.: Hadronic J. 13, 513 (1990) [7a]. Santilli, R.M., JINR
Comm. E4-93-352 (1993) [7b]. Santilli, R.M., Chinese J. Syst. Eng.
and Electr. 6, 177 (1995) [7c]. Santilli, R.M.: Hadronic J. 17, 311
371
372
(1994) [7d]. Borghi, C., Giori, C., and DallOilio, A.: (Russian) J. Nucl.
Phys. 56, 147 (1993) [7e]. Tsagas, N.F., Mystakidis, A., Bakos, G., and
Seftelis, L.: Hadronic J. 19, 87 (1996) [7f]. Smith, S.: in Proceedings of
the International Symposium on New Energies, ed. by M. Shawe et al.,
Association of New Energy, Denver, Colorado (1996) [7g].
[8] http://www.magnegas.com.
[9] Aringazin, A.K. and Santilli, R.M.: A study of the energy efficiency of
hadronic reactors of molecular type (2001), in preparation.
8
:
8.1
, , ,
, , ,
(Avogadro) (1811), (Canizzaro) (1858) , .
, , , . , ,
.
, 7, , , .
,
, , ,
, ,
,
. 373
374 8. :
,
,
.
. , , , . ,
, , , , ,
,
, .
1998 . .. [1] , , , ,
, , .
( ), - , , ,
.
, Toups
Technologies Licensing, Inc., , , ,
, , - 1998 ., . EarthFirst Technologies, Inc. ( Toups Technologies Licensing, Inc.) (EFTI [2]), , , : USMagnegas, Inc. (, ), EuroMagnegas,
Ltd. (, ) AsiaMagnegas, Lim. (),
.

, , , , , [2].
:
1) "" ,
8.2.
375
, , , , ,
;
2) "" , : HO, HC ..,
, , ;
3) "" ,
, , , , : H2 , H2 O, C2 H2 .., , , ;
4) "" , / , / , / - ,
, ; "" ;
5) " " ,
, , , , ,
.
,
, , , [1] 1998 .
8.2
, , :
8.2.1 ( ) [1]: ,
, / , / , , ,
376 8. :
,
. , , ,
,
. ,
, :
I) , , ,
;
II) -,
;
III) ,
/ , ;
IV) ( "") , , ,
, ( ), ;
V) , ()
,
, , ;
VI) ,
,
/ ,
( );
VII)
, ;
VIII) ,
8.2.
377
, ;
IX) ,
, ;
X) ,
;
XI) , , ,
;
XII) ,
( ), , ,
, ;
XIII)
, , ,
.., ;
XIV)
, ;
XV) ,
,
; ,
, ,
.
: ,
; ,
; , .
, , , ,
, , .
, , , USMagnegas, Inc. [2], , ,
. ,
378 8. :
, .
,
"", :
{HH} {HH},
{OO} {OCO}, etc.,
{C15 H20 O} {C15 H20 O}, etc.;
(8.1a)
(8.1b)
:
{HH} {HH} {HH} . . . , etc.,
(8.2a)
{HOH} {HOH} . . . , etc.;
(8.2b)
:
{H H} {C O} {O C O} {C = O} . . . , etc.,
(8.3a)
{C13 H18 O} {C14 H12 O3 } {C15 H20 O} . . . , etc.
(8.3b)
, , :
{HH} {CO} H {HOH} C {HO} . . . , etc.
(8.4)
( XIV 8.2.1),
, ( 7.10 7.11).
, , H, C
O / , HO HC. , ,

, :
H + H H2 + 105 Kcal/mole,
C + O CO + 255 Kcal/mole,
HO + H H2 O + 28 Kcal/mole, etc.,
(8.5)
8.3.
379
, ,
, .
, , , , ,
, .

, . , ,
, , .
8.3
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
[1],
(. . 8.1.A). , , ,
, , ,
.
[1]
, ,
.
, (
) , , ,
380 8. :
(. . 8.1.A).
, ,
, ""
(. . 8.1.B).
[1] ,
. , ,
(. 8.1.C).
, , ,
,
, .
1998 . ( ),
.
, , , ,
, , . , ,
, , .
, ,
() .
8.4
, , ,
. ,

, -
8.4.
381
,
.
, ,
, , 4. ,
, , . ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
. , ,
- , ,
,
.

[1]. , Me-orb .
:
q
Me-orb. =
L ,
(8.6)
2m
L ,
, q = e m = me .
, , (4.25), . , ,
(8.6),
q = 2e ,
m = 2me , (8.6) .

, :
Me-orb. = Misoe-orb. = 1, 859.59 .
(8.7)
, -
382 8. :
1.4107 , [1]:
Me-orb.
1, 856.9590
=
= 1, 316.33,
Mp-intr.
1.4107
(8.8)
, , , 1316 , , .
,
, . , ,
.
, . 8.2, .
, 10 ,
:
MH-tot. = Mp-intr. + Me-intr. + Me-orb. 3, 000 ,
(8.9)
, ,
, :
MH2 -tot. = Mp-intr. + Misoe-orb. 1, 500 ,
(8.10)
-, - , .
, , ,
, ,
.
.. (M.G. Kucherenko) .. (A.K. Aringazin) [3],
:
Me-orb.
1, 315 .
Mp-intr.
(8.11)
8.4.
383
,
() , , ,
L = 0, , M = 0. , ()
.
, (8.6)-(8.11) .
,
, . ,
, PlasmaArcFlow ,
, . , ,
,
, ,
- , .
, (8.6)-(8.11)
,
, .
, ,
.
, L = 1 (8.6)-(8.11) . [2] [8] (. 8.A).
, 20- , ,
, ,
.
, , ,
,
, ,
. , , -
384 8. :
, ,
. , , . ,
,
.
, , , . , ,
2
p
H| i =
+V | i = E| i,
(8.12)
2m
| i . |h | | i|.
, ,
.
, B.
,
e
(p A)2 /2m +V | 0 i = E 0 | 0 i,
(8.13)
c
A B. ,
, |h 0 | | 0 i| ,
. ,
.
..
[8], , , . 8.A. , , , , 1013 = 107 ,
8.4.
385
(8.13)
, ,
, , .
, ,
H- , ,

,
8.9.
109 , ,
105 , , .
, ,
8.2.1,
. , 8.10.
. , , . , 10
. ,

(8.9), , 6000 . ,
, ,
.
, . , 1316
, - ,
,
, .
, , .
, , , , -
386 8. :
. , . , , 8.1, ""
, ,
,
"".
,
,
- , , , , , . , , ,
, , , ,
, .
,
. ,
. ,
. , , , . , , ,
. . , , , ,
.

, .
,
, , ,
. , ,
, .
,
8.5. ...
387
,
, -,
.
, , . 1.4 1.5.
,
, , , , , .
, , , oo- . , o- .
, ,
, ,
(. . 4.5 8.3).
8.5

. , , , . , ,
,
.
. , ,
. ,
388 8. :
, , , , .
, -/-/-/. . .
, .
, , ,
: ;
; .
, ,
. , , , . 8.5.A. ,
, , , . 8.4.B ,
, . 8.4.C.
,
, . 8.5.A. ,
, .
PlasmaArcFlow , [2]. ,
,
GC- LC-MS.
PlasmaArcFlow . . 7.9, ,
8.5. ...
389
, .
;
; H, C O
3500 K. . , , ,

, , .
, 8.1 , ,
,
m1 m2
Fmagnetic = 2 .
(8.14)
r
,
1,000 A 30 V, ,
r = 108 , 1016 .

, , ,
, .
, , ,
,
. 8.3.A.
, ,
. , , ,
, - ,
. 8.5.C.
, , PlasmaArcFlow
390 8. :
, . ,
,
HO. , 8.2.1, , /
, / , , ,
.
PlasmaArcFlow .
, , , .
, , ,
LC-MS/UVD .

,
, .
,
.
-,
, , HH
, , H H (. 8.2).
,
{Ha Hb } {Hc Hd },
(8.15)
a, b, c, d ; Ha Hc ,
a
c; b
d (., , . 8.5.A). -
,
8.5. ...
391
, , . ,
, 8.1, ,
(8.15) .
:
{H H } {C O };
(8.16)
, ,
{HH }H {CO }{HO }{HCABC . . .}. . . , (8.17)
A, B, C , , , .
. , ;
, . , ,
. - ,
, ,
.
, , , ,
.
(8.15) , (
). ,
"" H3 , , ,
. 8.5.C.

, ,
.
392 8. :
8.6
8.2, , , CO2 , , ,
. , , CO2
,
.

. ,
,
. , , ,
, .
, C=O. , PlasmaArcFlow ,
, , , . , ,
, , .
, . ,

, , ,
- - , . 8.6.A.
OCO, , , , , OC CO ,
. 8.6.B.
,
8.7. ...
393
, , ,
,
.
,
. , , ,
.
8.7
, 8.2.1. , ,
GC-MS . .
1: MS .
. , GC-MS
, . .
CO2 , 44 a.m.u. , GC-MS
,
, 44 a.m.u. ,
1000 a.m.u.
2: MS
.
, MS 1 "" , -
394 8. :
150000 . ,
, per se, .
3: MS .
, MS 1, , / .
, , . ,
, ,
.
, , , CO2
44 a.m.u. 458 a.m.u.
4: .

, , . ,
, .
, .
5: .

, , , , ,
, , MS . , , , ,
,

.
6: , .
8.7. ...
395
, , ,
. , 1, ,

.
7: .
, , ,
. - ,
, ,

/ .
, . , , GC-MS
. ,

. ,
, ,
.
, ,
, , .
.
, , , ( ), , ,
, .
396 8. :
8.8
8.8.1
(., , [4]), : (GC), (LC),

(CEC), (SCC), (IC), (IR), (RS),
- (NMRS), (XRS), (AAS), - (MS), - (LMS), - (FIS) ..
, , ,
.
, GC 0.32 , 8.8.3. ,
, CEC, , ,
, IC.
,
IR, ,
, , , . RS
, ,
NMRS ,
, - , NMRS

H-, . .
, -
8.8. ...
397
MS, - , , , . . - ( ,
) , , , .
, , . , GC , . , MS ,
.
, . ,
GC MS,
GC-MS. IR
GC-MS. ,
, GC-MS IRD, GC-MS/IRD,
LC-MS UVD, LC-MS/UVD.
GC-MS , , , .
, (
), GC Hewlett-Packard (HP), 5890, MS HP, 5972,
,
( 10 C)
( 25 ).
IRD IRD. ,
(-,
), IRD HP, 5965,
, .
398 8. :
,
, , ,
, , :
i) ,
, , (
, , 8.10);
ii)
, , - , ,
, ;
iii) , , , ,
3 a.m.u., . 8.4.
, ,
.
8.8.2
, GC-MS ,
. , GC-MS IRD ,
.
,
, .

,
.
8.8. ...
399
, - ,
.
,

IRD. , ,
. , H2 O, IRD ,
HO.
,
. ,
. ,
,
MS ,
, , .
, , MS ,
IRD. , MS ,
,
MS
, ,
.
, GC-MS IRD. ,
, MS, , , IRD. ,
MS a.m.u.,
IRD, ,
, -, , .
, , , , , , MS -
400 8. :
, IR ,
GC-MS IRD.

, ,
,

, ,
.
, .
, , : GC-MS, IRD, 19 a.m.u.; 18 a.m.u.; IRD HO-. ,
,
19 a.m.u. , a.m.u.
"" - ,
, , .
, , 19 a.m.u.
, , :
{H O H } H .
(8.18)
, , 19 a.m.u.
, , MS 99.99% IR 100%,
. ,
IR , ,
.
, 19 a.m.u. ,
, , , a.m.u. .
,
. ,
8.8. ...
401

. , H HOH,
1/2 (
) ( ),
, , . ,

(8.9).
, ,
, ,
, .
,
, , . , ,

.
, GC-MS IRD, , , ,
, . ,
, .
8.8.3
MS
,
. MS
402 8. :
. , , .

.
,
GC-MS IRD,

MS, IR . -, IRD
GC-MS, ; IRD ; , MS
.
, . , , , CO2
44 a.m.u. MS 481 a.m.u.
,
, , , , ,
MS 481 a.m.u. . MS
, .
GC-MS IRD,
481 a.m.u. IRD 481 a.m.u., 44 a.m.u.
CO2 , .
, 481 a.m.u. ,
,
, 8.2.1.
, IRD
, -
. , , ,
: 1) IR -
8.8. ...
403
; 2) IR 481 a.m.u.;
3) IRD , .
, IRD CO2
, CO , CO2 , .
, ,
, IR ,
.
, (8.5), .
, GC-MS IRD , :
i) MS
, GC-MS ,
;
ii) ;
iii) GC-MS/IRD 0.5 ;
iv) GC-MS
, ;
v)
, , , 25 .
, , , . , 0.5
, ,
. ,
, , , .
, , -
404 8. :
GC-MS ,
, .
, , , ,
. ,
, .
, , GC-MS
, , . -, , , . 25 , , ,
, . , , . , ,
, .
IRD,
, . , GC-MS
,
.
, , , , , , , GC-MS IRD, , , .. , .
LC-MS/UVD
, , - , , , ,
, .
, -
8.8. ...
405
, LC-MS,
, .
8.8.4
H3 O3
, , GC-MS , 3 a.m.u.,
H , H3 , O3 .
, , , , ,
,
.
,
. , . H3 O3
H2 O2 , , ,
.
, ,
, ( 1/2) (
0), . ,
, , "" , .
( ) ,
, H3 O3 , , H O, H2 O2 , , . 8.5.C.
, 8.2.1, ,
406 8. :
.
O3 . , , ,
, , .
(
) .

, O2 O.
O3
GC-MS 32 a.m.u. , ,
, O2 O2 .

H3 , .
, ,

, , , . 8.2.
, MS 3 a.m.u. . , GC
. ,
H2 H
. , , PlasmaArcFlow
. , GC H-,
, .
,
, . 8.5.C, ,
{H H } H .
(8.19)
, , (8.9). 3 a.m.u., , ,
8.8. ...
407
, ,
.
H3 GCMS 4 a.m.u. ,
,
,
H2 H2 , . 8.5.A.
, , GC-MS LC-MS ,
, , ,
.
, MS
.
,
( 100 a.m.u.) 133 a.m.u., 166 a.m.u. 207 a.m.u.,
, . , , .
GC-MS , , ,
.
8.8.5
,
,
( 2001 .). , , ,
MS . , . ,
, IRD
104 ,
408 8. :
, IRD.

, . 8.5. ,
,
, .
, ,
10000o K. , , , .
,
. , , ( ),
. , , ,
.
, , ,
, IR , MS ,

, , .
, IR , , MS , , , .
8.9. 409
8.9
8.9.1
,
19- . , ,
,
,
.
,
(., ,
[5]). , CO2 , .
, PlasmaArcFlow ( ), .
,
.
"",
.
,
, . ,
NASA , :
50% H2 ,
40% CO,
9% CO2 , traces of O2 and H2 O.
(8.20)
, , , CO2 44 a.m.u.
, , , ,
410 8. :
"H3 " GC-MS . [6] . , , , , . 8.5.C
[6].
, , [7] .
""
"" " ". ,
" "
" " .
() ,
" " " " ,

.
8.9.2
GC-MS/IRD
McClellan
[1] , ,
, , 8.2.1, ,
(8.20) .
, [loc. cit.] GC-MS IRD, , -
McClellan Air Force Base North Highland,
(Sacramento), . , Toups Technologies Licensing,
Inc., , , GC-MS/IRD
(8.20).
19 , 1998 ., Natio-
8.9. 411
nal Technical Systems (NTS) McClellan
Air Force Base . : . (Louis A. Dee),
(Branch Manager), (Norman Wade), HP GC 5890, HP MS 5972, HP IRD
5965. ,
.
NTS,

8.8.3. , VOC IRMS.M, HP Ultra 2 25
, 0.32 0.52 .
40 a.m.u. 500 a.m.u. ,
CO 28 a.m.u.
, GC-MS/IRD 10 C;
0.5 ; ;
26 ; 50
/. .
, ( ). ,
. , , 8.78.12
.
26 , MS
40 500 a.m.u., . 8.7. MS "",
McClellan Air Force Base
, . 8.8.
CO2 MS , 40 500 a.m.u., ,
9% (8.20).
MS , , 40
412 8. :
500 a.m.u., IR . ,
,
. 8.9. , IR MS , CO2 ,
,
.
, , CO O2
IR , . ,
CO2 , . 8.10. ,
, CO2 , ,
, . 8.6.
, . 8.10,
, CO, , , , CO
.
IR , , "", , . 8.11.
GC-MS/IRD, . 8.7 . 8.12 . ,
, . , ,
.
8.9.3
GC-MS/IRD Pinellas County Forensic
, NTS, 25 , 1998 , GCMS/IRD Pinellas County Forensic Laboratory (PCFL), ,

, Toups Technologies Licensing, Inc.
HP GC , 5890, II; HP MS,
8.9. 413
5970; HP IRD, 5965B. NTS, PCFL ,
10 C 55 C 26 1 .
. 8.7 , GC-MS .
, PCFL,
8.138.18, ,
NTS. ,
.
[1], MS , 30 .
. 8.13 8.14, PCFL
. , . 8.13 . 8.14.
, , ,
, , , / .
, ,
.
8.15 GC-MS/IRD . 8.13 8.14 , .
8.16 . 8.9, , MS ,
. 8.13 8.14, , CO2 . ,
MS . , IR CO2
. 8.13 8.14.
MS ,
.
8.17 CO2 , -
414 8. :
. 8.10, , , , ,
.
8.18 , MS
, .
8.9.4
. , , GC-MS/IRD , IRD CO2 MS ,

MS IR . , IR CO2 ,
. 8.10 8.17, - MS , . 8.7, 8.13 8.14. , IR
MS , .
, IR 40
500 a.m.u., , MS , , IRD .
, , , IRD
, CO, HO ..,
. , , IRD,
CO2 , MS. , MS
- CO2 , . , MS CO2 . , , MS

CO CO2 , , /
, / , 40 a.m.u., .
, -
8.9. 415
,
.
, , (8.5). ,
,
, ,
.
MS NTS
PCFL , 40 500 a.m.u., GC-MS/IRD ,

26 . , MS 26 , . 8.7,

. 8.13 8.14,
1 . , . 8.7 . 8.13 8.14
, .
8.9.5
McClellan Air Force Base

Pinellas County Forensic Laboratory, . 8.78.18, 8.2.1,
GC-MS
IRD, .
, , , , . 8.7,
8.13 8.14
, ,
8.1, ,
, .
416 8. :
, ,
, , 8.2.1:
I) MS , . , , , (8.20), ,
CO2 44 a.m.u.,
.
II) MS , , .
. 8.7, . 8.13 8.14, , ,
. 8.8 8.15, MS
, .
III) MS , , , .
, , , , . 8.9 8.16,
.
IV) , ,
, CO2 , , , . 8.10
. 8.17. ,
PlasmaArcFlow
, . 8.6.
V) , , , ()
, , , , . 8.12 8.18.
VI) ,
, , .
8.9. 417
. 8.13 8.14 , ,
, 30 .
VII) ,
. . 8.13 8.14, , : 286 a.m.u.
287 a.m.u. ,
; 302 a.m.u.
319 a.m.u. , HO ; 328 a.m.u.
334 a.m.u. , O2 ; 299 a.m.u.
297 a.m.u. , H2 ; .. ,
GC-MS/IRD , .
8.2.1
, GC-MS/IRD, .
, , . 4.5 8.3,
.
,
. ,
,
,
.
, . 8.78.18, ,
, , ,
.

,
,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
-
418 8. :
,
:
1) ,
.
2) , ,
,
, ;
3) .
"" I) XV) 8.2.1, . , .

.
8.10
8.10.1
1998 , [1] Givaudan-Roure Corporation (GR),

(Teaneck), -. 50 cc . 12000 G 1/200 100 200 .
, , , . , ,
. , , -
8.10.
419
, , .
, .
,
, -
, , - . , .
, ,
.
[1] ,
, , ( ), ,
, 8.2.1, , .
, , ,
,
,
(. 8.1). ,
. , 8.5,
PlasmaArcFlow , .
8.10.2
, GR (Dubendorf), ,
, . 8.19 8.20.
420 8. :
. 8.1: . . 8.1.A , ,
,
. . 8.1.B , . ,
, . . 8.1.C
,
, . 8.1.A,
, , ,
. ,
. 8.1.B ,
.
8.10.
421
. 8.2:
, . , ,
, . ,
, .
1 ,
, . ,
, , . , , 4.2,
oo- ( ),
,
N-.
422 8. :
. 8.3: , , - ( 5), (. 1.5). ,

. , , , , 105 HO .
. 4.5.
8.10.
423
. 8.4: , .
, ,
, ,
, .
, . ,
( 7).

,
, 108 ,
(108 )2 = 1016 , (. 8.A).
424 8. :
. 8.5: . A , ,
. , . ,
4 a.m.u. GC-MS , ,
. B ,
3 a.m.u., "" H3 ,
,
. - , ,

, : , , ;
2e, e,
; ..
8.10.
425
. 8.6: C=O OCO, , ,

IR .
426 8. :
. 8.7: MS ,
19 , 1998 , .
National Technical; Systems (NTS) McClellan Air Force Base North Highland, ,
, Toups Technologies Licensing, Inc. (TTL),
, . 40 a.m.u 500 a.m.u.

, . (8.20). ,
CO2 , CO2
MS .
8.10.
427
. 8.8: NTS
, . 8.7 "" .
8.924 ,
. , . ,
()
, .
. 8.7.
428 8. :
. 8.9: , NTS, MS . MS , . ,
CO2 , . 8.7.
CO2 ,
40 a.m.u. 500 a.m.u. , ,
, O2 CO (H2 ).
8.10.
429
. 8.10: , NTS, , CO2 (), (). , CO2

,
. , ,

CO2 . , , , , [2]., CO,
, CO .
430 8. :
. 8.11: ,
, IR , , , , MS .
8.10.
431
. 8.12: , .
432 8. :
. 8.13: " " () MS ()

, 25 , 1998 , HP GC-MS/IRD Pinellas County Forensic Laboratory (PCFL), , ,
Toups Technologies Licensing, Inc. (TTL), , .
40 a.m.u 500 a.m.u. NTS .
8.10.
433
. 8.14: ,
PCFL, ,
, 30 . ,

.
434 8. :
. 8.15: GC-MS/IRD PCFL MS

, .
8.10.
435
. 8.16: . 8.13 8.14,

. 8.9, , MS . 8.13
8.14 , .
436 8. :
. 8.17: PCFL
. 8.10 NTS,
CO2 .
. 8.10 . , ,
CO2 , ,
. , ,
CO2 .
8.10.
437
. 8.18: PCFL . ,
. , MS ,
, . , . ,

, .

.
438 8. :
. 8.19 GR, "ING258AIN, Test 2", , 10 100 .
, , , " ", 10- ,
per se , . ,
"", "".
, 50 cc .
. 8.20 - 10 100 , GR,
"Mixture 2",
. , ,
12000 G,
, 10000 a.m.u., ,
, I) 8.2.1.
,
. , ,
.

.

. 8.19 8.20.
8.10.
8.10.3
439
, Tekmar-Dohrmann Corporation
5- , 1998 ., (Brian
Wallace) (Mia Burnett) Tekmar-Dohrmann Corporation
(TDC) , , Tekmar 7000 HT Static
Headspacer Autosampler - (FID). 8- 11- , 1998 .,
. , Tekmar ,
UV . , . , FID
,
.
: 1, (
) GR "Fragrance Oil 2"; 2, ; 3,
.
, Tekmar
, , 8.2.1.
, ,
, .
440 8. :
. 8.19: ,
Givaudan-Roure Research Laboratory , , GR "ING258IN Test 2"
10 100 [1].
8.10.
441
. 8.20: GR "Mixture 2" 10- 100- , (University of South Florida), .

. 8.19 [1].
442 8. :
. 8.21: 5- , 1998 ., Tekmar

Dohrmann Company (TDC), , , Tekmar 7000
HT Static Headspacer Autosampler - (FID).
8.10.
443
. 8.22: TDC, 8.19 5/5/98, .
444 8. :
. 8.23: TDC, 8.19 5/5/98, ,

, .
8.10.
445
,
. 8.218.25 [1]. . 8.21
. ,
"Peak 1" 24.28%, "Peak 2"
3.19% "Peak 3" 70.00%. . 8.22 , . 8.23
, : "unknown 1"
64.24% "unknown 2" 33.53%, 97.78%. , , 8.2.1. . 8.24
, : "unknown 1" 1.75% "unknown 2" 0.45%.
,
Peak 1 . 8.21 24.28% Peak 3 70.00% 5.33% 68.71%, . , . . 8.25
. , , ,
.
8.10.4
LC-MS, UVD,
GR "ING258IN Test 2" . 8.19, 1- 1998 .,
(FIU), , .
17- 18- .
, ,
:
1) (TIC) -
446 8. :
.
2) TIC ;
3) - 2;
4) HP LC 254 ;
5) UV- HPLC 230
700 mm.
:
I) GR331, , GR "ING258IN Test 2";
II) GR332, "ING258IN Test
2" 10% - (Dipropylene Glycol) (DPG);
III) GR332S, ;
IV) GR335, 4% GR "ING258IN Test 2", 0.4% DPG 95%
;
V) GR335O, .
, 8.26
8.30 [1]. , ,

.
. FIU , . 8.18. ,
. ,
LC-MS/UVD .
, , . PlasmaArcFlow 7,
.
8.11. ...
8.11
447
, , . ,
, , . .
, , , , ,
, " " R ( )
P, V , T , R = R(P,V, T ), :
PV
= nR(P,V, T ),
T
(8.21)
R P, V T .
USMagnegas, Inc., ,
, , :
1)
;
2) , V ,
P
T , T 0 > T
T . P,
P0 > P;
3)
, , ,
100 psi 200 psi V
cf ,
448 8. :
, 4000 psi 4100 psi, ,
, V 0 , ,
, V 0 > V .
,
, , , . , , , , ,
. ,
( 8.2.1), , - . ,
,
, , , ,
, .
, ,
GC-MS/IRD LC-MS/UVD , 8.2.1.
GR.
, , 200 G ( , , . 8.18 8.19).
, -
, , .
1 25.
9 1998 .,
U.S. Testing Company, Inc. (USTC), (Fairfield), -.
. 8.31 8.32.
1 -
8.11. ...
449
. 2
5 . 3 4 .
5
GR "APC Fragrance". 6 5 ,
5 . 7 8 , 5, . 17
GR "Air Freshener 1". 19 Fragrance 17
16, 5
. , . ,
.
1 ( ) 2 ( )
, 0.86%,
. , , . 8.27.
, ()
, , , 5 , 1. , , ,
, .
, , GR , 6, , , .
, ,

.
, . , " UPS-", ,
, , - .

450 8. :
. ,
- , - , , ,
.
, ,
,
, , , .
, , , , ,
(, , ..)
. 8.32. 30-40 Castrol Motor Oil
,
, A B.
, -
. , 2 44.5%.
, , .
, ,
, , .
. , .

,

, .
8.11. ...
451
, . .

. , , USTC, , , ,
.
452 8. :
. 8.24: , 8.21 5/5/98,

,
.
8.11. ...
453
. 8.25: TDC, 2.26 5/5/98, , .
454 8. :
. 8.26: GR
"ING258IN Test 2". 8.18 (GR331 ) (FIU).
8.11. ...
. 8.27: FIU GR332.
455
456 8. :
. 8.28: FIU GR332S.
8.11. ...
. 8.29: FIU GR335.
457
458 8. :
. 8.30: FIU GR335O.
8.11. ...
459
. 8.31: USTC , .
460 8. :
. 8.32: USTC , .
8.12.
8.12
461

, , , .
, , ,
a.m.u., , CO2
44 a.m.u.; ;
, ; .
, , [1] , ,
, , , , , -,
.
, , , , 8.2.1 ,
,
, .
,
, , , ,
,
, , , , . ,
. , ,
, ,
, , .
462 8. :
, ,
, .

, ,
, , , ,
,
, [1] .
[8]
, , , ,
, .
, ( , 108 ) ( 7),
, ,
(. . 8.4.D).
, , B
, .
, -
( ), ehB/2mc > E j j0 ' 103 eV, , B '
105 Gauss, , -,
.
, B, B,
,
8.12.
463
B.
, ,
H . ,
, , ehB/2mc me4 /2h2 = 13.6 eV,
, , , B B0 = 2.4 109 Gauss = 240000 (,
1 = 104 Gauss). ,
.
, B B0 ,
B . , . ,

, , (. . 8.4.D), , , ,

. [9].
, ,
.
, , 105 106 Gauss ( 50 ), ,
B0 = 2.4 109 Gauss ( 105 ).
, B Bc = B0 / 2 = 4.4 1013 Gauss,
, mc2 = 0.5 MeV, = e2 /hc
. , ,
- ,

() -
(Bethe-Salpeter). , , , B ' 109 . . . 1013 Gauss.
464 8. :
[8]
2.4 1010 B 2.4 1013 Gauss,

.
( ), ,
, ,

.
, 4.
, ,
(Lamb shift).
, , ,
, [10]. (Faddeev)
(Niemi) [10] , ,
.
, ,
B0 . ,
.
, .
, ,
. B ' B0 ,

. ,
[9, 11, 12].
(Lai) [12] ,
8.12.
465
B B0 , ,
, B ' B0 , H2 .
, H ,
H , , a0 = h 2 /me2 ' 0.53 108
= 1 a.u., ,
~B.
, ,
:
s
n + 1/2
Rn =
,
(1)
= eB/2hc, B z, ~B = (0, 0, B),

~r = (r, , z) n = 0, 1, . . . . , (1) .

, .
En ,
,
h 2 kz2
1
k
En = En + Ekz = h (n + ) +
,
2
2m
(2)
= eB/mc h kz
h~k , < kz < ,
m e .
En , .
k
Ekz ( ), h kz
.
466 8. :
,
,
.
,
, Ar = Az = 0, A = rB/2,
h 2
1
1 2
2
2
2 2
+ r + 2 + z r + 2i = E ,
(3)
2m r r
r
[9]:
n,s,kz (r, , z) =
p
eil eikz z
2 Ins ( r2 ) ,
2 L
(4)
Ins ( ) ,
Ins ( ) =
1 /2 (ns)/2 ns
e
Qs ( );
n!s!
(5)
Qns
, L , l = 0, 1, 2, . . .
s
, s = n l
= r2 .
:

1
1
1
0
( ) =
(6)
, ( ) =
,
0
1
2
2
Espin = 0 B,
(2); 0 = eh/2mc .
, , n = 0, s = 0
z, h kz = 0, (2) :
ehB
,
(7)
2mc
, (4),
r
r2 /2
,
000 (r, , z) = 000 (r) =
e
(8)
E0 =
8.12.
467
0.5
psi
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
3
r, a.u.
. 33:
, 000 ( ), (8),
B = B0 = 2.4 109 , r , ( )
( ),
r/a
0 ( ), r (1/ )e
.
. 34; 1 a.u. = a0 = 0.53 108 .
R R 2
rdrd |000 |2 = 1.
()
s
r
h c
1
R0 =
,
(9)
eB
2
0 0
000
s
2
r2
1
4R0
000 =
e
.
2 R20
(10)
33 , 000 ,
B = B0 = 2.4109 (R0 = 1 a.u.), ( )
, , (1/ )er/a0 .
. 34 35 r ,
1 a.u.
, , , R0 <
a0 ( ""
468 8. :
0.6
0.5
Landau
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
3
r, a.u.
. 34: , 2 r|000 |2 ( ), (8),

B = B0 = 2.4109 ,
r , ( )
(

2
r/a
2
0
), 4 r |(1/ )e
| ( ), r . . 33; 1 a.u. = 0.53 108 .
H ) ,
B > B0 =
m2 ce3
= 2.351 109 Gauss,
h 3
(11)
m . , , H , |E0Bohr | = | me4 /2h2 | = 0.5

a.u. = 13.6 eV, , E0 .
, B0 ,

,

, |E0Bohr | = E0 = 13.6 , , , , a0 = R0 = 0.53 108 .
, ,
|E0Bohr | a0 , H
. ,
.
8.12.
469
-1
-2
-2
-1
. 35: (r, ) , 2 r|000 |2 , (8),

B = B0 = 2.4 109 , a.u. (1 a.u. = 0.53 108 ).
. "".

, [8] H
.
(r, , z), ~B = (0, 0, B), ,
z, ( -)
h 2
1
1 2
2me2
2
2
2 2
+ r + 2 + z + 2
r + 2i = E , (12)
2m r r
r
h r2 + z2
= eB/2hc.

. .
470 8. :
, B B0 = 2.4 109
, ,
. ,
(4),
(12) ,
= e r
2 /2
(z),
(13)
(z) ,
. .
, ,
, "" . , ,
, R0 a0 . , , , z.
(13) (12),
r z- :
h 2 d 2 h 2
+
+C(z) (z) = E (z),
(14)
2m dz2
m
C(z) = e2
Z
0
2
e
p
d = e2 e z [1 erf( |z|)]
+ z2
(15)
erf(x) .
C(z), (14), ,
H .
, 1, ,
hz2 i 1, -
8.12.
471
(15).

C(z) ' V (z) =
e2
,
|z|
hz2 i 1,
(16)

, z. (15),
C(z) z . ,
, C(z) z = 0, ,
C(0) = e2 , C(z)
.
C(z) ,
e2
C(z) ' V (z) =
,
|z| + z0
z0 , z0 6= 0, B,
r
e2
2hc
1
z0 =
= =
.
C(0)
eB
(17)
(18)
,
V (z) z = 0, , , . , (14)
- ,
2 2
h d
e2
h 2
+
+
+ E (z) = 0.
(19)
2m dz2 |z| + z0
m
(e = h = m = 1),
E0 =
h 2
+ E,
m
n2 =
1
,
2E 0
(20)
x = 2z/n x0 = 2z0 /n,

,
1 n
d
+ +
(21)
(x) = 0,
dx2
4 x
472 8. :
x > 0. v(x),
(x) = xex/2 v(x), ,
xv00 + (2 x)v0 (1 n)v = 0.
(22)
, (Cummer),
xv00 + (b x)v0 av = 0,
(23)

v(x) = C1 1F1 (a, b, x) +C2U(a, b, x),
(24)
(b)
1F1 (a, b, x) =
(b a)(a)
Z 1
ext t a1 (1 t)ba1 dt
(25)
U(a, b, x) =
1
(a)
ext t a1 (1 + t)ba1 dt
(26)
, C1,2 ; a = 1 n
b = 2. , (x)
(x) = (|x| + x0 )e(|x|+x0 )/2 C1 1F1 (1 n, 2, |x| + x0 )+

(27)
C2U(1 n, 2, |x| + x0 ) ,
x0 "", C1,2
, x, (
).
x0 = 0. 1F1 (1n, 2, x) x = 0 n.
x, , n
, n = 1, 2, . . . , .
U(1 n, 2, x) ,
-, . x 0,
n = 1, 2, 3, . . . 1/x n > 1
0 n < 1. x ,
8.12.
473
n, n > 1 n = 0
0 < n < 1.
, - xex/2 (27),
, ,
.
, x0 6= 0
n = 1, 2, . . . (
), n 0 , .
z z,
C1+ = C1 ,
C2+ = C2 ,
0 (0) = 0.
(28)
, n = 1 E 0 = 1/(2n2 ) = 1/2 a.u.,

n 0 < n < 1, . , n = 1 ,
.
, , ,
n. , n 0 1. , E 0 = 1/2n2 ,
n < 1 , E 0 = 0.5 a.u.
n < 1, xex/2 (27) x,
, , C1 = 0.
n < 1
(27). , 0 (x)|x=0 = 0
1 (x+x0 )/2
C2 [(2 x x0 )U(1 n, 2, x + x0 )
2e
2(1 n)(x + x0 )U(2 n, 3, x + x0 ))]|x=0 = 0.
(29)
n x0 , B,
474 8. :
x0 = x0 (B) n, E 0 .
, , , vice versa, x0
n.
, n = 1/ 15.58 ' 0.253 < 1, x0 = 0.140841. x0 =

0.141 (Heyl) (Hernquist) [14]. , x0 , (18), ,
x0 = 2z0 /n, B ' 4.7 1012 . ,

n = 1/ 15.58.

s
(r, , x) '
1 4Rr 2
e 0 (|x| + x0 )e(|x|+x0 )/2U(1 n, 2, |x| + x0 ),
2 R20
(30)
n

. 36.
, ,

n = 1 .
-, . 36
.
[1, 11]
.
, [14] , . 37,
. 3 ; = 2 z/e ; B = 4.7 1012 .
(17)
-
8.12.
475
. 36: H ~B = (0, 0, B),

B B0 = 2.4109 , .
R0 0.53 108 ,
.
R0 . .

(|x|+xm )/2
(|x|+xm )e
1F1 (1n, 2, |x|+xm )
Z |x|+xm
et
dt, (31)
(t 1F1 (1 n, 2,t))2
m =
0 .
n = 1/ 15.58, x0 = 0.141, B = 4.7 1012
. .
. 37 , z = 0,
z = 0 (
). , (
)
z z,
z = 0
. |000i
476 8. :
. 37:
( ) B = 4.7 1012 . , |000i ( ), |002i,|004i, |006i () |001i
|003i (); n = 1/ 15.58, = 2z/n x, ; z a.u., 1 a.u. = 0.53 108 (
. 3 [14]).

[14]:
Magnetic field B
(Gauss)
4.7 1012
9.4 1012
23.5 1012
4.7 1013
9.4 1013
23.5 1013
4.7 1014
Binding energy, |000i state

(Rydberg)
15.58
18.80
23.81
28.22
33.21
40.75
47.20
, (Ruder) . [9]
(Lai) [12].
8.12.
477
x
y
. 38: H ~B = (0, 0, B), B B0 =

2.4 109 . R0 ,
(x, y) , z = Lz z = +Lz , z = 0.
(x, y)- , . 35,
, R0 a0 .
.
, , () R0
(r, )-, z = Lz
z = +Lz , z = 0,
. 38.
,
, z z,
x = 0.
.
478 8. :
,
[12]. 3%, 1011
1015 . , [12], z Lz ' [ln(B/B0 )]1 a.u.; ()
L ' (B/B0 )1/2 a.u.; E ' 0.16[ln(B/B0 )]2
a.u., , b B/B0 102
106 . , B = 100B0 ,
E = 3.4 a.u. = 92.5 ,
L 0.1 a.u. = 0.53 109 z- Lz
0.22 a.u.
.
H , , ,
. ,
.
,
(., , [12, 14])
, , p- ,
. ,
. , , , .
,
, - ,
. , ,
,
.
,
8.12.
479
. 39: (r, z) ,
, 1011 ()
1012 (). 99% , 90%, 80% ..,
5% 1%, ( . 5 (Johnsen)
(Yngvason) [13]).
[13], - , (26 )
, B = 100B0 . . . 1000B0 .
, , . 39.
, , ,
, -
,
. , ,
( ),
, ( ).
480 8. :
. 39 ,

, ()
( ), , , , ,
( ,
). , . 39
. 38, , z z, , z,
-.
. 40: H+
2 . |000i,
|0 -1 0i.
, . B = 4.7 1012 ;
= 2 z/e z a.u.; 1 a.u. = 0.53 108 (
. 5 [14]).
H2 . , ,
H2+ ,
. [12, 14, 15],
8.12.
481
H+
2 H2 . . 40
H2+ [14].
482 8. :

[2] http://www.magnegas.com.
[3] Kucherenko, M.G. and Aringazin, A.K.: Hadronic J. 21, 895 (1998).
[4] Settle, F.A.: Editor, Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytic
Chemistry, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey (1997).
[5] Eldridge, H.: U.S. Patent no. 603,058, Spril [5a]; Dammann, W.A. and
Wallman, D.: U.S. Patents nos. 5,159,900 (1992) and 5,417,817 (1995)
[5b]; Richardson, W.H. jr.: U.S. Patents nos. 5,435,274 (1995), 5,692,459
(1997), 5,792,325 (1999) [5c]; See also for the Brown Gas Web Site
http://www.eagle-research.com [5d],
and for the SkyGas Web Site http://www.mpmtech.com [5e].
[6] Sachse, T.I. and Kleinekathofer, U.: "Generalized HeitlerLondon Theory
for H3 : A Comparison of the Surface Integral Method with Perturbation
Theory", e-print arXiv: physics/0011058 (November 2000).
[7] Kadomtsev, B.B. and Kudryavtsev, V.S.: Pisma ZhETF 13, 15, 61
(1971); Sov. Phys. JETP Lett. 13, 9, 42 (1971) (English Translation);
ZhETF 62, 144 (1972); Sov. Phys. JETP 35, 76 (1972) (English
Translation). Ruderman, M.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 27, 1306 (1971); in: IAU
Symposium 53, Physics of Dense Matter, C.J. Hansen (ed.), Dordrecht,
Reidel (1974). Lai, D., Salpeter, E. and Shapiro, S.L.: Phys. Rev. A45,
4832 (1992). Lai, D. and Salpeter, E.: Phys. Rev. A52, 2611 (1995); Phys.
Rev. A53, 152 (1996); Astrophys. J. 491, 270 (1997).
483
484
[8] Aringazin, A.K.: Toroidal configuration of the orbit of the electron of

the hydrogen atom under strong external magnetic fields, Hadronic J. 24
(2001), in press.
[9] Sokolov A.A., Ternov I.M., and Zhukovskii, V.Ch.: Quantum mechanics,
Nauka, Moscow, 1979 (in Russian). Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz E.M.:
Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory, 3rd ed., Pergamon,
Oxford, 1989. Ruder, H., Wunner, G., Herold, H. Geyer, F.: Atoms
in Strong Magnetic Fields, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1994.
Kadomtsev, B.B.: Soviet Phys. JETP 31 945 (1970). Kadomtsev, B.B.
and Kudryavtsev, V.S.: JETP 13 42 (1971); JETP Lett. 13 9 (1971).
[10] Faddeev, L. and Niemi, A.J.: Magnetic geometry and the confinement
of electrically conducting plasmas, physics/0003083, April 2000.
R. Battye, R., Sutcliffe, P.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 4798 (1998); and
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A455, 4305 (1999). Hietarinta, J, Salo, P.: Phys.
Lett. B451, 60 (1999); and The ground state in the Faddeev-Skyrme
model, University of Turku preprint, 1999; for video animations, see
http://users.utu.fi/hietarin/knots/index.html
[11] Santilli, R.M.: The Physics of New Clean Energies and Fuels According
to Hadronic Mechanics, Journal of New Energy 4, Special Edition, No. 1
(1999), 318 pages. Santilli, R.M. and Shillady, D.D.: Intern. J. Hydrogen
Energy 24,
943 (1999); Intern. J. Hadrogen Energy 25, 173 (2000).
[12] Lai, D.: Matter in strong magnetic fields, chem-ph/0009333, September
2000.
[13] Johnsen, K. and Yngvason, J.: Density Matrix Functional Calculations
for Matter in Strong Magnetic Fields: I. Atomic Properties, chemph/9603005, March 1996.
[14] Heyl, J.S. and Hernquist, L.: Hydrogen and Helium Atoms and
Molecules in an Intense Magnetic Field, chem-ph/9806040, June 1998.
Jones, M.D., Ortiz, G., and Ceperley, D.M.: Spectrum of Neutral Helium
in Strong Magnetic Fields, chem-ph/9811041, November 1998.
[15] Lopez, J.C., Hess, P., and Turbiner, A.: H2+ ion in strong magnetic
field: a variational study, Preprint ICN-UNAM 97-06, chem-ph/9707050.
485
Turbiner, A., Lopez, J.C., and Solis, U.: H3++ molecular ions can exist
in strong magnetic fields, Preprint ICN-UNAM 98-05, chem-ph/9809298.
Lopez, J.C. and Turbiner, A.: One-electron linear systems in a strong
magnetic field, Preprint ICN-UNAM 99-03, chem-ph/9911535.

H+
2 - , 287
0 , 56, 205
k-, 31
q-, 31
4 - , 44
isoelectronium, 190
Lai, D., 464
Liphardt & Associates, 349
, .., 222
, .., 270
magnegas
exhaust, 349
McClellan Air Force Base, 410
Motorfuelers, Inc., 355, 363
AsiaMagnegas, Ltd., 344, 374

Baldwin, S., 235
Castrol motor oil
, 450
Clean Energy Technologies, Inc., 340
Coloumb hole, 234
NASA , 409
PlasmaArcFlow
reactors, 343
, 344, 388
, 344
, 363
Di Bernardi, Peter, 349

EarthFirst Technologies, Inc., 305,
344, 363
EPA
, 350
, 349, 368
, 347
EuroMagnegas, Ltd., 344, 374
Radiation Protection Associates, 358

SASLOBE, 225, 291
Tampa Transformers, Inc., 363
Tekmar-Dohrmann Corporation, 439
Toups Technologies Licensing, Inc.,
305, 344, 410
Florida International University, 445
U.S. Testing Company, Inc., 448

under-unity, 318
USMagnegas, Inc., 344, 374
Givaudan-Roure Corporation, 418

H , , 380, 469
water
486

characteristics, 255
WattWatchers, Inc., 355
Wiberg-Trindie bond indices, 241
, 373
, 289, 291
.., 25
..., 56, 58, 60, 158
, 58
, ..., 200, 222, 269
, .., 283, 289, 359,
382, 462
, .., 266
, .., 219
, ., 439
, 31, 147
, 148, 149, 155
, .., 234
- , 41
, ., 130
, .., 234, 266
, .., 220
-- , 97
., 33
, ., 410

, 292
, 12, 133, 135
-
, 150
, 140, 150
, 152
, 139, 155
487
, 140
, 137
--
, 152
, 146, 157
-- , 157
, 168
, 1
, 168
, 102
, 1, 25, 30
, .., 222
--
, 220
, .., 272
, 60
, .., 80
, ., 479
, .., 410

, 283, 285
, 283, 289
, 284
, 290
., 14
, ., 479
H+
2 , 285
-,
284
, .., 234, 266
, 373
, ., 234, 266
488
, .., 220
SCF ,
273
, ., 234
, .., 268
, 294

, 295
, 3
, 295
, 56, 63
, .., 283, 382
, 12, 133, 135
, ., 219
, ., 130
, 2
- , 135
-
, 104, 116
, 104, 117
, 116
, 96
, 96
, 97
, 95, 144, 160
, 117
, 143
-, 29
, .., 130
HT M , 347
, 4
-, 284,
289, 290
2 , 285
H

, ., 464
, 294
, ., 234, 266
, 98
, 89, 129, 175
, .., 220
, ., 258
, ., 267
, 194
, 298
, 136, 144
, 327
, 89, 129, 175
, ., 476
.., 14, 25, 32, 56, 129,
186
, .., 283, 305, 321, 333,
344, 355, 359, 379
-- , 140
, ., 234
, 285
, , 344, 347
, , 305, 374
, .., 219
, 295
, , 305, 344, 374
, 332
, ., 439
, ., 464
, 291

, .., 234
, 23, 58, 61, 63,
202
, 290, 294
--, 268
--, 220
-- , 130
, .., 474
, ., 474
, ., 220
, ., 223
, ., 270
, .., 220
.., 186
, .., 129, 223, 283
, 168
, 1
, 56, 157, 168
, 123
, ., 89, 129, 135, 175
, .., 358
, 12
Ferrari 308 GTSi, 346
Honda Civic, 346
, 38, 322
, 55
, 75, 80, 83, 89, 94, 129,
131, 134, 148, 156, 179, 322
, 324
, 234
489
, 324
, 250
, 343
, 26
-, 26, 32
, 419
, 449
, 438
, 313
, 101, 105
, 373
, 289
, 12, 133, 134, 136,
137, 139, 140, 142, 149, 153
BMW,
317
, 22
, 4
, 360
, 256
, 219
, 218
, 217
, 112
, 113,
114
, 113
490
, 104, 108, 110, 114,
116
, 125
, 115, 116
, 115
, 100, 101, 108, 114,
118
, 109, 110, 114, 118
, 104, 110, 116
, 100, 111, 116,
118
, 36, 101
, 115
, 101, 116, 180
, 100, 109
, 27
, 256
, 93
, 125
, 118
, 461
, 118, 119, 125
, 36
, 180
, 359
, 385
H-O, 261
, 6
, 31
, 262
, 124

, 87,
94
, 145
,
86
, 86, 96
, 122
, 121
, 122
, 122
, 121
, 121, 122
, 121, 123
, 81, 82,
85, 92
, 76, 78, 84, 88, 187
, 86
, 81, 83
, 75, 323
, 81, 82, 84
, 81
, 89
, 79, 82, 85, 93, 94, 98, 105
, 110
, 76, 79, 82, 103,
109
, 8185, 92, 95, 98,
105
, 335
-,
323
, 144
, 82,
139
, 79, 80

, 35, 75
, 76, 89, 90, 97, 107,

149, 153, 166
, 88, 94, 98
, 139
, 91

, 259, 264
H2 , 210
, 190
, 75, 80, 83, 91
, 79, 80
, 204
, 335
, 381
, 216
, 215
, 87
, 32
, 2, 187
, 350
, 308
491
Pinellas County Forensic,
412
GC-MS/IRD , 411
, 413
, 413

, 367
, 349
, 439
, 374

LC-MS/UVD ,
439, 445
, 438
, 378
, 333
, 390
, 307
, 393
, 362
, 389
, 130
, 378

, 172
, 375
, 130
, 207
, 463
, , 376, 463
National Technical Systems,
410
492
, 381
- , 309
, 215
, 287
-, 232
, 247
H2 , 190
, 344
, 323
, 321
, 323
, 324
, 95
, 73, 148
, 73
, 74, 136
, 93
, 98, 153, 155
, 29
, 30
, 74
, 33
, 12
, 129, 132
, 94, 129, 161,

166, 194, 321
, 134, 137, 141, 159
, 163
, 147

, 138
, 95
, 73
, 73
, 74
, 254, 322
, 93
, 322
, 99, 172
, 323
, 345
, 376
, 257
, 344
, 359
, 311
, 4, 22
, 311
- ,
220
, 344, 389
, 478
-,
285
, 214, 231
, 313
, 28
, 311
, 202
, 295

, 353
, 135, 138
, 138
, 392
, 347, 348
, 313
, 351
, 310
, 352
, 271
, 336

, 333
, 337
, 14, 125
, 13
, 25
, 13

, 330
, 387
, 4

, 356
, 374
, 317
, 384,
462, 474
, 465
493
, 22
, 22
, 22
, 22
, 22

, 352
, 334
, 465
, 320
I, 324
III, 343
II, 334
,
340
, 341

, 344, 389
, 316
, 317
, 23, 234
, 11
, 335

PlasmaArcFlow, 354
, 268
, 257
, 325

, 334
494

, 343

R.M. Santilli - Foundations of Hadronic Chemistry. With Applications To New Clean Energies and Fuels

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Institute for Basic Research

P.O. Box 1577, Palm Harbor, FL 34682, U.S.A.

c Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001. This book was originally published

in the English language by Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston-DordrechtLondon, 2001.

ISBN 1-4020-0087-1 (.)

lean Energy Research Institute,

, , , -, (Lagrange), (Hamilton) (Jacobi) ,

i dA/dt = (A, B)operator = p A H q H A =

= m [A, B] + n {A, B},

{eiHt } A(0) {eitH }; (1b)

, [A,B] = (A,B) (B,A) {A,B} = (A,B) +

i dA/dt = (A,H)operator = A{<}H H{>}A =

+(A {W } H + H {W } A) = [A,H] + {A,H},

{Q} = {Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , . . .},

{P}, {Q} and {P Q} () ( ), :

, A > B = A Q B A < B = A P B 6= A > B, , I> = 1/Q <I = 1/P;

U(1/r)U = AeBr /r,

Sanibel Symposium 1996 ,

. (T. Nejat Veziroglu)

| (t)i = U | (t0 )i = eiHt | (t0 )i,

+(i H t)2 /2! + . . .} U = eiH t ,

U [ri , p j ] | i = [r0i , p0j ] | 0 i = ji | 0 i.

. , " ", 1.7

. 1.3: , (. 1.1 1.2)

i dA/dt = (A, B)operator = pAH qHA =

= m [A, B] + n {A, B},

i dA/dt = (A,B)operator = A < B B > A =

H 0 | i |t=0 = 2 eV | i |t=0 , T = 1 |t=0 ,

, "" (1.3c). , "<" ">" (1.12) ,

A(t) = U A(0) U = eiHT t A(0) eitT H ,

A(t) = etTi ( H/ r )( / p j ) A(0) etTi ( / r )( H/ r j ) ,

A(0) et( / p j ){Q} j ( H/ r ) ,

, "" -- [3a], " " [3c],

. 1.19: [6k] , 20- , .

. 1.20: [6k] , ( ), ().

pk T (t, r) = iTki i (t, r).

(r) = E (r), (1.36)

(r) = 2 F1 (2 +1+n, 1 , 2 +1, er/R )er/R

= ( 2 n2 )/2n > 0, 2 = m V R2 /h2 > n2 ,

Etot, 0 = 2 k1 [1 (k2 1)2 /4] h c0 /R =

k2 = 1 + 8.54 102 > 1.

D = 4280 K, F = 11.6 eV, Tc = 1.180 K,

k2 = 1.6 103 < 1.

YBa2 Cu3 O6 [loc. cit.]

z = 2(7 )/3 z = 4.66 YBa2 Cu3 O6.96 (Tc = 910 K) z = 4.33

. 1.22: . 5 [10a], . 380, 1:2:3 .

. 1.23: [10a], . 379,

Cimento 37, 509, (1983) [5h]. Hadronic J. 8, 25 and 36 (1985) [5i].

[6] Santilli, R.M. Foundations of Theoretical Mechanics, Vol. I (1978) [6a]

Fundamental Physics, M. Barone and F. Selleri (ed.), Plenum, New York,

, ( ) S = S(r, m, R) r m R = R(n, +, ). , E = E(r, , R) r = {rk } =

ITot = Ispace Itime = {Diag.(n21 , n22 , n23 )} {n24 }.

(r1x r2x )2 (r1y r2y )2 (r1z r2z )2

(x2 /n21 + y2 /n22 + z2 /n23 ) I.

H(k) | (k)i = E(k) | (k)i,

+k2 [[A, H], H]/2! + . . . ,

+ k [A,H]/1! + k2 [[A,H],H]/2! + . . . |N| < ,

r2 = (x2 /n21 + y2 /n22 ) I R.

isocos = [n1 cos( n1 n2 )] I,

isosin = [n2 sin( n1 n2 )] I,

(L), [1a], Xk = Xk , (L) I,

eiXw eiX w = {eiXT w } I,

G () , "" G U(w) = eiXw