COMPLEX NUMBERS

A complex number Z may be defined as an ordered pair (x,y), where x and y are real numbers…….. Z = x + iy
x , y  R (Real set) . x is the real part and y is the imaginary part of the complex number.
Z  x  iy is called the complex conjugate of Z
Polar form of the complex number:
Substituting x  r cos  and y  r sin   Z  r (cos   i sin  )  rei
1  y 
Thus Z  rei is the polar form of the complex number where r  x 2  y 2 and   tan  
 x
r is called modulus and θ is called amplitude of the complex. A particular value of θ which satisfies the equation
 y
tan     and which lies between –π and π is called the principle value of the amplitude.
 x
Properties of Moduli and Amplitude of complex numbers:

|Z1 ± Z2| ≤ |Z1| + |Z2|

|Z1 ± Z2| ≥ |Z1| – |Z2|

|Z1∙Z2∙Z3……….. Zn| = |Z1|∙|Z2|∙|Z3|………..|Zn|

Z1 Z
 1
Z2 Z2

Z1 = r1eiθ, Z2 = r2eiα………Then |Z1∙Z2| = r1∙r2∙ei(θ + α)

Z1 r1 i (  )
 e
Z 2 r2


If amplitude is  Complex no. purely imaginary
2
If amplitude is 0 or   Complex no. purely real

Analytical functions:
 A complex valued function f(Z) is said to be analytic at a point Z0 if f(Z) is differential not only at Z0 but
at every point of some neighborhood of Z0.
'
 A complex valued function f(Z) is said to be analytic in a region R, if f ( Z ) exists at every point of the
region R.
NOTE: An analytic function is also known as regular, holomorphic, monogenic function.
Entire Function: A function f(Z) which is analytic everywhere in the complex plane (argand plane) is called an
entire function.
Cauchy–Riemann (C–R) Equations: The cauchy–Riemann equations are applied to determine whether the given
complex valued function f(Z) = u + iv is analytic or not.
du dv du dv
1. C.R. equation are given by  and  (or) ux = vy and uy = – vx
dx dy dy dx
 du 1 dv
2. If f(Z) is defined in polar form then the C.R. equations in polar form are given by  and
dr r d
dv 1 du
 (or) vθ = r∙ur and uθ = –r∙vr
dr r d
3. Harmonic and conjugate harmonic functions: Any function ф(x,y) satisfying the Laplace equation
d 2 d 2
 2  0 i.e.   0 is called a harmonic function.
dx 2 dy 2
Theorem: If f(Z) = u + iv is an analytic function. Then the real and imaginary parts u and v satisfy Laplace
equation. (i.e. u and v are harmonic).
d 2 u d 2u d 2v d 2v
Thus,   0 and  0
dx 2 dy 2 dx 2 dy 2
NOTE: The polar form of laplace equations are given by r2urr + rur + uθθ = 0 and r2vrr + rvr + vθθ = 0.
Properties of Analytic Function:
f (Z )
1. If f(Z) and g(Z) are analytic, then f ( Z )  g ( Z ) , f ( Z ) g ( Z ) and are also analytic provided g(Z) ≠ 0.
g (Z )
2. If f(Z) is analytic, then it is continuous i.e., (Analyticity  Differentiability  Continuity)
3. The derivative of an analytic function is also analytic.
4. If f(Z) = u + iv is analytic, then the family of curves u(x,y) = C1 and v(x,y) = C2 form an orthogonal system
i.e., u(x,y) = C1 are orthogonal trajectories of v(x,y) = C2 and vice versa.
5. The real part u(x,y) of an analytic function f(Z) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y) is known as the conjugate harmonic
function and is uniquely determined upto an arbitrary real additive constant.
NOTE: The harmonic conjugate here is not to be confused with the conjugate Z  x  iy .