Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Skin that is found on the fingers, palms, toes and sole is not smooth, but rather contains tiny raised lines (friction ridges) that allow to grasp and hold on to objects. These series of lines from both ridges and grooves that take on a distinct and individually unique pattern.
The ridge patterns differ from individual to individual, also from finger to finger in every individual. They never change during the life of an individual. These characteristics of uniqueness & permanence of fingerprints offer the most successful means of identifying a person
Minute pores found on the tops of the friction ridges are constantly emitting perspiration and oil that clings to the surface of the of the ridges. When fingertips come into contact with a surface, perspiration is transferred to that surface. These imprints of friction ridge patterns are termed as fingerprints.
Historical Development
In 1788, J.C.A.Mayer of Germany proposed the theory that friction ridges is never duplicated in two individuals. In 1892, Sir Francis Galton of Britain established that no two fingerprints were alike and also developed a system for the classification of finger prints.
In 1858, British administrator in Bengal Sir William Herschel started the practice of recording hand prints of natives on contracts to prevent impersonation. Sir Edward Henry, Inspector General of Police in Bengal succeeded in developing a more workable system of classification which was first adopted in in India in 1887 and later in Scotland Yard in London in 1901.
Significant contribution made by two Bengal Police Officers namely Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque for Henry ten-digit classification system and Rai Bahadur Hem Chandra Bose for single-digit classification system
The finger Patterns (designs) are mainly divided into four groups 1) 2) 3) 4) Whorls Arches Loops Composite pattern
WHORL
In whorl pattern at least one ridge must recurve and make a complete circle around the core. The whorl may be spiral, oval or circular.
ARCHE
In Arch pattern, the ridges run from one side of the finger to the other side with out turning back, slightly raising at the center where the curvature looks like an Arch.
LOOP
In loop pattern the ridges enter and exit in the same side of the pattern.
COMPOSITE PATTERNS
Twin loop
Accidental
Sub Classification
Arches Plain Arch Tented Arch Radial Loop Ulnar Loop Central Pocket Loop Twin Loop Lateral Pocket Loop Accidental Loop
Loops
Composites
Ridge Characteristics
Identity of Fingerprint is established by comparing the ridge characteristics. Ex. Core, Delta (position & distances) Ridge endings, Bifurcations, Forks, Enclosures, Islands, Dots, Short Ridges
Delta
Core
Island
Dot
Bifurcation
Whorl Value :
If the Henry classification system were to be used world wide, the worlds population would be divided into 1024 primary groups. If an individual does not have any whorl patterned fingerprints, he or she has a primary classification ratio of 1:1. Approximately 25% of the population falls in to this category.
Secondary Classification
The secondary classification consists of capital letter symbols for the patterns of the two index fingers, right as numerator and left as denominator. Five basic patterns : Arch (A), Tented Arch (T), Radial Loop (R), Ulnar Loop (U) Whorl (W) & Composite (W)
Sub-secondary classification
It is represented by symbols that may be I, M or O. These symbols are given to the whorls appearing on the index, middle and ring fingers of the right hand and make up the numerator and the same left fingers for the left hand make up the denominator
By Powder method By Magnetic powder By Fluorescent powder By Iodine fuming method By Silver Nitrate By Nynhydrin