English Practical Course

English Practical Course
Arleen Ionescu Luiza Vlad Rzvan Vlad
CONTENTS Unit 1..............................................................................................................9

Reading...............................................................................................................9 Ways with words..............................................................................................10 Grammar Reference........................................................................................12
Present Simple.............................................................................................................12 Present Continuous......................................................................................................14 Verbs which do not take the Continuous Aspect in English.......................................16
Controlled Practice..........................................................................................17
Unit 2............................................................................................................24
Reading.............................................................................................................24 Ways with Words.............................................................................................25 Grammar Reference 1.....................................................................................31
Past Simple..................................................................................................................31 Past Continuous...........................................................................................................33 Past Simple and Past Continuous................................................................................34
Controlled Practice 1.......................................................................................35 Grammar reference 2......................................................................................46

The Ordinal Numeral...................................................................................................46 The Fractional Numeral...............................................................................................46 The Multiplicative Numeral........................................................................................47
Controlled Practice 2.......................................................................................47
Unit 3............................................................................................................49
Reading.............................................................................................................49 Ways with Words.............................................................................................50 Grammar Reference 1.....................................................................................56
Present Perfect Simple.................................................................................................56
Present Perfect Simple and Past Simple......................................................................58
Controlled Practice 1.......................................................................................59 Grammar Reference 2.....................................................................................64

Present Perfect Continuous..........................................................................................64
Controlled Practice 2.......................................................................................66
Progress Test 1............................................................................................73 Unit 4............................................................................................................79

Reading.............................................................................................................79 Ways with Words.............................................................................................80 Grammar Reference........................................................................................85
Indefinite Pronouns .....................................................................................................85 The Personal Pronoun..................................................................................................86
Controlled Practice..........................................................................................87
Unit 5............................................................................................................91
Reading.............................................................................................................91 Ways with Words.............................................................................................92
Past Perfect Simple......................................................................................................95 Past Perfect Continuous...............................................................................................96
Controlled Practice 1.......................................................................................97 Grammar Reference 2...................................................................................100

The Imperative...........................................................................................................100
Controlled Practice 2.....................................................................................101
Unit 6..........................................................................................................103
Reading...........................................................................................................103 Ways with Words...........................................................................................104 Grammar Reference......................................................................................105
Future Simple.............................................................................................................105 Future Continuous.....................................................................................................107 Be Going to Future....................................................................................................107 Future Simple or Be Going to?..................................................................................108 Other Ways of Referring to the Future.....................................................................109 Future Perfect.............................................................................................................109 Future Perfect Progressive.........................................................................................110 Other future references..............................................................................................110
Controlled Practice:.......................................................................................110
Unit 7 .........................................................................................................115
The Passive Voice .....................................................................................................117 Further Points on the Passive Voice..........................................................................118 Causative Forms........................................................................................................120
Controlled Practice........................................................................................121
Progress Test 2...........................................................................................138 Unit 8 .........................................................................................................143

Reading...........................................................................................................144 Ways with Words...........................................................................................144 Grammar Reference 1...................................................................................146
The Conjunction .......................................................................................................146 Coordinating Conjunctions........................................................................................146 Subordinating Conjunctions......................................................................................147
Controlled Practice 1.....................................................................................147 Grammar Reference 2...................................................................................150

Number of nouns.......................................................................................................150
Controlled Practice 2.....................................................................................153
Unit 9..........................................................................................................156
The Noun...................................................................................................................159 Gender........................................................................................................................159 Countable/uncountable nouns....................................................................................160 Nouns which may be uncountable or countable........................................................161 The Genitive/Possessive Case...................................................................................162
Unit 10 .......................................................................................................177
Prepositions................................................................................................................180 Prepositions in Phrasal Verbs....................................................................................181 Place of Prepositions in the Sentence........................................................................181 Prepositions of Time..................................................................................................182 Problematic Prepositions of Movement and Place....................................................182
Progress Test 3...........................................................................................198 Unit 11........................................................................................................202

Reading ..........................................................................................................202 Ways with Words...........................................................................................203 Grammar Reference......................................................................................204
Position of adjectives.................................................................................................204 The Order of Adjectives in a Series...........................................................................204 Capitalising proper adjectives....................................................................................205 Collective adjectives..................................................................................................205
Adjectival opposites...................................................................................................206 Comparative and Superlative Adjectives...................................................................207 Comparative Sentences..............................................................................................210
UNIT 12.....................................................................................................227
Reading...........................................................................................................227 Grammar Reference......................................................................................228
The Article.................................................................................................................228 The Indefinite Article................................................................................................228 The Definite Article...................................................................................................229 Zero Article................................................................................................................232
Unit 13........................................................................................................239
Grammar Reference 1...................................................................................240
The Adverb................................................................................................................240
Controlled Practice 1.....................................................................................241 Grammar Reference 2...................................................................................243

Punctuation................................................................................................................243
Unit 14........................................................................................................248
First Conditional........................................................................................................251 Second Conditional....................................................................................................252 Third Conditional.......................................................................................................253 Mixed Conditionals...................................................................................................254
Controlled Practice .......................................................................................255
Unit 15........................................................................................................268
Reading...........................................................................................................268 Ways with Words...........................................................................................269 Grammar Reference ....................................................................................271

Modal Auxiliaries......................................................................................................271
Progress Test 4...........................................................................................286 Appendix 1.................................................................................................292 Appendix 2.................................................................................................300 ...................................................................................................................304 Bibliography..............................................................................................306
Unit 1
In this unit you will learn:
Present Simple Present Continuous Verbs which do not take a continuous aspect
Reading
Read the following fragment on advertising. Pay attention to the use of tenses. Underline the verbs which are in present tense simple and present continuous: Advertising is capitalisms soft sell. An anonymous mass of people called consumers have each to be persuaded to need whatever a product can give them, to buy it and to keep on buying. It is really interesting to notice that girls growing up, and women housewives worried about fulfilling and achieving their roles, are the foremost consumers. They see in advertising imagery reflections of societys attitudes and ideals often taken to extremes. They do not realise that this is in fact a fake image. They may not be persuaded to buy products, but they absorb the images. They do not learn their roles from this source, but it is a strong reinforcer. Advertising sets out to make people identify with characters in advertisements, with their situation and needs, to make them jealous of the person they would become if they bought the product. On the one side, they believe that if they buy Diavolo they will look like Antonio Banderas, if they buy BU, they will be a second Eva Herzigova, and so on. They do not
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realize the difference between fancy and reality. On the other side, advertising also captures girls fluttering images of themselves. This is why they become that anonymous mass of people which we called consumers in the beginning.
Ways with words

1. Which of these would be the best title for the passage? More than one possible answer is possible. a. women as consumers b. the persuasive power of advertising c. how advertising influences women d. the image of women in advertisements 2. Which if the following points are made in the passage? a. Advertisements persuade potential consumers that they need a product. b. Girls and housewives are the main consumers. c. Middle-aged women are particularly susceptible to advertisements. d. Advertisements reinforce a womans view of herself. e. Advertisements project an image of the ideal housewives. 3. You will play a word game. Follow the directions and check your answers with the answer key: I. Start with the word on. Follow directions: a. Add a letter at the beginning and you have a great weight. b. Add a vowel at the end of the weight and you have a musical sound. c. Add a letter to the beginning of the musical sound and you have a small piece of rock. II. Try again. Start with in: a. Add a letter at the beginning and you have something used to fasten things together. b. Add a vowel at the end of the fastener and you have a kind of tree.
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c. Add a letter at the beginning of the tree and you have another word for backbone. III. Try again. Start with an. a. Add a letter at the end and you have a very little animal that lives in a hill. b. Add a letter at the beginning of the little animal and you have the opposite of can. c. Add a letter at the beginning of the opposite of can and you have a word that means not enough. IV. Find the words described below: a. A word that sounds like meat but means getting together. b. Another word for too that ends with -so. c. A word that rhymes with hair but means right and just. d. Another word for sufficient that rhymes with tough. e. A word with two meanings: it may mean portion and it may also mean to leave. 4. Read the sentence: They do not realise that this is in fact a fake image again. Have you ever encountered the word organise spelled as organize? This is not a mistake. Its just the difference between British English and American English. There are several differences in spelling words between British English and American English. Here are some of them: British English American English theatre theater centre center neighbour neighbor colour color travelling traveling organise organize analyse analyze 5. Classified advertisements
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You are touring Britain on holiday with friends. Someone you meet recommends a weekly newspaper which contains advertisements for holiday accommodation. Yet opening the newspaper, you find it full of small advertisements containing abbreviations. Can you decipher them? Bourbemouth Warm welcome awaits you at Pinewood Guest House. Ctly. sit. H. & c. Tv. in bdrms. Access at all time. B. & b. 31.50/42 p.w. Reduced rates for chldn. 197 Holdenhurst Rd. Phone 292684 [1977-08S Bourbemouth Linga-Longa Hotel. Westbourne. Spac. hotel, residential lic. Games rm. Large car park and gdns. Excel. food. B & b., e.m. Special Spring terms from 45 plus V.A.T. Phone 761001 Torquay. Quiet det. Bungalow for 7/8. Top class accom. 2 w.c.s, bathrm. and shower, lounge, dining rm., big. kit., sunny gdn. Phone (06267)4590, after 6 p.m. [x21-0H Totnes. Holiday COTTAGES in medieval courtyard of Queen Anne Mansion. S. c. wing in House. Mews Apartments. 2 bedrms., sitt, rm., kit., bathrm. Totnes 1 miles. Torbay 6 miles. Vac. Spring, June, Sept. Special Offer Spring Holiday and Oct.. 11th onwards: 40/ 50 incl. Night storage heating. Phone: (0803) 863664, after 7 p.m. Mrs. Petersen, Bowden House, Totnes, Devon.
Grammar Reference
Present Simple
It is used to express:
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a repeated action or habit (it is often used with adverbs of frequency such as: always, constantly, continually, ever, frequently, forever, hardly, never, normally, occasionally, often, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes, usually, etc.):
I usually get up at 8.30. Romanian people like to travel. Most evenings we go out. states a fact which is always true (general truths and states): I dont like gangster film. Wood floats on water. The Earth moves round the Sun. The Danube flows into the Black Sea. a fact which is true for a long time I live in Ploiesti. She works in a very famous company. momentary actions, completed almost at the same time they are performed (in ceremonial utterances, explanations, cooking demonstrations, radio and TV commentaries, announcements, headlines and stage directions): Her letter shows how painful the divorce was for her. I add flour to the egg yolks and place the basin into the oven. The door bell rings. She listens quietly. A window opens and a masked man enters the room. Note that the historic present in narrative of funny stories appears in informal speech to describe past events, especially to make the narration seem more immediate and dramatic. So when he enters the room he realises that his parents are there and
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planned future actions, when the future action is considered part of an already fixed programme (with verbs of motion: come, go, leave or verbs expressing planned activity: begin, start, end, finish)
The plane lands at 6:34 p.m. Our summer holiday starts on July 1st. Form Affirmative and negative I You We They He She Interrogative Where do do I you we does they he she it Short answer Do you like summer? Yes, I do. Does she speak Italian? No, she doesnt. work? work do not (dont) work work do not (dont) work works does not (doesnt) work in a university.
Present Continuous
It is used to express:
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an activity happening now or around now (in this case the action extends over a slightly longer period of time, including the moment of speaking)
They are playing in their bedroom now. I am filling in a cloze test now. Im writing an essay on Victorianism this week. a temporary, limited action/ behaviour (+an adverbial indicating present time): I live in Romania, but Im living in England these six months. Form Present Continuous is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb be followed by the present participle of the main verb (verb+ -ing). Affirmative and negative I am (m) am not (m) You We They He She It Interrogative What am are I you we doing? not are (re) are (arent) is (s) is not (isnt) not working. Ones immediate plans for the near future: a repeated action or habit which annoys the speaker Im meeting you at 10 oclock tomorrow. You are always calling me at midnight.
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is
they he she it
Short answer Are you coming? Yes, I am. No, Im not. Is she watching TV? Yes, she is. No, she isnt.
Verbs which do not take the Continuous Aspect in English

There are verbs in English which are not generally used in the continuous aspect: verbs of the senses (verbs of perception): see, hear, smell, taste, notice, recognize, etc. I smell gas. But: I am smelling the flower. ( I want to). The meat doesnt taste good at all. In fact, I think its a bit off. But: Im tasting the meat to see if its done. verbs of cognition and achievement verbs: think, consider, expect, realize, know, understand, suppose, remember, forget, mind, etc. I dont remember your name. I think you are right. (This is my opinion). But: Im thinking about you. verbs of having and being: have, own, owe, belong to, possess, be, contain, matter, hold, etc. The house belongs to my mother. I have a very good car. But: Shes having a shower now. She cant answer the phone at the moment. Im having dinner with my boyfriend at a fancy restaurant tonight. He is a teacher of Italian. But: You are being stupid now. (You generally are very smart, but you behave rather stupidly now).
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verbs of feeling (attitudinal verbs): care, love, hate, like, dislike, refuse, want, wish, forgive, feel, etc.
I hate people calling me late at night. He wants to buy a new tool. I feel I need to tell you that you let me down. But: How are you feeling today?, the doctor asked. Im feeling the material to see if its soft or not. I dont mind his smoking. But: Who is minding the baby? (Who is taking care of the baby?)
Controlled Practice
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous: a. He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea. b. The Rotring (belong) to Mary. c. He (come) to see me tonight; we (go) on a trip to Sinaia next week and we (want) to make plans for it. d. I (live) in Ploiesti, but this week, as I (attend) a course in Bucharest, I (stay) with my uncle in Calea Floreasca. e. This course (contain) 14 chapters. f. Maria (come) from Spain this week; g. She (speak) French, English and Italian. h. What you (do) here? I (look) for my glasses. i. Where you (live)? I (live) in Scotland. j. This week we (study) the Middle Ages in the English Culture and Civilisation. k. This bottle (hold) boric acid. Dont touch it! l. Ann (resemble) her mother more and more. m. It (rain) now. It often (rain) in summer. n. Pardon me, sir, but I (think) you (stand) on my feet.
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_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Decide which is the most appropriate form of the verb in the following sentences: a. Im thinking/ I think of you. b. She smells/ is smelling gas.; c. Mother is tasting/ tastes the soup to see if it needs more salt.; d. We have/ are having dinner now.; e. Could you call him back in twenty minutes as he has/ is having a bath right now. f. Whats wrong with you? Why are you looking/ do you look at me like this? g. The film is extremely long and boring. It lasts/ is lasting four hours. h. I think/ am thinking that something is wrong with the radiator in this room. It gets/ is getting colder and colder. i. What exactly does your job involve/ is your job involving? 3. Complete this postcard using the correct form of the verbs on the right: Greetings from Scotland! John and I ..... our spend summer in Edinburgh, at Edinburgh University, where we .. a good have time and at the same time we .. things about learn Scottish and Irish writers. People.. here come every summer to learn more about contemporary
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literature. I .. a paper on Samuel Beckett this week write and John .. a short story written by Angela read Carter. We .. up at half past eight every get morning and .. courses from ten to half past twelve. have We .. at one, yet today, as we .. a eat, visit literature museum, we earlier. finish So its hard work. But I .. it here. We ..... like, have a post-office in front of the Centre, so I . here stop in order to mail your postcard. Love, Kate 4. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals and so that the meaning stays the same: a. The cost of the bus ticket is part of the transport fee. INCLUDES b. What is the weight of that bag you have as hand luggage? MUCH c. John has the bad habit of eavesdropping to other peoples conversation. ALWAYS d. Sunset is at 9.30 tonight. THE SUN e. What is inside this book? CONTAIN f. Im positive that you have no idea what the answer is. BET g. She works hard, so she doesnt have too much spare time. MEANS h. The war in Irak is over. COMES
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i. The number of people who own houses on the outskirts of the city is increasing. BUYING j. They are decorating my room now. HAVING 5. Choose the correct sentence: a. She has a car. /She is having a car. b. We think she is tall./ We are thinking she is tall. c. I am seeing a horse. / I see a horse. d. The sweater feels soft. / The sweater is feeling soft. e. She is looking angry. / She looks angry. f. I feel the sweater. / I am feeling the sweater. g. The dentist is seeing a patient. / The dentist sees a patient. h. The grocer is weighing sugar. / The grocer weighs sugar. i. I am looking at the picture. / I look at the picture. j. We think about her. / We are thinking about her. k. She is having dinner. / She has dinner . l. Ann is foolish today. / Ann is being foolish today. m. She is tasting the soup. / She tastes the soup. n. The actor is appearing on TV. / The actor appears on TV. 6. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the present continuous tense. a. You cannot see Mary now: she (see) her boyfriend. b. They wont go out as it (snow) and they (not have) warm clothes. c. Hardly anyone (wear) tight pants nowadays. d. George cant watch his favourite TV program now because his father (watch) a movie.
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e. Shes busy at the moment. She (put) the baby to sleep. f. This novel is about a boy who (desert) his friends and (go) to enrol in the army. g. The train that we (look) at right now just (leave) for Arad. h. What George (do) to his computer now? ~ I (think) he (format) it. i. Why you (listen) to this song, Mary? You (not listen) to this type of music as a rule. j. That play (come) to our theatre next week. You (want) to see it?
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 7. Ask questions about the underlined parts of the following sentences. a. The two friends are listening to a rock concert. b. The milkman comes to our house twice a week. c. The children are playing at hide-and-seek. d. I usually read two books a week when I have time. e. Our guests are talking to us in Russian. f. It takes five hours to reach the top of the mountain. g. She is wearing a strange, yellow dress. h. My father usually comes home from work by car. i. The family are celebrating the birth of their newest member.
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j. Tom never washes his trousers until somebody tells him to.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 8. Translate into English using the Present Simple or Continuous. a. Vacana de var ine dou luni. n fiecare var mergem cinci zile la munte. b. E smbt i facem curat n cas. Eu fac paturile iar sora mea terge praful din camer. c. Bunica uit ntotdeauna unde-i pune pantofii i de fiecare dat cnd are nevoie de ei i caut prin toat casa. d. Lum micul dejun. Mama bea cafea, iar tata mnnc omlet. e. Nu spune niciodat nimic interesant. f. n mod obinuit ne petrecem sfritul de sptmn ntr-un sat din apropierea Clujului. De data asta ns rmnem acas pentru c ateptm nite musafiri. g. Prietenii ti te ateapt n faa cinematografului dar tu ntotdeauna citeti la ora aceasta.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 9. Add tag questions: a. You look nice in this T-shirt, .. ? b. She knows where he was last night, ..? c. Tom is having some whisky, ..? d. He plays volleyball quite well, ..? e. They are meeting him at one oclock today, ..? f. My boss doesnt employ teenagers, ..? g. I dont think Im the right person to teach him English, ..? h. This car belongs to Jack, ..? i. The pubs close at half past three, ..? j. It seems to me he is wasting his time, ..? k. Im sure you know who stole that purse, ..? l. Youre not a doctor, ..? m. They hardly ever buy bread form this shop, ..? n. She thinks we are running away from her, ..? o. The police never catch any thieves, ..? p. They say she works as an air-hostess, ..?
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Unit 2
Past Simple Past Continuous The Ordinal Numeral The Multiplicative The Fractional Numeral
Reading
Read the following text about English as a world language. Pay attention to the use of the past tense. Underline the verbs which are in the past tense: Today, when English is one of the major languages in the world, it doesnt require too much effort of our imagination to realize that this is a relatively recent thing - that in Shakespeares time, for example, only a few million people spoke English, and this was not thought to be very important by the other nations of Europe, and it was unknown to the rest of the world. English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world. People started to import English in the seventeenth century, with the first settlements in North America. Above all, it is the great growth of population in the United States, assisted by massive immigration in the nineteenth and
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twentieth century, that has given the English language its present status in the world. As I could read in an article, one person in seven of the worlds entire population speaks English nowadays and most of them are quite fluent in it. Incredibly enough, due to the extension of computerised systems and softs which are mostly in English, 75% of the worlds mail and 60% of the worlds telephone calls are in English. Again incredible, yet true is the fact that 200 million people speak English and every year there are twenty million beginners. International literary or scientific publications are generally printed in English and other languages such as German, Spanish or French, yet again English is the predominant language. So, the quicker you learn it, the more opportunities you may have to read interesting materials connected to your field.
Ways with Words

1. We often say what we have done so far as a way of explaining our achievements and successes. Work in pairs and ask your partner questions about English: Model: Have you improved your accent? Yes, I think I have. Have you: a. been to an English-speaking country? b. passed any exams in English? c. managed to translate anything into English? d. had any conversations with English native speakers? e. written any e-mails in English which you have sent to people? f. used English in your studies or work? g. read a scientific article in English? h. managed to understand any English-speaking tourists? i. learned any songs in English?
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j. discovered any differences between English and your own language? 2. Comment on the personal qualities you need to succeed in learning a foreign language. Example: You dont have to be serious to learn English, you have to be co-operative. confident determined independent courageous serious handsome ambitious energetic well-organised patient enthusiastic charming steady intelligent
3. Choose the word which best completes each sentence: a. If you want to become ... when you speak, you should forget about making mistakes and try to speak as much as possible. A. practical; B. fluent; C. handy; D. skillful. b. If you dont understand anything you hear, then listening to a tape is a ... of time. A. matter; B. problem; C. waste; D. loss. c. If youre not ... certain of what someone has said, you should pretend that you have understood. A. very; B. fairly; C. surely; D. quite. d. If you want to practise speaking, a good idea is to tell a story or a ... to someone. A. joke; B. tale; C. laughter; D. fool. e. When you ... an oral exam, it is best to speak loudly and not to stop after each word. A. make; B. take; C. speak; D. go.
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4. What do you think a good language learner can do? Choose beginnings from A and suitable endings from B. There are many possible answers: A good language learner: A borrows books writes things down guesses words tries to study tries to learn practises speaking B without a teacher. in every way possible. without being told to. in real situations. every day possible. from films, TV and records.
5. What do you say to someone who does the things in column A. Choose from the phrases in column B: A answers the phone? knocks on the door? says you are late? is in danger? gets married? passes an exam? drinks with you? is in your way? says Good morning! says How do you do! thanks you? is ill? sneezes? says Good night. says Make yourself at home. says Have a good weekend. B Get well soon! Cheers! Excuse me! Dont mention it! Well done! Congratulations! Sorry! Bless you! Thanks. Look out! How do you do! Hello? Sleep well! Good morning. Come in! Thanks. Same to you.
6. Read and translate the following poems on the English language and pronunciation: A. Some words have different meanings And yet theyre spelled the same. A cricket is an insect, To play it its a game.
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On every hand, in every land, Its thoroughly agreed, The English language to explain, Is very hard indeed. Some people say that youre a dear Yet dear is far from cheap. A jumper is a thing you wear, Yet a jumper has to leap. Its very clear, its very queer, And, pray, who is to blame For different meanings to some words Pronounced and spelt the same? A little journey is a trip, A trip is when you fall. It doesnt mean you have to dance Whener you hold a ball. Now heres a thing that puzzles me: Musicians of good taste Will very often form a band Ive one around my waist! You spin a top, go for a spin, Or spin a yarn maybeYet every spins a different spin, As you can plainly see. Now heres a most peculiar thing, twas told me as a jokeA dumb man wouldnt speak a word, Yet seized a wheel and spoke! A door may often be ajar,
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But give the door a slam And then your nerves receive a jarAnd then theres jars of jam. Youve heard, of course, of traffic jams, And jams you give your thumbs. And adders, too, one is a snake, The other adds up sums. A policeman is a copper, Its a nickname (impolite!) Yet a copper in the kitchen Is an article you light. On every hand, in every land, Its thoroughly agreed, The English language to explain Is very hard indeed! (Harry Hemsley, The English language, in Verse That Is Fun, ed. Ireson, Faber, 1962) B. I take it, you already know, Of tough and bough and cough and dough? Others may stumble, but not you On hiccough, thorough, laugh and through, Well done, and now you wish perhaps To learn of less familiar traps? Beware of heard, a dreadful word That looks like beard and sounds like bird. And dead: ts said like bed, not beadAnd only Scotsmen call it deed! Watch out for meat and great and threat They rhyme with suite and straight and debt.
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A moth is not a moth in mother, Nor both in bother, broth in brother, And here is not a match for there Nor dear and fear for bear and pear, And then theres dose and rose and loseJust look them up and goose and choose. And cork and work and card and ward, And font and front and word and sword, And do and go, and thwart and cartCome, come, Ive hardly made a start! A dreadful language? Man aliveId mastered it when I was five. ( Herbert Farjeon, Hints on Pronunciation for Foreigners) 7. Read the sentence: As I could read in an article, one person in seven of the worlds entire population speaks English nowadays and most of them are quite fluent in it. Again. How do you translate as I could read. Lets learn some expressions containing the word as: as compared with = n comparaie cu; as a consequence of = ca o consecin a; as if/ as though = ca i cum; as far as = ntruct, pe ct, n msura n care; as far as it goes = n ceea ce privete; as follows = precum/ dup cum urmeaz; as long as = att timp ct; as regards = n ceea ce privete; as a rule = de regul, n principiu; as seen = dup cum se vede; as shown in Fig. 2 = cum s-a artat n Fig. 2;
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as such = ca atare; as well = deopotriv, de asemenea; as well as = ct i, tot aa ca; as when = ca atunci cnd, ca n cazul n care; as yet/ so far/ up to now. up to the present = pn n prezent; such as = astfel ca, ca de exemplu. Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own.
Grammar Reference 1
Past Simple
It is used to express: a finished action in the past (it is often used with past time expressions: last year/ month/ week/, five years/ two days/ four weeks ago, yesterday, yesterday morning/ evening, in 1985, etc): They discovered this machine in the late eighteenth century. The English literature teacher gave us a copy of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight yesterday. The industrialisation in England led to the change of peoples mentalities. habitual, repeated actions in the past (with verbs denoting a permanent characteristic) or completed states: She always wore red. I met him every day on my way to the office. In those years, I didnt like reading. a series of actions which follow one another in a story (narrative past) Tom came into the room. He took off his shirt, put on a T-shirt and sat down in the armchair. Suddenly he remembered something. He stood up and went out of the room.
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Form The form of the Past Tense Simple is the same for all persons. Affirmative The positive of regular verbs ends in -ed. There are many common irregular verbs. In order to create this tense you need the second form of the verb (see the list on page 299) I You We They He/She Negative -the negative of the Past Tense Simple is formed with the auxiliary did+not (didnt). I You We They He/She Interrogative -the question in the Past Tense Simple is formed with the auxiliary did. When did Where did I you we they he she Short answer Did you go to work yesterday? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. arrive? go? did not (didnt) arrive did not (didnt) go to Sinaia yesterday. arrived went to Sinaia yesterday.
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Did she report the results obtained? Yes, she did. No, she didnt.
Past Continuous
It is used to express: an action in progress at some time in the past What were you doing at 10 oclock yesterday? I was lecturing my students on linguistics. When she arrived, they were waiting for her in the corridor. A past activity happening over a period of time I was reading from 4 to 6.30 yesterday. -refers to: background descriptions in narrative I entered the room and looked around. My sister was playing with her dolls, Father was reading some news in the newspaper, of course, and little John was trying to draw something on my favourite poster. changing states: The car was getting worse all the time. One of the headlights was continually falling off, and the engine was making a huge noise. repeated actions (with a frequency adverb, it means criticism and is similar to the use of present continuous when expressing annoyance) When she came to me, she was always looking through my diary. Note that past continuous is not used to describe general habitual actions, without the sense of criticism mentioned above. Past simple is used for this meaning. When I lived in Paris, I crossed the bridge over Seine all the time. Form was/ were (past tense of to be)+ verb+-ing (present participle) Affirmative and negative
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I He She You We
was was not (wasnt)
working.
were were not
They (werent) Interrogative What was I he were she you we they Short answer Were you working at this time yesterday? Yes, I was. No, I wasnt. Was she studying when you entered the room? Yes, she was. No, she wasnt. doing?
Past Simple and Past Continuous

I was doing my homework at 7 oclock last night. (I was in the middle of the activity.) I did my homework yesterday. (I started and finished it.) They were producing such machines when those people started to buy shares in their company. She was looking at the pictures when her husband came into the room. (producing and looking are long activities. Something happened in the meantime to interrupt them).
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Controlled Practice 1
1. Decide which is the correct verb form: a. I saw/was seeing a very good programme on TV last night. b. While I was learning/ learnt for my French exam, somebody was knocking/ knocked at the door. c. How did you cut/ were you cutting your finger? While I was fixing/ fixed the wire, I was dropping/ dropped the knife. d. I was listening/ listened to the news on the radio when the phone was starting/ started to ring. e. An American jet pilot was taking off/ took off from Washington, but the jets engines went/ were going wrong. f. We made / were making about 50 text analyses last year. g. Latin played/ was playing an essential part in the development of languages such as Romanian, Spanish, Italian, or French. h. Our crew included/ was including a linguist, a writer and an English interpreter. i. When the house was decorated, the entire family moved/ was moving in. j. The first important breakthrough was replacing/ replaced radios with television sets in the 50s. 2. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word or words in capitals. Do not alter the form of the words in any way and do not change the meaning of the sentence: a. To get to the office on time I had to wake up at 5:30 every morning. MEANT b. I didnt exactly like swimming in those days. WAS c. There was someone to meet him on arrival. WHEN
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d. I didnt know about your departure. THAT e. I intended to invite you at my party, but Im afraid that I completely forgot (it). GOING f. When you passed by the town hall clock, did you notice the time? WHAT g. I had to go past your house so I decided to drop in. PASSING h. Someone was painting our house at that moment. HAVING i. Someone stole Dianas bag yesterday. HAD j. The smell of the cheese stopped my eating the breakfast. PUT 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or continuous: It (happen) in June 1985. It (be) summer and we (all / lie out)in the garden. My mother (read) and my uncle (just / doze) in the sun. We children (look for) worms and insects. And then he (arrive). He (be) a tall, handsome man with piercing blue eyes and he (look) straight at my mother. Her face (go) pale and her eyes (open) wide with shock. Arthur, I (think) you (be) dead, she (say) in a kind of whisper.
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4. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or continuous: a. She lit the fire at 8.00 and it (burn) brightly when Mike came home at 9.00. b. Mother (make) a cake when the light (go) out. c. He (watch) the movie when the phone (ring). He (turn) down the sound and (go) to answer it. d. The admiral (study) the battle plans when he (receive) news of the invasion. He (insist) on finishing his task. e. They suddenly (realize) that they (fly) with the wrong plane. f. I just (open) the door when the wind (blow) and (break) all the windows in the room. g. He (dig) his garden when he accidentally (cut) three of his toes. h. This (annoy) the bull, which immediately (begin) to chase Mr. Smith. i. As they (walk) along the road they (hear) a car coming from behind them. j. Tom (turn) round and (hold) up his hand. The car (stop). k. I (find) this ring as I (dig) in the garden. It looks very old. I wonder who it (belong) to? l. A little later the teacher (notice) that smoke (rise) from this desk. You (smoke) when I (come) in? he (ask). m. He (say) that he (build) himself a house and that he (think) it would be ready in two years. n. Why you (lend) him that book? I still (read) it. Im sorry. I (not know) that you still (read) it. o. At 3 a.m. Mrs. Pitt (wake) her husband and (say) that she (think) that someone (try) to get into the house.
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. Translate into English using the simple and continuous past tense whenever necessary: a. M uitam la televizor cnd a sosit potaul. b. n timp ce Diana asculta un concert la radio, cineva a btut la u. c. Anul trecut pe vremea asta eram la Predeal; acolo mi petreceam vacana de iarn i schiam n fiecare zi. d. Cum s-a ntmplat exact accidentul? Mergeam de la Bucureti la Ploieti i tata tocmai ne povestea despre accidentul unor prieteni de-ai lui cnd deodat n faa mainii a srit un cine. e. ncercau s gseasc drumul ctre centru cnd au dat peste un tnr care s-a oferit s i nsoeasc i care i-a condus la obiectivele turistice cele mai importante ale oraului. f. Dan se gndi c trebuia s se apuce de lucru, era cu mult n urm, dar tocmai n momentul cnd lua aceast hotrre veni un prieten i-l invit la un meci de fotbal. g. Te-am zrit alaltieri n mulimea de oameni care atepta s se deschid sala de spectacol, dar dei am ncercat s-mi croiesc drum pn la tine, a fost de-a dreptul imposibil.
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h. De ce boli ai suferit cnd erai mic i cnd ai fost ultima oar la medic?
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. Fill in the gaps with suitable verbs in the Simple Past or Past Continuous: a. She () the voice that () louder than the others as that of her father. b. They () dinner when the girl next door () and () for a loaf of bread. c. While the old lady () those scrambled eggs, she suddenly () they () off. d. He not () the explosion because at that moment he (). e. What she () last night between 10 oclock and 4? f. I () when I () the road. g. I () my bag when I () the plane. h. My sister () wet while she () in the rain. i. Whenever the politician () his mouth to speak the crowd () insults. j. While the maid () the room a skeleton () out of the cupboard. k. As soon as he () under the shower, the doorbell (). l. They () and () while they () the mountain. m. While I () in London I () my money in my socks.
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n. As they () from Stockholm to Paris, the starboard engine () into flames. o. When she () lunch a waiter () a plate of soup in her lap. p. As it () their mother () the picnic. q. When he () downhill, the brakes () and he only () a serious accident by steering into a bush.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 7. Translate the following texts into Romanian: A. The winter term at Rummidge was of ten weeks duration, like the autumn and summer terms, but seemed longer than the other two because of the cheerless season. The mornings were dark, dusk came early, and the sun seldom broke through the cloud cover in the brief interval of daylight. Electric lights burned all day in offices and lecture rooms. Outside, the air was cold and clammy, thick with moisture and pollution. It drained every colour and blurred every outline of the urban landscape. You could hardly see the face of the clock at the top of the Universitys tower, and the very chimes sounded muffled and despondent. The atmosphere chilled the bones
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and congested the lungs. Some people attributed the characteristic adenoidal whine of the local dialect to the winter climate, which gave everybody runny noses and blocked sinuses for months open like fish gasping for air. At this time of the year it was certainly hard to understand why human beings had ever settled and multiplied in such a cold, damp, grey place. Only work seemed to provide an answer. No other reason would make anyone come here, or having come, stay. All the more grim, therefore, was the fate of the unemployed of Rummidge and environments, condemned to be idle in a place where there was nothing much to do, except work. (David Lodge, Nice Work)
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ B. Quayle knew then that here was a brick wall. It had all happened too quickly. He should have expected this. He should have got Helen out long ago. But it was not hopeless even if he did not know that she was all right. He didnt know whether or not she had been sent back with the other women. He was not sure of anything anymore. He was not certain about what he was to do Perhaps H.Q. has some information. They may have telephone communication with the sector down the coast. Where is H.Q? he asked the Australian. Down the coast. Its cut off, too., the Australian said. Jesus Christ. Thats right, too., the Australian said. Your wifes probably all right. Yes. Maybe. Quayle did not feel himself completely conscious. Well probably clear it up tomorrow. Yes. Quayle was standing there uncertainly. He turned around and started walking back. He thanked the guard as he walked away, and he felt the vibration of his feet against the hard road. He had never felt so completely unsure of himself and what he was doing.
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He was picturing Helen somewhere and he did not know where. But he could see her with sandals sometimes, and sometimes with two fibre suitcases walking with other women, and sometimes being surprised by German parachutists and shot. He was not certain of anything, and he had vagueness about coming back or waiting to get down the coast and whether this invasion would fail. He caught a truck going through Suda Bay and then walked back to the airdrome. It was almost morning when he got there, and he could hear the bombing him as he walked into the timber. (James Aldridge, Signed with their Honour)
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ C. An old man with steel-rimmed spectacles and very dusty clothes sat by the side of the road. There was a bridge across the river and cars, trucks and men, women and children were crossing it. But the old man sat there without moving. He was too tired to go any farther. Where do you come from? I asked him. From San-Carlos, he said and smiled. I was taking care of the animals, he explained. Oh, I said, not quite understanding. Yes, he said. I stayed, you see, taking care of the animals. I was the last one to leave the town of San-Carlos. I had to leave them. What animals were they? I asked. There were two goats and a cat and then there were four pairs of pigeons. And you have no family? I asked watching the far end of the bridge. No, he said, only the animals I stated. I am seventy-six years old. I have come twelve kilometres now and I think I can go no further. This is not a good place to stop, I said. I will wait a little while, he said, and then I will go. He looked at me very blankly and tiredly, then said, having to share this worry with someone. The cat will be all right. I am sure. But the others?
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Now what do you think about the others? What will they do under the artillery? Did you leave the dove cage unlocked? I asked. Yes. Then theyll fly. But the others? Its better not to think about the others, he said. If you are rested, I would go, I urged. Get up and try to walk now. Thank you, he said and got to his feet, swayed from side to side and then sat down backwards in the dust. I was taking care of the animals, he said dully, but no longer to me. I was only taking care of the animals. There was nothing to do about him. It was Sunday and the Fascists were advancing toward the Ebro. It was a grey overcast day with a low ceiling, so their planes were not up. That and the fact that cats know how to look after themselves was all the good luck that old man would ever have. (Ernest Hemingway, Old Man at the Bridge)
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Grammar reference 2
The Ordinal Numeral
The form of the ordinal numeral 1st the first 2nd the second 3rd the third 4th the fourth 5th the fifth 6th the sixth 7th the seventh 8th the eighth 9th the ninth 10th the tenth 11th the eleventh 12th the twelfth 13th the thirteenth 14th the fourteenth 15th the fifteenth 16th the sixteenth 17th the seventeenth 18th the eighteenth 19th the nineteenth 20th the twentieth 21st the twenty-first 22nd the twenty-second 23rd the twenty-third 30th the thirtieth 40th the fourtieth 50th the fiftieth 60th the sixtieth 70th the seventieth 80th the eightieth 90th the ninetieth
100th the (one) hundredth 1,000th the (one) thousandth 622nd the (six) hundredth 1,000,000 the (one) millionth and twenty-second
The Fractional Numeral

The forms of the fractional numeral Common fractions 1/2 a (one) half 3/6 three sixths 2/3 two thirds 8 6/5 eight six fifths Decimal fractions 34.77 thirty-four point seventy-seven 56.98 fifty-six point ninety-eight 0.04 (nought) point nought four 1.06 one point nought six
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The Multiplicative Numeral

The forms of the multiplicative numeral 1x single, once 2 double/ twice/ twofold 3x triple/ threefold, three times 4x fourfold, four times 10x tenfold, ten times 100x a hundredfold, a hundred times
1. Read the following numerals: 3 2/4; 5.879; 2 9/7; 11x; 43/42. 2. Read the following dates: July, 12, 1987; January, 2, 2001; August, 8, 2002; May, 4, 1980; April, 27, 1974; March, 11, 1958. 3. Translate into English: a. Ct e ceasul, te rog? Dousprezece i un sfert. b. La 1 iunie srbtorim ziua copilului. c. El s-a nscut la 23 octombrie 1974. d. ntre 13:20 i 13:30 avem o pauz n care nimeni nu are timp s mnnce. e. Al cincilea modul este deja obositor pentru studeni. f. La ora dou i un sfert iau autobuzul 85 i merg n Piaa Universitii. g. Ct faci de la facultate pn la cmin? Cminul este lng facultate, aa c nu fac mai mult de cinci minute. h. A dousprezecea noapte este o comedie scris de Shakespeare. i. Ci ceni are un dolar? j. Deschidei cartea la pagina 43 i facei exerciiul unu.
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k. Toate lunile au treizeci sau treizeci i una de zile cu excepia lunii februarie care are douzeci i opt de zile. l. Camera are 5 metri n lungime i 4 i jumtate n lime. m. O ptrime din avere i aparine lui Smith. n. Ct ai obinut? 0,78. o. M duc la bunica aproximativ de trei ori pe sptmn. p. El a scris o lucrare de trei ori mai bun dect a ta.
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Unit 3
Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous Differences between the Present Perfect and thePast Tense
Reading
1. Read the following dialogues. Pay attention to the use of homographs. Dialogue 1: The Race Jim has just come in last in a road race. He feels that the race was unfair, so he goes to talk to one of the judges about it. Jim: I would like to contest the outcome of this contest. I would have won, but my shoelace was undone, and I had to bow down to fix it. That is why I did not get to start at the same time as the other runners. Judge: I do not think that you can use that as an excuse. At the close of the race, you were not even close to the winning runner. Jim: But the race was not fair. All of the other runners deserted me at the starting line. Can't we do it again? Judge: I cannot discuss this with you any longer. If you will excuse me, I am late to meet some friends for a camping trip in the desert. Case closed! Dialogue 2: The Singer Charlie and Margaret are a married couple who own a video store. They are discussing the latest news they have received from their daughter, Joan. Margaret: Joan has told me this morning that she wants a career in the music business. She is packing to go to Nashville to record her first record right now.
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Charlie: What? She is going to subject the world to her singing voice? She is tone deaf! Margaret: Don't let her hear you say that. It will bring her to tears. We will have to find a gentle way to separate her from the idea. We need to put our heads together to find a solution. Charlie: Maybe we could show her that she could be of more use here. She could work at the store. Margaret: That's a great idea. I know she would like that. We could use another sales clerk. On a separate subject, what should I do with Joan 's train tickets to Nashville? Charlie: If she decides to stay, you can tear them up. It says on them that they are non-refundable. Margaret: OK. I will check with Joan first. Practise these dialogues.
Ways with Words

1. The English language has a very complex spelling system. Homographs are words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently (such as \'PREsent\ and \pre'SENT\). Homophones are words that sound the same, but are spelled differently (such as "hare" and "hair"). The meanings of the following homographs change depending on the way they are pronounced. BOW and BOW: A bow (n.) is "a tied ribbon," or also "a device used to shoot an arrow." To bow (v.) is "the action of bending forward at the waist and stooping low, demonstrating gratitude or respect." CLOSE and CLOSE: Close (adj.) describes "something very near, not far away." To close (v.) refers to "the act of shutting something."
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CONTEST and CONTEST: A contest (n.) is "a competition that determines a winner." To contest (v.) refers to "the act of disputing or objecting to something." DESERT and DESERT: A desert (n.) is "an arid, sandy region." To desert (v.) something means "to leave it behind." EXCUSE and EXCUSE: An excuse (n.) is "a reason or explanation for one's actions." To excuse (v.) means "to forgive." RECORD and RECORD: A record (n.) is "written documentation of a past event," or it can also refer to "a phonograph album." To record (v.) is "the act of writing information down," or "documenting data (such as music) electronically." SEPARATE and SEPARATE: To separate (v.) means "to divide or segregate." Separate (adj.) describes "things that are isolated or unconnected." SUBJECT and SUBJECT: A subject (n.) is "the topic of a book, conversation, or experiment." To subject (v.) means "to expose someone to something." TEAR and TEAR: Tears (n.) are "drops that fall from the eyes of someone who is crying." Tear (v.) means "to rip something into pieces." USE and USE: Use (n.) is "the event of employing something to serve a purpose." Use (v.) is "the action of employing for some purpose." Now practice these homographs in sentences of your own. Can you add other homophones to the ones listed above?
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2. In the second dialogue, the wife tells her husband: We need to put our heads together to find a solution. To put somebodys heads together is an idiom. It means to discuss a difficult problem together. Lets learn some idioms containing the word head. from head to foot/toe over your whole body have a good/fine head of hair to have a lot of hair on your head do something in your head calculate something in your mind go over your head to be too difficult for you to understand a clear/cool head the ability to think clearly or calmly in a difficult or dangerous situation need your head examined be crazy use your head to think about something sensibly keep your head above water to manage to continue to live on your income or keep your business working in spite of money problems be hanging your head against a brick wall to keep trying to do something which seems impossible have a head for figures/facts/ business to be good at doing calculations, remembering facts head over heels in love loving somebody very much heads with roll used to say that some people will be punished severely for something that has happened Now practise these idioms in sentences of your own. 3. Lets learn more idioms containing words which refer to parts of the body: Foot on foot if you go somewhere on foot, you walk there get/jump/ rise to your feet etc to stand up after you have been sitting be on your feet to be standing for a long time without having time to sit down; to stand up; to feel better again after being ill and in bed
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be rushed off your feet/ be run off your feet to be very busy put your foot in it - to say something without thinking carefully, so that you embarrass or upset someone have two left feet to be very clumsy get off on the wrong foot to start a relationship badly, usually by having an argument have/keep both feet on the ground to think in a sensible and practical way and not have ideas or aims that will be impossible to achieve have one foot in the grave to be very old or very ill leave feet first to die before you leave a place or job feet of clay someone that you admire who has feet of clay has faults that you did not realize they had Hair get in somebodys hair to annoy someone, especially by always being near them keep your hair on (spoken) to tell someone to keep calm and not get annoyed let your hair down (informal) to enjoy yourself and start to relax, especially after working very hard make somebodys hair stand on end to make someone very frightened not turn a hair to remain completely calm when something bad or surprising suddenly happens not harm/ touch a hair of somebodys head no to harm somebody in any way Hand take somebody by the hand hold somebodys hand in order to take them somewhere hand in hand - holding each others hand, especially to show love
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right-handed/ left-handed using the right hand for most actions rather than the left, or the left hand rather than the right right/left hander a player who uses mainly the right hand or mainly the left hand not do a hands turn - to do no work at all a dab hand someone who is very good at doing something good with your hands skillful at making things turn your hand to - to start doing something new or practising a new skill keep your hand in to keep practising something so you do not lose your skill a firm hand strict control of someone get out of hand to become impossible to control take something/somebody in hand to bring someone or something under control in hand being dealt with have a hand in - to influence or to be involved in something in good/safe/capable hands being dealt with or looked after by someone who can be trusted off your hands if something or somebody is off your hands, you are not responsible for them anymore at hand near in time or space on hand close by and ready when needed first hand/ at first hand by direct personal experience at second/third/fourth hand passed from the first person who actually saw or heard something to a second, third, or fourth person by hand delivered from one person to another, and sent through the post go hand in hand to be closely connected get your hands on to obtain something to catch somebody you are angry with
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lay your hands on to find or obtain something have time on your hands to have a lot of time because you have no work to do have your hands full to be very busy or too busy out of hand if you refuse something out of hand, you refuse immediately and completely hand in glove closely connected with somebody, especially in a bad or illegal activity on the one hand on the other hand used when comparing different or opposite facts or ideas give somebody a (big) hand (of applause) to clap loudly in order to show your approval of a performer or speaker Mouth keep your mouth shut not to tell other people about a secret; not to say anything because you might make a mistake big mouth someone who is a big mouth or has a big mouth is annoying because they cannot keep secrets or they often say things they should not say make your mouth water if food makes your mouth water, it looks so good you want to eat it immediately Nose red-nosed/ long-nosed having a nose that is red, long right under somebodys nose - so close to somebody that they ought to notice, but they do not stick/ poke your nose into to show too much interest in private matters that do not concern you look down your nose at to behave as if you think somebody or something is not good enough for you
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with your nose in the air behaving as if you are more important than other people and not talking to them on the nose exactly keep your nose to the grindstone to work very hard, without stopping to rest
Grammar Reference 1
Present Perfect Simple
It relates past actions and states to the present. It is used to express: a past action when its result can be seen at the present time and is still having an effect (Present Perfect of Result): I have already seen that movie. (i.e. I can tell you the story). He has fixed his car. (i.e. He can drive it now). activities completed in the immediate past (these events are recent, without a definite time given. The recentness may be indicated by just. Sometimes these events happened at an unknown time in the past): She has just met him in the computer science laboratory. (But: She met him there a few minutes ago.) Has English been used by people at this office in the last ten years? (But: Why was English used on such a large scale in 1999?) She has had four car accidents. (up to the present) activities at any time in a period up to now (Present Perfect of Experience): I have been to Scotland once. He has never used an English-English dictionary before.
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an action or state which began in the past and continues to the present
Ive known you for five years/ since 1996. (Since means from a definite point in the past till now, and for expresses a duration). How long have you worked as a translator? How long has it taken the English language to be used by so many people? Form have/has +verb (past participle) The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed. There are many common irregular verbs (see the list on page 299). Affirmative and negative I We You They He has (s) have (ve) have not (havent) worked in a petroleum factory.
She has not (hasnt) Interrogative Have I we you Has they he been to the United Kingdom?
she Short answer Have you ever been to France? Yes, I have. No, I havent. Has she ever worked as a petroleum engineer? Yes, she has. No, she hasnt.
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Present Perfect Simple and Past Simple

Look at the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Simple in the following sentences: Ive lived in this flat for six months (I still do.) I lived in this flat for two years. (Now I live somewhere else.) John Fowles has written very good short stories. (He is still alive.) Shakespeare wrote very good plays. (He is dead.) He has worked in this university for four years. (But: He started working in this university four years ago) Have you found your books? (uncertainty) Yes, I have. Where did you find them? (certainty). I found them behind a couple of other books, on the top shelf. Ive bought a house. (indefinite) I bought a house last month. (definite) I bought the house after all. (implies definite reference: the house we talked about). Choice between past simple and present perfect for recent events may depend on the mental attitude of the speaker. This in turn may depend on whether the speaker feels distant in time or place from the event. Ive left the red bag in my room. Im going back to take it. Here the speaker may be about to return, and feels that the event is connected with the present. I left the red bag in my room. Im going back to take it. Here the speaker may feel separated in time from the event, or be further away.
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1. Complete this conversation by putting the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or simple past: Maria: Hello, Dan. Dan: Hello. I (not hear) from you for a long time. Maria: I (see) you in town two or three weeks ago, but you (not see) me. I (be) on a tram. Dan: Well, how are you? I remember that you were learning for your English Phonetics test. . you (pass) it yet? Maria: Yes, I have. I (pass) in December. I (not pass) my Lexicology exam yet. But what about you, Dan? Anything exciting (happen) to you lately? Dan: No, not really. My brother is still out of work. Maria: He (graduate) from school in autumn? Dan: Yes. He (not do) very well in his exams and he (not find) a job yet. Maria: Are you still working at Scotts? Dan: Yes. They just (give) me a pay rise. Maria: Well, thats one piece of good news.
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b. I (to see) my friends name in the papers quite often lately. c. As far as I know, Mr Black (not to return) from the dentists; he (to leave) quite a long time ago. d. They (to stand) in silence for a few minutes; she (to speak) at last. e. Mike, here is your cake; you (not to eat) it. f. I dont know why but I have the feeling that something (to happen). g. She (to begin) reading at 8 this morning and (to go) on reading until 11 oclock when she (to stop) and (to have) something to eat. She (to read) about nine hours today, and (to translate) more than 25 pages. h. When I (to buy) my car I (to ask) the company to confirm my insurance by telephone. The company (to tell) me to wait for the response, but I (to wait) a month now and the confirmation still (not come).
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Circle the correct answer: 1. When ________________ the company? a) have you joined b) Had you joined c) did you join d) have you ever joined 2. ___________________ in Pakistan? a) Did you ever worked b) Have you ever worked
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c) Had you ever worked d) Didn't you work 3. That's the best presentation ______________ a) I never heard b) I didn't hear c) I used to hear d) I've ever heard 4. He's the most difficult customer _____________________ a) I never dealt with. b) I never had to deal with. c) I've ever had to deal with. d) I've never had to deal with. 5. ___________________ to him last week. a) I spoke b) I've already spoken c) I hadnt spoken d) I will have spoken 6. ______________ a binding contract last year and it is still valid. a) We have signed b) We signed c) We haven't signed d) We had signed 7. The reason I look so brown is that _______________ from a business trip to Barbados a) I come back b) I came back c) I never came back d) I've just come back 8. Sales ________ in 1995 but then _____ in 1996. a) didnt rise have fallen b) rose fell c) have risen have fallen d) rose have fallen 9. You ____________ to a word ____________
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a) b) c) d)
listened didn't listen listened haven't listened
I haven't said I say saying I've said
10. It's obvious that ________________ this report. a) you haven't read b) you didn't read c) you don't read d) you had read 4. Fill in with a suitable verb either in the Past Tense or Present Perfect: a. You () all your life in this luxurious mansion? b. When I () school I () my hair and () it short ever since. c. My sister () several poems. She just () her second ode. d. For your information I () home at 8 in the morning and () just before noon. e. John cannot send the letter since he () it. He () writing it at 5 and its 8 already. f. As a child, I () catch a cold every month. Now I (...) a cold for more than two years. g. It () very hot this summer, I wonder when its going to get colder. h. The movie () at 12 and () for two hours. Everybody enjoyed it. i. What are we going to do? We () the train and the next one leaves in the morning. j. You () her an e-mail yet? Yes, I () it when you () at school.
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. Rephrase the sentences below using the word in brackets: a. Its been years since I last met Jim. (contact) b. When did you leave the country? (ago) c. Mike has tried to give up smoking before. (first) d. He was going to leave for London when he heard his flight has been cancelled. (point) e. It was proposed that a new church should be built. (forward) f. It is Sunday. The last time I saw Jane was on Monday. (for)
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. Translate into English: a. Te-am cutat ieri vreo dou ore i te-am cutat i astzi. Pe unde ai umblat? b. Cu ani n urm cretea porumbei i lilieci dar acum s-a apucat s planteze ananas. c. Vecinul meu a scris i cteva poveti de adormit copiii; evident, le-a scris cnd era foarte tnr. d. Am but i am dansat pn acum, c de mncat am mncat diminea.
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e. Nu am vzut n viaa mea atta suferin ct am vzut azi la acest azil de btrni. f. S-a purtat foarte frumos cu mine de cnd i-am spus c i vnd lui maina mea. g. Cumnatul meu a spart ieri casa fostului su director; dup aceea s-a fcut nevzut i de atunci poliia l caut fr ncetare. h. Tocmai am aflat vestea conform creia preedintele acelei ri a czut victim unui atac terorist. i. Vi se pare curios c tocmai i-a luat lucrurile i a plecat, dup ce l-ai njurat c nu a avut bani s plteasc chiria? j. Sigur, domnule, John i-a pltit datoria. i-a pltit-o nc de cnd a luat salariul.
Grammar Reference 2
Present Perfect Continuous
It is used to express: an activity which began in the past and is still in progress at the moment of speaking: They have been creating new products for several years. Ive been waiting for an hour and he still hasnt turned up. an activity which began in the past, has only just finished and is relevant to the current situation: Sorry Im late. Have you been waiting long? Note: In both these uses the present perfect simple can be also used, especially with those verbs which are not normally in the continuous aspect, in negative sentences, and when reference is made to the number of things that have been done: They have created/ have been creating new products for several years./ They have created 2000 new products so far. There may be little contrast when some state verbs are used.
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How long have you lived here? How long have you been living here? Some verbs (especially sit, lie, stay and wait) prefer the continuous form. There may be a contrast between completion and incompletion, especially if the number of items completed is mentioned. Completed: emphasis on achievement Ive washed four skirts this morning. Incomplete, or recently completed: emphasis on duration. Ive been washing my skirts this morning. a repeated activity, in which case a nuance of reproach, irritation, etc. can be present. Ive been calling you for the past twenty minutes. Why dont you answer the phone? Form It consists of the present perfect of the auxiliary be and the present participle of the main verb (verb+-ing). Affirmative and negative I You We They He has been have been have not been (havent been) working.
She has not been (hasnt been) Interrogative What have I have you have we have they has he has she been doing?
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1. Translate the following sentences into English. Use present perfect simple or present perfect continuous: a. Te caut de o or. Pe unde ai umblat? b. De atunci n-am mai primit nici o veste de la el. c. Cte cuvinte ai cutat n dicionar pn acum? d. Locuim n Romnia de trei ani. e. N-am mai vzut-o de cnd a terminat facultatea.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Supply the simple present perfect or the continuous present perfect of the verbs in brackets: a. Im tired. I (work) hard all day. b. Up to now I (visit) twenty countries. c. I saw her in August, but (not see) her ever since. d. How long you (learn) Chinese? e. Youre out of breath. You (run)? f. She (not write) the essay on Renaissance yet. g. What she (do) all afternoon? h. They already (speak) to me about that experiment.; i. Your eyes are red. You (cry).
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Choose the correct verb form: a. How long have you been living/ have you lived in this house? b. Angela worked/ has been working in this petroleum company for ten years and a half. c. Alan has been going/ has gone to South America. d. Hes tired because he has worked/ has been working on the oil field all day. e. How long have you been learning/ have you learned English? 4. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same: a. Its a long time since I last saw such a good movie. I havent seen .. b. We havent seen each other for ages. Its ages c. I bought my car in 1992 and Im still driving it. Ive been d. I havent been to Barcelona before. Its the first . e. There is definite improvement in your spelling recently. Lately your spelling . f. No wonder you are overweight. You ate chocolates in the morning, you have eaten chocolates in the afternoon and you are still eating chocolates now and its 5 pm. No wonder you are overweight. You . g. I dont know where my glasses are. I have .
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h. I dont have the textbook with me. It is at home. I have . i. The last time I spoke to Jane was in 2001. I havent .. j. Eating this spicy Indian food is totally new to me. I havent 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: present perfect simple or continuous: a. Peter: You (telephone) for ages. You not nearly (finish)? Jack: I (not get) through yet. I (try) to get our Paris office but the line (be) engaged all morning. b. Ann (fail) her driving test three times because she's so bad at reversing. But she (practise) reversing for the last week and I think she (get) a bit better at it. c. Tom: I often (wonder) why Bill left the country so suddenly. Peter: Actually, I just (find) out. d. He (play) the bagpipes since six o'clock this morning. He only just (stop). e. Why you (not bring) me the letters for signature? You (not type) them yet? f. Tom (looking up absent-mindedly as Mary comes in): You (sunbathe)? Mary (crossly): Don't be ridiculous! It (rain) all day! g. A pair of robins (build) a nest in the porch since last week. I (watch) them from my window since they began. h. The police (not find) the murderer yet, but the dead man's brother (be) in the station all day. The police say that he (help) them with their enquiries. i. They (pull) down most of the houses in this street, but they (not touch) the old shop at the corner yet.
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j. Tom is convinced that there is gold in these hills but we (search) for six months and (not see) any sign of it. k. I (wait) for the prices of the houses to come down before buying a house, but I think I (wait) too long and the prices are beginning to go up again. l. Peter (be) a junior clerk for three years. Lately he (look) for a better post but so far he (not find) anything. m. I (do) housework all morning and I (not finish) yet. I (do) mine already. I always start at 6 a.m. n. I just (pick) ten pounds of strawberries! I (grow) strawberries for years but I never (have) such a good crop before. o. What you (do) with the corkscrew? The point is broken off. I'm afraid I (use) it to make holes in this tin. p. She just (sell) two of her own paintings. She's lucky. I (paint) for five years and I (not sell) a single picture yet. q. They are throwing crockery at each other in the next flat. This (happen) before? Well, they (have) a good many rows but this is the fifth time they (throw) crockery. r. What you (do) with my typewriter? I can't find it anywhere. Tom just (go) off with it. He says he'll bring it back when he (finish). s. He (work) for Crow Brothers for forty years and never once (be) late. The firm just (present) him with a gold watch as a sign of their appreciation. t. We (mend) sheets all morning but we only (do) three, and now the sewing machine (break) down so we'll be even slower with the next one.
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. Put the verbs in brackets into present perfect simple or continuous: a. George (collect) matchboxes ever since he left school. Now he (collect) so many that he doesn't know where to put them. b. I (look) through my old photograph album. It's full of photographs of people whose names I completely (forget). I wonder what (happen) to them all. c. It was lovely at eleven o'clock, but since then the sky (get) steadily darker and the wind (rise). d. I'm afraid the fine spell (come) to an end. e. Since he became Mayor, my brother reckons that he (eat) 30 official lunches and 22 official dinner, and he (lose) count of the number of receptions and parties that he (attend). He (put) on a lot of weight? f. Secretary: Customers (ring) up all morning complaining about getting incorrect bills. Manager: I know: something (go) wrong with our computer. The mechanic (work) on it, I hope he (find) out what's wrong. g. Someone (use) my umbrella! It's all wet! And it was wet yesterday and the day before! Well, it wasn't me. I (not be) out of the house for a week! h. I (stand) in this queue for ages. It (not move) at all in the last five minutes. I think the man in the ticket office just (shut) his window and (go) out for lunch. i. The Town Council (consider) my application for permission to build a garage for three months. They just (give) my neighbour permission to build one, so I hope they (decide) to let me have one too. j. You look exhausted! Yes, I (play) tennis and I (not play) for years, so I'm not used to it.
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k. They began widening this road three weeks ago; but the workmen (be) on strike for the last fortnight so they (not get) very far with it. l. That man (stand) at the bus stop for the last half hour. Shall I tell him that the last bus already (go)? m. I wonder if anything (happen) to Tom. I (wait) an hour now. He often (keep) me waiting but he never (be) quite so late as this. n. Mrs Brown (live) next door for quite a long time now but she never (say) more than 'Good morning' to me. o. I just (remember) that I (not pay) the rent yet, I am surprised that the landlord (not ring) me up to remind me. It is the first time you (be) late with the rent in 25 years. He probably thinks that you (pay) and he (lose) the cheque. p. Shop assistant: Could you give me some proof of your identity, madam? Customer: But I (shop) here for fifteen years! Shop assistant: I know, madam, but apparently the company (lose) a lot of money lately through dud cheques and they (make) new regulations which we (be told) to apply to all customers no matter how long we (know) them. q. What you (do)? I (look) for you for ages. I (build) a barbecue grid in the garden.
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7. Translate into English: a. Mihai e chiar culmea! Spal rufe de cnd am venit eu de la blci i n-a terminat nici mcar pantalonii. b. Miroase a ars n buctrie. Iar a gtit soul meu! c. Tocmai am terminat de spat grdina. Vecinul meu, sracul, sap de azi diminea dar nu a terminat dect un sfert din teren. d. N-ai adus nc maina de la reparat? Da de unde, caut piese de schimb de mai bine de o lun i n-am gsit nici una pn acum. e. Tony i Nikki nu-i mai vorbesc de o lun; de luna trecut i tot trimit mesaje de ameninare prin pot. f. De 13 ani se chinuie romnii s redreseze economia i nici acum nu au reuit s stabilizeze moneda naional.
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Progress Test 1
1. Put the verbs between brackets in the right tense: In the past thirty years many social changes (take) place in Britain. The greatest of these ..probably.(be) in the economic and domestic lives of women. Almost all theoretical sex discrimination in political and legal rights has been removed. The changes (be) significant, but, because tradition and prejudice can still ..(handicap) women in their working careers and personal lives, major legislation to help promote equality of opportunity and pay (appear) during the 70s. Since 1951 the proportion of married women who work .. (grow) from just over a fifth to a half. Compared with their counterparts elsewhere in the European Community, British women comprise a relatively high proportion of the work-force, about two-fifths, but on average they (work) fewer hours, about 31 a week. There is still a significant difference between womens average earnings and mens, but the equal pay legislation which (come) into force at the end of 1975 seems to have helped to narrow the gap between womens and mens basic rates. During the 1970s womens wages .(rise) proportionately more than mens but ..(remain) relatively low because women .(tend) to work in lowly-paid sectors of the economy, they often .(work) in predominantly female work-forces, and they work less overtime than men. As more and more women joined the work-force in the 1960s and early 1970s there (be) an increase in the collective incomes of women as a whole and a major change in the economic role of large numbers of housewives. Families (come) to rely on married womens earnings as an essential part of their income rather than as pocket money, or as a
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means of buying extras. At the same time social roles within the family . (be) more likely to be shared, exchanged or altered.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same: a. Ive had to wait all morning. I have been .. b. I didnt have any idea of my next move. I didnt know c. The last time I was to Paris was in 1998. I havent . d. Go to the registration desk immediately on arrival. As . e. Mary and Johns wedding is next weekend. Mary and John will f. I intended to tell you about it earlier, but I simply forgot. I was .. g. I wasnt very keen on tennis in those days.
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I didnt use . h. Whose car is that? Whom does .. i. Your brother will get over his illness. Then his work will get better. Once . 3. Choose the most suitable continuation for each sentence: a. You can borrow this book, A. I am not going to need it; B. wont have been needing it; C. am not needing it. b. Its no use calling Barbra at home. She A. will have left; B. is leaving; C. will leave c. When you passed the town hall clock, A. were you noticing what time it was?; B. have you noticed what time it was?; C. did you notice what time it was? d. I must apologise, I A. hadnt realised that this seat was yours.; B. wasnt realising that this seat was yours.; C. didnt realise that this seat was yours. e. I realised that someone had stolen one of my bags when I A. was getting to the taxi.; B. got to the taxi.; C. have got to the taxi. f. Can you remember what A. you were doing five years ago today?; B. you did five years ago today?; C. you have been doing five years ago today? g. This is my new suit. Do you think it A. suited me? B. suits me? C. has suited me? h. Cleo! I didnt expect to see you here. What A. are you doing in London? B. were you doing in London? C. have you done in London? i. I simply cant understand what
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A. you are waiting for; B. you wait for; C. you will wait for.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. Translate the following sentences into English, using the appropriate tense: a. Nu tiu bine timpurile. b. Am ncercat s-i telefonez toat ziua. Unde ai fost? c. Sunt cstorii de zece ani. d. Era o femeie att de bun nct toat lumea o iubea. e. Uite! i-ai rupt tricoul. f. Am petrecut revelionul la ar acum doi ani. g. Nimeni nu are voie s plece acas pn nu terminm proiectul. h. De mult vreme nu mai ninge mult iarna. i. n ziua urmtoare i-au continuat cltoria. j. Ai recunoscut-o pe fata care sttea lng tine la cinema? k. Are maina de dou luni. Soul ei i-a druit-o de nti martie. l. L-ai vzut pe John? Da, ieri a trecut pe la noi. m. George locuia cu mama lui cnd aceasta a murit. n. Ploua cu gleata de trei ore cnd ne-am ntors acas. o. Ce fceai cnd a venit Maria la tine?
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Key: 1. have taken; have been; have been; handicap; appeared; has grown; work; came; rose; remained; tend; work; was; came; were 2. a. I have been waiting all morning. b. I didnt know what I would do next. c. I havent been to Paris since 1998. d. As you arrive, go to the registration desk. e. Mary and John will get married next weekend. f. I was going to tell you about it earlier. g. I didnt use to play tennis in those days. h. Whom does the car belong to? i. Once your brother has got over his illness, his work will get better. 3. a. A; b. A; c. C; d. C; e. B; f. A; g. B.; h. A; i. A 4. a. I dont know the tenses well. b. I have been trying to call you all day. Where have you been? c. They have been married for ten years. d. She was such a kind woman that everybody loved her. e. Look here! Youve torn your T-shirt. f. We spent New Years Eve in the countryside last year. g. Nobody is allowed to go home until we have finished the project. h. It hasnt snowed anymore in winter for a long time.
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i. The next day he went on his trip. j. Have you recognised the girl sitting next to you at the cinema? k. She has had this car for two months. Her husband gave it to her in March. l. Have you seen John? Yes, he called on us yesterday. m. George was living with his mother when this one died. n. It had been raining cats and dogs for three hours when we came back home. o. What were you doing when Mary came to you?
Score: 1. 1 point + 0,60 points each x15 =10 points 2. 1 point + 1 point each x9 = 10 points 3. 1 point + 1 point each x9 = 10 points 4. 1 point + 0,60 points each x15 =10 points Divided by 4 = 10 points
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Unit 4
Indefinite Pronouns Personal Pronouns
Reading
1. Read the following dialogues. Pay attention to the use of homophones. Dialogue 1: The Portrait In honour of John and Mary's wedding anniversary, Fred agrees to pose for his wife, who wants to paint his portrait. John: It feels like I have been sitting here for hours. When can I take a peek? Mary: Sit still. I don't want you to see the painting until the whole thing is done. I am still working on your face. It is coming out great! I think I am at my artistic peak. John: Are we still going to that inn in Vermont this weekend to celebrate our anniversary? Mary: Certainly! I bought a pair of tickets for a dinner show there on Saturday night. John: That sounds nice. Mary: What are you doing with that pear? John: I am going to pare it, and then I am going to eat it. Mary: Well, put it down. I don't want it in the picture. John: Can't you just leave a hole where the pear is and fill it in later? I am hungry.
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Mary: Okay, we'll take a break. Oh, no! Where is my wedding ring? I hope it didn't go down the drain when I was wringing out those rags! John: No, it's on the table. You took it off to paint. Mary: Oh, good. I would hate to have lost that right before our anniversary! Dialogue 2: The Carnival Tammy and Bruce are spending the afternoon at a carnival. Tammy: I am so glad we came today. I am having so much fun! This is ideal weather for a carnival. Bruce: I agree. Where do you want to go next? Tammy: Look! That guy over there will guess your weight. The sign says he can even guess what size you wear. Bruce: There's no wait to see him, either. Let's go to his booth. Carnival worker: Hey, you two! Do you want me to guess your weight? Whether you are fat or thin, I can guess just by looking at you. Tammy: Okay. Guess. Carnival worker: You weigh one hundred and thirty-seven pounds, and he weighs one-seventy. Bruce: That's correct! Hey, look! There are Stan and Judy. They're good sports. Let's see if he can guess their weights, too! Tammy: I'll go get them. Practice these dialogues.
Ways with Words

1. The following are examples of easily confused homophones. These words are pronounced identically, yet they have different spellings and meanings: HOLE and WHOLE: A hole (n.) is "an empty space." Whole (adj.) means "entire, total."
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IN and INN: In (prep.) means "the opposite of 'out.'" An inn (n.) is "a small hotel." PAIR, PARE, and PEAR: A pair (n.) means "two matched or corresponding things." To pare (v.) means " to peel." A pear (n.) is "a fruit." PEEK and PEAK: Peek (v.) means "to sneak a quick look at something." A peak (n.) is "a summit or climax." RING and WRING: A ring (n.) is "a circular object with a hole in the middle." Ring (v.) means "to strike something for the purpose of creating a sound, such as a bell." To wring (v.) means "to twist something." THEIR, THERE, and THEY'RE: Their (pron.) is "the possessive form of ''they. " There (adv.) means "at a certain place." They're is "a contraction of ''they are. " TO, TOO, and TWO: To (prep.) is "the opposite of ''from. " Too (adv.) means "also." Two (n.) is "a cardinal number." WAIT and WEIGHT: To wait (v.) means "to pause or linger." Weight (n.) is "the measurement of heaviness." WEAR and WHERE: Wear (v.) means "to have an item of clothing or an object on one's body." Where (adv.) refers to "the location of something." WEATHER and WHETHER: Weather (n.) refers to "the climate conditions." Whether (conj.) is used "to introduce two or more alternatives." Now practise these homographs in sentences of your own. Can you add other homophones to the ones listed above?
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2. A lot of jokes are made with homonyms and homophones, because there is a play on words. Read the following childrens jokes. Customer: Waiter! What sort of soup is this? Waiter: Its bean soup, sir. Customer: I dont care what it was. I want to know what it is now. A Panda bear goes to a restaurant, he orders Coke and salad and wants to leave. The waiter asks him to pay. They have an argument and they decide to look up the word restaurant. The definition of the word restaurant is: a place where you eat, you drink, you have a good time and you pay money when you leave. The Panda bear insists on checking the word Panda bear. The definition is: a Panda bear is a very nice black and white bear who eats vegetables and leaves. Teacher: You missed school yesterday, Johnny, didnt you? Johnny: No, not at all. Mechanic: Your batterys flat. Driver: Oh dear. What shape should it be? What colour would you paint the sun and the wind? The sun rose and the wind blue. What did the salad say to the tomato? Lettuce get married. Why was the doctor angry?
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Because he had no patients. Whats the difference between a ball and a prince? One is thrown in the air, and the other is heir to the throne. 3. In the first dialogue, the wife tells her husband not to be hurried, as she still needs to work on his portrait. She says: I am still working on your face. Lets learn some idioms containing the word face. Face pale- faced/ round- faced etc having a face that has a particular shape or colour serious-faced/ grim-faced etc showing a particular expression on your face face to face if two people are face to face, they are very close and in front of each other put a brave face (on) to make an effort to behave in a happy cheerful way when you are upset or disappointed Now practise these idioms in sentences of your own. 3. Lets learn more idioms containing words which refer to parts of the body: Arm arm in arm if you walk arm in arm with somebody, you are walking next to them with your arm in theirs welcome somebody/something with open arms to show that you are happy to see somebody or eager to accept an idea, plan, etc. give your right arm to be willing to do anything to get or do something at arms length if you hold something at arms length, you hold it away from your body as long as your arm (informal) a list or written document that is as long as your arm
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Ear long-eared/ short-eared etc. having long ears be all ears (informal) to be very keen to hear someone is going to tell you smile/grin etc from ear to ear to show that you are very happy or pleased by smiling so much give somebody a thick ear (British English informal) to hit someone go in (at) one ear and out (at) the other (informal) if information goes in one ear and out the other, you forget it as soon as you have heard it keep your/an ear to the ground to make sure that you always know what is happening in a situation Eye blue eyed/ one-eyed/bright-eye/ wide eyed etc having blue eyes, one eye, bright eyes, eyes that are wide open etc have/keep an eye on somebody to be carefully watching everything that someone does, especially because you do not trust them to do things properly clap/lay/set eyes on somebody/something to see somebody or something, used especially when you are surprised or shocked the naked eye if you can see something with the naked eye, you can see it without using any artificial help such as telescope or microscope be all eyes to watch carefully what is happening or what someone is doing eye contact if you have eye contact with someone, you look directly at them and they look directly at you run/cast eye over something to look at something quickly without reading it in detail keep your eye on something/somebody to look after someone or something and make sure they are safe keep you eyes open/peeled (spoken) to carefully watch for anything
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have eyes in the back of your head to know what is happening all around you, even when this might seem impossible have a (good) eye for something to be good at noticing and recognizing what is attractive, valuable, of good quality in the eyes of the law/ the world/ the police etc in the opinion or judgment of the law, the world, the police one in the eye for (British English) a defeat or disappointment for someone else, usually used when you are pleased about it. Finger not lift/ raise a finger not to make any effort to help someone with their work keep your fingers crossed to hope that something will happen the way you want be all fingers and thumbs (British English) to use your hands in an awkard or careless way, so that you drop or break things have a finger in every pie an expression meaning to be involved in many activities and have influence over them, used especially when you think someone has too much influence twist/wrap somebody around your little finger to be able to persuade someone to do anything that you want long-fingered/delicate-fingered etc having long, delicate fingers Practise them in sentences of your own.
Grammar Reference
Indefinite Pronouns
some/any; much/many, a lot of/ lots of, few (a few)/ little (a little) 1. Countable nouns are used with some+ a plural noun in affirmative sentences, and any+ a plural noun in negative and interrogative sentences: Ive got some tools.
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Are there any books of Physics in the house? We dont need any apples for this pie. Uncountable nouns are used with some in affirmative sentences and any in interrogative and negative sentences, but only with a singular noun: There is some chocolate in this cake. Is there any water in this well? We havent got any butter in the house. 2. Countable nouns are used with many in interrogative and negative sentences: How many geologists work for this company? We havent discovered many new oil fields. Uncountable nouns are used with much in interrogative and negative sentences: How much money have you got? There wasnt much disappointment that awaited him when she deserted him 3. Both countable and uncountable nouns are used with a lot of and lots of: Weve got a lot of uniforms. There are lots of books in this library. Theres a lot of mineral water in my fridge. Hes got a lot of money. 4. Countable nouns are used with few/ a few, while uncountable nouns are used with little/ a little: Ive got a few problems at the moment. We only need a little money to buy this.
The Personal Pronoun

The nominative. Form
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Person First person Second person Third person
Singular I you he she
Plural we you they
it The accusative/The dative. Form Person First person Second person Third person Singular (to) me (to) you (to) him (to) her (to) it Plural (to) us (to) you (to) them
Controlled Practice
1. Fill in the personal pronoun in the accusative or dative (required by prepositions): a. The old man asked (he) what the time was. b. Will you give (I) permission to go home earlier? c. Listen to (she). d. Will you let (they) to come to your anniversary? e. Ill call for (they) when I think they forgot our little misunderstanding. f. The doctor! Send for (he) at once. g. Please, look for it while I am away. h. He takes much interest in (you).
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Fill in the indefinite pronouns: somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody:
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a. ..knows that the semester will finish in June. b. .. is knocking at the door. There must be the cleaning woman you sent for. c. Ask ... if they have come back from Italy. d. .. came an hour ago and left this parcel for Mary. e. I have never seen .. like him. f. We havent heard of . who didnt pass the English exam. g. .. can tell you how mistaken you are. h. .. has to open the door for him! i. She was talking and was listening to what she was saying. j. During a good performance of the actors .. speaks. k. Im sorry. My knowledge in this field is very poor. Ask .. from the French department. l. Can help me with this? m. .. should know these rules. They are not difficult at all.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Fill in the indefinite pronouns: much, many, little, a little, few, a few: a. were there but listened to what she had to say. b. Do you have any questions? Just c. He didnt give me too trouble, just ..
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d. There wasnt sugar left, so I couldnt make a coffee. e. Are there many mistakes in her test paper? No, just .. f. The problem was .. difficult, but we finally managed. g. There is plenty of information here but has been read. h. Despite the unfavourable weather did come to the meeting. i. Ive got .. problems to solve. j. We only need .. money to buy this.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. Translate into English: a. I-am dat cuiva cartea, darn nu-mi amintesc cu siguran cnd. b. Mi-a fost decernat premiul Uniunii Scriitorilor acum trei ani. c. A vrea puin zahr n cafea, te rog. Este prea amar. d. Cu puin rbdare, totul se va rezolva. e. Lui i s-a prut c ceva nu este n regul, aa c s-a retras din curs. f. Toat lumea o iubete. Se pare c i-a cucerit pe toi. g. Nu este nevoie de foarte mult vin la friptur. h. Muli elevi ateapt vacana cu nerbdare. i. A vrea s tiu ci studeni au picat la acest examen. ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________
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Unit 5
Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous The Imperative
Reading
Read the following fragment from Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. Underline the verbs which are used in Past Perfect: All this while the storm increased, and the sea, which I had never been upon before, went very high, though nothing like what I have seen many times since; no, nor like what I saw a few days after. But it was enough to affect me then, who was but a young sailor, and had never known anything of the matter. I expected that every wave would have swallowed us up, and that every time the ship fell down, as I thought, in the trough or hollow of the sea, we should never rise more; and in this agony of mind I made many vows of resolutions, that if it would please God here to spare my life this one voyage, if ever I got once my foot upon dry land again, I would go directly home to my father, and never set it into a ship again while I lived; that I would take his advice, and never run myself into such miseries as these any more. Now I saw plainly the goodness of his observations about the middle station of life, how easy, how comfortably he had lived all his days. And never had I been exposed to tempests at sea, or troubles on shore; and I resolved that I would, like a true repenting prodigal, go home to my father.
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These wise and sober thoughts continued all the while the storm continued, and indeed some time after; but the next day the wind was abated and the sea calmer, and I began to be a little inured to it. However, I was very grave for all that day, being also a little sea-sick still; but towards night the weather cleared up, the wind was quite over, and a charming fine evening followed; the sun went down perfectly clear, and rose so the next morning; and having little or no wind, and a smooth sea, the sun shining upon it, the sight was, as I thought, the most delightful that ever I saw. I had slept well in the night, and was now no more sea-sick but very cheerful, looking with wonder upon the sea that was so wrought and terrible the day before, and could be so calm and so pleasant in so little time after. And now lest my good resolutions should continue, my companion, who had indeed enticed me away, comes to me: Well, Bob, says he, clapping me on the shoulder, how do you do after it? I warrant you were frighted, want you, last night, when it blew but a capful of wind? A capful, dyou call it? said I; It was a terrible storm." A storm, you fool you, replied he; do you call that a storm? Why, it was nothing at all; give us but a good ship and sea-room, and we think nothing at all; give us but a good ship and sea-room, and we think nothing of such a squall of wind as that; but youre but a fresh-water sailor, Bob. Come, let us make a bowl of punch, and well forget all that; dye see what charming weather tis now?
Ways with Words

1. Look at the following sentence belonging to this unit: I expected that every wave would have swallowed us up Here are some expressions containing the word that: that far = att de departe; that is the point = aceasta-i problema;
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that much = cam att; thats how it happened = aa s-a ntmplat; that is why (thats why) = de aceea, din aceast cauz; that is to say = adic; but for that = dac nu ar fi fost asta; for all that = cu toate acestea; in order that = pentru ca, s; like that (just like that) = aa; Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own. 2. Read this sentence again: Come, let us make a bowl of punch, and well forget all that; dye see what charming weather tis now? In this sentence to make means to produce. Among other meanings of the verb to make, we may mention: to create, to construct, to establish, to cause to do or be; to bring about or produce; to perform (an action); to serve as or become; to amount to; to earn. Try to make up sentences in which to express each of its meanings. Lets learn some expressions in which the verb to make occurs. to make an attempt = a face o ncercare; to make the best of = a trage ct mai mult profit de pe urma, a profita la maximum de; to make believe = a face s cread; to make do = a se descurca cu o soluie alternativ inferioar; to make it clear = a clarifica; to make it possible = a face posibil; to make for = a contribui; to make out = a nelege, a demonstra, a redacta; to make over = a transfera, a ceda; to make ready = a fi gata, a (se) pregti;
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to make a stand = a se opune; to make sure of = a se asigura de; to make short work of/ sth = a scurta, a face ceva repede, a termina, a finaliza; to make tight = a ermetiza, a etaneiza, a nchide etan; to make up ones mind = a se hotr; to make up for ones losses = a-i recupera pierderile; to make up for lost time = a rectiga timpul pierdut; to make as if/ though = a prea ca i cum, a pretinde ca i cum, a face ca i cum; to make use of = a ntrebuina; to make way for/ to make room for = a face loc pentru. Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own. 3. Even if to do and to make are generally translated in the same way, there are several expressions in which you cannot use the verb to make. Generally speaking make is used with the meaning of create or produce and do with the meaning of carry out an action, but there are lots of exceptions: e.g. to do an experiment to do ones best to do a course to do the donkey work to do sbd. a good turn/ a favour to do sth. with your eyes closed to do harm to do the shopping to do wonders to do the washing-up to have sth. to do with
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Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own. 4. Put make or do before the following nouns: .. a wish; ..fun of; .. a fuss; .. my homework; .. a mistake; .....a noise; .. trouble; .. the shopping; .. your best; .. a cup of tea; .. your bed; .. someone a favour; ..... an excuse; ..... sense; .....up your mind; .. an appointment; ..sure; ..a difference; .. a phone call; .. a mess; .. an effort.
Past Perfect Simple

It is used to express: an action completed before another action or moment in the past: What happened to the students who had failed this exam four times? He had read his lecture before he went to university. an action which began before another moment in the past and continued up to that time or into it: In 1999 he had written books for five years. He had lived in this flat since he was born. Form -it consists of had followed by the past participle of the main verb. Affirmative and negative I You He/ She We They Interrogative What had I you he/she done? had had not (hadnt) left.
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we they Short answer Had you read the novel before we saw the film? Yes, I had. No, I hadnt. Had he spoken English before he started the Engineering English course? Yes, he had. No, he hadnt.
Past Perfect Continuous

It is used to express: an action which started in the past before the time of speaking in the past and still going on at that time or possibly after: By that time we had been working on the project for two years. They had been living for generations in that house. Form -it consists of the past perfect of the auxiliary be and the present participle of the main verb (v +-ing). Affirmative and negative By that time I you he/she we they Interrogative What had I you he/she we they Short answer Had you been working on that project by that time for a year? been working on by that time, last year? had been had been not (hadnt) working for a year.
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Yes, I had. No, I hadnt. Note that certain adverbs and adverb phrases (e.g. hardly, scarcely, no sooner, not only) are followed by inversion of subject and auxiliary verb when they are used at the beginning of the sentence. They can also be used in other parts of the sentence without inversion. Hardly had I entered the room when the phone started to ring. (emphatic, rhetorical construction) / I had hardly entered the room when the phone started to ring. (ordinary, conversational English) In contexts containing hardly/ scarcely/ barely, the connector between the two clauses is when: Hardly/ Scarcely/ Barely had they got out of the house when it started to rain. In contexts containing no sooner, the connector between the two clauses is than: No sooner had the band begun to play when the electricity was cut off.
1. Decide the order in which these things happened. Then write two sentences using after and the past perfect. Example: The bank clerk gave it to me./ She looked at my cheque./ She counted out the money. After the bank clerk had looked at my cheque, she counted the money. After she had counted the money, she gave it to me. a. The tourists got out of the coach./ They got back in the coach./ They took photos. b. The prisoner ran across the yard./ He jumped out of the window./ He climbed over the wall.
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c. The reporter wrote a report on the accident./ She interviewed the people there./ She went to the scene of the accident. d. The mechanic put a new tyre on./ He put the wheel back on./ He took the wheel off the car. e. The shop-assistant asked me which my size was./ She wrapped it./ She showed it to me.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Translate into English: a. Se cunoteau de trei ani. b. Pn atunci lucrasem la proiectul acela de dou luni. c. Ce s-a ntmplat dup ce am plecat? d. l ateptam de o or, cnd am aflat c avusese un accident de main. e. Despre ce vorbeai cnd ne-am ntlnit?
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Use the simple past, or the simple/ continuous past perfect form of the verbs in brackets to complete the sentences below: a. Yesterday afternoon Joan (go) to school and (hand in) the paper she (write).
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b. As soon as they (have) lunch they (leave) the restaurant. c. It was getting late, so we (decide) to go to bed. d. She (say) that she (study) for two hours. e. The man (sell) fifty newspapers for five minutes, as everybody (be) interested in the story of the prime minister. f. She (change) from Channel 1 to Channel 3 as she (already see) the movie on Channel 1. g. How long Monica (watch) TV by 12 o clock? She (watch) TV for an hour. h. We (sit down) to dinner when the doorbell (start) to ring. i. How long you (work) outside when it (start) to rain? j. It (be midnight). I (write) for five hours. No wonder I (be) so tired. 4. Connect the following sentences using until, after, before, hardly, no sooner, etc. Use the simple past and the past perfect as appropriate: a. The phone started to ring. Then Susan answered it. b. Alice said Enter. Then he opened the door. c. The bell rang. Then the pupils entered the classroom. d. The teacher corrected all the compositions. Then he went home. e. Tom went out. Then his colleague looked for him.
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b. She didnt even say thank you after all I (do) for her. c. After I (hear) the news, I congratulated him. d. When I arrived, the concert already (begin). e. When it started to rain, we (dig) in the garden for an hour. f. He didnt admit that he (steal) the book. g. He just (leave) home when he came across John. h. Yesterday I bought a new umbrella because I (lose) my old one. i. When he finally reached London, he was tired because he (travel) for three days. j. I didnt think that book to be a nice birthday present for you because I (read) it and I (not enjoy) it.
Grammar Reference 2
The Imperative
It is a mood which expresses an order, a command, a wish, a greeting, a piece of advice, a threat, a request, or an instruction: Come here! Leave me alone! Watch your step! Form -the imperative has forms only for the second person singular and plural. Affirmative Get ready! Negative Dont get ready!
Start working! Dont start working! For the first and second person together, use let's (let us): Let's open the door. Let's not open the door. (Negative command) Only a few groups of words may precede the imperative verb: adverbs of frequency:
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Always open the door slowly. Don't ever open the door to strangers. nouns of address: subject pronouns Jane, open the door. Don't you open the door. Will and would are used for polite requests: Would (will) you open the door, please?
1. Translate the following into English: a. Servete-te i servete-i i pe ceilali! b. Vino, te rog, la noi s ne ajui s rezolvm o problem de chimie organic. c. i dai un deget i i ia toat mna! d. Scrie tu proiectul la calculator, pentru c dup aceea trebuie s folosesc i eu computerul pentru a formata niste dischete. e. Luai loc, v rog, doamn! f. Nu pleca, pentru c nu am terminat ce am de spus! Haide cu mine s-i art ce ai putut s faci! g. Nu te apropia de firele acelea pentru c sunt sub tensiune. h. Nu ncerca s m faci s m rzgndesc, pentru c o s-i par ru. i. Du-te i vezi dac au terminat cursul. j. Grbete-te, mai ai doar cinci minute!
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Make the following sentences negative: a. Come here! b. Get ready as we are in a hurry! c. Be on time, because English people are never late. d. Go home and well finish this tomorrow. e. Work faster as we need to finish this until two oclock. f. Show me the letter. g. Lend Ann your skates. h. Give the waiter your order. i. Pass me the salt, please. j. Throw the ball to John.
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Unit 6
Future Simple Future Continuous Be going to Future Other Ways of Expressing Future
Reading
Read the following fragment from Alices Adventures in the Wonderland by Louis Carroll. Underline the future tenses of the verbs: Luckily for Alice, the little magic bottle had now had its full effect, and she grew no larger: still it was very uncomfortable, and, as there seemed to be no sort of chance of her ever getting out of the room again, no wonder she felt unhappy. It was much pleasanter at home, thought poor Alice, when one wasnt always growing larger and smaller, and being ordered about by mice and rabbits. I almost wish I hadnt gone down that rabbit-hole- and yet- and yetits rather curious, you know, this sort of life! I do wonder what can have happened to me! When I used to read fairy tales, I fancied that kind of thing never happened, and now here I am in the middle of one! There ought to be a book written about me, that there ought! And when I grow up, Ill write one- but Im grown up now, she added in a sorrowful tone: at least theres no room to grow up any more here. But then, thought Alice, shall I never get any older than I am now? Thatll be a comfort, one way- never to be an old woman- but then- always to have lessons to learn! Oh, I shouldnt like that! Oh, you foolish Alice
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she answered herself. How can you learn lessons in here? Why, theres hardly room for you, and no room at all for any lesson-books! And so she went on, taking first one side and then the other, and making quite a conversation of it altogether; but after a few minutes she heard a voice outside, and stopped to listen.
Ways with Words

1. Read the sentence: And so she went on, taking first one side and then the other, and making quite a conversation of it altogether. So is a word which is generally used in conversations instead of therefore which is used in written English. Now lets learn some expressions containing the word so: so as/ that = aa nct, astfel nct; so far = pn acum, pn n prezent; so far as = ntruct, n msura n care; so it seems = aa se pare; so much = att de mult; so to say/ so to speak = aa zicnd, ca s zicem aa; in a week or so = cam ntr-o sptmn; so on and so forth = i aa mai departe; in so doing = procednd astfel/ aa; in so far as is concerned = ntruct privete. Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own. 2. In the sentence: Thatll be a comfort, one way- never to be an old woman- but then- always to have lessons to learn!, the expression one way as is translated by pe de o parte. Now learn more expressions containing the word way: by way of = prin mijlocirea, n calitate de, cu ajutorul; by the way = apropo; in this way = n acest mod;
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in every way = n toate privinele; in a general way = n genere/ n general; in one way = ntr-un fel; one way or another = ntr-un fel sau altul; out of the way = afar din cale/ drum; under way = n curs de; way above = mult deasupra; way ahead = mult nainte; way below = mai jos; way off = la o bun distan; to give way to = a ceda la; to make ones way = a-i croi drum, a face carier. Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own.
Grammar Reference
Future Simple
It is used to express: actions to be performed in the future. I shall be thirty next year. When will you graduate from university? She will work for our company if we give her a good salary. Note that: Will is normally known as the predictive future, and describes known facts, or what we suppose is true. Ill be late at school this morning. The company will make a profit next year. This can also take the form of an assumption: Thatll be John coming so early at the party.
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This means that I suppose that it is John. Will is also used to express an immediate decision: Ill take this one. Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the future. We use will and shall in many other ways, apart from predicting the future (in this case they are modal verbs, not forms of Future simple): e.g.: -intentions/ promises (Ill buy you a bike for your birthday.) -request/ invitations (Will you hold the door open for me, please?) -offers (Shall I help you solve this problem?) -suggestions (Shall we go to see that movie tomorrow?) -threats (Just wait and see! Youll regret this!) -decisions (Ill stop and ask the way.) 2. Future is not allowed in conditional and temporal clause: If you help me, Ill be grateful to you. When it rains, we stay inside. Form Affirmative and negative I We You He/ She shall (ll) shall not (shant) will (ll) will not (wont) come.
They Interrogative When shall will I we you he/she they Short answer Will you help me finish my drilling project? Yes, I shall. help him?
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Note: No, I wont is not common because it is impolite, it may mean I dont want to help you. That is why a polite answer would be: Im afraid I cant.
Future Continuous
describes an event which will be happening at a future point refers to events which are going to happen anyway, rather than events which we choose to make happen: I wont bother to look for you in advance, because Ill be calling into the office anyway to see if you are there. refers to fixed arrangements and plans The singers will be performing live in Washington Square this month. Note that in some contexts it sounds more polite than will Will you be going to the shops later? If you do, could you get some bananas?
Come round in the morning. Ill be working on my project.
Be Going to Future
It is used to express a future decision, intention, or plan made before the moment of speaking Were going to move to Bucharest. How long are they going to stay here? She isnt going to attend this Grammar course. Note: The Present Continuous can be used in a similar way for a plan or arrangement, particularly with the verbs go and come. Shes coming on Monday. Im going home.
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when we can see or feel now that something is certain to happen in the future
Look at those grey clouds! Its going to rain. Watch out! The box is going to fall. Form -the verb to be in Present +to +infinitive Affirmative and negative I He She It We You am (m) am (m) not is (s) is not (isnt) are (re) are not (arent) going to work.
They Interrogative When Short answer Are you going to attend his lecture? Yes, I am. No, Im not. am I is he/ she/ it are we/you/ they going to arrive?
Future Simple or Be Going to?

Look at the use of the Future Simple and to be going to in the following sentences: Im going to improve my English. ( I decided that and I may have bought books to improve my knowledge). What language shall I learn? Er... I know. Ill learn some English! Thats a good idea. (I decided to learn English at the moment of speaking.)
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Other Ways of Referring to the Future

be about to, be on the point to, be due to
Be about to and be on the point of both refer to the next moment I think it is about to rain. I am on the point of moving to another company. Be due to refers to scheduled times The flight is due at 5:54 p.m. The cocktail party is due to start at 7. present simple and present perfect Present simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses When we get there, well have dinner. Present perfect can also be used instead of present simple when the completion of the event is emphasised When weve finished the work, well be leaving. present simple is used to describe fixed events which are not simply the wishes of the speaker I retire next year. Similarly, calendar references use the present simple. Christmas is on Wednesday next year.
Future Perfect
has both simple and continuous forms, and refers to time which we look back at from a future point: In two years time Ill have finished my PhD thesis. By the end of the month, Ill have been working for him for fifteen years. can also be used to express an assumption on the part of the speaker. You wont have heard the rumours about their engagement, of course. This means I assume you havent heard the rumours.
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Future Perfect Progressive

Future perfect progressive tense is formed by the future perfect of the verb to be and the present active participle of the main verb: It emphasizes the duration of one event taking place before another event in the future: In May 2000, our family will have been living here for 30 years.
Other future references

other verbs followed by will.
Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if there is future reference (believe, doubt, expect, think) I think the plane will be late. I doubt that you will have the time to see all these places in a single day. just/ just about to Just can be used to describe something which is on the point of happening The train is just leaving/ is just about to leave, so Im afraid you should leave the compartment. hope followed by either present or future tense I hope youll come and see me when you are in London.
Controlled Practice:
1. Translate into English: a. Te voi chema cnd voi ajunge acas. b. l voi vedea sptmna viitoare. c. Azi avem repetiie la ora dou. d. Va deveni necesar s citim mai mult de acum ncolo. e. Crezi c vei ajunge la spectacol n timp util? f. i voi telefona imediat ce ajung la hotel. g. Spectacolul nu va ncepe pn la ora 5.
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h. Ei nu tiu cnd vor pleca. i. Dac va ntreba cineva de mine, te rog s-i rogi s m sune dup ora 6. j. Sper c ne vei ajuta s reparm calculatorul.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Decide which is the correct verb form: a. My suitcase is so heavy! Give it to me. Ill/Im going to carry it for you. b. I bought some warm boots because Ill go/Im going on a trip to the mountains. c. Maria is going to be/ will be thirty-three next month so she will organise/ is going to organise a party. d. I hear you and Mike will get/ are going to get married! Congratulations! e. Where will you go/ are you going on holiday this year? France. What about you? We dont know yet. Maybe we will go/ we are going to Spain. f. Well go/ Were going to a conference next week. g. Come on, hurry up or well miss/ we will have missed the train.
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h. Will you be going/ will you go to the market later? If you go, please buy some potatoes for lunch. i. That will be/ is Jim at the door. He is always late. j. In twenty four hours time Ill relax/ Ill be relaxing on the beach. 3. Put the verbs in brackets into a suitable tense: a. Its only an hours travel. I (come back) very soon. b. What (you do) on Monday? I (have) tickets to a violin concert. Would you like to come? c. By the end of the month I (decide) what to do. d. I (hope) it (not rain). e. When we (get) there, we (call) you. f. Hurry up! The play (start). g. Its my twenty-ninth birthday next month so I (have) a party. h. Maria is pregnant again. She (have) twins. i. Were sure everything (be) all right in the end. j. I (be) long. I (go) out for half an hour.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. Decide whether the pairs of sentences A and B could be equally acceptable in the context given, or whether one is more appropriate. a. Why dont you come with us? A. The trip will be great. B. The trip is going to be great.
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b. Stop that, will you! A. Im going to get angry in a minute. B. Im getting angry in a minute. c. Id like to pay you a short visit. A. Whatll you be doing in the evening? B. What are you doing in the evening? d. Ive got no homework for tomorrow so A. Ill watch TV. B. Im going to watch TV. e. Were run out of petrol. A. What are we doing now? B. What are we going to do now? 5. Translate into English: a. Cred sincer c pe vremea asta sptmna viitoare m voi uita n sfrit la HBO. b. Mine la ora 5.30 ne vom mbarca n autocarul spre Grecia. c. Are de gnd s l fac de rs n faa clasei dac nu va spune adevrul. d. Sper c pn se va ntoarce fratele tu de la cules de cpuni tu vei fi splat toate rufele murdare. e. S nu uii de aniversarea prietenilor ti: pe 24 ale lunii urmtoare ei vor fi locuit n aceast cas de 10 ani. f. Cnd tu i vei face de cap n barul acela infect mine, toi prietenii ti i vor pregti o pedeaps proporional cu vina. g. John tie sigur c sptmna viitoare cnd va ncepe coala, vrul su va studia un manual de biologie uman. h. Suntem nspimntai de faptul c furtuna nu se va opri pn disear pe la ase. i. Ambasada va primi oaspeii numai dup ce acetia vor fi percheziionai. j. Vor fi trecut ase ore de la ultimul atac dar aprtorii castelului tot nu se vor preda dac nu li se vor mplini condiiile.
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k. Cnd mama se va ntoarce de la ar, micuul John va fi cntat la vioar de cel puin 3 ore. l. n timp ce preedintele va ine un discurs despre legea dreptului de autor, jurnalitii vor inventa tot felul de ntrebri care l-ar putea pune pe acesta n dificultate. m. Suntem prieteni de o via i ne-am hotrt: o s cumprm mpreun casa aceea de la munte i o s-o transformm n azil pentru btrni.
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Unit 7
Passive Voice
Reading
Read the following fragment belonging to James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Look for those verbs which are used in the passive voice. Translate the text into Romanian. Why did he not tell it? His father, who kept the racehorses, must be a magistrate too like Saurins father and Nasty Roches father. He thought of his own father, of how he sang songs while his mother played and of how he always gave him a shilling when he asked for sixpence and he felt sorry for him that he was not a magistrate like the other boys fathers. Then why was he sent to that place with them? But his father had told him that he would be no stranger there because his granduncle had presented in address to the liberator there fifty years before. You could know the people of that time by their old dress. It seemed to him a solemn time: and he wondered if that was the time when the fellows in Clongowes wore blue coats with brass buttons and yellow waistcoats and caps of rabbitskin and drank beer like grownup people and kept greyhounds of their own to course the hares with.
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Ways with Words

1. Word sets. Try to think of the sentence [] he always gave him a shilling when he asked for sixpence []. Now think of words connected to money. In this way you may create a word set. For example a word set of the word time may include among other words: day, month, year, century, year, etc. Now complete the following sentences with one appropriate word connected with the subject of money: a. They refused to accept a cheque so I had to pay in .... b. When she started with the company her . was only $ 1000 a year. Now its at least four times that. c. When Mr Michael retired he received a . of $ 100 a month. d. Pierre is very worried because he is in .... nobody will lend him any money. e. If you want a new car why not go and see your bank manager about a .... 2. Here is a list of words and expressions to do with money. Use your dictionary and divide them into the following categories: -borrowing money; saving and investing money; having a personal bank account. Sometimes the same word will fit different categories: -to withdraw money; a building society; a current account; a cheque card; a mortgage; to cash a cheque; to buy shares in a company; the Stock Market; to put money in; a monthly statement; a deposit account; to earn 15% interest.
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Grammar Reference
The Passive Voice
The verbs which can accept the passive voice are transitive verbs and some prepositional verbs such as: to account for, to attend to, to look at, to look after, to send for, to speak to, etc. There are some transitive verbs which cannot accept the passive voice such as: to have, to hold, to possess, to resemble, etc. Form: the auxiliary verb to be in the same tense as the active verb + the past participle of the lexical verb.
TENSES Simple Present Simple Past Present Continuous Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Simple Future Future Perfect Present Conditional Perfect
ACTIVE VOICE He paints houses. He painted his house. He is painting house.
PASSIVE VOICE Houses are painted (by him). His house was painted. his His house is being painted.
He was painting his His house was being painted. house. He has painted his His house has been painted. house. He had painted his His house had been painted. house. He will paint his His house will be painted. house. He will have painted it. It will have been painted. He would paint his His house would be painted. house. He would have painted It would have been painted.
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Conditional Present Infinitive Perfect Infinitive Gerund
it. He should paint his His house should be painted. house. He He should enjoys have It should have been painted. people He enjoys being asked to painted it. asking him to paint paint houses. their houses.
Perfect Gerund
He remembers paint her house.
Jane He remembers having been
having asked him to asked to paint Janes house. Use: When the person who performs the action (agent) can easily be understood or is unknown: He has been arrested (by the police). My bag has been stolen. When it is necessary to express something more formally: People think that the factory went bankrupt. ~ It is thought that the factory went bankrupt/ The factory is thought to have gone bankrupt. When we are interested in the action itself rather than the person who performs it: I was advised to save the files once in a while (by my friend). When we avoid the naming of a specific person who is responsible for the action: All the cakes have been eaten (instead of: You have eaten all the cakes).
Further Points on the Passive Voice

Make, hear, see, help are followed by to+infinitive in the passive. Let becomes was/were allowed to in the passive or is followed by a reflexive pronoun+bare/short passive infinitive.
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She let me go. / I was allowed to go. Dont let him trick you. / Dont let yourself be tricked. The passive voice with verbs of reporting such as assume, believe, consider, feel, know, report, say, think, understand etc is formed in two ways: believed to be a spy. Verbs which take two objects such as allow, ask, give, lend, tell, write, pay, bring, buy, teach, etc have two passive forms. He gave me some money. / I was given some money. / Some money was given to me. Verbs followed by a certain preposition take the preposition immediately after them when put into the passive voice. She accused me of lying / I was accused of lying. Prepositional verbs of movement when turned into the passive voice change to other synonymous verbs which take no preposition. Columbus arrived in America in 1492. / America was reached (NOT arrived in) by Columbus in 1492. The Royal couple went into the room arm in arm. / The room was entered (NOT gone into) by the Royal couple. Modals do not change in the passive voice. We change the active infinitive into passive infinitive. They cant repair the building. / The building cant be repaired. Many passive voice sentences do not have an active voice counterpart: Shakespeare was born at Stratford. This notion is based on a misconception. It + passive verb + that-clause Subject +passive verb + to-infinitive
They believe she is a spy. / It is believed that she is a spy. / She is
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It is alleged that the thief was caught. Some sentences cannot be passivized. These are sentences where the object is: (a) a reflexive pronoun: John has been washing himself for hours. (b) a reciprocal pronoun: We can hardly see each other in the dark room. (c) a possessive pronoun: The teacher shook his head and sighed.
Causative Forms
Have +object +past participle is used to suggest that we are instructing someone to do something for us. Ill have my car repaired. (Ill arrange for it to be done) Dont have the files printed, please. Have/get + object +past participle can also be used to replace a passive verb usually describing an accident or a misfortune. He had/got his car stolen. Have + object + bare infinitive is used for giving instructions and orders. The manager had the secretary type 20 letters. Get +object + to infinitive means make or persuade somebody to do something. See if you can get Mary to help us with our homework. The teacher got the students to write the sentence five times. Get + object + present participle (-ing) is used informally to mean make somebody / something start doing something. Once you get her talking about her children, she never stops. Also: get moving, get going (without an object) Want and need + object + past participle indicate that you would like or need something to be done
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I want the room cleaned. I need the reports checked. Compare: The Active Voice: Im decorating the room. (I am doing it myself) The Passive Voice: The room is being decorated. (Someone else is doing it but the agent is not important; what interests us is the room) Causative: I am having the room decorated.
Controlled Practice
1. Translate the following sentences into English: a. Tu vei fi chemat de director mine s explici decizia ta. b. El este ntrebat dac este vegetarian. c. Soluia a fost gsit de fratele meu. d. Mi s-au furat banii. e. Problema a fost rezolvat recent prin introducerea internetului. f. Doctorul a fost chemat. g. El a fost ales preedintele companiei n 1997. h. Copiii sunt ntrebai dac tiu n ce const structura acestei lucrri. i. Se construiesc foarte multe case zilele acestea.
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Put the following sentences into the Passive: a. Who drew this picture? b. People in my town built this hospital last year. c. John cant have done this. d. The soldiers shall hand in all their weapons. e. Children had cast stones.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Transfer these passive sentences into active ones. When no agent is given supply one: a. My drawings were shown at the art exhibition in 2000. b. When was your car stolen? c. AIDS is thought to be curable. d. The girl has been made to recite the poem and everybody has given her a big hand. e. The prisoners were forbidden to smoke when they were transferred into the new building.
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same: a. It is believed that the child was punished by his parents. The child . b. When we have finished decorating the bedroom, well paint the dining room. After the bedroom.. c. Please turn off the lights. Id rather you . d. It is thought that the coins date from the Middle Ages. The coins . e. Somebody punched John in the face at a volley match. John is thought . f. They say that Mary is difficult to work with. Mary is said .. g. They have no idea what caused this error. What caused this error h. Ticket collectors work on the train on this line. Tickets . i. Somebody directed me at the wrong address. I . j. The discovery of this new medicine is helping the fight against cancer. The fight . 5. Complete the sentences using the verbs given in brackets in the passive tense suggested at the end of the sentence:
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a. Many of Bucharests important buildings (destroy) by the earthquake in 1977.(past) b. My neighbours leg (not broken) if he hadnt walked on ice. (perfect conditional) c. The girl who (bite) by a dog was given a serum. (past perfect) d. A great deal of effort (make) lately to avoid a war with that country. (present perfect) e. Would she go to the cinema if she was to (invite)? f. The army (instruct) to shoot if the enemy crosses the line. (future) g. Many block-of-flats (build) in the neighbourhood. (present continuous) h. He strongly objected to (ask) about the accident. (gerund) i. Mary (take) to the hospital by the end of the day, Im sure. (future perfect) j. Something (do) if we want to rescue the rest of the crew. (modal verb)
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. Put the verbs in brackets into a correct Passive Voice form: a. The escaped man (arrest) a week later. b. That person in the dock (let off) as its his first offence. c. The police (instruct) to take firm action against beggars on the street. d. I was surprised to find out that you (get paid) twice in the same week. e. Has the search for the stolen car (give up) yet? f. Very few criminals (catch) if the population didnt offer information. g. Foreign coins (not put) in parking meters in this part of the country. h. John (think) to have broken that precious vase in the living room.
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i. Could violence (control) less effectively if the police didnt carry guns? j. The red car (rev up) ready for the policemen to start chasing the thieves.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 7. Use one of the Passive forms of a suitable verb in each of the following sentences: a. A lot of money () from a German bank two years ago. b. Windows () on the inside to prevent the wind from breaking them. c. The police () in hearing from anyone who saw a 10-year-old child in front of the shop yesterday. d. The lock () and the window () by the police. e. All the persons in the room () for drugs. f. Money () always in the bank for interest. g. () the reward to those who saved Jane? h. She doesnt remember her purse () by the thief. i. Who () you by at the hospital? j. Safes () not often by amateurs. k. They () a five year sentence by the High Court Judge. l. A sharp instrument () the old man. m. The giraffe () to the zoo when it escaped. n. It was the first time, my sister never () by the customs before. o. The carpet in your room () with orange juice. p. When capital punishment () in Romania?
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_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 8. Complete the sentences using a suitable Passive Voice verb and any necessary phrases: a. Its very foggy tonight; the cars b. Georges watch has disappeared from the table where he left it; it c. Shoplifting is on the increase; 20,000 worth of merchandise d. Therell be a big check at the customs tomorrow; all the people from the Middle East e. He insisted that our neighbour f. The evidence that one of the accused gave g. My window is open instead of closed; the lock h. The house was found in a terrible condition; all the rooms i. Will the new laws j. There was a dreadful accident and all the cars 9. Use the Passive form with the verb to have in the following sentences: a. The room looks different. They (repaint it). b. The customs officers (arrest him) if he tries to leave the country. c. Father (fit the burglar alarm) because his house had been broken into. d. I (vaccinate my child) against all the possible diseases when he was one year old. e. They (check the documents) before the case comes up next month. f. Look at that mans green hair! He (dye it).
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g. The car is covered in mud, so he (clean it) as soon as possible. h. Someone (clean the kitchen) when mother arrived. i. She is not quite sure but she thinks she (steal the money) in the train. j. You shouldnt (repair the sink) before the plumber had examined it.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 10. Complete the following sentences, using the Passive form with either have or need: a. The roof is unsafe. It b. Your back window squeaks. It c. You cant take your luggage into the shop unless you d. This is quite bizarre! There are many questions that e. Your hair seems shorter. Have you ? f. The so-called poet did not write the poem himself, he g. Before we buy the mansion, we should make sure that we h. There are many errors in your paper, dont you think they ? i. I dont think these translations are accurate. You j. Their washing-machine is working again. They 11. Complete the following passage with the correct Passive forms:
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When John Miller killed his uncle, he was convinced that his crime wouldnt ever (detect). His plans were (lay) with extreme precision. He had not (employ) as an accountant for the past ten years without acquiring a passion for minute details. He was known as being a methodical man. His bills (pay) regularly, he had his hair (cut) once a month, his car (service) every three months, everything that in his ordinary life needed (do), John saw to it that it was (do). It was entirely in his character that he had made up his mind to get rid of his uncle. He was old, he needed (care for), his desires had (consider), his wants (gratify). He had become a nuisance who should (remove) as quickly as possible. Besides he was rich, and John was aware that his fortune (leave) to him. It is sad, he told to himself, that he has (kill) rather than die a natural death, but the important thing is to make it look as if it (do) while I was away. Indeed, Johns crime would probably never (discover) if it had not stopped raining just before he came home and if his uncles window had not (break) with a flower pot. He didnt even suppose inspector Thomson would guess that the ladder (put) outside the bedroom window after his uncle (murder). But then, as John himself said to the inspector, the criminal always gets (catch) after all.
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12. Change the following sentences into the Active Voice: a. The library is well provided with books. b. The problem will be dealt with I detail next week. c. My neighbours dog was run over by a truck. d. The pen has been lost in the fire. e. The basement was flooded with water. f. As you see, his remarks are being received with enthusiasm. g. Tons of uranium have been stolen from this mine this year. h. No explanation had been given for his behaviour. i. It is reported that there has been an earthquake in the area. j. All TV programs were suspended for nearly 6 hours. k. They are forbidden to enter this room. l. The students in this University are always recommended to apply for these jobs. m. You hate to be interrupted from your research.
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 13. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice, knowing that transitive verbs admit two passive constructions: a. I told my parents the truth. b. George gave him a beautiful present. c. My friends promised me immediate assistance. d. I give my child two bars of chocolate a day. e. The doorman showed us the way to the bathroom. f. The physician prescribed a bad medicine for the sick old man. g. You paid him that huge sum of money two days ago. h. The teacher may give us the results tonight. i. They awarded the Best Actor Prize to George Clooney. j. We showed them our newly- born child.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 14. Change the following intransitive verbs into the Passive Voice, paying attention to the prepositions following the verbs: a. They have called for the mechanic to repair their car.
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b. The pupils will have to comment upon that poem. c. The former enemies have arrived at an agreement after many years of discussion. d. Nobody objected to their suggestions. e. These spoiled children do not listen to their parents. f. The employer insists upon a strict discipline in all our work. g. Our parents often refer to him as being a wrong model for us. h. You spoke much about that young lady you had met a week before. i. Nobody has lived in this haunted house for more than 50 years. j. You must look after your kid sister; otherwise your mother will scold you. k. Dont put on that pink shirt, your friends will laugh at you.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 15. Translate into English: a. Se recomand o mai atent cercetare a acestui proiect. b. n acest local se vorbete numai limba spaniol. c. Se construiesc din ce n ce mai multe coli n acest orel. d. Orice defeciune a mainii se repar pe loc n acest atelier.
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e. S-a anunat o reducere semnificativ la articolele de mbrcminte de iarn. f. Se bea mult vin rou la acest tip de petrecere. g. Gunoiul se ncarc numai marea i joia. h. S-a ridicat nivelul apelor Dunrii cu 3 cm. i. Din pcate nu s-a ajuns la nici un acord final. j. Se vor nfiina centre de ocrotire a minorilor. k. Dac fratele tu nu se va simi mai bine, n aceast sear se va trimite dup doctor. l. Mi s-a dat ocazia s-mi art talentul de compozitor. m. Turitilor li s-a artat un magazin cu lucruri foarte scumpe dup ce acestora li se furaser deja portofelele. n. Se vor reface unele strzi din acest ora dup ce se va topi zpada. o. Ni s-a spus c pantalonii vor fi cusui n fabrica noastr. p. I s-a oferit un post de director economic la cea mai puternic corporaie din ar. q. Problema cinilor fr stpn a fost dezbtut de mai multe ori sptmna aceasta. r. Li se comunicase c drmarea prin implozie a acestei cldiri va fi fcut la mijlocul sptmnii urmtoare. s. S-a ajuns la btaie dup ce s-au certat toat ziua.
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 16. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it is as similar as possible to the sentence before it: a. My cousins child completely destroyed my paper. My paper b. First prize was awarded to a freshman in our school. A freshman c. The referee refused him permission to enter the game. He d. Tom has earned several thousand dollars from his new book. Toms new book e. She suggested we eat Mikes new favourite meal. We f. Leaving this shirt in the rain has made it shrink. This shirt g. We watched my brother drive the car into the garage. We watched the car h. I dropped the china cup and cracked it. The china cup i. Mother added flour to the sauce and thickened it. The sauce j. Theyre buying a lot of copies of that volume of poetry.
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That volume of poetry 17. Fill in each of the blanks with a suitable word or phrase: a. Your decisions were rejected and you were () back down. b. I suppose she needs () told to be careful with that acid solution. c. The issue was () been told where his wife disappeared. d. The package is believed () delivered by some strange people. e. They were () been given 15 more minutes to complete the test. f. The coffee maker is out of order but Im () fixed tomorrow. g. The lights in my room have been flickering for a while; I must () to look at the wiring for me. h. Jack is quite a difficult person; thats something his friends will have () to. i. We () house broken into yesterday. j. Children can get () in by burglars going from house to house.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 18. Write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original one, but using the word given. a. Some of his neighbours are saying that he is selling marijuana. (rumoured) b. He wants it to be clear to his friends that hes honest. (seen) c. George often tells his parents how much of his ill-luck is down to you. (heard)
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d. They believe that the captain fell overboard and died. (fallen) e. Our teachers dont want any repetition of such a ridiculous behaviour again. (repeated) f. The plan was originally to complete the task by 3 oclock. (due) g. As a kid, Mary was not allowed to play with matches. (let) h. Subtracting is something one takes for granted after a while. (get) i. All of his friends spent last month repairing his boat. (had) j. She couldnt find her way out of the labyrinth. (got) k. I dont like very much my mother scolding me in front of my friends. (having) l. Its not difficult at all for Ben to copy the paper from his colleague. (copied) m. Since we won the prize, weve had more telephone calls than we can deal with. (swamped) n. Janines answer took the audience by surprise. (aback) o. The rain forced our weekend trip to be cancelled. (rained) p. The House of Parliament is the tallest building in the area. (dwarfed) q. His latest article about unemployment came in for sharp criticism in this newspaper. (pilloried) r. There were thousands of strikers in the yard of the factory. (packed) s. Our new manager wants us to call him Sir. (addressed) t. Never forget that friends will be friends. (borne) u. I became very emotional when I found out my wife had given birth to a daughter. (overcome) v. His grandmother underwent a three-hour operation to remove the brain tumour that had been diagnosed. (operated) w. Our professor of History was given the Academy Award by Oxford University. (conferred)
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_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 19. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it is as similar as possible to the sentence before it. a. She didnt remember that she had been called home by her mother. She has no recollection of b. You vaguely remember that you drank five bottles of wine last night. You have vague memories of c. Sometimes it is quite embarrassing when people laugh at you. Being
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d. George was severely criticized for his bad jokes and was more attentive after that. Having e. They really wish they hadnt been pushed to eat that horrible soup. They really regret f. I cant explain what it feels like for nobodys ever given me the chance to fly a plane. Never g. The group of people moved towards the Town Hall from all sides. The Town Hall h. Peter poured wine into the glass until it was full. The glass i. Mice came into the room through a sort of hole in the wall. The room j. Do not put the card in until the screen shows Insert your card. The card is only k. Its over twenty years since anyone saw that valuable painting. That valuable l. People crave for justice and they need to see it done. Justice must not m. Theyve had to call the office five times to find out the result of the race. The office n. The dentist is supposed to be filling one of my teeth this afternoon. Im
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Progress Test 2
1. Match the sentences on the left with the functions on the right: A B 1. Well have a thunderstorm tonight, a. stating a planned arrangement Im sure. - b. 2. Will there be a general strike? 3. Ill send you a card from Paris 4. Will you send me an e-mail? 5. Shall I go to the library for you? 6. Shall we take a drive into the b. making a prediction c. making a request d. expressing future hope e. expressing future uncertainty f. offering
country later? 7. Ill report you to the police next g. promising/ stating an intention time. 8. The wedding will take place next h. making an invitation Friday. 9. I hope youll come and see us on i. asking for a prediction Saturday. 10. Explain it to them again. Perhaps j. threatening theyll understand. 11. Will you have dinner with us on k. making a suggestion Sunday? 2. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice: a. A child asked me a question on my way home; he wanted to know the time. b. The gust of wind blew the womans hat off. c. What will you call your new cat? d. She has burned the chicken in the oven. e. He wrote the paper on time. f. They consulted the doctor when they were ill. g. They are shutting the bank for the winter holidays.
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h. She soon lost sight of her friend. i. My brother has been looking after the dog for the last two years. j. We could read the note by the light of the candle. k. Children ask a lot of questions. l. The bodyguards requested us to show our tickets. m. I must pay the telephone bill at the end of the month. n. Father made her cry hard. o. We didnt fix the roof yesterday. p. Nobody asked Mike to come. q. People mustnt walk on the grass in this park. r. They are going to write a song tonight. s. The children have made him captain of their team. t. We havent invited our friends to the party yet. u. Someone is going to beat him soon! v. I found your bike in front of the cinema.
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Fill each of the gaps in the following sentences with an appropriate verb from the list. The participles should be used with the verb to be in the appropriate tense: strewn, deemed, scheduled, inundated, overcome, baffled, dubbed, shrouded, short-listed, dwarfed a. The secretary () by exhaustion after 12-hour typing and had to go home. b. How he managed to obtain such a large sum of money () in mystery. c. Since her book on cooking came out, she () with requests for some more recipes. d. My brother, who is rather short, () by almost all of his colleagues. e. Richards new album () for release next year. f. All the neighbours I asked () by the reason of her disease. g. Unfortunately, your language in this newspaper article () inadequate for the public taste. h. Impossible as it may seem, Christine () the most beautiful girl in Europe. i. Having read the manuscript, we all agreed: his paper should () for last years Literature prize. j. When we came back from the mountains, our clothes () all over the house.
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_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. Translate into English: a. Cnd voi pleca la munte, o s-mi iau i haine subiri i haine groase. b. Dac voi avea timp, o s-i telefonez. c. El intenioneaz s se nscrie la acest curs sptmna viitoare. d. Noi vrem s tim dac ne putei ajuta sau nu. e. Am ajuns cam trziu acas, aa c spectacolul se terminase deja la televizor. f. El fusese sunat de director de mai multe ori nainte de a veni la serviciu. g. O s-mi dau maina la reparat, pentru c i s-au defectat frnele. h. Ei au de gnd s-i renoveze vila anul viitor. i. De ndat ce voi termina raportul o s te informez n legtur cu rezultatele cercetrii mele.
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Key: 1. 1. b; 2. i; 3.g; 4. c; 5. f; 6. k; 7. j; 8. a; 9. d; 10. e; 11.h 2. a. I was a asked question on my way home; he wanted to know the time. b. The womans hat was blown off (by a gust of wind). c. What will your new cat be called? d. The chicken has been burnt in the oven. e. The paper was written on time. f. The doctor was consulted when they were ill. g. The bank is being shut for the winter holidays. h. Her friend was soon lost sight of. i. The dog has been looked after(by my brother) for the last two years. j. The note could be read by the light of the candle. k. A lot of questions are asked by children l. We were requested to show our tickets (by the bodyguards). m. The telephone bill must be paid n. She was made to cry hard (by Father). o. The roof wasnt fixed yesterday. p. Mike wasnt asked to come. q. The grass mustnt be walked on in this park. r. A song is going to be written tonight. s. He has been made captain of the childrens team. t. Our friends havent been invited to the party yet. u. He is going to be beaten soon! v. Your bike was found in front of the cinema.
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3. a. was overcome; b. is shrouded; c. has been inundated; d. is dwarfed; e. is scheduled; f. were baffled; g. has been deemed; h. has been dubbed; i. was short listed; j. were strewn. 4. a. When I go to the mountains Ill take both light and warm clothes. b. If I have time Ill call you. c. He is going to take up this course next week. d. We want to know if you can help us or not. e. We arrived home rather late, so the TV show had already been over. f. He had been called by the director several times before coming to work. g. Ill have my car repaired, for the brakes broke down. h. They are going to have they villa redecorated next year. i. As soon as I finish the report Ill inform you on the results of my research.
Score: 1.1point each x 10 = 10 points 2.1 point + 0.40 points each x 22 = 10 points 3.1 point + 0.90 points each x 10 = 10 points 4. 1 point + 1.00 point each x 9 = 10 points Divided by 4 = 10 points
Unit 8
Coordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions
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Number of Nouns
Reading
Read the following fragment from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. Pay attention to the conjunctions. Underline the coordinate conjunctions with one line and the subordinate ones with two lines: Mary wished to say something very sensible, but knew not how. While Mary is adjusting her ideas, he continued, let us return to Mr. Bingley. I am sick of Mr. Bingley, cried his wife. I am sorry to hear that; but why did not you tell me so before? If I had known as much this morning I certainly would not have called on him. It is very unlucky; but as I have actually paid the visit, we cannot escape the acquaintance now. The astonishment of the ladies was just what he wished; that of Mrs. Bennet perhaps surpassing the rest; though, when the first tumult of joy was over, she began to declare that it was what she had expected all the while. How good it was in you, my dear Mr. Bennet! But I knew I should persuade you at last. I was sure you loved your girls too well to neglect such an acquaintance. Well, how pleased I am! and it is such a good joke, too, that you should have gone this morning and never said a word about it till now. Now, Kitty, you may cough as much as you choose, said Mr. Bennet; and, as he spoke, he left the room, fatigued with the raptures of his wife.
Ways with Words

1. In the last sentence from the text, the preposition with appears. Now learn some expressions containing the preposition with: with due regard for/ with all due deference to = cu tot respectul cuvenit;
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with an eye to = urmrind, fr a pierde din vedere; with the exception of = cu excepia c; with full steam on = cu toat viteza nainte; with reason = pe drept, pe bun dreptate; with reference/ respect to = n privina, referitor, cu privire la; with a view of = n scopul de a; as with = la fel ca i; together with = mpreun cu; to do away with = a nltura, a termina cu. Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own. 2. Read the following sentence taken from the same text: she began to declare that it was what she had expected all the while. How do you translate in all the while? Now learn some expressions with the adjective all. beyond all doubt = n afar de orice ndoial; all at once = dintr-o dat; all the better = cu att mai bine; all in all = n ntregime, cu totul; all in good time = toate la timpul lor; all the more as = cu att mai mult cu ct; all over = peste tot; all worn out = complet uzat; first of all = nainte de toate; of all kinds = de toate felurile; that is about all = ca, asta-i tot; it is all one to them = le este tot una; once for all = o dat pentru totdeauna. Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own.
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Grammar Reference 1
The Conjunction
Conjunctions join words, phrases and clauses: He slipped and fell on the floor. He moved quickly but quietly. Please watch my baggage while I buy my train ticket.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions join units that are equal grammatically ( have the same function in the sentence): He slipped and fell on the floor. (And joins two verbs) He moved quickly but quietly. (But joins two adverbs) Conjunctions both...and, not only... (but also), either...or, neither...nor make the connection more intense. They are also called correlative conjunctions: Both Lisa and I will go to the party. Not only did she have two helpings, she also had dessert! Either my husband or I can drive you home. Neither money nor power can make him happy. The second noun determines the number of the verb with neither... nor and either...or: Neither the teacher nor THE STUDENTS are allowed to wear jeans. Neither the students nor THE TEACHER is allowed to wear jeans. Punctuation with Coordinate Conjunctions A comma is not necessary when only two elements (two words, two phrases, two clauses) are joined by a coordinate conjunction. The doctor told him not to smoke or drink.
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However, if three or more units are joined, use commas after the first and second units. This is called a serial comma.
Men, women, and children are welcome. It is not compulsory to use a comma before the last unit: Men, women and children are welcome.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join elements of unequal rank. Here are some common subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, as much as, because, before, how, if, since, that, unless, what, when, where, who, whom She never saw him after he left town. He got a ticket because he was speeding. She has been very ill since her operation.
1. Complete each sentence with an appropriate coordinate or subordinate conjunction: A journey to the National Parks of the United States is a rare and unforgettable walk on the wild side. It is to feel once more the power of the old myths, to once again know that the land is the cradle of life, a. . nature is the hand setting b. craddle endlessly rocking. To the west, on the Olympic Peninsula, is the brooding, primordial coastline of Olympic National Park. The great rocks rising from the sea were once a part of the landmass. c. .. the relentless sea chiseled away the softer stone, creating the haunting monoliths rising from the tides. Along this coast, and beyond, into the Olympic Mountains, is one of the most diverse wilderness areas in North America. Within the park are alpine meadows, majestic white-robed peaks, d. .. some sixty active glaciers slow-
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sliding their relentless way down from the heights. On the western slopes of the mountains, there is a remarkable rainforest. In Wyoming are the rugged, majestic battlements and spires of the Teton Mountains. e. .. most mountain ranges, the Tetons have no foothills. They rise dramatically to a height of almost 14,000 feet. Although relatively small, the Colorado River must surely be the most powerful river of them all. For the Colorado River carved the Grand Canyon. To travel from one end of the canyon to the other would be a journey of 277 serpentine miles. Sometimes the walls of the canyon are less than a half mile wide. Far to the south and the east of the Colorado are the gentle waters of f. .. may be the most unusual river in the world. The Seminoles called it "Pa-hay-okee," g. .. "Grassy Water." Here is the central feature of Everglades National Park. A river that is 100 miles long, 50 miles wide, and averages only 6 inches deep. Slowly flowing through the entire southern reaches of the Florida Peninsula, the Everglades teems with an extraordinary variety of life. Within its labyrinth of cypress swamps, hammocks, islands and hyacinth pools, live more than 350 species of birds. Sea. Mountain. River. Each has had a powerful impact on human experience. h. .. perhaps the most ancient influence has been the forest. Within the National Parks of North America there are vast reaches of forest. On the slopes of the Sierra Nevada, the giant sequoias are the survivors of a forest realm that has endured for millennia. Some of these patriarchs have stood for more than 2000 years. They are the largest living things on earth. Far to the east, there is a more gentle forest. In the ancient mountains of southern Appalachia, in Shenandoah National Park i. .. in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, are seemingly endless groves of oak, hickory, maple and other hardwoods. To walk these cool, serene, vaulted byways is to feel an intimacy with nature rarely found in this modern world where man and nature are too often strangers. These are softer mountains, laying
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comfortably on the earth as if sleeping within their counterpanes of mist. The Cherokee called these woodlands "The Place of Blue Smoke." Bryce Canyon seems like an enchanted city built by mythical giants long departed. There are castles and whimsical skylines, arches, minarets, towers, all cut from stone by the delicate, j. .. powerful hand of water, time and wind. Some of the walls are 600 feet long and 200 feet high. Within the avenues of the city are magnificent silent shapes k. seem to have once been alive. Eighty miles west of Bryce Canyon are the massive walls and towers of Zion National Park. l. .. the formations of Bryce are delicately carved, the temples of Zion seem to have been hacked from the earth with bold, powerful strokes. Vertical canyon walls rise thousands of feet from the valley floor. m. .1794, n. ..Captain George Vancouver first explored these shores, the glacier has receded more than 75 miles. No longer shrouded in ice, the bay is a theater where one of nature's most spectacular dramas is performed. Here is where glaciers come to die. The lands and landscapes of Yosemite are a banquet for the eye o. ..for the soul. Here within the valley and in the high country are stone cliffs towering taller than anything man has made. Waterfalls dance in the heights like angels in lace and then fall thundering through the sunlight into the lap of the valley. Here are glacial lakes and alpine meadows and streams of liquid crystal. Among the marvels of Yosemite are two so powerful they will dwell in the eye of the mind forever.
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Grammar Reference 2
Number of nouns
Nouns are made plural by adding: -s: book-books, tool-tools -es to singular nouns ending in -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh, -ss, -o: bus-buses, boxboxes, match-matches, brush-brushes, potato- potatoes (But: photo-photos) -ves to nouns ending in -f(e): knife-knives, leaf-leaves, shelf-shelves (But: roof-roofs, proof-proofs, cliff-cliffs, handkerchief-handkerchiefs) -ies to nouns ending in consonant + y: lady-ladies -s to nouns ending in vowel + y: toy-toys Note: dwarf-dwarfs/dwarves; hoof-hooves/hoofs; scarf-scarfs/scarves Some nouns form their plural irregularly man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, louse-lice, mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen, person-people/ persons Foreign plurals - datum-data, medium-media (but: museums, asylums) - nucleus-nuclei, stimulus-stimuli, genius-genii (spirits)/geniuses (men of genius) (but: bonuses, geniuses, viruses) - alga-algae, larva-larvae, formula-formulae/formulas (but: dilemmas, villas, diplomas) - index-indices (algebraic signs) /indexes (tables of contents), appendixappendices (in books)/appendixes (anatomical) analysis-analyses, axis-axes, basis-bases, crisis-crises, diagnosisdiagnoses, hypothesis-hypotheses, thesis-theses - phenomenon-phenomena, criterion-criteria (but: demons, neurones, protons, ganglions) Some nouns remain unchanged in the plural:
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Craft, cod, deer, fish, Japanese, means, plaice, salmon, sheep, squid, species, series, spacecraft, trout Some nouns are only plural: earnings, goods, groceries, greens (vegetables), lodgings, oats, odds (chances), outskirts, people, police, premises (building), regards, remains, riches, savings, surroundings, thanks, etc. b. garments, tools and instruments consisting of two parts: binoculars, compasses, glasses, jeans, pants, pliers, pyjamas, scales, scissors, spectacles, trousers, etc. collective nouns can take either a singular or a plural verb, according top the meaning. The staff were not in agreement with the new rules. (We refer to the individual members) The staff of the school consists of fifty people. (We refer to the group as a unit) Some collective nouns are: audience, choir, class, clergy, club, committee, company, crew, crowd, family, firm, government, jury, orchestra, public, team, union, youth, etc. Some nouns have different meanings when turned into plural: Air (atmosphere)-airs (behaviour) Cloth (a piece of material)-clothes (garments) Compass (a magnetic compass)-compasses (an instrument for drawing circles) Content (what is written or spoken about in a piece of writing, speech)contents (the things contained in a box, place, etc.) Custom (a traditional event)-customs (the government department which collects taxes on imported goods) a. arms (weapons), belongings, cattle, clothes, congratulations,
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Damage(harm done to something)-damages (monetary compensation) Experience (gaining knowledge or skill over a period)-experiences (activities/events one has done/lived through) Fund (a sum of money saved for a purpose)-funds (money) Glass (a drinking receptacle)-glasses (spectacles) Hair (the hairy part of the head)-hairs (fine strands growing from the skin) Look (a style, an expression)-looks (a persons appearance) Manner (a way in which something is done)-manners (social behaviour; customs) Minute (sixty seconds)-minutes (notes taken as a record of a meeting) Relation (a connection)-relations (members of the same family) Scale (the relative size of something)-scales (an instrument for weighing) Spectacle (an object of attention)-spectacles (glasses; also specs) Spirit (a persons soul or mind; a magical creature)-spirits (a persons feelings; a strong alcoholic drink) Wood (the hard material trees are made of)-woods (small forests) Work (employment)-works (the moving parts of a machine; a place of manufacturing processes) Note: Some of the above nouns have their own regular plurals: minute/minutes Compound nouns form their plural by adding s/-es: by b. to the second noun if the compound consists of two nouns: cupboard cupboards c. to the first noun if the compound consists of two nouns connected with a preposition: mother-in-law mothers-in-law a. to the noun if the compound has only one noun: passer-by passers-
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d. at the end of the compound if it does not contain any nouns: breakdown breakdowns
1. Complete this newspaper article. Choose the correct singular or plural form in the brackets: Clayton Factory for Milchester The Clayton Clothing Company is going to build a new factory in Milchester. (This/These) (new/news) (was/were) announced by company chairman Mr David Clayton yesterday. Mr Clayton spent the morning in Milchester before returning to the Clayton headquarters at Granby. The Clayton company (has/have) been in existence for 130 years and (is/are) famous for its Polymode (good/goods) The slogans Youre never alone with a pair of Polymode (trouser/trousers) and Polymode (jean/jeans) (is/are) the (one/ones) for you are well known. The companys profit last year of two million pounds (was/were) the highest in the clothing business. Mr Clayton will not say how (much/many) new (job/jobs) there will be, but the (information/informations) that there will be (work/works) (is/are) hard to find at the moment, and 2,000 unemployed people (is/are) a high figure for a small town. 2. Make the nouns in these sentences plural. Make all other changes which are necessary: a. This child is a naughty one. b. That phenomenon was interpreted by the geologists. c. I need to buy some kerosene for my stove. d. When I entered the room, he was taking a book from the shelf. e. Where have you put that box?
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_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Select the form you consider appropriate in each of the following sentences: a. His (brother-in-laws /brothers-in-law) have committed several crimes. b. Three (basketful /basketfuls) of oranges have been gathered so far. c. (Ninety-year-olds /ninety-years-old) dont need to use (toothbrushes /teethbrushes). d. They keep talking about the legend of (men-eaters /man-eaters). e. The (women doctors /woman doctors) I met there are professionals. f. Milk has lots of (by-products /bys-products). g. George didnt count his (footsteps /feetsteps) from the station to the library because he considered it useless. h. I dont like (two-hour-walks /two-hours-walks). i. (Mothers-in-laws /mothers-in-law) are considered by some men real shrews. j. The (commander-in-chiefs /commanders-in chief) decided to surrender. 4. Fill in the correct plural for the words in brackets: a. Mars and Venus revolve on their (axis) like the Earth. b. It can be hilarious if translators make mistakes in their (analysis). c. (Oasis) save sometimes Bedouins lives. d. A great deal of (datum) was stolen from our computers. e. All grammar books contain (index). f. Jack will send some (memorandum) to the President. g. He doesnt like spending his time playing with mathematical (formula).
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h. Ten (addendum) had been proposed before they arrived. i. He knows almost all (genus) of animals. j. You have to finish your (thesis) before the first of July. k. As a President, he had to face many international (crisis). l. The (criterion) of success must be found through experience.
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Unit 9
Gender of Nouns Countable/Uncountable Nouns Synthetical/ Analytical/ Double Genitive
Reading
Read the following fragment from Chapter 2 (The Glorious Whitewasher) of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain. Underline the nouns and divide them into concrete, abstract, proper and common nouns: SATURDAY MORNING was come, and all the summer world was bright and fresh, and brimming with life. There was a song in every heart; and if the heart was young the music issued at the lips. There was cheer in every face and a spring in every step. The locust trees were in bloom and the fragrance of the blossoms filled the air. Cardiff Hill, beyond the village and above it, was green with vegetation, and it lay just far enough away to seem a Delectable Land, dreamy, reposeful, and inviting. Tom appeared on the sidewalk with a bucket of whitewash and a longhandled brush. He surveyed the fence, and all gladness left him and a deep melancholy settled down upon his spirit. Thirty yards of board fence, nine feet high. Life to him seemed hollow, and existence but a burden. Sighing, he dipped his brush and passed it along the topmost plank; repeated the operation; did it again; compared the insignificant whitewashed streak with the farreaching continent of unwhite washed fence, and sat down on a tree-box discouraged. Jim came skipping out at the gate with a tin pail, and singing
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Buffalo Gals. Bringing water from the town pump had always been hateful work in Toms eyes, before, but now it did not strike him so. He remembered that there was company at the pump. White, mulatto, and negro boys and girls were always there waiting their turns, resting, trading playthings, quarreling, fighting, skylarking. And he remembered that although the pump was only a hundred and fifty yards off, Jim never got back with a bucket of water under an hour- and even then somebody generally had to go after him. Tom said: Say, Jim, Ill fetch the water if youll whitewash some. Jim shook his head and said: Cant, Mars Tom. Ole missis, she tole me I got to go an git dis water an not stop foolin roun wid anybody. She say she spec Mars Tom gwine to ax me to whitewash, an she tole me go long an tend to my own businessshe lowed shed tend to de whitewashin. O, never you mind what she said, Jim. Thats the way she always talks. Gimme the bucket- I wont be gone only a minute. She wont ever know.
Ways with Words

1. Try to translate Jims speech. It is very hard to understand what he is saying due to the fact that first of all he speaks American English, and he is highly uneducated, so he cant speak grammatically correct Learn some Americanisms which you might need when you hear spoken American English. The following are expressions typical of North American English. They are used only in informal speech: He's gonna wait here. They wanna come at five. I gotta go now. I otta be there at noon. = = = = He is going to wait here. They want to come at five. I have got to go now. I ought to be there at noon.
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He ain't * at home. Americanisms.
He is not at home.
* Ain't means am not, isn't, aren't. It is less frequently used than the other 2. In the sentence: There was a song in every heart, the preposition in introduces an Adverbial of place. Now lets learn some expressions containing the preposition in: in all probability = dup toate probabilitile; in all together = n total; in the beginning = la nceput; in contrast to/with = n contrast cu; in common with = n comun cu; in itself = n sine; in order to/ that = ca s, pentru ca; in particular = n special; in the place of/ in lieu of = n loc de; in practice = n principiu; in progress = n curs de; in print = tiprit; in return for = n schimbul a; in quantity = n cantitate; in search of = n cutare de; in spite of = n ciuda faptului c; in such a manner = n aa mod; in sum = pe scurt, n dou vorbe; in that = n aceea c; in token of = n semn de, ca dovad; in turn = cu rndul; to be interested in = a fi interesat de; to result in = a avea ca rezultat;
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to succeed in (+doing sth.) = a avea succes n; a reui n.(e.g. She succeeded in passing the exam). Now practice these expressions in sentences of your own. 3. Look for the preposition at in the text. Now learn some expressions containing the preposition at: at best = n cel mai bun caz; at a disadvantage = n dezavantaj; at ease = linitit, pe ndelete; at full load = cu sarcin plin/ total; at intervals = la intervale, intermitent; at liberty = fr restricii, liber; at most = cel mult; at once = imediat; at request = la cerere; at right angle = la unghi drept; at stake = n joc; Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own.
Grammar Reference
The Noun
There are four kinds of nouns in English: abstract nouns (love, freedom thought); common/concrete nouns (book, table); collective nouns (family, herd); proper nouns (Greg, London).
Gender
Masculine: men and boys (he) Feminine: women, girls, cars, ships, countries (she)
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Neuter: babies, animals, things (it) Notes: - Babies and animals are referred to as male or female when we know their sex. - Cars, ships and countries are sometimes referred to as female but the neuter is more common in modern English. Most common nouns referring to people have the same form whether male or female: teacher (man or woman), doctor, etc. Some common nouns referring to people have different forms for male and female: Actor actress Barman barmaid Bachelor spinster Boy girl Bridegroom bride Duke duchess Emperor empress Father mother gentleman lady heir heiress husband wife hero heroine host hostess monk nun nephew niece prince princess policeman policewoman steward stewardess son daughter uncle aunt widower widow waiter waitress
Some common nouns referring to animals have different forms for male and female: cock hen gander goose lion lioness tiger tigress stag doe stallion mare
Bull cow Drake duck Dog bitch
Countable/uncountable nouns
Countable nouns are those which can be counted: one book, two books, three books. Countable nouns can be singular or plural: This cup is empty. These cups are full.
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Uncountable nouns are those which cannot be counted. Uncountable nouns can only be singular: The water is cold. The weather is fine. The coal has a good quality. They take a singular verb and are not used with a/an. The words some, any, no, (a) little, much, plenty of etc can be used with uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns are: Names of substances (materials, liquids, gases. etc): leather, paper, wood, metal, silver, water, coffee, bread, meat, butter, wine, flour Activities and sports: running, swimming, shopping, gardening, football, tennis Games ending in s: billiards, darts, bowls, dominos etc Diseases ending in s: mumps, rickets Names of subjects: history, mathematics, music, physics Languages: Russian, Greek, German, English Abstract nouns: love, hope, advice, information, intelligence, beauty, hunger, poverty Collective nouns: furniture, luggage, equipment, accommodation, traffic
Nouns which may be uncountable or countable

Some nouns are uncountable when we talk about the substance, material or abstract concept but countable when we talk about one specific item. Chicken/a chicken, stone/a stone, hope/ a hope, education/an education Some nouns which are usually uncountable can be countable when we refer to a particular variety. Wine/an excellent wine, fruit/ a very sweet fruit In informal English, drinks and some types of food which are normally uncountable can be counted, particularly when we are making an order in a restaurant Many uncountable nouns can be made countable by means of partitives:
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a piece of cake/information/baggage/advice/furniture/work/equipment; a glass of water/beer/wine; a jar of jam; a sheet of paper; an item of news; a drop of water/oil; a box of chocolates; a metre of cloth; a packet of biscuits; a pound of flour; a puff of smoke a strip/acre of land a grain of sand a set of cutlery an attack of fever a piece of music a slice of bread a loaf of bread a pot of tea a cup of tea a lump of sugar a game of chess a kilo of meat a bottle of wine a whiff of garlic a beam of light a pile of rubbish a stack of hay a word of advice a wink of sleep a tube of toothpaste a bar of soap/chocolate a blade of grass a flash of lightning a clap of thunder a cube of ice a roast of meat a pint of beer a gust of wind a breath of fresh air an article of clothing a ball of string a roar of laughter a feat of passion
a state of emergency a stroke of luck
The Genitive/Possessive Case

Form: o The S Genitive/the Synthetical Genitive: the boys hat, the boys hat o The OF Genitive/the Analytical Genitive: the director of the museum o Double Genitive: a work of Miltons 1. The Inflected/Synthetical Genitive (the S Genitive) Form: s is used with singular and plural nouns not ending in s: a mans job, mens work, the butchers (shop), a childs voice, the childrens room
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A simple apostrophe () is used with plural nouns ending in s: the girls school, the Smiths car Other names ending in s can take s or the apostrophe alone: Mr Joness/ Mr Jones house With compounds, the last word takes the s: my brother-in-laws guitar s can only be used after initials: the MPs briefcase, the VIPs escort s is omitted in the phrase for sake: for goodness sake s is often added to a noun phrase (the group genitive): the Duke of Yorks eldest son
If joint possession is intended, the apostrophe is placed on the last element: Tom and Marys baby Individual possession requires an apostrophe with each element of the series: Americas and Englands problems. The local genitive is used to denote institutions of various kinds (restaurants, churches, theatres, etc), a home, a shop: at Joes, at the chemists, at my parents (home) The synthetical genitive (s genitive) is used after: nouns denoting people or other beings (animate nouns): Johns lecture, my parents advice, the horses neck, the dogs bark nouns denoting measurement, time, space, quantity, size, distance, weight: a two months practice, yesterdays newspaper in expressions of money + worth: ten dollars worth of sugar collective nouns: the governments decisions, the Parliaments laws geographical names, vehicles, natural phenomena, etc.: Englands mountains, the spaceships crew, the afternoons heat. names of seasons, months, days: a winters day/a winter day
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some expressions (these have an alternative with of): the waters edge, at his journeys end, the waters surface, for charitys sake some other expressions (they do not have an alternative with of): at arms length, within arms reach, at a stones throw, their moneys worth
some idiomatic expressions: to ones hearts content, to my minds eye, to a hairs breadth, at ones wits end, a birds eye view
2. The OF Genitive Form: It is formed by means of a noun which is preceded by the preposition of: the cover of the book. It is mainly used with inanimate nouns Usage: In titles and formal speech or written text: the Poetical Works of Alfred Tennyson, the welfare of the people If a genitive governs another genitive, the former is expressed by the of- phrase: the house of my sisters neighbour With nouns coming from adjectives: the contempt of the rich When the governing noun is modified by a long phrase or clause: the intelligence of the woman across the street 3. The Double Genitive Form: It is made up of the inflected genitive (s) and the of genitive: a nephew of Queen Marys, lyrics of Hugos, two friends of Jacks Compare: A portrait of Dali (one portraying him) a portrait of Dalis (one painted by or belonging to him)
Controlled Practice
1. Translate into English:
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a. Inventatorul telefonului este Graham Bell b. S-au fcut progrese semnificative n medicin i s-au descoperit medicamente mpotriva cancerului . c. El folosete multe maini-unelte produse in Franta d. Doi prieteni de-ai lui John i-au fcut o surpriz de ziua lui. e. Tatl studentului a venit la universitate s vorbeasc cu profesorul de chimie.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. Translate into English, taking into account the form of uncountable nouns: a. Aceasta este o mobil prea veche pentru gustul nostru. b. Orice informaie despre jaful de la banc este vital. c. Nu mai am strop de energie ca s urc i panta aceasta. d. Un fulger urmat de un tunet asurzitor i-au speriat pe copii. e. Alaltieri am cumprat cinci spunuri i astzi nu gsesc nici unul. f. Bagajul meu se afl ntre cele dou doamne grase. g. Mi-a dat un sfat foarte important: s nu mnnc pine dup miezul nopii. h. I-am rugat s ne cumpere patru pini de Extrapan. i. A but trei cafele i l-a apucat ameeala. j. Povestea din rzboi cu o pasiune extraordinar.
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Match: a bunch of a bundle of a fleet of a cluster of a clump of a flight of a string of a crate of a pack of a bouquet of a burst of an attack of a hint of an ounce of a stroke of a wink of a feat of a term of a word of a state of 4. Use the correct form of the verb: a. The audience (is, are) asked to pay attention to the speech. b. My family (has, have) been living in that chalet for years. c. The majority (was, were) against the war. d. That team (is, are) all children. e. Mathematics (was, were) my favourite subject. f. Politics (is, are) a matter of no interest to me. beads stars beer rags grapes trees taxis flowers stairs cards energy laughter abuse trouble fever luck sleep endurance imprisonment emergency
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g. The police (has, have) been chasing the thieves for weeks. h. The audience (has, have) just come back and (is, are) taking (its, their) seats. i. Your heroics (was, were) useless in that situation. 5. Put into the possessive and carry out any necessary changes in the wordings of the sentences: a. Mary, the daughter of the baker, is my best friend. b. I have done that for the sake of my cousin George. c. During the holiday of three weeks of their friends, the children had to go to the mountains. d. The novels of Dickens and Hardy are very often read nowadays. e. The nephew of Chris and Liz is very smart. f. She took the coat of somebody else. g. There is a magazine belonging to Mr. Smith in almost every country. h. There was a great variety of cars for the disabled in the fair. i. The speech of the President was received with applause. j. Cotroceni Palace is the residence of the President of Romania.
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6. Rewrite the following sentences using the underlined words in the possessive case. Make any other necessary changes in the wordings of the sentences: a. The jam I bought weighed half a kilogram. b. Mike bought some flowers costing a dollar. c. The highway to the next city was ninety kilometres. d. The movie lasted three hours. e. They granted them an interview lasting half an hour. f. His mother bought some books which cost ten pounds. g. I have seen a building of 450 metres in the city of Atlanta. h. The man on the street weighs 250 kilograms. i. It was a journey of ten days.
______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 7. Supply the correct collective nouns. Choose from the following: bevy, bunch, swarm, row, fleet, pack, colony, clump, board: a. My cousin was bitten by a of bees. b. She ate a of grapes in two minutes. c. Although the forest caught fire, some of trees were still untouched. d. A .. of buildings was destroyed by the earthquake. e. The teacher told them that wolves attack in .
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f. George bought Mary a box of chocolates and a of flowers on her birthday. g. The . of managers decided to buy the product. h. A of ships had been sent to rescue the survivors. i. A of termites was eating my furniture. j. A . of boys was laughing at the clown. 8. Put in the missing partitive: stretch, acre, sip, spell, scrap, pinch, bowl, drop(2), litre, lock, hint, metre, beam, gust. a. You should add a of salt and mix the ingredients. b. A of cloth is not enough to make the dress you have dreamt of. c. She wrote the address on a of paper. d. This morning a . of wind broke two windows of my house. e. My neighbours send for the police at the slightest .. of trouble. f. They would like a of pineapple juice. g. George has never drunk beer so he tried a . of mine. h. They will open a new .. of road between Tokyo and Osaka. i. A of light from your candle was enough to find the lost ring. j. A . of soup will help you get rid of your nausea. k. They went inside as they had felt a . of rain. l. That . of land is very rich in oil. m. The painting needs a . of green here and it will be perfect. n. The killer cut a .. of hair of the victim to have a souvenir. o. Theyve had of good weather so far. 9. Translate into English: a. Divorul copiilor vecinilor notri va avea loc luna viitoare.
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b. Spune-i domnului Cole, amantul prietenei vrului meu, c dac l prind i rup oasele! c. Casa cea nou a administratorului parcului naional al oraului nostru are cel puin treizeci de camere. d. Am putea s ne ntlnim la coal, nu avem de mers mai mult de 15 minute pn la aeroport. e. Are 93 de ani i la vrsta ei o cltorie de 12 ore cu trenul este sinucidere curat. f. O turm de oi mi-a invadat curtea; fii atent, turma ta se mprtie n toate direciile! g. Face bagajele de cel puin patru ore; dac ea avea un singur bagaj nu dura att de mult. h. Trebuie s aflm toate informaiile necesare; fiecare informaie este vital. i. Piesa noastr de mobilier este foarte modern, dar mobila de dinainte de rzboi era de mare clas.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 10. Write a before the nouns which are used as countable nouns: a. I am lucky to have had very good education. Education does not just take place at school.
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b. Beauty is my favourite concern. Mary is real beauty. c. His eyes are not very sensitive to light. Is there light in Mikes room? d. Tom has proved of great help to me. I have to call my family because I desperately need help. e. I dont usually drink tea. Ill have two cappuccinos and whisky, please. f. He has great love of art. Sometimes love can solve all the problems. g. You cant get a job without experience. Im so glad I read it: it was wonderful experience. h. The statue is built of marble. That is beautiful stone. i. Fear is a protective, natural human feeling. He has terrible fear of snakes. j. You were so hungry that you ate whole turkey. I like red meat but I dont eat pork. k. John thinks thats really beautiful painting. Painting can be a really relaxing activity. l. I usually eat fruit for dinner. Thats very unusual fruit. What is it? m. This meal has potato in it. Would you like baked potato? 11. Choose the right word from the brackets: a. The scissors (was/were) on the table a few minutes ago. b. His luggage (was/were) found without much effort. c. A (little/few) knowledge (is/are) as dangerous as having none. d. (much./many) women on the boat (was/were) getting seasick from the waves. e. There (is/are) several means of reaching the chalet on daylight. f. Billiards (is/are) a very interesting game. g. The news printed in that magazine (is/are) always accurate.
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h. We should buy (much/many) furniture; there (isnt/arent) (much/many) chairs and tables here. i. How (much/many) information do you need to get it done? j. You gave me (much/many) ideas about the job but very (little/few) advice. 12. Fill in the blanks with one of the following words: bar, bit, item, piece, slice: a. He wanted to buy a of chocolate but the shop was closed. b. There are three outrageous of news in todays paper. c. I cut several of bread for my kid sister. d. They will buy a new of furniture for their bedroom. e. We are allowed to take four of luggage in our trip. f. With a of luck you can still catch the train. g. You cant eat that of cold beef left because it is off. h. This is a of good advice, you should take it into consideration. 13. Use either the analytical or the synthetical genitive with the nouns in brackets: a. They painted only one (wall, their room). b. The (neighbours, friends) were invited to the party. c. Do you know the (Moon, distance) from the Sun? d. We are amazed by (that girl, lies). e. The Amazonian jungle is one of the (world, natural wonders). f. Your business depends on his (country, future). g. When they got to the (bottom, the stairs) they realized that was not their house. h. Ill never forget (Helen, words). i. Have you read (today, newspaper)?
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j. Father is trying to fix the (leg, chair). 14. Fill in the blanks with nouns derived from the words in brackets: a. He is a fantastic (basketball), but also a good volley (play). b. We were able to give a satisfactory (explain) for our (behave). c. Children have a great deal of (curios). d. The (begin) of the book was boring, but the (end) was more exciting. e. There is a great (differ) between to remind and to remember. f. She will give the detective a detailed (describe) of the thief. g. (Visit) are requested to sign their names in the book. h. The (advertise) will have to be published in the morning paper.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 15. In the following fragment, articles are missing. Put in a/ an / the as appropriate: I remember in dim and distant past my children being obsessed by man called Bob Dylan. I have no idea if hes still alive, but impact he had in sixties and seventies was huge. I remember one song called Blowing in Wind; my son hes in his fifties now sang it all day and all night, month in and month out, for several years. And it was so silly: How many times must man look up before he can see sky? I mean, question like that cant be taken seriously, can it? And, How many times must white dove fly before it sleeps in sand? And then answer to profound questions: Answer, my friend, is blowing in wind. Generation after mine didnt know what life was
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all about, did they? We did, of course. Very thought of you. Just way you look tonight. Night they invented champagne. They were real songs. But what came next? How many years can mountain exist before it is washed to sea? And there was whole generation singing alone to song. Funny world we live in, I say its funny world we live in.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 16. Put one of the nouns in each of the sentences. dislikes, travels, authorities, matters, heavens, hopes, expenses, means, sights, terms, sands, feelings, odds, interests, talks, basics, arms, movements a. The Blue Killer was never arrested and was never handed over to the (). b. The () opened and, we didnt have any umbrellas, so we got soaked. c. The actor thinks he can win the award but we suspect the () are against him. d. What is the purpose of your going to Hawaii? Well, just to see the (). e. Theres no need for us to discuss the () of this marriage, I suppose. f. Dont be rude! What about her (), cant you imagine you hurt her? g. Civilians are forbidden to carry () during peacetime.
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h. Peace () in Palestine are meant to put an end to the guerrilla fights. i. I suppose they wont claim travel () for their voyage to the island of Crete! j. My bosss likes and () shouldnt be of any interest to the employees. k. Im warning you, if you keep teasing my daughter, start considering yourself on shifting (). l. Jack trusts his aunt, he tells her all his () and fears. m. Hes up and about, isnt he? I hear that he is off on his () again. n. Have you found out what our enemies () are over the following days? o. Im sure the gangsters discussed a range of important () since the Godfather was present. p. Well have to get back to () to understand the grammar of the English language. q. Try as I might, I wont find any () of transport at this hour of the night. r. In the () of the citizens, could you answer these questions, Mr. Mayor? 17. Write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, using the word given. This word must not be altered in any way. a. All the money they managed to earn was spent on clothes. (proceeds) b. She wasnt as innocent as it seemed to be. (means) c. George got on very well with his father-in-law. (terms) d. Theres little chance of raining this week. (odds) e. Parents dont agree with their childrens liberal ideas. (eye) f. They play football, even if its snowing, raining or extreme cold. (weathers) g. I dont think John is planning to buy that expensive house. (designs) h. It will be best for her to help them right now. (interests) i. Once the causes of Mikes death are made public, the policemen will arrest the suspects. (open)
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j. She is convinced her daughter is going to be as successful as herself. (high) ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________
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Unit 10
Prepositions Compound Prepositions Place of Prepositions in the Sentence Problematic Prepositions of Time and Space
Reading
Read the following fragment from Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence. Pay attention to the use of preposition in English. In what way are prepositions different in Romanian? Try to see when the use of the English prepositions is different from the use in Romanian: She hurried out of the side garden to the front, where she could stand as if in an immense gulf of white light, the moon streaming high in face of her, the moonlight standing up from the hills in front, and filling the valley where the Bottoms crouched, almost blindingly. There, panting and half weeping in reaction from the stress, she murmured to herself over and over again: The nuisance! the nuisance! She became aware of something about her. With an effort she roused herself to see what it was that penetrated her consciousness. The tall white lilies were reeling in the moonlight, and the air was charged with their perfume, as with a presence. Mrs. Morel gasped slightly in fear. She touched the big, pallid flowers on their petals, then shivered. They seemed to be stretching in the moonlight. She put her hand into one white bin: the gold scarcely showed on her fingers by moonlight. She bent down to look at the binful of yellow pollen;
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but it only appeared dusky. Then she drank a deep draught of the scent. It almost made her dizzy. Mrs. Morel leaned on the garden gate, looking out, and she lost herself awhile. She did not know what she thought. Except for a slight feeling of sickness, and her consciousness in the child, herself melted out like scent into the shiny, pale air. After a time the child, too, melted with her in the mixing-pot of moonlight, and she rested with the hills and lilies and houses, all swum together in a kind of swoon.
Ways with Words

1. How many times does the preposition on appear in the text? Learn some expressions containing this preposition. to be on duty = a fi de serviciu; on account of = pe baza, din cauz c, lund n consideraie c; on and on = fr ntrerupere, la nesfrit; and so on = i aa mai departe; on this ground = din acest motiv; to turn on/ to switch on (the light, the radio, etc.) = a deschide/ a aprinde (lumina, radioul,etc.); on this assumption = pe baza acestei presupuneri; on the basis of = pe baza; on behalf of sb. = n numele cuiva, din partea cuiva; on the contrary = din contr; on a large/small scale = pe scar mare/mic; on record = cunoscut; on the score of = ca rezultat; on the verge of = pe punctul de, pe cale, n pragul; on the whole = n general, n ntregime; on demand = la cerere;
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on condition that = cu condiia; on purpose = dinadins, intenionat; on principle = din principiu; on the first attempt = la prima ncercare; on a sudden = brusc, deodat, pe neateptate; on trial = de prob. Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own. 2. How do you translate: She hurried out of the side garden to the front []? Now learn some expressions containing the preposition to. to advantage = cu profit/ folos; to the best of ones power/ ability = dup puterea/ capacitatea cuiva; to cut the matter short = pe scurt; to date = la zi; to the dot (of an i) = pn n cele mai mici amnunte; to this effect = n acest scop; to a fraction = pn la milimetru; to and fro = nainte i napoi, ici i colo; to hand = la ndemn; to little purpose = cu puin efect, mai degeaba; to my knowledge = dup cte tiu; to ones mind = dup prerea cuiva; to the letter = ntocmai, ad litteram; to the utmost = (pn) la maximum, n cea mai mare msur; to the very moment = chiar pn n clipa; short and to the point = scurt i la obiect Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own.
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Grammar Reference
Prepositions
Prepositions are connecting words that show relationships between words in a sentence. A preposition followed by a complement (object) forms a prepositional phrase. Nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, gerunds or noun clauses can be complements (objects) of prepositions. Note that in English, prepositions usually precede their objects: Put it on the chair and leave! Look at him. Because of you, I can't get any work done. After telling the whole story, he disappeared. Types of prepositions, according to form: a. Simple: about, above across, after, against, along, amid, among, anent, around, at, athwart; before, behind, below, beneath, besides, between, betwixt, beyond, but, by; concerning, considering; down, during; except, excepting; failing, for, from; in; near, notwithstanding; of, off, on, over; past, pending, per; regarding, respecting, round; save, saving, since; through, till, to, touching, towards; under, until, up; via; with b. Compound: alongside, into, inside, onto, outside, throughout, upon, underneath, within, without. c. Complex: according to, along with, as far as, as for, as to, because of, down to, except for, from among, from inside, from under, in between, instead of, out of, over against, round about, up against, up to. d. Prepositional Phrases:
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ahead of, apart from, as a result of, at the back of, by dint of, by means of, by reason of, by the side of, by way of, caused by, due to, for fear of, for the sake of, in aid of, in behalf of, in case of, in consequence of, in default of, in front of, in honour of, in lieu of, in place of, in praise of, in prospect of, in reward of, in spite of, in view of, in want of, in the event of, in the middle of, in the name of, in the place of, in addition to, in answer to, in obedience to, in opposition to, in order to, in regard to, in accordance with, in common with, in comparison with, in company with, in connection with, in keeping with, next to, on account of, owing to, prior to, thanks to, with reference to, with regard to, with relation to, with respect to, with a view to. (see also Appendix 2, page 309)
Prepositions in Phrasal Verbs

When certain verbs and prepositions are combined, the unit acquires a new meaning. These verb-preposition combinations have several names: twopart verbs, phrasal verbs, and verb idioms. The verb-preposition phrase is listed together in the dictionary with its own meaning. She was brought up in the suburbs. (was raised)
Place of Prepositions in the Sentence

A preposition usually precedes its object: I am voting for him. We are talking about this novel. In interrogative sentences and subordinate clauses, the preposition may be at the end of the sentence, separated from its object. Compare the following sentences: Whom are you voting for? For whom are you voting? This is a book (which) we were talking about. This is a book about which we were talking.
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The first sentence in each pair is common in informal speech. In formal writing and business communications, keep the preposition and object together.
Prepositions of Time
In the morning/ afternoon/ evening; January, February, etc.; summer, winter, etc.; 1988; the 1930s; two weeks; two weeks time; your free (spare) time; good/ bad weather At six o clock, etc.; midnight; Easter/ Christmas; the weekend; the moment On Saturday, Monday, etc.; Tuesday morning, etc.; 11-th January, etc. For seven minutes, etc.; a long time; ages Since June, 25-th, etc.; my last birthday; I came here During* the film; the class; the war; my holidays; summer _____________________________________________________________ * In a sentence containing a subject and a verb, during is replaced by while: While I was coming to you...
Problematic Prepositions of Movement and Place

Movement Place to at used with verbs of movement: go, not used come, etc., even when meaning is different: She goes to house. university. into/out of in (=contained by/ inside) used with changes of place: She used with towns: I arrived in walked out of the shop. London. But: I arrived at London Airport. (=place) across (=from one side to the by (=at the side of) other: She went across the
with
verbs
of
the movement: I arrived at the
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promenade.) towards (=in the direction of: Im going towards Cluj.) Verbs with Obligatory Preposition: ABOUT: argue, complain, doubt, fret, grieve, know, say, see, set, speak, talk, tell, think, worry, write. AFTER: aspire, crave, hanker, hunger, hunt, look, take, yearn. AGAINST: clamour, defend, exclaim, fight, guard, indemnify, insure, murmur, mutter, protect, revolt, thunder, warn. AT: aim, assess, buy/sell (sth) at a price, call, drive, fire a shot, gaze, glance, knock, laugh, mock, point, puff, rage, rejoice, repine, rush, shoot, smile, sneer, stay, strike, throw, work. BY: begin, buy / sell (sth) by the pound etc, divide, finish, pass, profit, pull, swear, walk. FOR: account, answer, ask, atone, bargain, call, care, cry, die, do, fall, fish, hope, lament, languish, leave, long, look, last, pay, pine, prepare, reach, sail, search, send, sigh, stand, start, strive, take, wait, wish. FROM: absolve, banish, borrow, cry, derive, descent, differ, differentiate, distinguish, ensue, exact, excerpt, expect, extricate, flee, learn, manufacture, obtain, purchase, purge, receive, recover, refrain, select, spring, suffer, withdraw. IN:
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abound, believe, confide, consist, deal, employ (sb), entangle, hammer, insert, interfere, paint, succeed, write. INTO: alter, break, change, divide, look, merge, pitch, put, thrust, turn. OF: accuse, acquit, allow, approve, avail (oneself), become, beware, complain, consist, cure, deprive, die, disapprove, dispose, doubt, dream, hear, learn, relieve, remind, speak, suspect, talk, think. ON: act, agree, bet, comment, concentrate, congratulate, count, depend, embark, gloat, inculcate, insist, jar, operate, rely, stumble, tattle, tell. OVER: brood, cry, exult, muse, quarrel, rule, ruminate. TO: adapt, adhere, adjust, agree, allude, amount, announce, apologise, appeal, aspire, attach, attend, attest, belong, cling, come, compare, complain, consent, correspond, drink, entitle, explain, give, go, help (oneself), lead, listen, nod, object, oppose, point, prove, refer, reply, resort, respond, return, seem, set (to work), speak, stick, subscribe, succeed, take, tend. WITH: agree, combine, compare, comply, connect, contend, contrast, correspond, deal, differ, disagree, do, fight, interfere, intermeddle, join, meet (~hardships), mingle, quarrel, quiver, reconcile, rhyme, shiver, side, sympathize, talk, tremble, trifle, vie. UPON: act, bear, call, chance, depend, enter, fall, fix, force, frown, impose, insist, look, play (~ones feelings), rest, smile (about fate), trample. Adjectives with Obligatory Preposition:
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Addicted to, adequate for (smth.), adequate to (smb.), adverse to, affected by, amazed at, ambitious after, annoyed at, anxious about (smth.), anxious for (smb.), appalled by, apprehensive of (i.e. worried about), apt for, ashamed of, astonished at, averse to, bad at, beneficial to, bent on, busy with, capabale of, certain of, charmed at (smth.), charmed with (smb.), clever at (mathematics), compatible with, concerned about /with, concerned for (smb), connected with, consistent with, contended with, convenient for (smth.) convenient to (smb.), crazy about, cruel to, deficient in (smth.), delighted at, derogatory to, devoid of, dexterous at, diffident in, disappointed at, disgusted by (smth.), disgusted with (smb.), displeased at, dissatisfied with, doubtful of (smb.), dying for, eager for/about, earnest about, enraged by, essential for, excited at/over, fit for, frightened at, full of, good at, greedy of, hostile to (smb.), hungry for, identical to/with, ignorant of, immersed in (debts), immune against, immune from, impolite to, inadequate for smth/to smb, incensed at/with, inclined to /for, inconceivable to, independent of smb, indignant at/with, infatuate with, intent on, irritated at, offended at, opposite from, parallel to, paralyzed with, partial to, particular about, pleased at smth, prepared for, proficient in, prone to, resolved on, rude to, secure of, skillful at/in, slow at, solicitous about, sorry about smth, sorry for smb, subject to, suffering from, sufficient for, suited to, sure about smth, sure of smb, sympathetic to, tired with, true to, unfit for, unjust to, vexed at smth, vexed with smb
Controlled Practice
1. Supply the right preposition: a. She is very fond ... children. b. The new teacher is very patient... us. c. We are leaving to Sinaia ... July, 3-rd.
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d. I was interested ... nuclear Physics. e. What are you afraid ...? f. Im proud ... your success. g. She has never been successful ... anything she has done so far. h. We are going there early ... the morning, yet dont expect us until late ... night. i. The results depended ... the recent discovery. j. A paleontologist is a person who has specialized ... paleontology. 2. Complete each sentence with the appropriate preposition: a. I shut the door but left my key ..... it. b. He strolled carelessly .. the road. c. They arrived late .. the station. d. She ran all the way .. the shop. e. I went .. Paris last year. f. I met her .. the rock concert. g. The baby crawled .. the kitchen. h. Theres a strike .. our factory. i. She has left. She must be .. work. j. The money fell ... my pocket. 3. Put in the missing prepositions: .. a Monday evening ..... September 1931, .. about eight oclock, the ship Voyager sank. The ship had been sailing .. the end of September, when she left London, and was on her way .. England . . Australia. The only survivor was an Englishman called William Batty, who saved himself .. swimming two miles. He spent three years .. an island . the middle of the Indian Ocean.
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The island was quite small, and he could walk ..... the whole of it .. an hour. He climbed .. the one hill and put a flag .... it .. a signal. . night Batty slept .. a cave, where he felt quite .. home .. the day, he often fished ..... a home-made net. He cooked the fish .. a wood fire. Batty stayed .. the island ... almost three years. .. August 1934, a ship was sailing . the island, and the captain saw Battys signal. The sailors found a man .. a long blue coat .. dark hair and a beard, looking rather ..... a gorilla. Batty was soon home, and a few years later he finally arrived in Australia .. air . 4. Choose the nouns in column B which require the prepositions in column A and then translate into Romanian: A in on under at with above out of by without off B work suspicion question joy love fire ones breath fail heart duty
A interest lack ambition
B for in in
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delight advantage influence witness arrangement agreement declaration protection difference damage impatience A busy inferior satisfied advantageous superior mad new afraid excited interested
for between at over of of upon against to on to B to of at to at with to to in about
A run deal talk take
B in with after about
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divide think climb pass rely believe
on about; of by up into for
5. Read through the following and fill in the numbered blanks with a suitable preposition of time. Be careful, however, because in one or two cases no preposition is needed. My parents met (1) the war: (2) August 1943 to be precise. My father was home (3) leave (4) the front, and he decided to spend the first week with his aunt in Liverpool. He hadnt seen her (5) several years, even though she had brought him up (6) his mothers death. Liverpool is not the most beautiful city in the world, but it can be very pleasant (7) summertime, especially early (8) the morning. (9) this particular morning, however, my father was in no mood to enjoy the sunrise over the Mersey. His train left Euston Station (10) time, at midnight, but (11) the time it got to Crewe, it was already three and a half hours (12) schedule. So he was in a bad mood and very tired (13) arrival at Lime Street Station. But something happened (14) minutes of his arrival that changed not only his mood but also his whole life. Feeling thirsty (15) his long journey, he decided to go and have a cup of tea in the station buffet. Typically, it was shut (16) that early hour. A notice on the door read Opening hours (17) 7 a.m. (18) 5.30 p.m. He looked at the station clock: ten (19) seven. The buffet should be open (20) now, he thought. But, knowing station buffets, he realized that he could wait (21) 8 or even 9 oclock before it opened. Suddenly he noticed a pretty girl sitting on a bench. She was pouring some hot liquid from a thermos flask into a cup. Being something of a ladys man, my father (at least this is what my mother
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told me (22) some years later) sat down and said Ive never seen such a pretty girl (23) all my life as you. And I havent had a hot drink (24) last night. If you give me a drink of your tea, Ill marry you and look after you (25) the rest of my life! Believe it or not, she smiled at him, gave him the tea, and well, I wouldnt be here (26) now if the buffet hadnt been shut (27) that fateful day (28) August 1943. 6. Complete the following sentences. Choose a suitable ending from those marked a p. 1. My brother is very conscious the exam 2. He was arrested 3. In Britain, having more than behavior 4. The police charged the man bank 5. Most children are fond to the beach 6. The three men were found guilty 7. Since the weather was so bad, we decided the party 8. He apologised nose 9. Since Mrs Smith is ill, Mr Bond is deputizing circus 10. He didnt want her to go, so he tried to prevent her 11. As hed missed so many lessons, he was discouraged to the dentist 12. She takes great pride l. with murder j. from leaving k. about going i. of going to the h. of his big f. for her today g. into going to e. against going d. for robbing a b. on her work c. for his bad a. from taking
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13. He tried to coax her 14. He complimented her 15. He was always very nervous tonight 16. To tell you the truth, Im not very keen law
m. of fraud n. in her work o. on going out p. against the
7. Each of the words and phrases on the left can be associated with one of the prepositional phrases on the right. Try to match them up correctly. 1. recite a poem 2. Were late! 3. What a mess! 4. very fashionable 5. I cant pay! 6. Youre too young! 7. illegal 8. simultaneous 9. no clothes 10.I havent eaten 11. old-fashioned 12. It really hurts! 13. very early 14. a prisoner 15. Its burning! 16. gradually a. against the law b. at daybreak c. at the same time d. behind schedule e. behind the times f. by degrees g. from memory h. in agony i. in arrears j. behind bars k. in disorder l. in flames m. in the nude n. in vogue o. on an empty stomach p. under age
8. Complete the sentences below with one of the following adjectives plus a preposition.
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addicted, adequate, angry, aware, bad, capable, disqualified, distracted, eligible, expert, full, inspired, involved, jealous, notorious, sympathetic a. Do you think politicians are telling lies? b. Dont ask me to add up the bill. Im really mathematics. c. This piece of music was by Beethovens Moonlight Sonata. d. The flat wasnt very big, but it was perfectly our needs. e. Never become cigarettes! f. Although he wouldnt admit it, everyone could see that he was his wifes success. g. He was the race for taking drugs. h. My neighbour is pruning fruit trees. i. Who else was the crime? the policeman asked the suspect. j. He was nearly 16 before he first became the opposite sex. k. He tried to work but was the noise from the traffic. l. Life is surprises, isnt it? m. Pop groups are smashing up hotel rooms. n. The teacher was her students for not doing their homework. o. Although they said they were our case, they were not prepared to support us officially. p. Only unmarried women are membership. 9. The underlined expressions can be replaced by a time expression based on the word given in CAPITAL LETTERS. Supply the missing prepositions. a. Most of her clothes are no longer fashionable. DATE b. You really make me angry sometimes. TIMES c. I hope to see you all again soon. LONG d. Youll have to make your own bed in future. ON
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e. Now and then we like to spend a weekend in the mountains. TIME f. Autumn is the time when fruit like apples and pears are available. SEASON g. The demonstration occupied the square for several hours until they were eventually driven away by the police. LENGTH h. Wendy said that she would like to dance, and immediately there were twenty young men offering to dance with her. TIME i. Well be in UK, but only briefly. LONG j. Nobody wanted to buy his car, so finally he had to give it away. END k. Our daughter left home three years ago, and we dont know even now what happened to her. DAY l. Please complete the rest of your assignments right away. DELAY m. Your Aunt Kate is using the spare bedroom now. MOMENT n. so youll have to sleep in the garden temporarily. BEING o. I hope to see you next month. Until then, best of luck with your driving test. MEANTIME p. Please be very quiet. There is an examination going on. PROGRESS. 10. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence using the word in CAPITAL LETTERS. We have given you the first word(s) of the new sentence. a. Everyone has heard about the leaning tower of Pisa. FAMOUS Pisa b. This passport can be used inmost countries. VALID This c. They didnt tell anyone they were getting married. SECRET They d. Are you and Jennifer related? RELATIVE
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Is e. Do you want a drink? CARE Would f. I lent my cousin $5. BORROWED My cousin g. A car crashed into a bus this morning. COLLIDED A car h. We didnt think she would pass the exam. DOUBTFUL We i. He found it hard to open the window. DIFFICULTY He . j. Pay no attention to what she says. NOTICE Take h. The painting is worth$30,000. VALUED The i. She doesnt find her present job very interesting. BORED She j. Your car is just like one I used to own. SIMILAR I k. He would never tell you a lie. INCAPABLE He l. When Mary was pregnant, all she wanted to eat was jelly. CRAVING Mary m. My boss seems to enjoy humiliating people. PLEASURE My boss n. I dont usually speak to strange men. HABIT I o. The interview panel thought that Sarah had a very good manner. IMPRESSION
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Sarah p. If you want to understand Yeats s poetry, you need to study Irish history. KEY Irish history q. My best friend is someone I can really trust. CONFIDENCE I r. Henry really knew how to make people laugh. TALENT Henry s. My father says that the moon is made of green cheese. ACCORDING The moon . t. I can recite Wordsworths Prelude without looking at the book. MEMORY I u. We have run out of the items you want. STOCK The items v. The way to get the best out of me is to make me work very hard. PRESSURE I 7. Complete the prepositional phrases below by choosing a word from the following list. Try to make up a sentence using each of the phrases. A. account, addition, common, exchange, favour, odds, regard, respect, the exception, the expense, the sake, virtue a. in for b. in with c. in to d. in of e. at with g. with to h. with of i. for of j. out of for j. on of
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f. at of
k. by of
B. a cost, agreement, aid, answer, behalf, compensation, good terms, means, peace, pity, reference, the accompaniment, the benefit, the compliments, the influence, work a. at on b. at of c. at with d. by of e. for of f. in of g. in with h. in to i. in for j. on of k. on with l. out of for m. to of n. under of o. with to p. with of
8. Complete the sentences below with one of the following nouns plus a preposition. basis, campaign, choice, control, cruelty, excuse, fall, freedom, genius, grudge, knowledge, news, objection, opposite, strain, trouble a. If you had a marrying for love or marrying for money, which would you do? b. What is the timid? Is it bold or brave? c. The African elephant will be extinct within 20 years if an international the ivory trade is not started immediately. d. Do you have any my parking my car in front of your house? e. The chewing gum is that it loses its flavour too quickly. f. I know you have a cold, but thats no not doing your homework.
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g. If you have to deal with overseas clients, a foreign languages is very useful. h. Perhaps the three most important human rights are hunger, fear and persecution. i. In our class, we can do as we like: our teacher has no us at all. j. The RSPCA is concerned with prevention of animals. k. Overweight people should not jog, because it puts a great their hearts. l. Since the salmonella scare, there has been a considerable the consumption of eggs.
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Progress Test 3
1. Which words in column A can combine with words in column B?
a gaggle of a school of a pride of a swarm of a colony of a flock of a pack of a litter of A on with beyond to in by off at under without A tall high B person tree mountain wall building price A heavy strong loud
puppies geese locusts fish hounds birds bees lions B top the left a light heart praise land the mark war doubt earnest such circumstances B music noise traffic smoker wind A Happy Merry B New Year! Anniversary! Christmas! Birthday!
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2. Translate into English: a. A vrea s cltoresc cu Orient- Express-ul. b. Englezii sunt foarte politicoi. c. El a devenit preedintele Franei n 1998. d. Acesta este cea mai bun pies de teatru pe care am vzut-o. e. Tamisa este un ru care trece prin Londra. f. El a ajuns asear i este cazat la Hotelul Hilton. g. Francezii mnnc mai mult pizza dect englezii. h. El merge la coal dimineaa. i. Statele Unite coopereaz cu Marea Britanie. j. Ei au pornit s escaladeze Alpii. k. Pe de o parte nu-mi place grosolnia ta i pe de alt parte mi-am terminat programul. l. Ei s-au simit foarte bine la mare anul trecut. m. El este profesor la universitate. n. Ei i-au dat mna n final i au plecat. o. Unde a avut loc accidentul? Key: a gaggle of geese, a pride of lions, a swarm of bees, a colony of locusts, a flock of birds , a pack of hounds, a litter of puppies, a school of fish. on top, by land, with a light heart, beyond praise, to the left, in earnest, at war, off the mark, under such circumstances, without doubt, a tall person, a tall tree, a high mountain, a high wall, a high building, a high price, loud music, heavy noise, heavy traffic, heavy smoker, strong wind, Happy New Year, Happy Anniversary, Merry Christmas, Happy Birthday. 2.
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a. I wish I travelled by the Orient Express. b. The English are very polite. c. He became (the) President of France in 2000. d. This is the best play I have ever seen. e. The Thames is a river which crosses London. f. He arrived last night and is accommodated at the Hilton. g. The French eat more pizza than the English. h. He goes to school in the morning. i. The United States and The United Kingdom co-operate. j. They set off to climb the Alps. k. On the one hand I dont like your rudeness and on the other my shift is over. l. They had a very good time at the seaside last year. m. He is a teacher at the university. n. They shook hands and left. o. Where did the accident happen?
Score: 1. a. 1 point + 1 point each x9 = 10 points b. 1 point + 1 point each x9 = 10 points c. 1 point + 0,60 point each x15 = 10 points 2. 1 point + 0,60 point each x15 = 10 points Divided by 4 = 10 points
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Unit 11
Adjectives The Order of Adjectives in a Series Comparative and Superlative Adjectives Comparative Sentences
Reading
Consider the uses of modifiers in this paragraph rich in adjectives from Thomas Wolfes Look Homeward, Angel. Adjectives are bold; participles, verb forms acting as adjectives, are underlined. Some people would argue that words that are part of a name like East India Tea house are not really adjectival and that possessive nouns fathers, farmers are not technically adjectives, but weve included them in our analysis of Wolves text. Note that such an abundance of adjectives would be uncommon in contemporary prose. He remembered yet the East India Tea house at the Fair, the sandalwood, the turbans, and the robes, the cool interior and the smell of India tea; and he had felt now the nostalgic thrill of dew-wet mornings in Spring, the cherry scent, the cool clarion earth, the wet loaniness of the garden, the pungent breakfast smells and the floating snow of blossoms. He knew the inchoate sharp excitement of hot dandelions in young earth; in July, of watermelons bedded in sweet hay, inside a farmers covered wagon; of cantaloupe and crated peaches; and the scent of orange rind, bitter-sweet, before a fire of coals. He knew the good male smell of his fathers sittingroom; if the smooth worn leather sofa, with the gaping horse-hair rent; of
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the blistered varnished wood upon the hearth; of the heated calf-skin bindings, of the flat moist plug of apple tobacco, stuck with a red flag; of wood-smoke and burnt leaves in October, of the brown tired autumn earth; of honey-suckle at night; of warm nasturtiums, of a clean ruddy farmer who comes weekly with printed butter eggs, and milk; of fat limp underdone bacon and of coffee; of a bakery-oven in the wind; of large deep-hued stringbeans smoking-hot and seasoned well with salt and butter; of a room of old pine boards in which books and carpets have been stored, long closed; of Concord grapes in their long white baskets.
Ways with Words

1. An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another. For example, the opposite of short is long, the opposite of old is young. Try to find the antonyms of the adjectives in the text. 2. Now complete the following sentences with one suitable word meaning the opposite of the word in capital letters: a. Jack much prefers being EMPLOYED to being .... b. Alex did a number of TEMPORARY jobs before he managed to find a .... position. c. The first shop he opened was a BIG SUCCESS but the second was a total .... d. Many people would rather work .than FULL-TIME. e. The management said salaries had INCREASED, but official reports showed that as a matter of fact they had ..
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Grammar Reference
Position of adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or modify a noun/ nouns in the sentence: the tall man, the fat lady, a serious commitment, a months pay, a fivemonth-old child, the unhappiest, richest man. Unlike adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category.
The Order of Adjectives in a Series

It would take a linguistic philosopher to explain why we say little yellow house and not yellow little house or why we say blue Italian sports car and not Italian blue sports car. The order in which adjectives in a series sort themselves out is perplexing for people learning English as a second language. It takes a lot of practice with a language before this order becomes instinctive, because the order seems quite arbitrary. There is however a pattern. The categories in the following table can be described as follows: Word order I. Types of adjectives Determiners Examples
articles and other limiters four people, the sixth (numerals, possessive chapter, her story, adjectives, demonstrative this tool
II.
Observation
adjectives, etc.) postdeterminers limiter adjectives adjectives subject
and real, perfect to interesting, beautiful,
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III. IV. V.
Size and shape Age Colour
subjective measure adjectives subject objective measure adjectives denoting age adjectives colour
gorgeous to large, small, short, round, square young, old, new,
ancient denoting red, black, yellow, blue, green, brown, orange, violet adjectives French, English, American, Spanish, Polish, Romanian adjectives wooden, metallic,
VI.
Origin
denominal
denoting source of noun VII. Material denominal
denoting what something woolen VIII. Qualifier is made of final limiter, noun often hunting cover cabin,
regarded as part of the passenger car, book
Capitalising proper adjectives

When an adjective owes its origins to a proper noun, it should probably be capitalised. Thus we write (about) Christian music, French fries, the English Parliaments, a Shakespearian play, a Faulknerian style, the Nixon era, a Renaissance/ Romantic/ Victorian poet.
Collective adjectives
When the definite article, the, is combined with an adjective describing a class or group of people, the resulting phrase can act as a noun: the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless, the lonely. The difference between a collective noun (which is usually regarded as singular but which can be plural in certain contexts) and a collective adjective is that the latter is always plural and requires a plural verb:
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The rural poor have been ignored by the media. The rich are not supposed to help the poor. The young at heart are always a joy to be around.
Adjectival opposites
The opposite or the negative aspect of an adjective can be formed in a number of ways. One way, of course, is to find an antonym. The opposite of beautiful is ugly, the opposite of young is old. Another way to form the opposite of an adjective is with a number of prefixes. The opposite of fortunate is unfortunate, the opposite of prudent is imprudent, the opposite of considerate is inconsiderate, the opposite of honourable is dishonourable, the opposite of alcoholic is non-alcoholic, the opposite of being properly filled is misfilled. If you are not sure of the spelling of adjectives modified in this way by prefixes (or which is the appropriate prefix), you will have to consult a dictionary, as the rules for the selection of a prefix are complex and too shifty to be trusted. The meaning itself can be tricky; for instance, flammable and inflammable mean the same thing. A third means of creating the opposite of an adjective is to combine it with less or least to create a comparison which points in the opposite direction. Interesting shades of meaning and tone become available with this usage. They are figures of speech. For instance, an euphuism is created if we say that This is the least beautiful city in the state instead of This is the ugliest city in the state. A candidate for a job can still be worthy and yet less worthy of consideration than another candidate. Its probably not a good idea to use this construction with an adjective that is already negative: He is less unlucky than his brother, although that is not the same thing as saying he is luckier than his brother. Use the comparative less when the comparison is between two things or people; use the superlative least when the comparison is among many things or people.
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Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Form Adjectives Short adjectives Positive cheap small big fat old Adjectives that funny end in - y early heavy Adjectives with careful two or more expensive difficult interesting Irregular adjectives rapid good bad little far* fore** late*** syllables Comparative cheaper smaller bigger fatter older/ elder funnier earlier heavier more careful more expensive more difficult more interesting more rapid better worse less farther/ further former later/latter Superlative the cheapest the smallest the biggest the fattest the oldest/ the eldest the funniest the earliest the heaviest the most careful the most expensive the most difficult the most interesting the most rapid the best the worst the most the least the the first the latest/ the last near**** nearer the nearest/ the next Short adjectives double the consonant when the final consonant is preceded by a short vowel: fat/ fatter/ the fattest, hot/ hotter/ the hottest, etc. Elder and the eldest are used only attributively, in family relationships (My elder brother is twenty four). farthest/ foremost/ the the furthest
many/ much more
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* Farther/ the farthest are used to relate to distance (I live farther than you.); further/ the furthest are used in relation to time, quantity. The latter has also an abstract meaning. (Give me further details in order to understand it better.) ** Former means of an earlier period or the first of two (In former times, people used typing machines instead of computers.); the foremost means chief (The foremost welder in this factory is John.); the first means initial (Americans claim that the first movie was made in the United States.). *** Latter means the second of two (Ive met John and Cindy: the former is a student in Philology, the latter is a student in Foreign Languages); the latest means the most recent (He bought the latest novel by J. Fowles.); the last means final: ( Shakespeares last play). ****The nearest is used for distance (Could you tell me the way to the nearest library?); the next refers to order. (The next bus comes in an hour.) Less versus fewer When making a comparison between quantities we often have to make a choice between the words fewer and less. Generally, when were talking about countable things, we use the word fewer, when were talking about measurable quantities that we cannot count, we use the word less. She had fewer chores, but she also had less energy. We do, however, use less when referring to statistical or numerical expressions: Its less than four miles to Dallas. Hes less than six feet tall. Your essay should be a thousand words or less. In these situations, its possible to regard the quantities as sums of countable measures. Taller than I/me?
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When making a comparison with than we end with a subject form: taller than I/she. We are looking for the subject form: He is taller than I am/ she. (We leave out the verb in the second clause, am or is.) Some good writers, however, will argue that the word than should be allowed to function as a preposition. If we can say He is tall like me/ her, then (if than could be prepositional like like) we should be able to say, He is taller than me/her. Its an interesting argument, but for now, anyway in formal, academic prose, use the subject form in such comparisons. We also want to be careful in a sentence such as I like him better than she/her. She will mean that you like this person better than she likes him; her would mean that you like this male person better than you like that female person. (To avoid ambiguity and the slippery use of than, we could write I like him better than she does or I like him better than I like her. ) More than/ over? In the United States, we usually use more than in countable numerical expressions, meaning in excess of or over. In England, there is no such distinction. For instance, in the U.S., some editors would insist on more than 40,000 traffic deaths in one year, whereas in the UK, over 40,000 traffic deaths would be acceptable. Even so in the U.S., however, you will commonly hear over in numerical expressions of age, time or height: His sister is over forty; she is over six feet tall. Weve been waiting well over two hours for her. Good versus well In both casual speech and formal writing, we frequently have to choose between the adjective good and the adverb well. With most verbs, there is no ambiguity: when modifying a verb, use the adverb. He swims well. He knows very well who the murderer is.
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However, when using a linking verb or a verb that has to do with the five human senses, you can use the adjective instead. How are you? Im feeling good, thank you. After a bath, the baby smells so good. Many careful writers, however, will use well after linking verbs relating to health, and this is perfectly all right. In fact, to say that you are good or that you feel good usually implies not only that you are OK physically but also that your spirits are high: How are you? I am well, thank you. Bad versus badly According to the same rule that applies to good versus well, use the adjective form after verbs that have to do with human feelings. You feel bad when something bad happens. If you felt badly it would mean that something was wrong with your faculties for feeling.
Comparative Sentences
In relation to the degrees of comparison, there are idiomatic expressions with two comparatives: Form: the+ comparative ...... the+ comparative ... The bigger the essay, the better. The more mass in the body, the less acceleration. The more we are, the more fun well have.
Controlled Practice
1. Translate into English: a. Ea avea o main sport albastr. b. Noi am citit un articol interesant de 5 pagini n Literary Magazine. c. El colecioneaz vase vechi, frumoase din porelan.
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d. Ai ncercat s descifrezi acel text din engleza veche? e. El el reprezentantul angajailor tineri de la departamentul de marketing. f. Am discutat astzi la psihologie cele sanguin, melancolic, coleric i flegmatic. g. El este un fumtor nvederat. Fumeaz dou pachete de igri pe zi. h. A vrea s-mi cumpr un pulover din ln scoian. patru tipuri de temperament:
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Talk about the two possible meanings of the following sentences. Translate them into Romanian: She bought Egyptian cotton shirts. She fed her dog biscuits. Women students are tempting new subjects. 3. Translate into English: a. Cu ct mai repede nvm engleza, cu att mai bine. b. Ei fac n continuare investigaii. c. Eroarea este mai mare n al doilea caz dect n primul. d. Cu ct atept mai mult, cu att m enervez mai tare. e. Avem nevoie de mai multe computere n acest laborator. f. Studentul acesta este cel mai tnr dintre toi. g. Problema aceasta este cea mai dificil cu care m-am confruntat vreodat.
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h. Ideea ta e mai bun, dar soluia mea este mai ieftin dect a ta. i. Engleza devine din ce n ce mai important n ntreaga lume. j. Dintre cele dou romane, primul este mai scurt, iar al doilea este mai lung.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. Supply the comparative or the superlative form of the adjectives in brackets: a. He is (lazy) student in the class. b. She is looking for a (big) company than the one she is working with now. c. He was unable to get (far) information. d. The results were (bad) than expected. e. Today, (great) care is taken to prevent accidents. f. (Many) heating devices are required to keep the oil from freezing in the intense cold. g. He needed (little) knowledge of computer skills than he thought they would expect him to. h. (Difficult) problem was solved by means of computerised technology. i. She found (few) grammar mistakes in Johns essay than in Marys one. j. Darwin was one of (quarrelsome) scientists.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. Here are some of the things John said about the cities he visited. Some are facts and some are his opinions. Complete his sentences: a. London is, of course, much older ..... Los Angeles, but it isnt .. than Athens. Athens is .. oldest city I have ever seen. b. London doesnt have .. buildings than Athens, but it has older ones .. the ones in Los Angeles and Tokyo. c. Tokyos exciting, but, for an architect, London is .. exciting .. Tokyo, and, of course, Los Angeles is .. ... exciting of all. d. Los Angeles has .. parks than Tokyo, but London has .. .. parks. There are five in the city centre. e. In comparison to our cities, these are .. interesting from the point of view of the buildings people built there. 6. Fill in the gaps with one of the phrases below: Missing phrases: environmentally friendly; the most expensive; too expensive; the largest; more environmentally sound If one of your criteria in choosing a car is its design, the Mercedes is far more attractive than any others. Yet at the same time you should think that, even if their cars are very elegant and .., they are .. for common people. The Electrolite is .... than the others as it is equipped with a filter fitted to remove toxins from the waste water that escapes from it. The latest Mercedes model is of course .. and . ,yet, if you want to have a car for a life save your money and buy it. 7. Fill in the adequate form of the adjective:
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a. From these two photographs the smaller is the best/the better. b. He needs some/ any months of training. c. They have invited any/ many people. d. Sometimes food eaten at home is the better/ better than food eaten in a restaurant. e. A bigger dictionary is always more complete/ completer than a smaller one. f. Your first paper was good/ better but this one is even best/ better. g. Which of the two students is more hardworking/ the more hardworking? h. The sooner/ sooner you get here, the more relaxed/ the most relaxed you will feel. i. He has retired and few/ little friends visit him. 8. Complete the sentences with adjectives ending in able,-ible, -uble, -ful, -ous, -ed or -ant derived from the verbs and nouns given in brackets: a. They waited in the hall for five hours; they were very (patience). b. The weather here is very (change). c. There are very few types of plants (eat) on this island. d. Almost all the currencies in this area are (convert). e. The (colour) balloons attract the children in the park. f. You are in the (envy) position of owning half of the firm. g. His appearance at the party was (pleasure). h. The family of gipsy across the street live in a (pity) state. i. It was a (moment) opportunity. j. I spent a most (enjoy) night talking to my old friend George. k. You should always be (confidence) in yourself to succeed. l. Hungary has few (navigate) waterways. m. Jack was extremely (mischief) that evening. n. Those childrens minds are very (impress) sometimes.
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o. When you go to that refined place, your behaviour must be (courtesy). p. Strangely enough, they didnt complain of the (object) smell from the garbage disposal. q. We like the privacy of a (fence) yard. 9. Complete each of these sentences with an adjective from the following list: unprintable, mistrustful, underdone, overwhelming, unruly, inaccessible, overconfident, dishonest. a. They are not . , they take everything for granted. b. Because of the snow, there are three places in Predeal which are . c. The roast beef is . We are not cannibals! d. She had an .. success due to the publication of her latest novel. e. Ive never seen such a . person: he lies and cheats everybody whenever he feels like. f. They had to use guns against that .. crowd. g. He shouldnt have believe your words, he has been . h. The story you want to publish is .. , there are too many obscenities in it. 10. Complete the sentences with negative adjectives derived from the verbs in brackets by using the suffixes able, -ible, or uble and the negative prefixes in- or un-. a. Heroes finally disappear, but their words are (destroy). b. Freedom of speech is regarded today as an (alienate) right. c. Because you have been so stubborn, their decision to sell the house is (revoke). d. The Romanian word dor is almost (translate) into English. e. He is the greatest comic ever, his jokes are (imitate). f. Adults change into old persons by almost (perceive) stages.
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g. They were the first to search that (penetrate) jungle. h. This pair of trousers is especially made to be (shrink). i. (Number) changes took place in the office while I was away. 11. Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct order: a. () shirts are a gift for me. (new, silk, two, those). b. He is () teacher. (woman, French, young, a, pleasant). c. Does he have () motorbike? (blue, a, racing, new). d. She intends to buy () coat. (wool, winter, black and white, thick). e. Tom doesnt like () children. (two, nasty, these, ugly). f. They used to live in a () house. (brick-built, huge, old, country, grey). g. This library has () books. (Russian, old, many, valuable, very). h. Mary is looking for () fountain pen. (blue, a, Chinese, expensive, light). i. She has found () in the park. (canvas, Italian, two pairs of, white and red, for jogging). j. Several () began last week. (good, radio programmes, very, and interesting, English, for teaching foreign languages). 12. Choose the correct word (adjective or adverb) according to the meaning: a. She used to work (hard, hardly) for the exam. b. You have (hard, hardly) read anything this week. c. They were (deep, deeply) impressed by our success. d. My friends entered (deep, deeply) in the cave. e. My friend sold me the TV set (cheap, cheaply). f. He stood firm on position, he acted (cool, coolly). g. Jet airliners can fly (high, highly) in the sky. h. That blue dress cost (dear, dearly). i. He wasnt allowed to hit (low, lowly) for fear he should hurt his opponent. j. Your position in this company is quite (low, lowly).
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13. The following sentences are incorrect. Reformulate them so that they express the same meaning but use the comparative of superiority of the antonym: a. This poem is less good than your last one. b. My cousin is much less rich than he looks. c. This room is less wide than the previous one. d. The water was less deep than they hoped. e. His office is less near than mine. f. A car is less quick than an airplane. g. It is less dangerous to climb the Carpathians than to climb the Alps. h. The wound is less bad than you thought at the beginning. i. After that heavy rain the air is less dry that it was before. 14. Fill in with less or fewer: a. You have always had toys than the other little boys. b. The English drink tea than milk. c. There was rain last summer. d. This plant employs men than women. e. There are Italians than Greeks in our town. f. She writes prose than poetry. g. students will get scholarships next year. h. George has American cars than Jack. i. There will be snow this winter. j. We have money for our holiday than last year. 15. Choose the correct form of the adjective in brackets: a. Which village is (further, farther, farthest) of all? b. Who is the (oldest, eldest) in the family?
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c. I had to choose between French and English; I chose the (last, later, latter). d. My colleagues (last, latest) article has just been published. e. She lived (nearest, next) door when she was young. f. (Further, Farther) Mike realised he must return the stolen goods at once. g. I was wondering where the (nearest, next) bus station was. h. You needed (farther, further) advice to continue your investigation. i. Ive bought two bananas and ate the (latter, later). 16. Translate into English using intensifiers: a. Cu ct copiii sunt mai neasculttori, cu att prinii sunt mai nemulumii. b. La auzul bubuiturii, deveni din ce n ce mai nelinitit. c. Noua sa bibliotec e cu mult mai mare dect cea veche. d. i-am adus cele mai proaspete fructe pe care le-am gsit. e. Este cu mult mai greu dect mi-am imaginat. f. Crede cu trie c aceasta e absolut cea mai frumoas dintre concurente. g. Cu ct alergi mai mult, cu att slbeti mai tare. h. Nu am mai avut rbdare s stm pn la sfritul meciului pentru c a devenit din ce n ce mai puin interesant. i. Aceasta este cea mai bun cale posibil de a o face s renune la igri. j. Se ubrezete pe zi ce trece.
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17. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. Explain the meaning. a. My grandfather never remembers anything; he has a memory like a (bucket, mouse, sieve). b. The Jackson brothers get on like (a house on fire, fish and chips, two peas in a pod, clockwork). They never argue. c. I can tell that you have eaten a lot lately; you are as heavy as (a corpse, lead, an elephant)! d. Putting your jewelry in this box is as safe as (houses, a bank, gold bars, a vault). e. Speak louder, please! He is as deaf as (a post, a leaf, a politician). f. She was as pleased as (a poppy, a sunflower, punch, pound notes) when she won the first prize. g. That vampire hasnt been banished from town, I saw him last night, as (real, true, good, large) as life. h. They will never eat so much ice-cream, they were as sick as a (pig poodle, horse, dog, donkey). i. The shoes fit you like (a glove, glue, a mould, a pillowcase) since you mended them. j. He drunk a lot yesterday, although normally he is as sober as (Sunday, a judge, a priest, a Muslim). 18. Select the colour: white, grey, yellow, pink, green, blue. a. They were tickled when the teacher congratulated them. b. I was given the light to announce the winner. c. To tell a lie sometimes does not hurt anybodys feelings. d. You can shout at him until you are in the face, he wont listen to you.
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e. Mary was with envy when her sister married a handsome young man. f. They say that lacking matter is worse than lacking beauty. g. Even if they got a lot of nice gifts, they also got some elephants. h. They were really to leave us here without protecting us. 19. Confusing words: a. My parents have (decisive/conclusive) evidence that I smoke. b. Kelly has always wanted to live in a (luxurious/luxuriant) mansion. c. He doesnt like (urbane/urban) life, he would like to live in the mountains. d. I am not that (credible/credulous) to believe everything I am told. e. Your proposal proves not too expensive, therefore it is (practicable/practical). f. Terry chose a (distinctive/distinct) nuance of red for her nail polish. g. The food you are eating right now is quite (deficient/defective) in fats. h. The President was very (official/officious) while giving his speech. i. In Australia there are (strict/severe) regulations with regard to kangaroos. j. Ive been trying to decipher the manuscript for more than 6 hours because his handwriting is totally (eligible/illegible). k. A (classic/classical) case of tuberculosis has been discovered in this school. 20. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the adjectives in brackets: a. Try to be a little (precise), please. b. She doesnt believe that these cigarettes are any (good) than the Russian ones. c. Your garden has (narrow) alleys than those from our park. d. Which are the (breath-taking) views in your country?
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e. The (cold) the weather, the (low) the temperatures. f. Then the show became ever (funny). g. It is (hard) for my nephew to understand the problem than for his (old) sister. h. In autumn, nights become (longer) till December, the 22nd. i. His story became (interesting) the more we listened. j. They have the (complete) understanding of the problem.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 21. Translate into English: a. Primul film nu este att de reuit ca al doilea i nici att de haios. b. Parcul acela nu este foarte ntins; de fapt, este cel mai puin ntins din tot oraul. c. Fotoliul din odaia mea este greu, biroul este i mai greu dar biblioteca este cea mai grea din cas. d. George este chipe, dar fratele su mai tnr este cel mai chipe biat din ci am vzut. e. Pacientul se simte bine astzi, dar nu este att de bine nct s se dea jos din pat. f. Domnul Smith este foarte btrn, dar vrul su mai mare este cu 5 ani mai n vrst dect el. g. Dicionarul pe care l-ai cumprat cu dou zile n urm este gros ca o crmid! h. Muli oameni perfect sntoi nu sunt la fel de utili societii ca unii oameni cu deficiene fizice.
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i. Problema era mai delicat dect mi-am putut eu imagina vreodat. j. Nu am ntlnit o persoan mai cunoscut n cercul guvernamental dect ea.
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22. Rewrite the sentences putting the words into the correct order: a. incredibly/ holiday/ wonderful/ was/ the. b. Enormous/ they/ old/ staying/ house/ brown/ are/ an/ in. c. and/ looks/ now/ old/ she/ fresh/ rather. d. close/ are/ buddies/ extremely/ we. e. this/ man/ Pam/ wonder/ really/ I/ marry/ to/wants/if f. people/ true/pork/that/never/is/drink/it/these/alcohol/no/eat/and? g. life/movie/in/such/I/never/my/seen/a/have/boring h. that/ motorbike/have/since/when/new/had/they?
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23. Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative or superlative form: The companys twelve-monthly report shows that sales figures were (low) than the previous year. This is no surprise due to the recession but what is (unacceptable) than this is the clear proof that some of our (old) clients have switched to another supplier. We are aware that there are (cheap) suppliers than ourselves but this may not be the (essential) factor. One old client was heard to say that their new supplier was (professional) and (flexible) than we are. If this is the case, then this is (disturbing) than anything else. The economic situation is getting (critical) and if we dont compare favorably with our (big) competitors, then we will not survive. We used to have the (high) standing in the business but we are in danger of losing that for good. It is not easy to be the (good) but that is what we should be aiming for.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 24. Complete the sentences with participles as adjectives, using the verbs below. The verbs with adverbs should be used to form compound adjectives: dry, change, act well, keep beautifully, bring up well, continue, break, decline fast, steal, tailor beautifully, brush well, relax, think clearly, park, write well, embarrass, build well, plan badly, boil, love. a. It was a very restful holiday so we feel much more now. b. I saw a very play. c. I kept calling her by her nickname; it was very . d. The kettle filled the little girl with fear. e. Hes a very boy: he always behaves himself well.
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f. She may have suffered of a heart. g. Her hair is always very . h. The increase in divorce shows a attitude to marriage. i. Sharon is a good person to have in meetings as shes very . j. Shortage of gas is a problem for us. k. Our chalet is old but its very . l. It was a escape and so it was doomed to failure. m. Bears are a species in that part of the country as many of them are killed every summer. n. Thats a suit she has bought. o. Mother needs some fruit to put in the cake. p. This is a garden: you must spend at least three hours a day working on it. q. It was a very article. r. You may be charged with receiving stolen cars. s. Theyre a very family and they understand each other perfectly. t. They should not park near cars. 25. Complete the following sentences with an adjective formed from one of the verbs or nouns below plus a suffix: act, care, change, comfort, describe, dread, enjoy, forget, grace, motion, power, rely, submit, tire, truth a. They had a lovely holiday; it was thoroughly enjoyable. b. She never remembers your birthday; I dont know why shes that . c. Theres nothing I can do about it; Im totally . d. Everybody believes what Jack says because hes always been . e. My friend never seems to run out of energy; hes completely . f. Jane Austen was a very writer; she gives you a very good feel for the places and characters in her novels.
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g. He has said hell be here and Im sure he will. Hes very . h. They always do what you tell him to do: hes just so . i. Youre so : youre always dropping plates on the floor. j. I love to watch the swans on the lake: theyre so . k. The lion stayed as it waited to pounce on the gazelle. l. Its a very climate; the weather can be completely different from one day to another. m. Its important to keep after you retire. n. The armchairs he has just bought are really . My back never hurts while sitting in them. o. The situation in the oil-polluted gulf is . Thousands of fish are dying every day. 26. Put the following adjectives into the correct column: patient, relevant, attractive, literate, flexible, regular, agreeable, mature, convenient, tasteful, moral legal, responsible, significant, possible, legible, honest, rational, explicable, justified, mortal, reversible, destructible, perfect, friendly, soluble, polite, logical, interesting, separable, replaceable
dis-
Un-
il-
imimpatient
in-
ir-
27. Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative or superlative form. Some of the comparatives are formed with less: Mary, who lives in Leeds, is on the phone to her friend Jane, who has recently moved to the countryside. Mary: So, how do you like living in the new place?
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Jane: Oh, its very nice. The house is much (spacious) than the house we had in Liverpool and one of the (good) things is being able to walk out of the back door into our own garden. Mary: Mm, that is wonderful. So, its much (good) than Liverpool, isnt it? Jane: Well, Im not sure I would say that. Its certainly (polluted) here and I think its (stressful) and that must be good for me. But its just so much (quiet) here and that takes some time to get used to. I suppose sometimes I miss the clamour of Liverpool. Going out shopping in Liverpool was so much (interesting) than it is here. The people here are so much (varied) than they are in Liverpool. Mary: Yes, thats quite true. But its so much (busy) on the streets in Liverpool. It must be nice to walk around somewhere thats much (crowded). Jane: Well, sometimes it is. Anyway, at least Im going to Liverpool again next weekend. Im (excited) about that than I am about anything here. Mary: Oh dear. You seem to be thinking that you havent made the (good) decision. Jane: Well, perhaps Ill feel (settled) here after a few weeks. Who knows? Mary: Yes, probably. I personally think youre really lucky to be where you are. When I came to visit you, I thought it was one of the (beautiful) places I had ever seen.
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UNIT 12
Articles Definite Articles Indefinite Articles Zero Articles
Reading
Read the following fragment from Lord Jim by Joseph Conrad. Pay attention to the use of the article in English. Underline the definite articles with one line and the indefinite articles with two lines: A month or so afterwards, when Jim, in answer to pointed questions, tried to tell honestly the truth of this experience, he said, speaking of the ship: She went over whatever it was as easy as a snake crawling over a stick. The illustration was good: the questions were aiming at facts, and the official Inquiry was being held in the police court of an Eastern port. He stood elevated in the witness-box, with burning cheeks in a cool lofty room: the big framework of punkahs moved gently to and fro high above his head, and from below many eyes were looking at him out of dark faces, out of white faces, out of red faces, out of faces attentive, spellbound, as if all these people sitting in orderly rows upon narrow benches had been enslaved by the fascination of his voice. It was very loud, it rang startling in his own ears, it was the only sound audible in the world, for the terribly
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distinct questions that extorted his answers seemed to shape themselves in anguish and pain within his breast,- came to him poignant and silent like the terrible questioning of ones conscience. Outside the court the sun blazed- within was the wind of great punkahs that made you shiver, the shame that made you burn, the attentive eyes whose glance stabbed.
Grammar Reference
The Article
The use of articles in English is complex, and there are a lot of exceptions that need to be known. Here are the basic rules.
The Indefinite Article

a (before a word beginning with a consonant or semi-vowel)/ an (before a word beginning with a vowel) is used to refer to objects that have not been specifically identified. It refers to a singular countable noun which is indefinite (either we dont know which one, or it doesnt matter which one): A pet is a big responsibility. Give me an apple. They live in a flat. Im reading a course for my exam now. in measuring Three times a month, sixty kilometres an hour, $3.45 a kilo, 13 000 a year Formally per can replace a/an. to describe what something or someone is (a profession, religion, class): Thats an instrument for measuring distance. She is an Australian.
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He is a Christian. Compare: Tom is a teacher. Tom is the teacher of these students. to refer to unknown people. Use of a/an emphasises that a person is unknown: A Mr Smith called and asked about you. in phrases: to be in a hurry, to have a headache, as a matter of fact, to develop a disease, to have a good time, to take a seat, etc. it is used with a generic noun that represents a class: We saw a zebra at the zoo. A book is for reading. An indefinite article is required after such, what: such an ugly scar , what a pretty nose, such pretty eyes quite a, rather a: quite a large dog, rather a big decision
An is used before words beginning with a vowel sound (except for words beginning with a semivowel: the sound /j/ and /w/): an apple, an ink well, an hour, an honest man, an heir, a united party, a usual case, but an ugly man, an unusual accident, a university, a year, a woman.
The Definite Article

the is used: to refer to classes before a singular or a plural noun, when both the speaker and the listener know which specific object is being referred to: They live in the blue house on top of the hill. The course Im reading is very interesting. Mind the baby! Mind your steps when you climb the stairs! The tiger is threatened with extinction.
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before nouns expressing certain public places, especially when referring to them in a general way:
I went to the cinema last night. I have to go to the bank to pay my bills. Before unique objects the moon, the sun Note that there are other suns and moons in the universe: The planet has a small moon. before proper nouns denoting a family (in the plural), countries (if they are in the plural, or if they represent a union), denoting groups of islands, chains of mountains, deserts, oceans, seas, rivers, compass points/ areas, channels, hotels, shops, institutions, means of transport, newspapers and magazines: The Johnsons, The Netherlands, The United States, The Bahamas, The Alps, The Sahara, The Pacific, The Mediterranean, The Suez Canal, The Thames, the East, the Middle East, The Hilton, The Orient Express, The Time, The Sunday Times, The Independent (as the is part of the title, it is capitalised.) This does not apply to lakes: Lake Geneva, mountain peaks: Everest (but The Matterhorn), continents (Europe, Asia), countries (France). Note that titles of books and films do not have the unless there is postmodification: The Phantom of the Opera. The is sometimes dropped in everyday speech: Have you seen Phantom of the Opera? As far as names of places are concerned, note that Edinburgh University changes into The University of Edinburgh. We say London Bridge, but The Tower of London. If the first part of a place name is another name, then normal rules about zero article apply: Browns Restaurant, The Garden House Hotel. The same applies to geographical names: The Isle of Man, but Canvey Island.
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before nouns converted from adjectives, denoting a class, nationality, or an abstraction:
The rich should help the poor. The English are very polite. The French eat in restaurants more than the English. The singular is not formed in the same way: An Englishman would always excuse for being late. to express titles. These tend to be unique: The director of studies. If the title is post-modified, the is more likely, but not essential. For instance: He became President in 2000. But: He became (the) President of Romania in 2000. (postmodification) when a restrictive modifier follows a noun. with the superlative degree of adjectives: with ordinals: in phrases: The woman who is standing near the door will give a speech. It was the most important day in my life. the ninth row, the second chapter, the third day to tell the time, by the way, at the moment, on the whole, on the one hand... on the other hand, etc. The precedes nouns of indefinite quantity or quality (mass nouns and abstract nouns) used to indicate a particular attribute: Gold is an important metal. The gold in this ring is very old. (postmodification) Emphatic use: This heavily stresses and emphasises the following noun: This country is the place to visit.
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Zero Article
It is used with: plural and uncountable nouns when talking about things in general. Money is the root of all evil. Gas is cheaper than electricity. Gold and silver are important metals. Babies need to drink milk. proper nouns denoting persons, continents, countries, regions, towns, mountains, lakes, streets, magazines and periodicals, months, festivals, days of the week, etc.: Mary/ Mount Everest, Europe, Oxford Street, Paris, January, Sunday, Newsweek Most streets do not use an article. Green Road. Exceptions are The High Street, The Strand and street names without preceding adjectives. Compare: Holly Drive with The Drive. some unique organisations: Parliament, but The (House of) Commons nouns like school, church, prison, when we imply the use made of the institution (not the building): He goes to school (to learn). But: The school in my district is near my house. in phrases: at night, at dawn, day by day, by sea, to be in trouble, by mistake, to make friends, to shake hands, to take place, etc.
Translation problems Study these sentences. In what way do the English people use the article differently in comparison with the way Romanians use it?
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A pound and a half of butter. Its a film about homeless people. Terry has flu. Ive got a splitting headache. Most and the most Most without an article means the greater part. I live in Birmingham most of the time. This is the most expensive shop in town.
Controlled Practice
1. Decide which answer A, B or C best fits each space: a. He is speaking to .... authority. A. an; B. - ; C. the b. In order to survive, plants need ... water. A. - ; B. a; C. the c. In order to fix the armchair he needs ... hammer and ... nails. A. the/ the; B. a/ the; C. a/ some d. I took ... seat and waited for ... director to come. A. - /the; B. a/the; C. the/ a e. I thought you had passed ... exam but it seems that it was ... hardest of all. A. - /the; B. an/the; C. the/the f. They had ... excellent dinner and had ... very good time at ... Hilton. A. - /a/the; B. an/the/ - ; C. an/a/the g. He had ... degree in ... Physics and one in ... Mathematics, so he was one of ... best teachers in our highschool. A. - / - / - /the; B. a/ - / - /the; C. a/the/the/the h. I did my homework and then went directly to ... bed as I was very tired. A. - ; B. a; C. the
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i. Everyone was impressed by ... sincerity with which he spoke, yet not everyone admires .... sincerity in such ... way. A. - / - / - ; B. a/ - / - ; C. the/ - /a j. ... Smiths are at ... home now, yet they are busy at the moment. A. - / - ; B. the/ - ; C. - /the; 2. Work in pairs to find the mistakes in each of the following sentences: a. Hes philologist, so he studies different writers. b. The time you spend on a relaxing pastime is good for you. c. Big cities are usually exciting when you see them for the first time: for example, in London, you can have tea at the Ritz and then go to the theatre in evening. d. I must go to a bank to see my bank manager. I want to borrow one hundred pounds. e. She goes to the work in the City by train every day. Her office is in the Baker Street. f. Dont you work in bookshop in the London? g. I want a government to do something about the problem of unemployment. h. Im going to stand for Parliament at the next election. i. It is not first-class accommodation unless it has a private bathroom. j. Lion is dangerous animal. k. The burglaries are definitely on increase. l. She bought a Cezanne I was telling you about the last week. m. I dont like cakes sold in a local bakery. n. If I had had time to call you, I would have done it. o. An army spokesman stressed that all troops patrolling streets had been instructed to issue clear warning before firing any shots.
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3. Decide which answer A, B or C best fits each space: Britain has 1) unenviable reputation for industrial unrest and strikes. Successive governments have attempted in 2) vain to reduce this unrest, which many people feel has had a significant and adverse effect upon the economy. At the same time, however most of the same people would defend 3) .. right of workers to strike. In order to explain this apparent contradiction, let us examine the arguments for and against the right to strike. Whenever the work-force in any firm feel themselves to be 4) victims of injustice, or wish to present their case for a pay increase, their options are somewhat limited. They can, of course, appeal to the better nature of their employers, and often, because it is in 5) best interests of the managements to keep the workers as happy as possible, they will receive a sympathetic ear. When the economy is none too healthy, however, and unemployment is high, the management may be less willing to listen and may try to take advantage of the workers fear of losing their jobs. In
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such a situation, one has to ask how employees can protect their interests as regards 6) . wages, conditions, and fair treatment by the managements. As a last resort, there seems little alternative to the withdrawal of labour, the call to strike. The arguments against striking are numerous and vary somewhat depending on ones point of view. As 7) employer, you may find both practical and ideological arguments against the right to strike. Strikes disrupt the process of production and can, as a result, create immense problems as regards long-term planning. Employers may also resent 8) ..right to strike because it imposes limits on the managements control of employees and contradicts the ideology of a harmony of interests which assigns legitimacy to managerial power. The governments viewpoint is similar in 9) .. sense that the importance of the ideological argument may vary with changes of government. But the practical argument against strikes would remain a constant. 10) . Governments in capitalist societies such as Britain inevitably serve the interests of management. However they may wish to appear neutral. The state of the nations economy is inextricably linked with 11) fortunes of private enterprise. The disruptive effect of 12) major strike upon the nations economy is therefore potentially dangerous. These negative arguments all emphasize 13) disruption and hardship caused by strikes. Such arguments are not sufficiently strong to warrant denying workers the right to strike. Withdrawing ones labour should, of course, be 14) last resort and there should be fewer irresponsible industrial disputes, which are an abuse of the right to strike. But without this right and without the efforts of trade unions over the years, it is hard to imagine that 15) employees in Britain would be as well treated as they are today.
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1. A. the; B. an; C. 2. A. ; B. the; C. a 3. A. the; B. - ; C. a 4. A. some; B. - ; C. the 5. A. the; B. -; C. some 6. A. the; B. - ; C. some 7. A. an; B. the; C. 8. A. the; B. a; C. 9. A the; B. -; C. a 10. A. Some; B. the; C. 11. A. the; B. -; C. some 12. A. the; B. a; C.13. A. a; B. -; C. the 14. A. the; B. a; C.15. A.-; B. the; C. some
4. Fill in the blanks using the appropriate articles: After you pass Old Windsor, .. river is somewhat uninteresting, and does not become itself again until you are nearing .. Boveney. George and I rowed up past.. Home Park, which stretches along .. right bank .. from .. Abert to Victoria Bridge; and as we were passing .. Datcher, George asked me if I remembered our first trip up .. river and when we landed at Datcher at ten oclock at night, and wanted to go to bed. I answered that I did remember it. It will be some time before I forget it. It was Saturday before .. August Bank Holiday. We were tired and hungry, and when we got to .. Datcher, we took out .. hamper,
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.. two bags, and .. rugs and .. coats, and such like things, and started off to look for .. diggings.
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Unit 13
Adverbs Punctuation
Reading
Read the following fragment from Silas Marner by George Eliot. Underline the adverbs. Can you classify them? Why, this is what I want- and just shake yourself sober and listen, will you? said Godfrey, savagely. He had himself been drinking more than was good for him, trying to turn his gloom into uncalculating anger. I want to tell you, I must hand over that rent of Fowlers to the Squire, or else tell him I gave it you; for hes threatening to distrain for it, and itll all be out soon, whether I tell him or not. He said, just now, before he went out, he should send word to Cox to distrain, if Fowler didnt come and pay up his arrears this week. The Squires short o cash, and in no humour to stand any nonsense; and you know what he threatened, if ever he found you making away with his money again. So, see and get the money, and pretty quickly, will you? Oh! said Dunsey, sneeringly, coming nearer to his brother and looking into his face. Suppose, now, you get the money yourself, and save me the trouble, eh? Since you was so kind as to hand it over to me, youll not refuse me the kindness to pay it back for me: it was your brotherly love made you do it, you know.
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Grammar Reference 1
The Adverb
The adverb shows a characteristic of an event or state, a quality. It can modify: a verb: We are talking about your report today. an adjective: He was bitterly disappointed. a noun: Only John knows the whole truth. a pronoun: Me too. another adverb: She spoke extremely loud. a clause: Maybe I will come to your party. Form Simple Derived adverbs Compound adverbs Adverbial phrases at least at once by the way by all means in full in general in all probability now and then of old adverbs far likewise everywhere fast afloat outdoors here homeward(s) outside late repeatedly thereby near hardly therefore now monthly today then bitterly tomorrow today happily wherein well excellently wherefore Adverbs of manner: badly; carefully; excellently; fast Adverbs of place: away; aboard; above; anywhere Adverbs of time: already; after; afterwards; early Adverbs of quantity, measure, degree and approximation: awfully; extremely; enough; little Adverbs of frequency: always; ever; every time; again; forever Adverbs of cause, reason, result and concession: consequently; therefore; thus; for this reason; hence; so that Interrogative adverbs: how; where; when; wherefore; why.
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1. Maria is writing to her friend Mary in England. Shes rather tired, and shes left some of the words out by mistake. Rewrite Marias letter to Mary putting in the adverbs and adverb phrases on the right: Dear Mary, Thank you for your letter. Is it five months since I last really wrote? Im sorry, but Ive been very busy. Im working for my exams. Ive planned my revision. I work until about ten oclock in the evening. Ive finished for today. I dont keep my plan. I saw a marvelous film. It was called The English Patient. Have you seen it? I dont go out. Suzanne comes about once a week. We talk. I hope to visit England again. I had a lovely time last year. It would be great to see you. Im trying to save some money. How are you? Is your apartment all right? Please reply. Love, yours, Maria 2. Complete the following conversation between John and Helen by choosing the correct adjective or adverb in the brackets: John: Well, the party is going very nice/nicely, isnt it? Have one of these sausages. They taste good/well. Helen: No, thanks. John: You dont sound very happy/happily. And you look pale/palely. Are you all right? Helen: I feel rather tired/tiredly. And Im hot/hotly. lately already carefully usually just of course yesterday yet actually, often here a lot next year there again hard soon
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John: It is getting a bit warm/warmly in here, isnt it? Well I can easy/ easily open this window here. Helen: Thank you. Actually, my head aches quite bad/badly, too. I think its slow/slowly getting worse. John: Im sure/surely the music isnt helping too much. It seems rather loud/loudly, doesnt it? Look, would you like me to take you home? Helen: No, thats all right, thanks. But if I could sit quiet/quietly somewhere for a few minutes, I might be OK. John: Ill ask Susan if theres somewhere you can go. 3. Translate into English: a. El a venit trziu ieri. b. Ea nu lipsete niciodat de la coal. c. Eu nu m trezesc niciodat devreme. d. Toat lumea se simea fericit cnd s-a aflat c el nu este vinovat. e. Ari destul de bine. Ce i-ai fcut la pr? f. El cumpr ieftin i vinde scump. g. Erau cam obosii, dar au decis s continue lucrul la proiect pentru nc vreo cteva ore. h. A ajuns acas naintea tatlui ei, ca de obicei. i. Maina asta merge prea repede. Dac i vede poliia o s-i amendeze. j. Ari foarte trist. Ce i s-a ntmplat? k. Noi vorbim bine englezete, i acceptabil franceza. l. De-abia s-a aezat la masa de lucru c deja s-a simit obosit i s-a dus la culcare. m. De ndat ce se trseser cortinele, spectatorii au nceput s ovaioneze. n. n general nu prea mi plac prjiturile, dar astzi o s fac o excepie i o s mnnc.
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o. Nu te apropia, este periculos s stai lng macara. Nu nvei niciodat cnd trebuie s te fereti de pericole!
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Grammar Reference 2
Punctuation
There is a considerable amount of variation in punctuation practices. At one extreme are writers who use as little punctuation as possible. At the other extreme there are writers who use to much punctuation in an effort to make their meaning clear. Here are some punctuation rules. 1. Sentence - Level Punctuation Punctuation Marks Guidelines Examples
Ordinaly. An indepen- Some of us think we should dent clause is made into invest it with a capital letter and ending it with a period. Independent in this company. a sentence by beginning Others think it is useless.
clauses The
forecast
promised
may be combined into beautiful weather on the coast one sentence by using of the North Sea, but it rained the words and, but, yet, every day. or, nor, and so. The Draw the figure, and solve
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first clause is usually the problem.
followed by a comma. The writer can indicate Some of us think we should that clauses independent invest in this company; others are closely think it is useless
connected by joining
them with a semicolon. When one independent Theres only one solution: we clause is followed by must another that explains or budget. exemplifies it, they can The conference addresses a be separated by a colon. basic question: How can we The second clause may take steps needed to protect or may not begin with a the environment? capital letter. Sentences that ask a Are they still drilling in that question should be region? followed by a question What percentage of oil have reduce next years
mark. you recovered here? Sentences that express Watch out! strong feelings may be Thats a rude thing to say! followed by an
exclamation mark. 2. Separating Elements in Clauses When one of the elements in a clause is compounded, that is, when there are two or more subjects, predicates, objects, and so forth, punctuation is necessary. Punctuation Marks When two elements Tuition may be paid by check or are compound, they charged to a major credit card. Guidelines Examples
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are usually joined Im together with words such as and, or or without any punctuation. Occasionally more than two elements are joined in this way. Compounds
taking
Chemistry
(and)
a Physics and Maths this semester.
that England, Scotland, and Wales conscious
contain more than share the island of Great Britain. two elements are Environmentally called series. businesses use recycled paper,
Commas are used photocopy on both sides of a to separate items in sheet, and ceramic cups. a series, with words such as and or or usually between occuring the last
two items. When the items in Students were selected on the a series are very basis long internal punctuation, separation commas confusing, used instead. can by be and or reading; of grades; and test of and teacher have vocabulary, memory,
recommendations.
semicolons may be
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3. Word - Level Punctuation The punctuation covered so far is used to clarify the structure of sentences, There are also punctuation marks that are used with words. Punctuation Marks Guidelines The apostrophe Examples is The companys management
used with nouns to resisted the unions demands. show possession. An apostrophe is used Hes; didnt; let; Maam; four in constructions to oclock. show where letters or 45s; ABCs. numbers have been omitted. A period is used to Prof. J. K. Lawrence; 24 ft., 4:00 mark shortened forms p.m. like abbreviations and initials. A hyphen is used to end a line of text when bility part of a word must be carried over the next line Hyphens sometimes used are twenty-four, self-confidence to
... insta -
form compound words When two modifiers The study included first- and containing hyphens second-year students. are joined together, common elements are often not repeated. Other uses of Punctuation Marks Punctuation Guidelines Examples
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Marks
When writers use the exact In 1841, Ralph Waldo words of someone else, they Emerson wrote I hate must use quotation marks to quotations. Tell me what set them off from the rest of you know. the text. If part of a quotation is She
... ....
told
him
the
omitted, the omission must be following: If you want marked with points of ellipsis. to settle down, to get a When the omission comes in proper job, to find the the middle of a sentence, three proper wife... you should points are used. When the give omission includes the end of ideas. one or more sentences, four Work of the tyre that points are used. B.W.R.A. is doing is of greatest carried sufficiently comprehensive pattern, and it is much to be hoped that the framers of codes will give it full weight many .... There are factors which value out when in a up your selfish
affect a pressure vessel of the types commonly used. When writers insert something In a fault, it [the crust of within a quoted passage, the the earth] has cracked insertion should be set off with and caused different
[]
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brackets. layers of rock to slip. The dash can be used to Well uh Id like to indicate hesitations in speech. try again if you let me, he offered.
Unit 14
Reading
Read the following poem belonging to Rudyard Kipling. Pay attention to if clauses. Translate the poem into Romanian. If If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you; If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too: If you can wait and not be tired by waiting, Or, being lied about, dont deal in lies, Or being hated dont give way to hating, And yet dont look too good, nor talk too wise; If you can dream- and not make dreams your master; If you can think- and not make thoughts your aim, If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster And treat those two impostors just the same: If you can bear to hear the truth youve spoken Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools, Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken, And stoop and build em up with worn-out tools;
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If you can make one heap of all your winnings And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss, And lose, and start again at your beginnings, And never breathe a word about your loss: If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew To serve your turn long after they are gone, And so hold on when there is nothing in you Except the Will which says to them: Hold on! If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, Or walk with Kings- nor lose the common touch, If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you, If all men count with you, but none too much: If you can fill the unforgiving minute With sixty seconds worth of distance run, Yours is the Earth and everything thats in it, And- which is more- youll be a Man, my son!
Ways with Words

1. If neither foes nor loving friends Distinction should be made between foe, enemy and opponent, antagonist, adversary. Enemy and foe agree in denoting a person or body of persons that is hostile or that manifests hostility to another. Enemy stresses the antagonism that arises from a cherished hatred or a desire to harm or destroy, but it may suggest nothing more than active or evident dislike. He is a man with many friends and no enemies.
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Foe implies active enmity either literally or figuratively. Foe is a more literary and poetic word than enemy. He is the foe of all reform measures. Unlike the former group the latter does not necessarily imply personal animosity or hostility. Opponent is one who is on the opposite side in a contest or in a conflict of opinion. Adversary implies not only the idea of mere opposition but active hostility. Antagonist implies sharper opposition in a struggle for supremacy or control. 2. Read the following line: But make allowance for their doubting too. Which word does allowance come from? We call -ance a suffix. Lets read a list of suffixes which are used in order to form nouns: - acy - age preference - ard / -art - ation - dom - ee - eer - er, -or - ery - ess - hood - ism - ist - ity eg: sluggard, drunkard, braggart eg: examination, translation, identification eg: wisdom eg: refugee, employee eg: mountaineer, engineer, eg: teacher, dancer, singer eg: backery, slavery, fishery eg: actress, hostess, tigress eg: neighbourhood, childhood eg: realism, scepticism eg: satirist, violonist, romanticist eg: adversity, probability eg: democracy, diplomacy, accuracy eg: passage, marrige
- ance / - ancy, -ence, -ency eg: utterance, appearance, ascendency,
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- let - man - ment - ness - ship - ure
eg: hamlet, booklet eg: Englishman, fisherman eg: improvement, movement, eg: greateness, sadness eg: friendship, leadership eg: agriculture, departure
Now practise them and find other words for each of them.
Grammar Reference
First Conditional
It is used to express a possible condition and a probable result in the future: If my cheque comes, Ill buy this car. Well destroy the environment if we dont look after it. If he passes the baccalaureate, hell go to university. Form No future tense occurs in the conditional clause. This is replaced by the present simple. However, we can also use: present continuous, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous, can, should. Will / would can be used to express polite requests or insistence: If you will wait for a moment, Ill wrap it for you. (request) If you will go on smoking, youll get worse. (insistence) The main clause usually has the verb in the future with will/shall. However, we can also use: be going to future, future continuous, future perfect, imperative, can/could, may/might, should/ought to, must. Main Clause If Clause Present/ Future Present Affirmative and negative If I work hard, Ill pass my exams. If hes still waiting for you, he must be very hungry.
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If Paul has received your letter, he must phone you today. If you are late, we wont wait for you. If I should see him, Ill tell him the good news. If its been raining, youll have to wear boots. Note: When we use if +should, the condition is less likely to be performed. Interrogative What will you do if you dont go to any university? Where will she go she cant find a job in the petroleum field?
Second Conditional
It is used to express an unreal or improbable condition (hypothetical condition) and its probable result in the present or future. The condition is unreal because it is different from the facts that we know. We can always say But... If I were Prime Minister, Id increase taxes on properties such as castles, palaces, ranches, etc. (But Im not Prime Minister.) If I lived in a big house, Id have a party. (But my house is very small.) Form The verb in the main clause is in the present conditional (would+infinitive); the verb in the conditional clause is in the present subjunctive which is similar to the past simple with the exception of the verb to be which becomes were for all the persons. Main Clause If Clause Present Conditional Present Subjunctive Affirmative and negative If I had more money, I would (d) /could buy a new computer. /go out more often. If she knew/ were to know the answer, she would tell it to us immediately. If I didnt have debts, I wouldnt have to work so hard.
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Interrogative What would you do if you were me? Which countries would you visit it you travelled round the world?
Third Conditional
It is used to express impossible (unfulfilled) condition referring to the past; it contradicts reality, which can no longer be changed. The condition is highly hypothetical. Form The verb in the main clause is in the past/perfect conditional (would+ have+ the third form of the verb), while the verb in the conditional clause is in the perfect subjunctive (a form similar to past perfect). However, we can also use the past perfect continuous or could + perfect infinitive in if clause, whereas in the main clause we can use the modals could and might before the perfect infinitive. Main clause If clause Past/Perfect conditional Perfect subjunctive Affirmative and negative If I had had more money, I would (d) have bought this elegant car. If she had known the answer, she would have passed the exam. If I hadnt made so many mistakes, I wouldnt have failed the driving license test. If the ambulance had come sooner, he might have been /could have been saved. If he had been travelling in that car, he could have been killed. Interrogative What would you have done if you had seen such a wonderful movie? Which countries would you have visited if you had travelled round the world? Notes:
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In reported speech, the verb tenses of first conditional sentences change in the usual way, whereas with second and third conditionals the tenses remain unchanged.
Besides if, conditionals can also be introduced by other conjunctions:
on (the) condition that, even if, even though, when, providing (that), provided (that), as/so long as, suppose, supposing, since, as, unless, but for + gerund/noun, assuming (that), if only.
Mixed Conditionals
In addition to the tense variations we can use in the first, second and third conditionals, it is also possible to mix conditionals. The context defines the meaning. The most common mixed conditional is: If + past perfect Other types: If you come to the party tomorrow, I wouldnt bring Mary with you. If he is honest, he would have told the truth. If she loved him, she would have stayed with him. Implied Conditionals Conditionals are not always expressed in the form of conditional clauses, particularly in spoken English: Please come out with us tonight. Im sure youll enjoy it. (implied condition: If you come out with us, ) With a bit more help (if I had more help), I would have finished it on time. Im sure wed really have a good time with you (if we went), but we just cant afford a holiday. Im glad you didnt tell Mathew about this. He would have been furious. (if you had told him) would/could/might + infinitive If I had worked harder at university, I would have a degree now.
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Inversion in If-Clauses When there is should, were or had in the if-clause, the subject and the auxiliary verb can be inverted and if is omitted. If he should ring, tell him to come at 8.00. / Should he ring, If I were you, I wouldnt say that. / Were I you, If I had known earlier, I wouldnt have done such a thing. / Had I known earlier,
Controlled Practice
1. Answer the following questions with conditional sentences of the real type: a. What happens if you dont pass this exam? b. What presents will you buy if you go to that party? c. What grade do you expect to get if you write a good paper? d. What do you need to learn if you want to get that job? e. What will you tell him if he asks you about your accident?
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Translate the following sentences into English: a. Dac voi putea, te voi ajuta la proiectul de an. b. Dac voi ti rspunsul, o s i-l spun. c. Dac vrei s ne nsoeti, eti binevenit.
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d. Voi pleca n vacan dac voi avea bani. e. Vei nva mai bine dac accepi s te ajut.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. Put if, when, or as soon as into each gap, and put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense: John: Bye, darling. Have a good trip. Maria: Thanks. I (ring) you ... I (arrive) at the hotel. John: Good, but remember Im going out. Maria: Well, ... you (be) out ... I (ring), I (leave) a message on the answer phone so you know Ive arrived safely. John: Great. What time do you expect youll be there? Mary: ... the plane (arrive) on time, I (be) at the hotel at about 10.00. Thats 8.00 your time. John: All right. And remember. Give me a ring .. you know the time of your flight back, and I (pick) you up. Maria: Thanks, darling. Bye!
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 4. Translate the following sentences into Romanian: a. If I knew it, I would have told you the truth. b. If she helped me I wouldnt be late to work. c. If it rained, we would go inside. d. Id like to hear her news if she were here. e. If you could do it, you wouldnt ask me to tell you how to do it.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. Translate the following sentences into English: a. Dac a ti mai multe amnunte despre acest raport, i le-a spune. b. Dac ai vrea, m-ai putea ajuta s termin proiectul acesta? c. Dac ar fi aici, am termina treaba mai repede i am putea iei la o cafea. d. L-ar asculta dac ar avea urechi de auzit. e. Ne-ar face plcere s venim la petrecerea ta de terminare a facultii dac nu am avea altceva de fcut.
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a. If I had a typewriter I (type) it myself. b. If he worked more slowly he (not make) so many mistakes. c. I (buy) shares in this company if I had some money. d. I could tell you what this means if I (speak) Arabian. e. I (offer) to help if I thought Id be of any use. f. If you (change) your job would it affect your pension? g. If you (speak) more slowly he would understand you. h. If you (look) at the engine for a moment you would see what is missing. i. You (save) me a lot of trouble if you told me where you are going.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: a. If I (know) this from the beginning, I wouldnt have asked you to do it for me. b. If it had rained it (be) a disaster. c. If she (go) to university so late, she wouldnt have had these problems in her career. d. If you (stay) on that drilling rig and (be confronted with) such storms, I dont think you would argue against my leaving that place. e. If I had known how to solve the problems in chemistry, I (pass) the exam in the winter session.
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_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 8. Translate into English: a. Dac a fi putut s te ajut, a fi fcut-o nc de atunci. b. Dac ar fi tiut rspunsurile la toate ntrebrile, nu ar fi luat o not aa de mic. c. Dac a fi nvat mai bine, nu a fi picat acest examen. d. Dac nu ar fi nins, nu am fi plecat la munte de Crciun. e. V-ai fi distrat mai bine, dac nu ai fi avut aceast problem de rezolvat n acelai timp.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 9. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses: a. If I had known that you were in danger I (help) you. b. If you (arrive) fifteen minutes earlier you would have got a seat. c. I shouldnt have believed you when telling me about that drillers accident if I (not see) it with my own eyes. d. If he had asked you to do that job, you (accept)? e. But for the fog we (reach) our destination ages ago.
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f. If I (be) ready when he called he would have taken me with him. g. If she listened to my directions she (not turn) the lights off. h. If you had told me that he never paid his debts I (not lend) him the money. i. You wouldnt have had so much trouble with your car if you (have) it serviced regularly. j. I (take) a taxi to the university if I had realized that it was such a long way.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 10. Finish these sentences, taking care to use the correct tense. These are mixed conditional sentences. a. If he had taken my advice... b. The substance would look better if... c. Id have brought my compass if... d. If you had asked his permission... e. If I buy this machine ... f. If she practised more... g. If the river rises any higher... h. I would lend it to you if... i. If the fire had been noticed earlier... j. If she rings while Im in the tunnel...
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11. Match the clauses together to make mixed conditional sentences: 1. If you had told me meeting. about this problem earlier, 2. If you were a more sensitive person, 3. If they dont contact you soon, 4. If he hadnt died so young, 5. If he didnt work so hard all the time, 6. If the train hadnt been delayed, 7. If he was feeling ill this morning, 8. If youre coming month. with us 9. If I really wanted to have children, 10. If you had worked harder last month, 12. The condition is not stated in a conditional clause in the following underlined sentences. Write a sentence containing the underlined sentence as a main clause and an appropriate conditional clause. J. Im sure hed be a famous musician by now. I. we would be there by now. H. you wouldnt be so busy this G. would you hurry up and get ready? F. everything would be all right now. E. I would have had them by now. D. you wouldnt have said that to her. C. his wife would never have left him. B. you could always ring them up. A. he probably wont be at the
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a. I think Alison should apply for the job. She would make a very good managing director. b. The problem is that she doesnt work very hard. I know that she could do really well. c. Were lucky its sunny today. It would be horrible sitting out here otherwise. d. He wouldnt be able to live on his own without the help of his neighbours. e. With luck, well finish the job by the end of the day. f. I hear youre thinking of going to Indonesia for the summer. Youll love it there. g. I hope those refugees arent deported, but I think they will be. They may be imprisoned or even executed. h. Its a good job you brought all those tables and chairs in from outside last night. The rain would have ruined them. i. Mark should have told the truth. Im sure she would have forgiven him. j. Without the help of the Red Cross doctors, many more would have died.
_________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 13. First, second or third conditional:
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a. We wanted to go out yesterday but the weather was terrible. If it (be) a nice day, we (go) for a picnic. b. Why dont you explain everything to him? If you (not tell) him the truth, Im sure you (regret) one day. c. Jenny was here not long ago. If you (come) round earlier, you (see) her. d. Apparently, the ferry company are planning to close the port in this town. If that (happen), the town (lose) a great deal of money. e. I (help) you with it if I (have) more time but Im afraid I havent got any spare time at all at the moment. f. The government is expecting to win the next election, but if it (lose), the PM (resign) from politics. g. Im so glad you took me to your friends party. If we (not go) there, I never (meet) Adrian. h. Its ridiculous that trains are so expensive. If fares (be) cheaper, Im sure more people (use) the train and (leave) their cars at home. i. Fortunately the explosion took place at night when the streets were empty. It (be) a disaster if it (happen) in the middle of the day. j. If Alison (know) anything about car mechanics, Im sure she (help) us fix the car, but she knows even less than we do. k. Theyve been married for 20 years but I dont think she (marry) him if she (know) what a selfish man he was. l. She has everything she wants but shes always moaning. Im sure that if I (have) so much money I (moan) all the time.
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 14. Rewrite the sentences: a. If you dont drive carefully, youll have an accident. Unless You wont . As long as you b. You had better take his advice. Were c. If she happens to come, tell her to wait for me. Should d. As he couldnt afford a holiday, he stayed at home. If e. Since he doesnt have any qualifications, he cant find a job. If f. If it hadnt been for my mothers generosity, I wouldnt have my car now. But for g. If you help me. Ill help you. Ill help you provided h. He wasnt on time, so we missed the train. Had he i. Im not rich so I cant afford a long holiday abroad. If I
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j. I didnt go out because I had a lot of work to do. If I k. She must be out since she didnt answer the phone. If she were l. She must have lived in France because she has a perfect French accent. If she had 15. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. a. If I were him, I would not be late for the interview. (better) b. You wont be punished provided you admit it was your mistake. (long) c. Since he is an only child, his parents have spoiled him. (not) d. If I had been you, I would have punished him. (shoes) e. If you revise all your notes, youll pass the exam. (provided) f. If it wasnt for the good pay, I wouldnt stay in this job. (but) g. If you dont get to work on time, youll be given the sack. (punctual) h. As youve got a high temperature, youd better go to the doctors. (were) i. As I couldnt answer any of the questions, I walked out of the Maths exam.(so) j. But for his help, I wouldnt be in my current job.(got) k. If Mary were feeling well, she would have come to Toms party. (since) l. If someone gave you a free airline ticket, where would you travel to? (to)
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 16. Translate into English: a. Dac l-ai vedea acum nu l-ai mai recunoate; e numai o umbr din ce a fost o dat. b. Dac n-ai fi att de mincinos, n-ai fi acum n situaia regretabil ca nimeni s nu aib ncredere n tine. c. N-a fi consimit niciodat s prsesc adpostul dac a fi tiut c se va ntmpla o nenorocire. d. N-ar fi trebuit s ctige att de muli bani i n-ar fi dat de necaz dac soiei lui i-ar fi plcut mai puin luxul. e. De data asta te-a putea duce cu maina mea dac mi promii s nu se mai repete. f. n cazul n care voi uita, te rog reamintete-mi de promisiunea fcut. g. Dac se ntmpl s treci pe lng biroul lui, ai putea s intri i s i napoiezi dicionarul pe care l-ai mprumutat de la el. h. Presupunnd c partenerul dvs. ar accepta aceste propuneri, care ar fi urmtoarea etap a tratativelor? i. Dac n-ar fi nins, excursia noastr la munte n-ar fi fost att de plcut. j. Mi-a spus de cteva ori c va accepta postul cu condiia ca salariul s fie mulumitor.
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Unit 15
Reading
Read the following fragment from The Blue Hotel by Stephen Crane. Underline the modal verbs: The Palace Hotel at Fort Romper was painted a light blue, a shade that is on the legs of a kind of heron, causing the bird to declare its position against any background. The Palace Hotel, then, was always screaming and howling in a way that made the dazzling winter landscape of Nebraska seem only a gray swampish hush. It stood alone on the prairie, and when the snow was falling the town two hundred yards away was not visible. But when the traveler alighted at the railway station he was obliged to pass the Palace Hotel before he could come upon the company of low clap-board houses which composed Fort Romper, and it was not to be thought that any traveler could pass the Palace Hotel without looking at it. Pat Scully, the proprietor, had proved himself a master of strategy when he chose his paints. It is true that on clear days, when the great transcontinental expresses, long lines of swaying Pullmans, swept through Fort Romper, passengers were overcome at the sight, and the cult that knows the brown-reds and the subdivisions of the dark greens of the East expressed shame, pity, horror, in a laugh. But to the citizens of this prairie town, and to the people who would naturally stop there, Pat Scully had performed a feat. With this opulence and splendor, these creeds, classes, egotisms, that streamed through Romper on the rails day after day, they had no color in common.
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Ways with Words

1. This fragment belongs to a novel written by Stephen Crane. Its title is The Blue Hotel. Do you know any idioms containing the word blue? How do you translate out of the blue or once in a blue moon?
2.
Lets learn some idioms with colours.
Be blue; Feel Blue: I feel blue so often when its cloudy and rainy. Sometimes Im blue on a grey day. But you should see Dorothy. To have green fingers (thumbs): Mrs. Helen Smith always seems to be successful in growing things. Both her flower garden and her vegetable garden always appear to be healthy and very productive. Her friends frequently say: Helen, you certainly have a green thumb! To be in the pink: The doctor examined John thoroughly and finally said: Youre in the pink of health. To which John replied: It must because I take vitamins. Red handed: As the thief was climbing out the window with the stolen necklace, the police was waiting for him and caught him red-handed because he had been/ was careless. Black sheep: Ted ran away from home at age 15. He got into trouble and spent some time in prison. From there he robbed a bank, got captured and spent more time in prison. At least, at the age of 14, he decided to spend his living honestly and today he is no longer the black sheep of his family. On the contrary, his family is quite proud of him and of the transformation they see in his life. 2. Answer the following questions:
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a. Why do people feel blue? b. Is it possible that some of the following are feeling blue?
A man who has just lost all his money. A couple that has just got married. A ship captain whose ship has sunk in a bad storm. A wife whose husband has just given her a diamond necklace.
c. Have you ever felt blue? What has caused it? d. Is it possible that the persons described below could be said to have a green thumb?
A little boy who has got a new puppy for his birthday. A woman who likes to spend her weekends at the beach. A man who spends his summer evenings working in his garden to raise tomatoes, cucumbers etc. An elderly woman who takes great pride in her lovely rose garden A nurse who has just finished working for 24 hours in a hospital and is exhausted. An old man who is 80 years of age but who can still swim, play golf, jog. A family that have been shipwrecked and have only lived on an island for three months with coconuts to eat. A famous boxer who has been training for his next championship fight for six weeks.
e. Is it possible that some of the following are not in the pink?
f. It is possible that some of the following persons be caught red-handed?
A grandmother taking care of her small grandson. A boy taking an apple from a basket in a store. A man robbing a bank at ten oclock in the morning. A policeman driving around in his patrol car.
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g. Restate the following sentence using the idiom red-handed: The mystery of the disappearing jam from the cellar was finally solved when they caught Jim eating a whole pot at night. h. In your opinion, do many families have a black sheep? i. Is it possible that some of the following might be considered a black sheep? An old man who has been poor all his life Twin boys who decide to join the army A young woman who abandons her parents and starts a life thrill of robbing homes of jewels and money.
Grammar Reference
Modal Auxiliaries
Modal auxiliaries are also sometimes called modal verbs or modals. The following are modal auxiliaries:
Present form Can May Will Shall Must Ought to Need Past form could might would should
Modal auxiliaries always stay the same. They cannot be put into different tenses, used as infinitives, as gerunds or present participles. They are followed by the infinitive in different forms.
I. Ability: can, could, be able
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Can (present or future) and could (past) refer to a general ability to do something. Can is also used to refer to an ability to do something specific at a time in the future. She can / cant sing really well. He could read when he was four.
Can and could refer to the ability to do something, but not to the doing of it. My parents live quite a distance away so were not able to/cant see them. We use be able to talk about ability + the achievement of the action. He gave me a lift home so I was able to stay at the party till late.
We use can + be + adjective or noun to talk about possibility. She can be very charming when she wants to be. We use can, could and could have in conditional sentences. We also use them in sentences with an implied condition. I couldnt have done it if I hadnt had your help.
II. Certainty, possibility, deduction: can, could, may, might, must, will, should, ought to To talk about something that it is possible to do at any time, use can or may. With this use, can and may are often followed by the passive infinitive. Stamps can/may be bought at most shops which sell cards. To talk about a future possibility, use may or might. We can also use could (it refers to a theoretical possibility). The parcel may/might arrive tomorrow. We could go by train. (It is possible to take a train there if you wanted to do that). To talk about a present or future certainty, use will + simple or continuous infinitive.
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I will be waiting for you when you arrive. To talk about possibility in the present, use may, might or could + simple infinitive (usually the verb to be) or continuous infinitive. I wont phone Jennifer now because she might be working at home. To talk about possibility in the past, use may, might, could + perfect infinitive (simple or continuous). I dont know why theyre so late. I suppose they could have got lost. To make a deduction about something in the present, use must (positive deduction) or cant (negative deduction) + simple infinitive (usually the verb to be) or continuous infinitive. He cant be driving here: he hasnt got a car. To make a deduction about something in the past, use must/cant (or couldnt) + perfect infinitive (simple or continuous). He cant have forgotten about the meeting: he talked to me about it only this morning. We can use should or ought to + present infinitive to make assumptions about the present or the future and should or ought to + perfect infinitive to make assumptions about the past. The train got in half an hour ago so they should be here soon. Lets go and see Cathy: she should have finished working by now. III. Advice, obligation, necessity: should, ought to, must, have to, have got to, need To give advice, use should or ought to. We often use should/ought to with I think /Do(Dont) you think ? Dont you think you should/ought to stop seeing him? To give strong advice and recommendations, use must. It can refer to present time or future time. We must go and visit them more often. You mustnt let him talk to you like that.
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To criticise actions in the past, use should or ought to + perfect infinitive. Should /ought to in the past means that the subject did not do the right thing. I should/ought to have stayed at home. (= I didnt stay at home and my behaviour was wrong)
To talk about obligation, use must, mustnt or have to. Have to the obligation is often external, it comes from the situation; must the obligation often comes from the speaker or writer of the sentence. Passengers must fasten their seat belts. (The obligation is imposed by the airline who wrote the notice). Well have to get there before 5 oclock because the shops close then.
We can also use have got to to express obligation. Have got to is often interchangeable with have to but there is sometimes a difference: have to can be used for habitual actions and single actions whereas have got to can only be used for single actions. I have to get the bus into work today/I have to get the bus into work every day. I have got to get the bus into work today.
To express a negative obligation, use mustnt. Do not use dont have to = there is no obligation. You mustnt wait here. (You are not allowed to wait here). You dont have to wait here. (It is not necessary for you to wait here but you can if you want to).
To express necessity, use need. We can use need as a modal verb in questions and negative sentences. You neednt come if you dont want to.
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To express lack of necessity, use neednt, dont need to, dont have to, havent got to. When the speaker is giving the authority, we often use neednt. Teacher to students: Youve worked hard today so you neednt do any homework tonight. Were eating out tonight so we dont need/neednt/dont have to/havent got to buy any food.
To express lack of necessity in the past, use neednt + perfect infinitive or didnt need to/didnt have to + infinitive. I neednt have gone to the station so early. The train was nearly an hour late. (It wasnt necessary to go to the station early but I didnt realise that and so I did get there early). We didnt need to/didnt have to get up early this morning because we had no lectures. (It wasnt necessary and so we didnt do it).
IV. Offers, requests, permission, suggestions: can, could, may, might, would, must, shall, would you mind Asking permission: Can/Could/May/Might I ? Making a request: Can/Could/Would you ? To give or refuse permission: You can/cant/may/may not/must/mustnt To make an offer: Can/Shall I, we ? Would you like? To make a suggestion or an invitation: Shall we ? We could ..., Would you like to ? V. Habit: would, used to Used to is not a modal: I used to work here. I didnt use to work here. Did you use to work here? Use would and used to to talk about past habits. When we were children, my brother and I used to fight all the time. When we were children, my brother and I would fight all the time.
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When we use would to talk about a past habit, it is necessary to use a past time reference. Used to can be used with or without a past time reference.
When we talk about past situations (not actions), we can use used to but we cant use would.
Controlled Practice
1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of can, could or be able to. a. Hes very fit for his age. He (run) really fast. b. Id like (work) with you one day. c. He (not climb) up to the top: he was too scared. d. If they hadnt phoned for an ambulance, he (die). e. I love (spend) all morning in bed at weekends. f. We (go) to that concert tomorrow if the tickets havent sold out. g. I think you should go in the spring: it (be) very crowded there in summer. h. I (not understand) what he says: he speaks too quickly. i. (speak) another language fluently is a great advantage. j. Jonathan (not say) anything until he was about three years old. k. We (not phone her up) because her phone had broken, but fortunately we ... (get) a message to her. l. Amys exam results werent very good. She (do) better. m. I (not sleep) very well for the last four nights. Its been too hot. n. She tried to think of other things but she (not put) that awful memory out of her mind. o. (you come) to the party on Sunday? 2. Complete the sentences with can, could, may, might, will, should, ought to, must and an infinitive in the appropriate form: a. Kerrys rather late. She (miss) the train.
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b. Travellers cheques (be exchanged) at most banks. c. Theyre not answering the phone so they (be) out. d. Dont phone her now. It (be) the middle of the night in Australia. e. They (not move) house yet. I saw them in town this morning. f. I havent seen Joanna this week. I think she (visit) her parents but Im not sure about it. g. Her exam results are coming out soon. She worked very hard so she (do) well. h. That womans just fallen over. Lets go and see her: she (be) hurt. i. I dont know where she is. She (not still play) tennis: its been dark for the last hour. j. I sent the letter two days ago so he (get) it by now, but you can never be sure. k. Jims been very quiet since his girlfriend went away. He (miss) her. l. I (come) and visit you at the weekends. Anyway, Ill give you a ring to let you know. m. She was with a man I didnt recognize. It (be) her brother because he looked a bit like her. n. The roads are fairly quiet today so we (have) a good journey. o. Why do you think Tricia was in such a hurry? I dont know. She (run) to catch the bus. p. These glasses (be) Tims: they look a bit like his. r. It (not rain): the grounds completely dry. s. I (join) the sports club in the summer but I havent decided yet. t. I told her you were coming so she (expect) you. u. Theyve just rung the bell so the children (be) out of the classrooms in a minute.
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3. Complete the sentences using the modals should, ought to, must or need or the verb have to in the correct tense and form. a. We (leave) at 11 oclock last night because the last bus went at 11.20. b. I dont think you (offer) to help him. Youve got enough work to do. c. They (not pay) to stay in a hotel. They can stay with us. d. Weve been staying in a hotel for the last two weeks so we (not cook) our own meals. e. You (come round) for dinner one evening. We havent had a good talk for a long time. f. We (run) all the way to the station because we were late for the train. g. Its your own fault that youre so tired. You (not go) to bed so late. h. Why the prisoners (be locked) in their cells all day? i. Hurry up. You (not have) a bath now. The taxis coming in twenty minutes. j. You (not tell) him what happened. He would never forgive us. k. You (not allow) David to walk home from school every day on his own. Hes too young. l. I dont like (do) everything my boss tells me to do. m. You (go) to that new French restaurant in town. Its the best restaurant Ive ever been to. n. Paul (not get up) early in the morning but everyone else in the house does. o. If I fail any one of my exams, I (take) all of them again in November. p. I (tell) him what you really think of him next time you see him if I were you. r. The weddings been cancelled so I (not buy) that new suit: it was a waste of money. s. I (take) the children to school every morning before I go to work. t. You (not eat) in the lecture hall: its against the college regulations.
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u. Id like you to come to the meeting but you (not come) if you dont want to. 4. Write what to say using can, could, may, might, shall, must, would, would you like, would you mind. There may be a number of possible answers. a. Offer to open the door for a stranger. b. Ask someone to answer the phone for you. c. Invite a friend to go for a swim this morning. d. Offer to make someone a sandwich. e. Request an appointment to see your bank manager, Ms Arnold. f. Give someone permission to use your phone. g. Suggest going for a picnic this afternoon. h. Ask someone to wait here for you. i. Give your son permission to go out but tell him to be back before it gets dark. j. You are in the train. Ask another passenger if you can open the window. Offer to answer the phone. k. You are in a caf. There is a free seat next to someone. Ask that person if you can sit there. 5. Complete the sentences with would or used to. Where either form is possible, write them both. a. I have lots of free time before I started working here. b. In the long summer holidays, we go out somewhere with a picnic every day. c. When I was a newly-trained teacher, I work till late every night preparing lessons. d. They be happy together but they are not now.
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e. When they came to London, they (never) travel anywhere on the tube. f. When I had a car, I drive everywhere, but now Im much fitter because I always walk or cycle. g. During my last year at university, I go to the library to start work at 9 oclock every morning. h. When we shared a flat together, we (often) stay up talking late. i. When Amy was a baby, people (often) come up to me and tell me how beautiful she was. j. He be overweight but hes much slimmer now. 6. Rewrite the following sentences using a modal. In some sentences more than one modal is possible. a. I promise to phone you next week. I will/ll phone you next week. b. At the age of nine, he still didnt know how to read. c. Its essential that we leave on time tomorrow morning. d. Are you able to come with me tonight? e. Its not a good idea for you to work so hard. f. Its possible that theyll be here soon. g. Why dont we go and see a film tonight? h. He said that he intended to write to me soon. i. Is it possible for me to sit here? j. He refuses to give me an answer. k. Its not necessary for you to apologize. l. Am I allowed to smoke in here? m. He knew how to speak four languages by the time he was twelve. n. I want to help you but I am not able to. o. I think its a good idea for me to stay in tonight: Ive got a lot of work to do. p. I dont know who she is but its possible that she is Ricks sister.
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r. Do not tell him any of this: its vital that it remains a secret. s. I intend to finish this essay before I go to sleep. t. Its 7 oclock. I assume that Clare will be here soon. u. I know hes in but hes not answering the phone. Im sure that he is asleep.
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k. You wont be able to enter the country unless you have a visa. (prevented) l. You mustnt start writing before the test starts. (rules)
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Ar fi trebuit s verifice frnele nainte de plecare. Am vzut un tigru ieri n pdure. - Nu se poate s fi vzut un tigru, nu sunt tigrii n ar la noi. Tocmai am terminat de udat florile. - Nu era nevoie s le uzi, uite cum plou acum. Ua era deschis. Nu se poate s fi fost deschis. Am nchis-o chiar eu la plecare. M-ai auzit cnd am venit acas seara trecut? Nu, trebuie c adormisem. Sttea pe banc ore ntregi i se uita la stele. Dac i dai ocazia nu mai nceteaz cu povetile din rzboi. L-am vzut pe strad dar nu s-a oprit s-mi vorbeasc. Probabil c era foarte grbit. Cnd era la coal putea merge n mini distane lungi, dar acum nu mai poate. Dei afar plou cu gleata de cel puin trei ore, am putut s merg la farmacie i s cumpr medicamente. Nu este voie s vorbeti tare aici, doar suntem ntr-un spital. Nu e cazul s-i reaminteti de datorie, este un om cu mult bun sim. Nu era nevoie s-i cumperi volumul acesta de poezii, l mai are de dou ori. Se poate ca ieri pe vremea asta fraii lui s fi crat crmida de la fabric. S-ar putea ca ei s i formateze sistemul acum, habar n-am. Trebuie s-mi spl maina, este prea murdar. Ar fi trebuit s o spl cel puin acum o lun. Cu siguran c n acest moment echipa advers srbtorete victoria. Acum un an am avut un cine tare neasculttor: nu vroia s-mi aduc papucii atunci cnd i spuneam eu. Este de datoria noastr s ne ajutm prinii atunci cnd sunt n dificultate. Citeam zeci de cri pe lun cnd eram student.
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Progress Test 4
1. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same: a. Without your support, I should have never won the nomination. If it hadnt .. b. The telephone rang the moment I stepped into the room No sooner . c. The candidate was undoubtedly highly intelligent but she was not very suitable for the job. Intelligent.. d. She has not been to the office since November, 4th. She last e. Id like to have seen this movie. I wish .. f. I should really like someone to do all the housework for me. The thing Id really like . g. Ive never seen such an exciting match before. This match .. h. Joan is very alike her father. Joan bears i. We cant persuade the cat to come down from that tree. The cat j. Can you play golf well enough to beat him? Is your
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_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Insert the adverbs in brackets in the correct place: a. We shall go (tonight, to the theatre, at six o clock) b. He goes (to the factory, every morning, at 7 oclock) c. She played (last evening, the piano, at the National Opera, wonderfully) d. My friend spoke (evening, to me, in the street yesterday, very kindly) e. I am born (on April, in 1978, at 4 oclock, 3rd) f. Mr. Smith came (into the office late) g. I read (all day, at home, yesterday, very much) h. I enjoyed my lunch (the day before yesterday, very much) i. They went (for a week and a half, to England, 5th, on March)
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3. Translate into English: Stau cteodat i-mi aduc aminte ce vremi i ce oameni mai erau n prile noastre pe cnd ncepusem i eu, drgli-Doamne, a m ridica biea la casa prinilor mei, n satul Humuletii, din trg drept peste apa Neamului; sat mare i vesel, mprit n trei pri, care se in tot de una: Vatra satului, Delenii i Bejenii. -apoi Humuletii, i pe vremea aceea, nu erau numai aa, un sat de oameni fr cptiu, ci sat vechiu rzesc, ntemeiet n toat puterea cuvntului: cu gospodari tot unul i unul, cu flci voinici i fete mndre, care tiau a nvrti i hora i suveica, de vuia satul de vatale n toate prile; cu biseric frumoas i nite preoi i dascli i poporeni ca aceia, de fceau mare cinste satului lor. i printele Ioan de sub deal, Doamne, ce om vrednic i cu buntate mai era! Prin ndemnul su, ce mai de pomi s-au pus n interim, care era ngrdit cu zaplaz de brne, strinit cu indril, i ce chilie durat s-a fcut la poarta bisericei pentru coal; -apoi, s fi vzut pe neobositul printe cum umbla prin sat din cas n cas, mpreun cu bdia Vasile a Ilioaei, dasclul bisericei, un holteiu zdravn, frumos i voinic, i sftuia pe oameni s-i deie copiii la nvtur. i unde nu s-au adunat o mulime de biei i fete la coal; ntre care eram i eu, un biat prizrit, ruinos i fricos i de umbra mea.
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Key: a. If it hadnt been for your support I should have never won the nomination. b. No sooner had I stepped into the room than the telephone rang. c. Intelligent as the candidate was, she was not very suitable for the job. d. She last was to the office on November, 4th. e. I wish I had seen this movie. f. The thing Id really like is to have someone to do all the housework for me. g. This match is the most exciting I have ever seen. h. Joan bears a resemblance with her father. i. The cat wouldnt come down from that tree. j. Is your golf handicap better than his? 2. a. We shall go to the theatre at six oclock tonight. b. He goes to the factory at 7 oclock every morning. c. She played the piano wonderfully at the National Opera last evening.
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d. My friend spoke very kindly to me in the street yesterday evening. e. I am born at 4 oclock, on April, 3rd, in 1978. f. Mr. Smith came into the office late. g. I read a lot at home all day yesterday. h. I enjoyed my lunch very much the day before yesterday. i. They went to England for a week and a half on March, 5th. 3. I sometimes stop and call to mind the customs and people there used to be in my part of the world at the time when I had, so to speak, just begun to put a foot over the threshold of boyhood in my home in the village of Humuleti. It faced the town on the other side of the waters o the River Neam; it was a large and cheerful village, divided into three closely connected parts: the village itself, the Deleni and the Bejeni. Moreover, Humuleti in those days was not just a village of neer-do-wells but a prosperous and ancient village of freeholders, its reputation and standing having long since been assured, with farmers who knew their job, with stalwart young men and comely girls who could swing the shuttle too, so that the village would buzz with the sound of looms on every side. It had a fine church and outstanding clergy, church elders and parishioners, who were a credit to their village. As for Father Ion, who lived at the foot of the hill, Lord, what an active and kindly man he was! On his advice lots of trees were planted in the graveyard which graveyard was surrounded by a high fence of thick planks with eaves of shingles and the fine room at the gate of the church precincts was built to serve as a village school. You should have seen this untiring priest going round the village, entering one house after another, together with one of his elders, Master Vasile, the son of Ilioaia, a sturdy, good-looking, handsome bachelor. The two of them would persuade people to send their children to get some schooling, and you should have seen the
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number of boys and girls who flocked into the school from all parts, myself among them, a puny, timid lad, afraid of my own shadow! (translated by Ana Cartianu)
Score: 1. 1 point + 1 point each x 9 = 10 points 2. 1 point + 1 point each x 9 = 10 points 3. 1 point +9 points = 10 points Divided by 3 = 10 points
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Appendix 1
Irregular verbs Base form to be to beat Past Simple was/were beat Past Participle been beaten Translation a fi a bate a lovi to become to bend to begin to bid became bent began bid bade to bind bound become bent begun bid bidden bound a nvinge a deveni a (se) ndoi a ncepe a ordona a porunci a oferi a uni a lega to blow to break blew broke blown broken a obliga a sufla a sparge a rupe a sfrma to bring to build to burn to burst brought built burnt burst brought built burnt burst a degrada a aduce a produce a cldi a construi a arde a ataca a izbucni a exploda to buy to cast bought cast bought cast a crpa a cumpra a arunca
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to catch
caught
caught
a turna a prinde a capta a bloca a colecta a selecta a alege a (se) despica a (se) scinda a separa a veni a ajunge a costa a (se) tr a aluneca a se alungi a tia a se ocupa (cu) a distribui a spa a face a desena a schia a atrage a visa a bea a aciona a conduce a mnca a cdea a alimenta a hrni a (se) simi a combate a (se) lupta a gsi
to choose to cleave
chose cleft clove
chosen cleft cloven come cost crept
to come cost to creep
came cost crept
to cut to deal to dig to do to draw
cut dealt dug did drew
cut dealt dug done drawn
to dream to drink to drive to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find
dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found
dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found
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a descoperi to fling flung flung a constata a lansa a arunca to fly to forecast to forbid to forget to freeze to get flew forecast forbade forgot froze got flown forecast forbidden forgotten frozen got a izbucni a zbura a lansa a prevedea a interzice a uita a nghea a refrigera a obine a primi to give gave given a deveni (a ajunge) a da a acorda a transmite a aviza to go went gone a preda a merge a funciona to grow to hang grew hung grown hung a circula a se mri a dezvolta a suspenda a aga to have to hear to hew to hide to hit had heard hewed hid hit had heard hewed hewn hidden hit a pune receptorul n furc a avea a auzi a ciopli a tia a ascunde a lovi a ciocni
295
to hold
held
held
a izbi a ine a bloca a opri a fixa a cuprinde a rni a lovi a avaria a ine a reine a menine a ntreine a nnoda a tricota a mbina a ti a cunoate a pune a aeza a ntinde a conduce a avansa a comanda a nclina a (se) apleca a se sprijini a nva a pleca a prsi a mprumuta a lsa a permite a se afla
to hurt
hurt
hurt
to keep
kept
kept
to knit
knit
knit
to know to lay
knew laid
known laid
to lead
led
led
to lean
leant
leant
to learn to leave to lend to let to lie
learnt left lent let lay
learnt left lent let lain
296
light to lose to make to mean to meet
lit lost made meant met
lit lost made meant met
a consta n a aprinde a pierde a fabrica a face a nsemna a vrea s spun a (se) ntlni a intersecta a ncrucia a plti a achita a pune a aeza a citi a clri a suna a chema (la telefon) a (se) ridica a (se) urca a rsri a alerga a funciona a administra a spune a tia cu ferstrul a vedea a cuta a cerceta a vinde a trimite a regla a ajusta a stabili a bate a scutura
to pay to put to read to ride to ring to rise
paid put read rode rang rose
paid put read ridden rung risen
to run
ran
run
to say to saw to see to seek to sell to send to set
said sawed saw sought sold sent set
said sawn seen sought sold sent set
to shake
shook
shaken
297
to shear to shed
sheared shed
shorn shed
a vibra a tia a mrgini a arunca a difuza a vrsa a strluci a arta a manifesta a mpuca a filma a se contracta a nchide a cnta a (se) scufunda a ngropa a sta jos a dormi a aluneca a glisa a arunca a lansa a mirosi a izbi a vorbi a accelera a scrie liter cu liter a silabisi a petrece a cheltui a ntrebuina a vrsa a risipi a turna a scinda a despica a (se) roti
to shine to show to shoot to shrink to shut to sing to sink to sit to sleep to slide to sling to smell to smite to speak to speed to spell to spend
shone showed shot shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid slung smelt smote spoke sped spelt spent
shone shown shot shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid slung smelt smitten spoken sped spelt spent
to spill
spilt
spilt
to split to spin
split spun
split spun
298
to spread
spread
spread
a rspndi a acoperi a extinde a sri a izvor a se arcui a sta (vertical) a rezista a suporta a fura a (se) lipi a se fixa a lovi a izbi a nira a lega a se strdui a se lupta a jura a (se) umfla a crete a nota a oscila a (se) balansa a pendula a lua a capta a necesita a preda a rupe a spune a reflecta a gndi a socoti c a arunca
to spring
sprang
sprung
to stand
stood
stood
to steal to stick to strike to string to strive to swear to swell to swim to swing
stole stuck struck strung strove swore swelled swam swung
stolen stuck struck strung striven sworn swollen swum swung
to take
took
taken
to teach to tear to tell to think
taught tore told thought
taught torn told thought
to throw
threw
thrown
299
to thrust
thrust
thrust understood woken worn
a mpinge a nfige a nelege a (se) trezi a purta a (se) uza a toci a plnge a se prelinge a ctiga a a stoarce a rsuci a smulge a scrie
to understand understood to wake woke to wear wore
to weep to win to wind to wring
wept won wound wrung
wept won wound wrung
to write
wrote
written
300
Appendix 2
WORD+PREPOSITION (sb.= somebody; sth.= something) (break sth.) by accident according to (the weather forecast) to account for sth. an advertisement for sth afraid of (storms) at the age of (twenty) to agree with sb. on sth. to apply for (a job) appropriate for sth. to argue with sb. about sth. to arrive at (the railway station) to arrive in (Europe) as a result to ask for sth. to assist in sth. attentive at sth./ sb. at the beginning of sth. in the beginning to be afraid of. sb./ sth. to be at home to be aware of sth. to be bored with sth./sb. to be careful about sth. to be fed up with sth. to be full of (energy)
301
to be fond of sb. to be good at sth. to be in charge of sth. to be in love with sb. to be in a mess to be interested in sth. to be impressed by sth. to be married to sb. to be on strike to be out of order to be patient with sb./ sth. to be proud of sth./ sb. to be similar to sth. to be tired of sth. to believe in sth. to belong to sb. to benefit from sth. to go by bus/ train/plane, etc. in the (20-th) century certain of sth. change for (a dollar) to come from England/ Romania to compare sth. with sth. else to complain about sth. in (good/bad) condition in/ under these conditions in contrast with sth./ sb. to cooperate with sb. to cope with sth.
302
to deal with sth. to debate on sth. deficiency in sth./ deficient in sth. to depend on sb./ sth. to develop into sth. to die of sth. to be different from sb./sth. in the distance to distinguish sth. from sth. else to dream about sb./sth. in the end at the end of sth. to a (certain/great) extent to fight against sb./ sth. to fight against sb./ sth. on a flight to (Paris) to fight against sb./sth. to find put about sv./ sth. to forget about sb./sth. to get in touch with sb. to get on (well) with sb. to go out with sb. to go home to have a degree in sth. to have an interview for a job to invite sb. to (a party) or for (dinner) in the North/ South, etc. to laugh at sb./ sth. to listen to sth./ sb.
303
to live on the third/fourth floor to look after sb. to look at sth. to look for sth. to look forward to doing sth. to merge with sth. by mistake at the/that moment to operate on sb. to originate in sth. owing to sth. to participate in sth. to pay ($5000) for sth. to point at sb./ sth. to point sth. (a gun) at sb. preoccupation with sth. to rely on sb./ sth representative of sb./ sth. resistance to sth./ sb. to search for sth./ sb. to sell sth. for ($300) to share sth. with sb. similar to sb./ sth. to speak to sb. about sth. to specialize in sth. to spend money on sth. a story about sth. to suffer from sth. to talk to sb. about sth.
304
thanks to sb./ sth. on television to think about (What are you thinking about?) to think of (What do you think of von Laue?) to throw sth. at sb. a ticket for sth. in view of sth. to wait for sb./ sth. on the way (to school) to work as (a teacher) to work for (an organization) to worry about sth./ sb. to write (an e-mail, a letter) to sb.
305
306
Bibliography
1.
***, English for Science and Technology, 1996, Cavallioti Publishing House, The British Council, Bucharest ***, Sinteze i exerciii pentru examenele de bacalaureat i admitere, 1998, Editura Amarcord, Timioara Andrews, Stephen, Preparing for Proficiency, 1983, Heinemann Educational Books, London, Archer, Margaret, Nolan, Enid, 1978, Cambridge Certificate A Course for First Certificate, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Chioran, D., Panovf, I., Poenaru, I., 1972, English Grammar Exercises, Editura tiinific, Bucureti Deighton, Lee C., 1984, Vocabulary Development, Macmillan, New York, Dobrovici, Viorica & Dorobat, Dumitru & Luca, Tamara & Popescu Brandusa, 1972, Limba engleza.Curs practic, ed. Didactica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti Eastwod, J., 1984, A Basic English Grammar. Exercises, Oxford University Press, Oxford Galea, Ileana, Stanciu, Virgil, 1999, English With Tears, Ed.Dacia, Cluj http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm http://www.google.com http://www.randomhouse.com Hulban Horia, Luca-Lctuu, Tamara, Creescu Goglniceanu, Clina, 1983, Competen i performan. Exerciii i teste de limba englez, Editura Stiinific i Enciclopedic, Bucureti
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