14.10.

2011

.NET

CTS
,

CLR

14.10.2011

CTS

CTS

,
,
.
( CLR),


.

14.10.2011

System.ValueType


: (struct)
(enum)

,

(sealed)

14.10.2011

(sbyte, byte, short, ushort, int,
uint, long, ulong, char)
(float, double)
decimal
bool
--
null ( , int? )

sbyte, byte, short, ushort, int, uint, long
ulong = 0
char : \x0000
float : 0.0f
double : 0.0d
decimal : 0.0m
bool : false

14.10.2011

E
= 0 E



null

= , HasValue
false,
Value

System

(
System.Object), ,

(int=23),
const

14.10.2011

sbyte
byte
short
ushort
int
uint
long

System.SByte
System.Byte
System.Int16
System.UInt16
System.Int32
System.UInt32
System.Int64

ulong
har
float
double
bool
decimal

System.UInt64
System.Char
System.Single
System.Double
System.Boolean
System.Decimal

14.10.2011

. char
16-
0 65535.
.
, :
-
char
- char


char

. decimal
128- ,


96- ,

[1,0 x 1028 7,9 x 1028 ]

decimal

14.10.2011

. bool

: true false

bool

,

(
)

14.10.2011

class, delegat, array, interface

null

new

( )

System.Object.
Equals(Object) ,
Object
Object
Equals(Object, Object) -- ,


Finalize --

,

14.10.2011

System.Object.
GetHashCode -- -

GetType -- Type

MemberwiseClone --
Object
ReferenceEquals -- ,
Object
ToString ,

10

14.10.2011

int i = 67;
// value type
object o = i; // i is boxed
System.Console.
WriteLine(i.ToString());
// i is boxed

11

14.10.2011

object
System.ValueType

,

,


System.Enum
,

System.Enum

.
static void Main() {
int i = 123;
object o = i;
i = 456;
System.Console.WriteLine(
i = {0}", i);
System.Console.WriteLine(
o = {0}", o);
}

12

14.10.2011

MSIL (MS Intermediate Language)

,

MSIL ,
,
,

, ,
,
.
MSIL

IL Disassembler
MS Windows SDK
Tools ->
IL Disassembler
File -> Open


(exe, dll)


IL

13

14.10.2011

MSIL
.method private hidebysig static
void Main(string[] args) cil
managed
{
.entrypoint
//
.maxstack 2
//

.locals init ([0] int32 i, [1]

object o)

MSIL
IL_0000: nop
// 32-

IL_0001: ldc.i4.s
123
//
.locals[0]
IL_0003: stloc.0
//
.locals[0]
IL_0004: ldloc.0

14

14.10.2011

MSIL
// Int32 Object
IL_0005: box
[mscorlib]System.Int32
//
.locals[1]
IL_000a: stloc.1
// 32-

IL_000b: ldc.i4
0x1c8
IL_0010: stloc.0

MSIL
// -
IL_0011: ldstr
"i = {0}"
IL_0016: ldloc.0
// !!!!!!
IL_0017: box
[mscorlib]System.Int32
IL_001c: call
void
[mscorlib]System.Console::WriteL
ine(string, object)
IL_0021: nop

15

14.10.2011

MSIL
// -
IL_0022: ldstr
"o = {0}"
IL_0027: ldloc.1
IL_0028: call
void
[mscorlib]System.Console::WriteL
ine(string, object)
IL_002d: nop
IL_002e: ret
} // end of method Program::Main

object box = 123;

int i = (int)box;

16

14.10.2011

:
- ,


-
-.
null

System.NullReferenceException
System.InvalidCastException.

17

14.10.2011

,

(min max)

(, , )

CLR

18

14.10.2011

,

,

,

CLS

CLS
CTS

19