Бек - Экстремальное программирование Разработка через тестирование

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Addison-Wesley
An imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Reading, Masachusetts Harlow, England Menlo Park, California
Berkley, California Don Mills, Ontario Sydney
Bonn Amsterdam Tokyo Mexico City
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2003
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32.973.2-018
681.3.06
42
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ISBN 5-8046-0051-6
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Pearson Education, Inc., 2003

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Addison-Wesley Longman.
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ISBN 5-8046-0051-6
ISBN 0-321-14653-0 (.)
, 196105, -, . , . 67.
05784 07.09.01.
005-93, 2; 95 3005 .
14.08.03. 70x100/16. . . . 18,06. 3000. 297

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198005, -, , 29
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10. times()
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JUnit

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I I . xUnit
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18. xUnit
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19. ( setup)
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20. ( tearDown)
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22.
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23.
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24. xUnit
123
I I I .
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(Isolated Test)
(Test List)
(Test First)
assert (Assert First) .
(Test Data)
(Evident Data)
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135
26.
One Step Test ( )
Starter Test ( )
Explanation Test ( )
Learning Test ( )
Another Test ( )
Regression Test ( )
Break ()
Do over ( )
Cheap Desk, Nice Chair ( , )
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27.
(Child Test)
Mock Object ( )
Self Shunt ()
Log String (-)
Crush Test Dummy ( )
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Broken Test ( ) . . .
Clean Check-in ( )
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151
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28.
Fake It ()
Triangulate ()
Obvious Implementation ( )
One to Many ( )
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29. xUnit
Assertion
Fixture ()
External Fixture ( )
Test Method ( )
Exception Test ( )
All Tests ( )
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30.
Command ()
Value Object (-)
Null Object (-)
Template Method ( )
Pluggable Object ( )
Pluggable Selector ( )
Factory Method ( )
Imposter ()
Composite ()
,
Collecting Parameter ( )
Singleton ()
168
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31.
Reconcile Differences ( )
Isolate Change ( )
Migrate Data ( )
Extract Method ( )
Inline Method ( )
Extract Interface ( ) . . .
Move Method ( )
Method Object ( )
Add Parameter ( )
Method Parameter to Constructor Parameter (
)
32. TDD
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(Steve Hayes), (Alan Francis), (Jona
than Rasmusson), (Shane Clauson), (Simon Crase),
(Kay Pantecost), (Murrey Bishop),
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fee), (Peter van Rooijen), (Rick Kawala),
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Sampson), (Patrik Logan), (Darren Hobbs),
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man), (Paul Chisholm), (Asim Jalis),
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$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

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public void testMultiplicationO {
Dollar five new Dollar(5);
five.times(2);
assertEqualsdO. five.amount);
}
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Test class name:

MoneyJMoneyTest
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testMultipllcation(MoneY.MoneyTe80:expect*d:<10 butwas:0>
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amount= amount * multiplier;
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amount *= multiplier:
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28
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$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
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30
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Dollar . :
Dollar five= new Dollar(5):
five.times(2);
assertEqualsdO, five.amount):
five.timesO):
assertEquals(15. five.amount);
}
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Dollar product= five.times(2);
assertEquals(10. product.amount):
product five.timesO):
assertEquals(15. product.amount):
}
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Dollar.times():
Dollar
Dollar timesdnt multiplier) {
amount *= multiplier:
return null:
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Dollar
Dollar times(int multiplier) {
return new DollarCamount * multiplier):
}
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amount
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31
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$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
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amount
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equals()
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2. , Value Objects equals(), , $5

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$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
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"amount"
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equals()
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public void testEquality {
assertTrue(new Dollar(5).equals(new Dollar(5))):

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public boolean equals(0bject object) {
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public void testEqualityO {
assertTrue(new Dollar(5).equals(new Dollar(5)));
2 * 297
34
assertFalse(new Doliaf(5).equals(new ())):

}
(equality):
Dollar
public boolean equals(Object object) {
Dollar dollar=(Dollar) object;
return amount == dollar.amount:
}
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
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amount
Dollor?
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equalsO
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times(). $5*2 = $10 $5 * 3 - $15,
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Dollar,
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Dollar five= new Dollar(5);
Dollar product= five.times(2);
assertEquals(10. product.amount);
product^ five.timesO):
. assertEquals(15, product.amount);
}
(assert-) ,
Dollar:
Dollar five= new Dollar(5);
Dollar product=five.times(2):
assertEquals(new Dollar(lO), product);
product= five.timesO):
assertEquals(15. product.amount);
}
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37
, :
Dollar five new Dollar(5):
Dollar product=five.times(2);
assertEquals(new Dollar(lO). product):
product five.timesO):
assertEqualsCnew Dollar(15). product):
}
product,
:
Dollar five new Dollar(5):
assertEqua1s(new Dollar(lO), five.times(2)):
assertEquals(new 0(15), five.times(3)):
}
, .
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Dollar
private i n t amount;
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
$5 * 2 - $10
amount
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cqualsO
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Franc , Dollar, ,
Dollar:
public void testFrancMultiplicationO {
Franc five= new Franc(5):
assertquals(new Franc(lO). five.times(2));
assertEquals(new Franc(15). five.timesO)):
}
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Dollar.
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class Franc {
private int amount:
Francdnt amount) {
41
this.amount amount;
}
Franc timesdnt multiplier) {
return new Franc(anraunt * multiplier);
}
Franc franc= (Franc) object;
return amount franc.amount;
}
}
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
$5 * 2 - $10
amount (privotc)
Dollar?
?
equalsQ
hashCode()
null

5 CHF * 2 - 10 CHF
Dollar/Franc
equals()
times()
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$5 * 2 - $10
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hashCode()
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Dollar/Franc
equals()
times()
Crossing to Safety (Wallance Stegner)

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Money
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Money
equals(). :
Money
class Money
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Dollar Money:
Dollar
class Dollar extends Money {
private i n t amount:
}
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amount Money:
Money
class Money {
protected i n t amount:
}
Dollar
class Dollar extends Money {

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amount :
private protected.
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Dollar
Money dollar= (Dollar) object:
}
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44
Dollar
Money dollar (Money) object:
}
,
:
Dollar
public boolean equalsCObject object) {
Money money= (Money) object:
return amount money.amount:
}
Dollar Money:
Money
public boolean equalsCObject object) {
Money money (Money) object:
return amount money.amount;
}
Franc.equals().
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Dollar:
assertTrue(new Dollar(5).equals(new Dollar(5)));
45
assertFalse(new Dollar(5),equals(new Dollar(6))):

assertTrue(new Franc(5).equals(new Franc(5)));
assertFalse(new Franc(5).equals(new Franc(6)));
}
. !
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, , Franc
Money:
Franc
class Franc extends Money {
private i n t amount;
}
amount Franc,
Money:
Franc
class Franc extends Money {
}
Franc.equalsO , Money.equals().
,
Franc.
. :
Franc
Money franc= (Franc) object:
return amount == franc.amount:
}
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Franc
Money franc= (Money) object;
return amount == franc.amount;
}
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, Money.
-
:
Franc

Money money= (Money) object:
return amount = money.amount;
}
46
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$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
$5 * 2 - $10
amount (private)
Dollar?
?
hashCodeO
null

5 CHF * 2 - 10
Dollar/Franc
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times()
(Franc) (Dollar)
Franc.equals() Money.equals(),
Franc.
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7.
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(Dollar)
(Money);
(Franc) (Money);
equals()
Franc.
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

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amount (privote)
Dollar?
?
cquols()
hashCode()
null

5 * 2 - 10 CHF
Dollar/Franc
cquals()
times()
(Franc) (Dollar)
6 : ,
?
. .
, ?
assertTrue(new Dollar(5).equals(new Dollar(5))):
assertFa1se(new Dollar(5).equals(new Dollar(6))):
assertTrue(new Franc(5).equa1s(new Franc(5)));
assertFa1se(new Franc(5).equa1s(new Franc(6))):
assertFa1se(new Franc(5).equals(new Dollar(5))):
}
.
. ,
.
, . ,
,
Money ,
amount .
48
Money
Money money= (Money) object;
return amount =*= money.amount
&& getClassO.equals(money.getClassO):
}
,
, . ,
, ,
Java.
, ,
,
. , , .
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
$5*2 = $10
amount (private)
D Dollar?
?
equals()
hashCode()
null

5 CHF * 2 = 10 CHF
Dollar/Franc
equals()
times()
! 1 (Franc) (Dollar)
?
times(),
.
, :
;
, ,
getClass();
-
, .
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

$5*2 = $10
omount (privote)
! 1 Dollar?
?
equolsQ
hashCode()
null

5 CHF * 2 - 10 CHF
Dollar/Franc
equals()
times()
! 1 (Fronc) (Dollar)
?
times() :
Franc
Franc timesdnt multiplier) {
return new Franc(amount * multiplier)
} <
Dollar
Dollar times(int multiplier) {
return new DollarCamount * multiplier)
}
,
Money:
Franc
Money times(int multiplier) {
return new Franc(amount * multiplier)
}
50
Dollar
return new Dollar(amount * multiplier)
}
. ,
Money, .
.
, TDD.
? ,
, .
Money (Factory Method),
Dollar.
:
Dollar five= Money.dollar(5);
assertEquals(new Dollar(lO). five.times(2)):
assertEquals(new Dollar(15), five.times(3)):
}
Dollar :
Money
static Dollar dollar(int amount) {
return new Oollar(amount):
}
Dollar,
:
public void testMultiplication() {
Money five= Money.dollar(5):
assertEquals(new Dollar(lO). five.times(2));
assertEquals(new Dollar(15). flve.timesO)):
}
, times() Money
. ,
Money ( ?)
Money.times():
Money
abstract class Money
abstract Money times(int multiplier);
:
Money
static Money dollarCint amount) {
return new Dollar(amount):
}
51
, , , .
:
Money five= Money.do!lar(5);
' assertEquals(Money.do11ar(10), five.times(2)):
assertEquals(Money.dollar(15), five.timesO)):
}
assertTrueCMoney.dol1ar(5).equals(Money.dol1ar(5))):
assertFalseCMoney.dollar(5).equals(Money.dollar(6))):
assertTrue(new Franc(5).equals(new Franc(5)));
assertFalse(new Franc(5).equals(new Franc(6)));
assertFalse(new Franc(5).equals(Money.dollar(5))):
}
, .
Dollar.
,
, - .
testFrancMultiplication(),
, -
, testMultiplication().
: testFrancMultiplication()?
, ? ,
, .
assertTrue(Money.dollar(5).equals(Money.dollar(5)));
assertFalse(Money.dollar(5).equals(Money.dollar(6))):
assertTrue(Money.franc(5).equals(Money.franc(5)));
assertFalse(Money.franc(5).equals(Money.franc(6)));
assertFalse(Money.franc(5).equals(Money.dollar(5))):
}
public void testFrancMultiplicationO {
Money five= Money.franc(5):
assertEquals(Money.francdO). five.t1mes(2)):
assertEquals(Money.franc( 15), five.timesO)):
}
Money.franc() ,
Money.dollar():
Money
static Money francdnt amount) {
return new Franc(amount):
}
52
I
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
$5 * 2 - $10
amount (private)
Dollar?
?
equals()
hashCodeO
null

5 * 2 - 10
Dollar/Franc
equalsQ
times()
(Franc) (Dollar)
?
testFrancMultiplicationQ?^
times().
, :

, times();
;
,
;
, ,
, .
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
$5 * 2 -" $10
amount (private)
Dollar?
?
cquals()
hashCode()
null

5 * 2 10
Dollar/Franc
equals()
times()
(Franc) (Dollar)
?
testFrancMultiplication()?
- ,
? ,
?
?
! !
, :
? , .
, ,
Flyweight Factory () ,
.
:
public void testCurrencyO {
assertEquals("USD". Money.do!lar(l).currencyO):
assertEquals("CHF". Money.franc(1).currency());
}
54
currency () Money:
Money
abstract String currencyO:
:
Franc
String currencyO {
return "CHF":
}
Dollar
String currencyO {
return "USD";
}

,
currencyO- (
, .
, ,
. -, , ,
.)
Franc
private String currency:
FrancCint amount) {
this.amount = amount;
currency "CHF";
}
String currencyO {
return currency:
}
To Dollar:
Dollar
private String currency;
Do11ar(int amount) {
this.amount = amount:
currency = "USD";
}
String currencyO {
return currency:
}

currencyO Money, :
Money
protected String currency:
String currencyO {
55
return currency:
}
"USD" "CHF"
, ,
.
:
Franc
Franc(int amount. String currency) {
this.currency = "CHF":
}
:
Money
static Money franc(int amount) {
return new Franc(amount, null);
}
Franc
return new Franc(amount * multiplier, null):
}
-! Franc.timesO
, ?

? ,
, .
, ,
( Jim
Coplien). , times()
:
Franc
Money timesdnt multiplier) {
return Money.franc(amount * multiplier):
}
"CHF":
Money
static Money franc(int amount) {

return new Franc(amount."CHF"):
}
, :
Franc
Franc(int amount. String currency) {

56
I
this.currency - currency:
}
,
. ? .
,
,
.
. ,
, ,
. ,
Dollar :
Money
static Money dol1ar(int amount) {
return new Dollar(amount,"USD");
}
Dollar
Dollar(int amount, String currency) {
this.amount = amount;
this.currency = currency:
}
Money t1mes(int multiplier) {
return Money.dollar(amount * multiplier):
}
. !
TDD. ,
? .
? . TDD
, , .
- , ,
.
,
:
Money
Money(int amount. String currency) {

this.amount - amount:
this.currency - currency:
}
Franc
Francdnt amount. String currency) {
super(amount, currency);
}
Dollar
Dollar(int amount. String currency) {
super(amount. currency):
}
57
$5 + 1 0 CHF = $10, 2:1
$ * 2 - $10
omount (private)
Dollar?
?
equols()
hashCode()
null

5*2- 10
Dollar/Franc
equols()
times()
(Franc) (Dollar)
?
times() .
, :
,
, ,
;
,
( );
,
times() ;
Dollar
;

.

timesQ
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
$ 5 * 2 $10
amount (private)
Dollar?
?
cquals()
hashCode()
null

5 CHF * 2 - 10 CI1
Dollar/Franc
equals()
times()
(Fronc) (Dollar)
?
Money,
. times() ,
:
Franc
return Money.franc(amount * multiplier):
}
Dollar
return Money.dollar(amount * multiplier):
}
, ,
, ,
, . , -
10 times()
59
new? ( ,
, new
. ,
. , ,
.)
Franc
Money timesCint multiplier) {
return new Franc(amount * multiplier. "CHF");
}
Dollar
return new Oollar(amount * multiplier. "USD");
}
, Franc currency
"CHF\ :
Franc
return new Franc(amount * multiplier, currency);

}
! Dollar:
Dollar
return new Dollar(amount * multiplier.currency);
}
. ,
Franc Money? ,
,
, , ,
. ,
.
. TDD,
, 5 10
, 15
. , .
, , ,
. , ,
.
, ,
Franc.timesO Money:
Franc
return new Money (amount * multiplier, currency):
}
60
, Money (
) :
Money
class Money
Money times(int amount) {
return null:
}
.
: expected:<Money.Franc@31aebf> but was:<Money.Money@478a43>. He -
. , .
, toString():
Money
public String toStringO {
return amount + " " + currency:
, ! ?! ? ,
toStringO, , :
;
toStringO , ,
, ;
,
, .
.
: expected :< 10
CHF> but was: < 10 CHF>. , .
,
. equals():
Money
Money money = (Money) object;
return amount == money.amount
&& getClassO.equals(money.getClassO);
}
,
.
, .
,
, .
, ,
. .
equalsQ,
.
10 times()
61
. (
, ,
, .)
Franc

return new Franc (amount * multiplier, currency):
}
. ,
Franc(10,"CHF") Money(10,"CHF"), ,
. :
public void testOifferentClassEqualityO {
assertTrue(new MoneydO, "CHF").equals(new FrancdO. "CHF"))):
}
, . equal()
, :
Money
Money money - (Money) object:
return amount == money.amount
&& currencyO.equals(money.currencyO);
}
Franc.times() Money,
- :
Franc
return new Money(amount * multiplier, currency);
}
DoHar.times()?
Dollar
return new Money (amount * multiplier, currency):
}
! ,
.
Money

}
62
I
$5 + CHF = $10, 2:1/
$5 * 2 - $10
amount (private)
Dollar?
?
equals()
hashCode()
null

5 CHF * 2 - 10 CHF
Dollar/Franc
equalsQ
times()
() (Dollar)
?
testFrancMultiplicationO?
, ,
.
:
times(),
, (Inline Method),
;
toString() ;
(
Money Franc) , ,
;
,
.
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
$5 * 2 - $10
amount (private)
Dollar?
?
equalsO
hashCode()
null

5 * 2 - 10
Dollar/Franc
equals()
timcs()
(Franc) (Dollar)
?
, Dollar Franc, ,
,
. .
,
. Franc:
Franc
static Money francdnt amount) {
return new Money (amount. "CHF"):
}
Dollar:
Dollar
static Money dollar(int amount) {

return new Money (amount. "USD"):
}
64
Dollar , .
Franc:
public void testDlfferentClassEquality() {
assertTrue(new MoneydO, "CHF").equals(new FrancdO. "CHF")));
}
,
, .
:
assertTrue(Money.dollar(5).equals(Money.dollar(5))):
assertFalse(Money.dollar(5).equals(Money.doll ar(6))),
assertTrue(Money.franc(5).equals(Money.franc(5)));
assertFalse(Money.franc(5).equals(Money.franc(6)));
}
,
. , .
assert,
:
assertTrue(Money.dollar(5).equals(Money.dollar(5)));
assertFalse(Money.dollar(5).equals(Money.doll a r ( 6 ) ) ) :
}
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
$ 5 * 2 = $10
amount (private) 1
Dollar?
?
eqaalsO
hashCode()
null

..5 * 2-1 10
Dollar/Franc
equals()
times()
() (Dollar)
?
testDifferentClassEqualityO , ,
, , .
,
. Dollar -
11
65
Franc. ,
: Money. ,
testDifferentClassEqualityO . ,
Franc.
,
.
, , ,
, ( ,
). ,
testFrancMultiplication(), , -
.
,
.
. :
;
,
,
.
3 .297
,
-
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
, ,
.
. (
. , ,
,
. - ,
, . .)
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
$5 + $5 = $10
,
,
: $5 + $5 = $10.
public void testSimpleAddition<) {
Money sum Money.dollar(5).plus(Money.donar(5)):
assertEquals(Money.dollar(10). sum);
}
, Money.dollar( 10),
. :
Money
Money pi us(Money addend) {
return new Money(amount + addend.amount, currency):
}
( ,
. , ,
. , ,
TDD .)
12 , -
67
, ,
. ,
.
.
.
? ,
.
,
, , ,
- . ,
, .
,
( ,
).
(
) .
,

,
.
. ,
, ,
, .
Imposter ().
, .
Imposter ()?
,
.
. ,
. , TDD
. , TDD
, ,
,
.
, ?
, Money,
Money. ,
. ,
.
.
: (expression).
, : (2 + 3) * 5.
, : ($2 + 3 CHF) * 5.
Money .
Expression.
68
Sum1. (,
) ,
Expression .

.
? , ,
:
public void testSimpleAdditionO {
assertEquals(Money.dollardO). reduced):
}
reduced Expression,
Expression, -
.
? . , ,
:
Money reduced= bank, reduce (sum. "USD"):
assertEquals(Money.dollar(10), reduced):
}
(, :
.
. , , ,
- .)
: reduce()
bank. :
...reduced= sum.reduceC'USD", bank).
reduce()
bank? : ,
, .
reduce()
Bank, Expression?
:
Expression ,
. , ,
.
(
,
).
sum . . .
12 , -
69
, Expression
. ,

, . Expression
.
, ,
- ,
, . ,
, Bank,
reduce() Expression.
bank, , :
public void testSimpleAddition() {
Bank bank= new BankO;
Money reduced bank.reduce(sum. "USD");
assertEquals(Money.dollar(10). reduced);
}
Money Expression:
public void testSi mpl eAddi t i o n O {
Expression sum= f i v e . p l u s ( f i v e ) :
Money reduced= bank.reduceCsum, "USD"):
}
, , ,
:
public void testSi mpleAddi t i on() {
Expression sum= f i v e . p l u s ( f i v e ) :
Bank bank= new BankO:
Money reduced= bank.reduce(sum. "USD");
}
, ?
Expression ( ,
):
Expression
interface Expression
Money. plus() Expression:

Money
Expression plus(Money addend) {

return new Money(amount + addend.amount. currency):
}
70
, Money Expression (
, ):
Money
class Money implements Expression
, Bank:
Bank
class Bank
reduceQ:
Bank
Money reduce(Expression source. String to) {

return nul1:
}
. !
! :
Bank

return Money.dollar(lO):
}
! .
. :
,
( $5 + 10 CHF
$5 + $5);

;
;
;
, ;
, ,
, .
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

$ 5 + $5 = $10
$5 + $5 ,
. .
, $10
:
Bank
Money reduceCExpression source. String to) {
return Money.dollar(10);
*
}
$5 + $5 :
Money five= Money.do11ar(5):
Expression sum= five.pi us(five);
Money reduced= bank.reduce(sum, "USD");
}
, , ,
.
.
, . ,
, .
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
$5 + $5 = $10
$5 + $5 Money
72
, Money. plus() Money,

(Expression), (Sum). (,
,
.)
, Money
Sum:
public void testPlusReturnsSumO {
Money five= Money.do11ar(5):
Expression result= five.pi us(five);

Sum sum= (Sum) result:
assertEquals(five. sum.augend):
assertEquals(five. sum.addend):
}
( - ,
augend, addend}
, .)
.
,
.
, ,
1. , Sum
: augend addend:
Sum
class Sum {
Money augend;'
Money addend:
}
(ClassCastException) Money.plus() Money, Sum:

Money
Expression pi us(Money addend) {
return new Sum(this, addend);
}
Sum :
Sum
Sum(Money augend, Money addend) {
, Sum Expression:
Sum
class Sum implements Expression
, - ,
Sum ( -
13
73
, ,
):
Sum
Sum(Money augend. Money addend) {

this.augend- augend:
this.addend=' addend:
}
Bank.reduce() Sum.

, , Money,
.
public void testReduceSumO {
Expression sum= new Sum(Money.do11ar(3). Money.dollar(4));
Bank. bank= new BankO:
Money result= bank.reduce(sum, "USD"):
assertEquals(Money.dollar(7). result);
}
,
. ( reduce())
Sum , (
) Money, (amount)
Money, Sum,
(currency) :
Bank
Sum sum= (Sum) source:
i n t amount= sum.augend.amount + sum.addend.amount:
return new Money(amount, t o ) ;
}
:
( Sum),
Expression;
.
. Sum
.
Bank

Sum sum= (Sum) source:
return sum.reduce(to);
}
Sum
,
public Money reduce(String to) {
int amount- augend.amount + addend.amount;
74
I
return new Money(amount, t o ) :
}
. (reduce)
, Sum .
Bank, , ,
Sum.reduceQ Bank.
.
, . ( ,
, - ,
, , .)
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

$5 + $5 = $10
$5 + $5 Money
Bank.reduce(Money)
, * Bank.reduce()
Money?
, ,
- :
public void testReduceMoney() {
Money resu1t= bank. reduce(Money.dol l a r d ) . "USD");
assertEquals(Money.dol1ar(l), result):
}
Bank
i f (source instanceof Money) return (Money) source:
Sum sum= (Sum) source;
return sum.reduce(to);
}
! !
. ,
, . Sum
reduce(String), Money
, reduce(String) Expression.
Bank
i f (source instanceof Money)
return (Money) source.reduce(to):
Sum sum= (Sum) source;
return sum.reduce(to):
}
Money
return t h i s ;
}
13
75
reduce(String) Expression:
Expression
Money reduce(String t o ) ;

:
Bank
return source.reduce(to):
}
" , Expression Bank

, .
Java.
, ,
Bank.reduce(Expression, String) Expression.reduce(String)
. ,
,
.
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
$5 + $5 = $10
$5 + $5 Money
Bank.reduce(Money)
Money
Reduce(Bank,String)

.
:
,
;
, ,
;
, , ,
, ( Sum);
( Sum);
,
, , ;
, . ().
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

$5 + $5 = $10
$5 + $5 Money
Bonk.rcducc(Moncy)
Money
Reduce(Bank,String)
, , (
(embrace
change))1. ,
. :
public void testReduceMoneyDifferentCurrencyO {
bank.addRateC"CHF", "USD". 2);
Money result= bank.reduce(Money.franc(2). "USD");
assertEquals(Money.dollard), result);
}
, (
- ,
). ,
:
Money

int rate - (currency.equalsC'CHF") && to.equals("USD"))
? 2
: 1:
return new Money(amount / rate, to):
}
( change , ),
- Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change.
: . . .: , 2002. 224 . . .
14
77
, Money . .
, ,
, Bank. Bank
Expression.reduce(). ( ? , .
.) :
Bank
return source.reduce(this. to):
}
:
Expression
Money reduceCBank bank. String t o ) ;
Sum
public Money reduceCBank bank, String to) {

int amount= augend.amount + addend.amount:
return new Money(amount, to):
}
Money
public Money reduceCBank bank. String to) {
int rate - (currency.equalsCCHF") && to.equalsCUSD"))
? 2
: 1:
return new MoneyCamount / rate, to);
}
(public),
( , , ).
Bank:
Bank
i n t rateCString from. String to) {
return (from.equalsCCHF") && to.equalst"USD"))
? 2
: 1:
}
bank :
Money
public Money reduceCBank bank. String to) {
i n t rate = bank.rate(currency. t o ) ;
return new Money(amount / rate, t o ) ;
} .
2 ,
. ,
Bank -
78
.
-,
.
, ? Array.equals()
?
public void testArrayEqualsO {
assertEquals(new Object[] {"abc"}. new Object[] {"abc"}):
}
. . ,
-:
Pair
private class Pair {
private String from:
private String to;
Pair(String from, String to) {
this.from- from:
this.to- to:
}
}
Pair ,
equals() hashCode().
, . ,

. , .
, -,
, ,
,
.
Pair
Pair pair= (Pair) object:
return from.equals(pair.from) && to.equals(pair.to);
}
public int hashCodeO {
return 0;
0 -,
, .
. ,
, ,
.
,
:
14
79
Bank
private Hashtable rates- new HashtableO;
:
Bank
void addRate(String from. String to. int rate) {
rates.put(new Pair(from. to), new Integer(rate)):
}
:
Bank
int rate(String from. String to) {
Integer rate= (Integer) rates.get(new Pair(from, to));
return rate.intValueO:
}
- ! . ?
, ,
. , USD USD
1, , .
, :
public void testldentityRateO {
assertEqualsd. new BankO.rateCUSD". "USD")):
}
,
:
Bank
int rate(String from. String to) {
i f (from.equals(to)) return 1;
Integer rate= (Integer) rates.get(new Pair(from, to));
return rate.intValueO:
}
!
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1
$5 I 5 - $10
$5 + $5 Money
Bank.rcduco(Money)
Money
Reduce(Bank,String)
, , $5 + 10
CHF. :
, , , ;
;
80
(testArrayEquals),
Java;
(private) ,
;
, ,
.
$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

$5 I $5 = $10
$5 + $5 Money
Bonk.reduce(Money)

Rcduce(Bonk,String)
, , $5 + 10 CHF:
public void testMixedAdditionO {
Expression fiveBucks= Money.dollar(5):
Expression tenFrancs= Money.franc(lO);
bank.addRate("CHF". "USD". 2):
Money result= bank.reduce(fiveBucks.plus(tenFrancs). "USD"):
assertEquals(Money.dollar(10). result):
}
. ,
. ,
Money Expression , ,
, , .
.

. ,
.
. ,
. :
, .
(
).
Money fiveBucks= Money.dollar(5);
82
I
Money tenFrancs= Money.franc(10);
bank.addRateC'CHF", "USD". 2):
Money result= bank.reduce(fiveBucks.plus(tenFrancs). "USD"):
assertEquals(Money.dollar(10), r e s u l t ) :
}
. 15 USD 10 USD. ,
Sum.reduce() :
Sum
public Money reduce(Bank bank. String to) {
i n t amount= augend.amount + addend.amount;
}
, :
Sum
public Money reduceCBank bank, String to) {
i n t amount= augend.reduce(bank, to).amount
+ addend.reduce(bank, to).amount:
}
, . Money
Expression. ,
. , augend addend
Expression:
Sum
Expression augend:
Expression addend:
Expression:
Sum
Sum(Expression augend. Expression addend) {
this.augend= augend:
this.addend= addend:
}
( Sum Composite, ,
.) Sum, , ,
Money?
plus() Expression:
Money
Expression pi us(Expression addend) {

return new Sum(this, addend):
}
15
83
times() Expression:
Money
Expression times(int multiplier) {

}
, Expression
plus() times(). Money .
plusQ :
Money fiveBucks= Money.dollar(5);
Expression tenFrancs= Money.franc(10);
bank.addRateC'CHF". "USD". 2);
Money result= bank.reduce{fiveBucks.pl us(tenFrancs). "USD");
assertEquals(Money.dollardO), r e s u l t ) ;
}
tenFrancs Expression, ,
. ,
, . :
Expression tenFrancs= Money.franc(10):
bank.addRateC'CHF". "USD". 2);
Money result= bank.reduce(fiveBucks.plus(tenFrancs). "USD");
assertEquals(Money.dollardO), r e s u l t ) ;
}
, plus()
Expression. :
Expression
Expression pi us(Expression addend);
Money Sum. Money? ,

(public) Money:
Money
public Expression plusCExpression addend) {
- return new SunKthis. addend):
}
Sum,
:
Sum
public Expression plusCExpression addend) {

return nul1;
}
84
I
$5 t 10 IF - $10, 2:1
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25 ,
131
, ,
, , .
.
, ,
.
. ,
,
. TDD
:
.
,
.
. .
.
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. , ,
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132
III
,
, , ,

.
, , ,
. ,
, ,
, - -
.

. , ,
.
assert (Assert First)

assert1? .
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, ,
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, ,
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? assert,
.
(Jim Newkirk).
assert,
. ,
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assert , . ,
assert . . . .
(user stories). :
. . .
25 ,
133
?
, ?
, ,
, .
:
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. ,
. . ,
abc.
testCompleteTransactionO {
assertTrue(reader.isClosedO);
assertEqualsC'abc", reply.contentsO);
}
reply? , :
Buffer reply= reader.contentsO:
assertTrue(reader.isClosed());
assertEqualsC'abc", reply.contentsO);
}
? , :
Socket reader= Socket ("local host", defaultPortO):
Buffer reply= reader.contentsO:
assertTrue(reader.i sClosed()):
assertEqualsC'abc". reply.contentsO):
}
:
Server writer= Server(defaultPort(). "abc"):
Socket reader= SocketC'localhost". defaultPortO);
Buffer reply= reader.contentsO;
assertTrue( reader. i sCl osedO):
assertEqualsC'abc". reply.contentsO);
}

,
, .
assert.
134
III
(Test Data)
?
, . ,
.
,
. ,
.
1 2, 1.
,
, , .

,
.

. ,
pJus(),
2 + 2 . ,
: 1 + 1
. ,
, .
2 + 2 , ,
. , ,
plus()
( ,
, ,
plus() , ,
). ,
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( 3 + 4
Smalltalk).
Test Data ( ) Realistic
Data ( ),
.
:
,
,
;

( );
,
, ,
, ,
.
25 ,
135
(Evident Data)
?

.
, . , -
: ,
?
, ,
.
. ,
1,5 . ,
(USD) (GBP).
2:1. $100,
50 GBP - 1,5 % =* 49,25 GBP. :
Bank bank= new Bank().
bank.addRate("USD". "GBP", STANDARD_RATE);
bank.commission(STANDARD_COMMISSION);
Money result= bank.convert(new NotedOO, "USD"), "GBP");
assertEquals(new Note(49.25. "GBP"), r e s u l t ) :

:
bank.addRate("USD". "GBP". 2):
bank.commission(0.015);
Money result= bank.convert(new NotedOO, "USD"). "GBP");
assertEquals(new NotedOO / 2 * (1 - 0.015), "GBP"), result);
,
, .
Evident Data ( ) :
.
assert, ,
. ,
.
Fake It ( ) ,
, .
Evident Data ( ) ,
, . ,
.
,
.
, ,
, .
One Step Test ( )

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, , -, -, -,
.

. ,
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;
;
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26
137
, , ? ! ! ,
. . ,
, , ,
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( ), ,
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( ),

.
,
. -,
.
, ,
(Growth) : ,
. -, ,
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Starter Test ( )
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,
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. , ,

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. ,
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138
III
?
. :

,
,
. 3 + 4 = 7. .
,
, ,
(),
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.
, (),
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Starter Test ( ), :
J , .
.
. ,
.
:
Reducer r= new Reducer(new PolygonO);
assertEqua1s(0. reducer.result().npoi nts);
! .
...
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Test ( ): - ,
,
. ,
.
, .
- ,
, .
,
. , . :
StartServer
Socket= new Socket
Message= "hello"
Socket.write(message)
AssertEquals(message. socket.read)
: ,
..>
26
139
Explanation Test ( )

?
, - .
, TDD/
. ,
TDD,
, , ,
.
. ,
.
.
,
. TDD
, .
, ,
.
?
: -, , Foo
, , , 76?
, : .
Foo , , 76.
Foo , ,
67.
. -

,
. ,
.
Learning Test ( )1
,
?
.
, ,
Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP)
Java. RecordStore
. ,
? .
1
(Jim Newkirk) (Laurent Bossavit) ,

.
140
III
. ,
.
, ,
, API , .
, :
RecordStore store;
public void setup {
store= RecordStore.openRecordStore("testing", true):
}
public void tearDownO {
RecordStore.deleteRecordStore("testi ng");
}
'
public void testStoreO {

int id= store.addRecord(new byte[] {5, 6}. 0, 2):
assertEquals(2, store.getRecordSize(id));
byte[] buffer= new byte[2];
assertEqual.s(2, store.getRecord(id, buffer, 0));
assertEquals(5, buffer[0]);
assertEqua!s(6. buffer[l]);
}
API , ,
.
,
.
,
. .
, ,
. ,
.
Another Test ( )
?
, ,
.
( ,
, , ).
,
.
, , , ,
, . ,
!
26
141
,
.
. , .
.
(, , )
.
, ,

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.
, .
Regression Test ( )
, ?
, ,
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,
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, ,
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.

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. ,
, ,

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, ,
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: .
Break ()
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, .
, , ,
, .
,
. , - ,
: -
142
I I I
! . .
.
, , , ,
.
-
? , , ?
, ?
(Dave Ungar) (Shower Metho
dology). , , . , ,
, , .
,
, . TDD
. ,
, (Obvious Implementation).
, , (Fake It).
- , (Triangulate). -
, , , , .
. 26.1 , .
. ,
, .
.

. 26.1. ,

,
.

.
,
.

.
-.
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.)
,
. -
26
143
.
,
. ,
,
, .
. ,
, , , ,
, .
:
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, , ,
. ,
.
Do over ( )
, ? .
. . .
. . ,
, ,
, . ,
, 20 ,
.
, .
. . ,
.
, .

. 25 ,
.
(Tim
Mackinnon).
. ,
.
. ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
, , . ,
: , , - v
-?
144
III
Cheap Desk, Nice Chair ( ,

)
TDD?
, . .
, .
, , $100 000
, , $10 000
.
,
, ,
. , ,
,
. ,
.
, , .
,
. ,
:
,
, .
(Manfred Lange) ,

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,
.
(Child Test)
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,
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,
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, ! ---! ! ,
.
,
. , , .
,
.)
146
III
. .
, , , .
.
Mock Object ( )
,
? ,
.
.
, 1.
.
. ,
,
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
, ,
.
public void testOrdertookupO {
Database db= new MockDatabaseO;
db.expectQueryCselect orderjio from Order where custjio is 123");
db.returnResult(new String[] {"Order 2" ."Order 3"}):
}
MockDatabase ,
. , ,
(result set),
.

: .
, ,
, 14 . ,
, 14 , ,
.
,
(
Singleton ()). ,
, www.mockobjects.com.
27
147
, ,
, .
.
(Massimo Arnoldi) ,
, .
,
.
,
, ( ,
, ) Exchange (
) ,
. , .
,
.

, .
,
, ? ,
,
, ,
.
Self Shunt ()
,
?
, .
, ,
.
TestResult, ,
, , , ,
, , . ,
, .
:
ResultListenerTest
def testNotification(self):
result= TestResultO
listener= ResultListenerO
result.addListener(1istener)
WasRun("testMethod").run(result)
' assert 1 == listener.count
, :
ResultListener
class ResultListener:
148
III
def
i n i t (self):
self.count= 0
def startTest(self):
self.count= self.count + 1
-! Listener?
TestCase. TestCase
(Mock Object).
ResultListenerTest
def testNotification(self):
self.count= 0
result= TestResultO
result.addLi stener(self)
WasRunC"testMethod").run(result)
assert 1 == self.count
def startTest(self):
self.count= self.count + 1
, Self Shunt (
), , , , .
. 0, 1.
.
1? , - startTest().
startTest()?
.
count ,
count 0
1 .
, Self Shunt ()
Extract Interface ( ),
,
. , :
.
, ,
, ,
.
Self Shunt ()
, Java
.
,
. Java
, .
.
,
, ,
.
27
149
Log String (-)

,
? , ,
-
.
, 20,
TestCase.
(Template Method), , ,
setUp(), , tearDown().
,
. ,
-. , :
result= TestResultO
test.run(result)
assertC'setllp testMethod tearDown " == test.log)
:
WasRun
def setUp(self):
self.log= "setUp "
self.log= self.log + "testMethod "
def tearDown(self):
self.log= self.log + "tearDown "
Log String (-) ,

Observer ()
. ,
, ,
(Set) ,
assert .
Log String (-) Self Shunt
(). -
, -,
.
Crush Test Dummy (

)
,
, ?
, .
150
III
.
? ? ,
, .
, ,
, .
? .
. Fake
It ().
File:
private class FullFile extends File {
public FullFileC'String path) {
super(path);
}
public boolean createNewFileO throws IOException {
throw new IOExceptionO;
}
}
:
public void testFileSystemErrorO {
File f= new FullFileC'foo");
try {
saveAs(f):
failO:
} catch (IOException e) {
}
}
Mock Object ( ),
.
(inner)
Java. ,
,
:
public void testFileSystemErrorO {
File f= new FileC'foo") {
public boolean createNewFileO throws IOException {
throw new IOExceptionO;
}
}:
try {
saveAs(f):
failO:
} catch (IOException e) {
.
}
}
'
27
151
Broken Test ( )
,
? .
(Richard Gabriel).
. ,
, , .
, . ,
,
,
, , ,
, ,
, .

.
, , .
, , .
, ,
. ,

.
,
. . ,
, .

,
, .
Clean Check-in ( )
( ,
? .
'
? .
(Bubba Whitman), Walt's stevedore brother
, ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, , ,
. ( ,

.
, , ,
.)
152
III
, ,
,
. ( ,
,
.) , ,
?

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, ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
.
, :
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:
,
. , - ,

.
, .
,
, .
,
( ).
Fake It ()
, ?
, .
,
.

xUnit. :
return "1 run, 0 failed"
:
return "%6 run. failed" % self.runCount
. :
return "%6 run. %6 failed" % (self.runCount . self failureCount)
Fake It () ,
, .
i ( ,
). ,
, (
, ,
).
Fake It () -5 . , ?
154
III
, - ,
, ,
. (Peter Hansen)
:
TDD
. ,
, ,
. , ,
.
,
? , ,
. ,
, . ,
.
Fake It ()
:
. ,
, .
, , .
.
.
.
,
.

.
, , .
Fake It () ,
, ? ,
. ,
1:
assertEquals(new MyDate("28.2.02"). new MyDate("1.3.02").yesterdayO);
MyDate
public MyDate yesterday0 {
return new MyDate("28.2.02");

}
'
.
:
MyDate
public MyDate yesterdayO {
(Dierk K6nig) .
28
155
return new MyDate(new MyDate("1.3.02").days()-l);

}
- . ,
MyDate("1.3.02") this ( ). :
MyDate
public MyDate yesterday() {
return new MyOate(this.daysO-l);
}
'

,
(Triangulation) ,
. , Fake It ()
Obvious Implementation ( ).
Triangulate ()

? ,
.
. , ,
. :
public void testSumO {
assertEquals(4, plus(3. D ) :
}
private int plusO'nt augend, int addend) {
return 4;
}
,
:
assertEquals(4. plus(3. D ) :
assertEquals(7. plus(3.4)):
}
, ,
plus() :
private int pi us(int augend, int addend) {
return augend + addend;
}
,
. Fake It ()
.
, .
156
I I I
,
. assert
plus(),
assert, . ,
, pius() ,
.
assert.
, ,
.
Fake It () Obvious Implementation (
).
?
.
Fake It () Triangulate ()
. ,
. ! , . ,
Fake It () -
, plus()? , .
.
,
.
Fake It () Triangulate ()
. , ,
, . ,
, 1.
. ,
, ,
?
? ! .
: , (clean code that
works).
, .
,
.
, .
: ,
. , .
. - . -
(Laurent Bossavit) .
28
157
...
/ .

. .
, ,
.
One to Many ( )
, ?
,
.
, , ,
. :
assertEquals(5. sum(5)):
}
private int sumdnt value) {
return value;
}
( sum() TestCase,
.)
sum(new int[] {5, 7}).
sum() , :
assertEquals(5. sum(5, new i n t [ ] {5})):
}
private int sumdnt value, i n t [ ] values) {
return value;
}
Isolate
Change ( ). ,
, .
:
private int sum(int value, i n t [ ] values) {
int sum= 0:
for (int i= 0; i<values.length: i++)
sum + values[i]:
return sum:
}
:
assertEquals(5, sum(new i n t [ ] {5}));
}
158
III
private i n t sum(int[] values) {

int sum= 0;
for (int i= 0; i<values.length; i++)

sum += values[i]:
return sum;
}
Isolate Change (
). , .
, :
assertEquals(12, sum(new i n t [ ] {5. 7 } ) ) ;

xLlnit
> ,
xUnit.
Assertion
, ?
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
\ . , ' , .
, :
:
(True) , ,
, ;

- assert().
assertTrue(rectangle.area() != 0).
, ()
.
. 50, :
assertTrue(rectangle.area() == 50). xUnit
assert() ().
,
assertEqualsO ,
. , ,
, assertEqualsO
. ,
160
III
, . ,
JUnit : assertEquals(50, rectangle.area()).
, , . ,
Contract, status,
Offered, Running.
, :
Contract contract= new Contract!): // Offered
contract.begin();
// Running
assertEquals(Running.class, contract.status.class):
status.
, status
. , status Running,
:
assertEquals(. . .. contract.startDataO): / / ,
// status Offered
, , ,
(public)
. JXUnit,
JUnit , ,
.

, . ,
- ,
,
.
, . ,
, .
, ,
, , ,
.
xUnit Smalltalk ( SUnit)
assert ,
, .
Java ,
Java ,
assert() .
, assert() ,
.
JUnit 1.
, ' True", false) ,
,
,
.
29 xUnit
161
: Assertion failed:
True. ,
.
, assert()
.
, ,
.
Fixture1 ()
,
?
- TestCase. setUp()
( ).
(
) , ? .
: ,
, ,
. , ,
. (
scaffolding , ).
. :
,
,
,
;
,
(
).

. '
assert(),
.
, , ,
, , ,
.
xUnit . ,
,
.
setUp().
, .
fixture
. . .
6 *. 297
162
III
, ,
, ,
. :
EmptyRectangleTest
public void testEmptyO {
Rectangle empty= new RectangleCO,0.0,0):
assertTrue(empty.isEmpty());
}
public void testWidthO {
Rectangle empty= new Rectangle(0,0,0.0):
assertEquals(0.0. empty.getWidthO, 0.0):
}
( assertEquals()
,
.) , :
EmptyRectangleTest
private Rectangle empty:
public void setUpO {
empty= new RectangleCO.0,0,0);
}
public void testEmptyO {
assertTrue(empty. isEmptyO):
}
public void testWidthO {
assertEquals(0.0. empty.getWidthO. 0.0);
}
. xUnit ,
setUp() TestCase
. ,
, ,
setUp() , .
?
.
setUpO, . , ,
, . ,
, ,
.
TestCase
xUnit.
TestCase.
,
, .
29 xUnit
163
,
(Rectangle), ,
, , NormalRectangleTest.
setUp(), Rectangle, . Rectangle
. ,
, TestCase.
,
() . (
).
. \ ,
. ,
- .
External Fixture ( )
?
tearDown() ,
.
,
, , . ,
, ,
, . :
testMethod(self):
file File("foobar").open()
try:
... ...
finally:
file.closeO
,
:
setUp(self):
s e l f . f i l e - File("foobar").open()
testMethod(self):
try:
... ...
finally:
self .file.closeO
-, finally
, - . -,
,
finally . ,
164
III
try, finally close,

.
xUnit , tearDown()
. tearDown()
, (
, setUp(),
tearDown() ).
:
setUp(self):
s e l f . f i l e = File("foobar").open()
testMethod(self):
... ...
tear-Down (self):
self.file.closeO
Test Method ( )
? , test.
,
, ?
-
:
( Java , -, package);
;
.
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
, . ,
, .
xUnit ,
test.

(TestSuite).
, . ,
, JUnit,
testAssertPosInfinityNotEqualsNeglnfinity. ,
, , , ,
, assert() JUnit

. , JUnit,
, ,
29 xUnit
165
. (
).

. ,
, .
,
. , ,
(, ,
). , ,
.
(Patrick Logan) ,
. (McConnell)1,
(Caine) (Gordon)2:

(outlines) . .
,
, . :
/ * 3 * /
/ * * /
/ * */
,
. ,
:
/* */
/ * */
/ * * * * /
/ * * **/
/ * * * * /
/ * */
, - .
, .
.
, , ,
, ,
. ( - Java,
Eiffel.)

.
1
2
McConnell, Steve. 1993. Code Complete, chapter 4. Seattle, Washington: Microsoft Press.
Caine, S. H., Gordon, E. K. 1975. PDL: A Tool for Software Design, AFIPS Proceedings of the 1975
National Computer Conference.
tuple
. . .
166
III
Exception Test ( )
?
, ,
.
, , .
, .
:
public void testRateO {
exchange.addRate("USD". "GBP". 2);
i n t rate= exchange.findRate("USD". "GBP"):
assertEquals(2, rate);
'
}
.
:
public void testMissingRateO {
try {
exchange.findRate("USD". "GBP"):
failO:
} catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
}
}
findRate() ,
fail() xUnit, , .
, ,
findRate(). ,
- ( ) (
assert), .
All Tests ( )
? ,
,
(package) , .
, TestCase
. , ,
. (
TDD ,
, , , ,
.) ,
xUnit, IDE,
,
AIITests, suite(),
TestSuite. AIITests :
29 xLlnit
167
public class AllTests {

public static void main(String[] args) {
juni t.swi ngui.TestRunner.run(Al1 Tests.class):
}
public static Test suiteO {

TestSuite result= new TestSuiteC'TFD tests");
result.addTestSuite(MoneyTest.class):
result.addTestSui te(ExchangeTest.class);
result. addTestSuiteddentityRateTest. class):
return result;
}
}
AIITests() main(),
IDE .
? ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
1. ,
( ) ,
,
.

,
,
.
(design patterns)
, - 2.
Design Patterns ( ) ,

. ?
, ,
. TDD
.
.
, , .

.
:
1
2
Alexander Christopher. 1970. Noteson the Synthesis of Form. Cambridge* MA: Harvard University Press.
Gamma, Erich; Helm, Richard; Johnson, Ralph; Vlissides, John. 1995. Design Patterns: Elements of
Reusable Object Oriented Software. Boston: Addisoh-Wesley. : ., .,
., . - .
. .: , 2001.
30
169
Command ()
, ;
Value Object (-)
, ,
(aliasing);
Null Object (-)
;
Template Method ( )
, ,
.

;

;
Factory Method ( )
;
Imposter ()
;
Composite () ,
;
Collecting Parameter ( ) ,
, ,
, ,
.
. 30.1 , TDD
.
3 0 . 1 . ,
(TDD)
Command ()
/
/
Value Object (-)
Template Method ( )
/
/
Null Object (-)
Factory Method ( )
Imposter ()
Composite ()
/
/
/
170
III
Command ()
,
, ? ,
, .
.
,
(,
).
.
, , ,
.
(, -),
, . ,
, .
, , ,
, .
,
.

.
.
, .
. ,
.
. ,
, run().

Runnable Java:
Runnable
interface Runnable
public abstract void run();
run() , .
, Java
Runnable ,
, ( -
Smalltalk/Ruby LISP).
Value Object (-)

,
, ?
.
30
171

.
- . ,
.
.
(, , - ,
).
, , (Rectangle).
, ,
. (, )
.
, .
, ,
! , ,
.
(aliasing).

, , ,
.
. -
, , .
.

, , ,
,
. Observer ().
, ,
, , . ,
, -
. Observer ()
, ,

.
,
. ,
. ? ,
. ,
. , ,
,
.
,
.
, , 1
Smalltalk. 2 1,
?
172
III
:- 2.
b := a.
:= a bitAt: 2 put: 1.
=> 6
b => 2
, . Small
talk
, .
,
. .
Value Object (-)
, .
, -.
( ). , -

.
,
:
, ,
, ,
.
Value Object (-) ,
, , . ,
, ,
,
. , Value Object (-)
- , ,
' .
- (
,
).
, , .
, ,
.
Null Object (-)

?
, .
,
, .
, java.io.File:
java.io.File
public boolean setReadOnlyO {
SecurityManager guard = System.getSecurityManagerO:
30 1 7 3
if (guard != null) {
guard.canWrite(path);
}
return fi1eSystem.setReadOnly(thi s);
}
java.io.File 18 guard != null.

, Java
,
. Sun ,
getSecurityManager()
null?
LaxSecurity,
:
LaxSecurity
public void canWrite(String path) {
}
- SecurityManager,
, LaxSecurity:
SecurityManager
public static SecurityManager getSecurityManagerO {
return security null ? new LaxSecurityO : security:
}
, -
null.
:
File
public boolean setReadOnlyO {
SecurityManager security - System.getSecurityManagerO;
security.canWrite(path);
return fileSystem.setReadOnly(this);
}
OOPSLA
(Erich Gamma) , Null Object (-)
JHotDraw.
, ,
,
. (
.)
Template Method ( )

,
? ,
.
174
I I I

:
;
;
.

.
-

. ,
.
, . ,
JUnit :
TestCase
public void runBareO throws Throwable {

setUpO:
try {
runTestO:
}
finally {
tearDownO;
, }
}
, TestCase, setUp(), runTest() tearDown()

, .
Template Method ( ) :
? TestCase.runBare()
:
setUp() tearDown() ;
runTest()
, -.
,
, ,
.
Java - ;
Smalltalk ,
SubclassResponsibility.
,
. ,
. , : ,
, , ,
,
.
30
175
,
.
, , ,
.
.
?
:
if (circle) then {
. . .. circle ...
} else {
. . . . circle
}

. (circle)
,
,
, . .
TDD ,
.
,
, , -
: PluggableObject ( ).

.
. ,
. - -
, , ,
.
, ,
,
.
- , , ,
,
,
.
:
SelectionTool
Figure selected:
public void mouseDownO {
selected= findFigureO;
i f (selected ! null)
176
III
select(selected);
}
public void mouseMoveO {
if (selected != null)
move(selected):
else
mqveSelecti onRectangl e();
}
public void mouseUpO {
i f (selected == null)
selectAllO:
}
( ,
, ). , ?
, SelectionMode, : SingleSelection
MultipleSelection.
SelectionTool
SelectionMode mode:
public void mouseDownO {
selected= findFigureO;
i f (selected != null)
mode= SingleSelection(selected);
else
mode= MultipleSelectionO;
}
public void mouseMoveO {
mode. mouseMoveO;
}
public void mouseUpO {
mode.mouseUpO;
}

( ) .
Pluggable Selector1 (
)

?
.
Beck, . 1997. The Smalltalk Best Practice Patterns,
70-73. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
, , (Phyllis Diller): ,
, , .
30
177
,
? ,

.
abstract class Report {
abstract void printO:
}
class HTMLReport extends Report {
void printO { ...
}
}
class XMLReport extends Report {
void printO { ...
}
}
: switch.
.
:
;
switch;
.
abstract class Report {
String printMessage;
Report(String printMessage) {
this.printMessage= printMessage;
}
void printO {
switch (printMessage) {
case "printHTML" :
printHTMLO:
break;
case "printXML" :
printXMLO:
break:
}
}:
void printHTMLO {
, }
void printXMLO {
}
'}
, ,

switch.
178
III
Reflection API:
void printO {
Method runMethod= getClassO,getMethod(printMessage. null):
runMethod.invokeCthis. new Class[0]):
}
-
, , ,
switch.
, .
.
,
: ,
.
Factory Method ( )
,
? ,
.
, .
, , , ,
. , Java,
.

. :
assertEquals(new Oollar(lO), five.times(2)):
assertEquals(new Dollar(15). five.t1mes(3)):
}
Money,
, Dollar.
,
, .
assert :
Dollar five = Money.dollar(5):
assertEquals(new Dollar(lO). five.times(2));
assertEquals(new Dollar(15). five.times(3));
} ,
Money
static Dollar dollardnt amount) {
30
179
return new Dollar(amount);

}
(Factory Method),
.
,
: , ,
, .
, ,
.
.
Imposter ()

? ,
, .
-

. , Pluggable
Selector ( ),
. ,
.
, .
, . ,
.
if
- , . ,
,
.
TDD, Imposter (
) , .
.
, . ,

:
testRectangleO {
Drawing d= new DrawingO:
d.addFigure(new RectangleFigureCO, 10. 50, 100)):
RecordingMedium brush= new RecordingMedlumO;
d.display(brush);
assertEqualsC'rectangle 0 10 50 100\n", brush.logO);
}
.
Imppster () : RectangleFigure
OvalFigure.
180
I I I
testOvaK) {
Drawing d= new DrawingO;
d.addFigure(new OvalFigure(0, 10, 50. 100));
RecordingMedium brush= new RecordingMediumO;
d.display(brush);
assertEqualsC'oval 0 10 50 100\n", brush.logO):
}
, Imposter (
) , .
, , Money
, Money. ,
, , .
Imposter ()
:
Null Object (-)
, ;
Composite ()
.
Imposter ()
, ,
.
Composite ()
,
? Imposter
() ,
, .
: Account () Transaction
().
Composite (), .
Transaction (,
,
):
Transaction
Transaction(Money^value) {
this.value= value:
}
Accout
Transaction:
Account
Transaction transactions!;]:
Money balanceO {
Money sum= Money.zeroO:
30
181
for ( i n t 1 = 0 : i < transactions.length; i++)

sum= sum.p,lus(transactions[i].value);
return sum;
}
:
Transaction ;
Account .
. ,
. , :
OverallAccount,
Account. ! !
, Account Transaction
? Holding (),
- :
Holding
interface Holding
Money balanceO:
balanceO Transaction,
:
Transaction
Money balanceO {
return value;
}
Account , Holding:
Account
Holding holdings!!]:.
Money balanceO {
Vi
Money sum= Money.zeroO:
for (int i= 0; i < holdings.length: i++)
j sum= sum. pi us (hoi dings[i]. balanceO):
return sum:
}
, OverallAccount, .
OverallAccount Account,
, Account.
.
Composite ().
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
: (Folders),
(Folders), (TestSuites), -
182
III
(TestSuir.es), (Drawings),
(Drawings).
,
.
Composite
(), , ,
. , ,
,
,
-. ,
,
, Composite ()
, .
,
? ,
.
java.io.Externalizable. write- Ex
ternal ,
. ,
,
ObjectOutput, :
java.io.Externalizable
public interface Externalizable extends java.io.Serializable {
void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException:
}
-
Composite (). JUnit

TestResult ,
.
- ,
,
. , ,
Expression . ,
, , , :
testSumPrintingO {
Sum sum= new Sum(Money.dollar(5), Money.franc(7));
assertEquals("5 USD + 7 CHF", sum.toStringO);
}
String toStringO {
return augend + " + " + addend;
}
30
183
, Expression
, :
testSumPrintingO {
Sum sum= new Sum(Money.do11ar(5). Money.franc(7));assertEquals("+\n\t5 USD\n\t7 CHF", sum.toStringO);
}
-,
:
String toStringO {
IndentingStream writer= new IndentingStreamO;
toString(writer);
return writer.contentsO:
}
void toStringdndentingWriter writer) {
writer.print1n("+");
writer. indentO;
augend.toString(writer):
writer.printlnO:
addend.toString(writer);
writer.exdentO:
}
Singleton ()
,
? .
,
.

.
TDD 1 .
.
TDD ,
. , TDD , ,
, .
. ,
.
,
, .
, .
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: ,
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. ,
,
. : , ,
,
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Reconcile Differences ( )
?
.
, .
Fowler, Martin. 1999. Refadoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
: . . : . .: -, 2003.
31
185
. . ,
, , .

.
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.
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186
III
,
.
, , ,
, ,
. , ,
findRate()
, findRate() .
findRate() .
.
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.
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Extract Object ( ) Method Object (
).
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.
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5. ,
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API.
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2.
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3. .
4. .
5. .
31
187
,
One to Many ( ). ,
TestSuite, One to Many ( ).
:
suite= TestSuiteO
sui te.add(WasRunC"testMethod"))
suite.run(self.result)
assertC'l run. 0 failed" == self.result.summaryO)
, test:
class TestSuite:
def add(self. test):
self.test= test
def run(self. result):
self.test.run(result)
.
:
TestSuite
def i n i t (self):
self.tests [ ]
, test,
:
TestSuite
def add(self, test):
self.test- test
.
, ( ),
.
TestSuite
def run(self. result):
for test in self.tests:
test.run(result)
test:
TestSuite
def add(self. test):

, , ,
Java, Vector/Enumerator Collection/Iterator.
188
III
Extract Method ( )
?

.

. . ,
.
, :
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), ,
.
31
189
Inline Method ( )
,
?
.
1. .
2. .
3. . ,
, reader.getNext(), ,
,
.
, ,
, Bank
Expression Money.
Expression sum= f i v e . p l u s ( f i v e ) ;
Money reduced= bank.reduce(sum, "USD"):
}
.
Money? , . ?
Bank.reduce() , :
Money five= Money.dollar(5);
Expression sum= f i v e . p l u s ( f i v e ) ;
Money reduced= sum.reduce(bank, "USD");
assertEquals(Money.dollar(10), reduced);
}
, , , .
, Inline Method ( )
.
,
,
. , ,
, .
190
III
,
. ( , .)
, Inline Method ( ) ,
, : ,
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, .
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Java?
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.
2. ,
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Shape (). ,
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.
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(Mock Object).
, .

IFile, File.
,
, ? , File,
DiskFile,
, , , .
31
191
Move Method ( )
,
? , ,
.
1. .
2. . .
.
3. ,
,
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4. .
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Shape ():
Shape
int width= bounds, right - bounds. l e f t O ;
int height bounds.bottom() - bounds.top();
int area= width * height;
, , , ,
,
. , ,
Shape, bounds (
Rectangle). Rectangle:
Rectangle
public int areaO {
int width= this.righto - this.leftO;
int height= this.bottomO - this.topO:
return width * height:
}
'
192
I I I
Shape
i n t area- bounds.area():
Move Method ( )
:
,
.
, , ,
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31
193
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194
III
1. .
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196
III
, .
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Browser for Smalltalk -
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197
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, (code for tomorrow, design for
today). :
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,
.
,
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198
III
.
( , ).
,
. , ,
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32 TDD
199
1 , ;
2 , ;
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), .
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talk, ).
(
! ! ' ).
, (Bob Binder) Testing
Object- Oriented Systems1 ( - )
65 . ?
, .
,
(MTBF, Mean Time Between Failures).
, Smalltalk ,
32- . ,
, .
, MAXINT. ,
, ,
.
,
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,
, ,
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MTBF. ,
MTBF 10 100 , ,
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).
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. ,
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1
Binder, Bob. 1999. Testing Object-Oiiented Systems: Models, Patterns, and Tools. Boston: Addison-Wesle
.
200
I I I
TriangleTest
testEquilateral
self assert: (self evaluate: 2 side: 2 side: 2) = 1
testlsosceles
testScalene
testlrrational
[ s e l f evaluate: 1 side: 2 side: 3]
on: Exception
do: [:ex | A self].

self fail
testNegative
[self evaluate: -1 side: 2 side: 2]
on: Exception
do: [:ex | A self].
self fail
testStrings
[self evaluate: 'a' side: 'b' side: 'c'.]
on: Exception
do: [:ex | A self].
self fail
evaluate: aNumberl side: aNumber2 side: aNumber3
| sides |
sides := SortedCollection
with: aNumberl
with: aNumber2
with: aNumber3.
sides first <= 0 ifTrue: [self fail].
(sides at: 1) + (sides at: 2) <= (sides at: 3) ifTrue: [self fail].
A
sides asSet size
?
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32 TDD
201
, ,
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TDD Smalltalk Refactoring
Browser. C++ vi.
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202
III

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,
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32 TDD
203
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204
III
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.
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32 TDD
205
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206
III
,
.
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Patterns ( Smalltalk). -
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Strategy
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Strategy ().
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32 TDD
207
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208
III
?
: Test-Driven Development .
,
.
Development ()
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, ,
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gramming ( ).
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32 TDD
209
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210
III
. .
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212
III

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Quality Software
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.

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,
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.
. . 1.1-1.3
.

. 1 . 1 . , , ,
1
2
Weinberg, Gerald. 1992. Systems Thinking. Quality Software Management. New York: Dorset House.
, ,
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214
. 1.2. ,
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216
,
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.
II
, ,

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,
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, . ,
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.
, fib(O) = 0. .
public void testFibonacciO {
assertEqualsCO. fib(O)):
}
int fibdnt n) {
return 0;
}
( TestCase ,
.)
, fib(l) = 1.
assertEqualsCO. f i b ( 0 ) ) ;
' assertEqualsd, f i b ( D ) :
}
assert() ,
testFibonacciOfOnelsOne.
,
. 0, :
int fib(int n) {
i f (n = 0) return 0;
return 1;
}
218
II
.
,
. assert(),
fib():
i n t cases[][]- { { 0 . 0 } . { 1 . 1 } } :
for ( i n t i= 0: i < cases.length; i++)
assertEquals(cases[i][l]. f i b ( c a s e s [ i ] [ 0 ] ) ) :
}

:
i n t c a s e s [ ] [ > {{0.0} .{1.1} .{2.1}}:
for ( i n t i= 0; i < cases.length; i++)
assertEquals(cases[i][l], f i b ( c a s e s [ i ] [ 0 ] ) ) :
}
, . ,
1 2.
:
i n t cases[][]= { { 0 . 0 } . { 1 . 1 } . { 2 . 1 } . { 3 . 2 } } :
for ( i n t i= 0; i < cases.length; i++)
assertEquals(cases[i][l]. f i b ( c a s e s [ i ] [ 0 ] ) ) :
}
! - . (
, ):
i n t f i b ( i n t n) {
i f (n == 0) return 0:
i f (n <= 2) return 1;
return 2:
}
. 2,
1 + 1.
i n t f i b d n t n) {
i f (n == 0) return 0;
return 1 + 1;
}'
fib(n-l):
i n t f i b ( i n t n) {
i f (n == 0) return 0;
return f i b ( n - l ) + 1 ;
}
219
fib(n-2):
int fibCint n) {
if (n == 0) return 0;
if (n <= 2) return 1:
return fib(n-l) + fib(n-2):
}
.
fib(2), :
int fibCint n) {
if (n == 0) return 0:
if (n == 1) return 1:
return fib(n-l) + fib(n-2);
}
,
TDD.
Account, , 180
Add Parameter, , 193
add, , 119
addend, 72
aliasing, , 171
All Tests, , 166
AllTests, , 166
application-level test, 202
assert, 132
Assert First, assert, 132
assert, , 159
assertEquals, 159
assertion, 159
ATDD, Application Test-Driven Development, 202
augend, 72
Bank, , 69
Break, , 141
Broken Test, , 151
Child Test, , 145

Clean Check-in, , 1
clean code that works, 10
Collecting Parameter
, 119
, 182
Command, , 170
Composite, , 118, 180
copy-and-paste, 40
Crossing to Safety, 42
Crush Test Dummy,
, 149
Currency, , 18
currency, , 54
cyclomatic complexity,
, 92
D
Design Patterns, , 168
Do over, , 143
Dollar, , 17
, 24
, 50
, 30
Franc, 47
, 63
equals, , 33
, 42
, 47
Evident Data, , 135
Exception Test, , 166
Explanation Test, , 139
Expression, , 67
External Fixture, , 163
Externalizable, , 182
Extract Interface, , 190
Extract Method, , 102, 188
F
Factory Method
, 50
Factory Method, , 178
fail, , 166
Fake It, , 31, 153
File, Java, 172
Fixture, , 161
framework, , 197
Franc,
, 40
, , 50
, 39
Dollar, 47
equals, 45
, 63
I
Imposter, , 67, 179
Inline Method, , 189
Isolate Change, , 185
Isolated Test, , 128
J
java.io.Externalizable, , 182
java.io.File, , 172
Jester, 94
JHotDraw, 173
J Probe, 94
JUnit, 124, 160
_--
, 91
JXUnit, 160
L
LaxSecurity, , 173
UfeWare, 201
Log String, -, 149
Method Object, , 192

Method Parameter to Constructor Parameter, 193
MIDP, Mobile Information Device Profile, 139
Migrate Data, , 186
Mock Object, , 146
Money,
, 50
, 43
, 43
, 50
Move Method, , 191
MTBF, Mean Time Between Failures, 199
N
None, , 99
Null Object, -, 172
Observer,
, 149
Obvious Implementation,
, 31, 156
One Step Test, , 136
One to Many, , 157
Open/Closed Principle, 198
Pair, , 78
pass, , 99
Pluggable Object, , 175
Pluggable Selector,
, 176
Python, 97
R
Realistic Data, , 134
Reconcile Differences,
, 184
221'
reduce, , 68
Reflection API, 178
Regression Test, , 141
Runnable, , 170
s
scaffolding, 161
Self Shunt, , 147
self, , 122
setUp, , 104, 161
Shower Methodology, , 142
SmallLint for Smalltalk, 90
Starter Test, , 137
suite, , 166
Sum, , 68
, 72
, 72
summary, , 113
SUnit, Smalltalk Unit, 160
T
TDD
, 201
, 195
, 195
, 204
, 90
, 89
, 203
, 201
, 11
, 195
, 205
, 205
, 203
, 210
, 40
, 208
, 37
, 208
, 56
, 206
, 85
tearDown, , 108, 163
Template Method, , 173
Test Data, , 134
Test First, , 131
test infected, 13
Test List, , 129
Test Method, , 164
Test, , 124
test, , 164
TestCase, , 101
Test-Driven Development
, 208
222
testFailed, , 115
test-first programming, 208
TestResult, , 113
testStarted, , 115
TestSuite, , 118, 166, 187
times, , 24
, 49, 58
toString, , 60
Transaction, , 180
Triangulate, , 155
Triangulation, , 33
v-w
Value Object, -, 32, 170
WasRun, , 99
WyCash, 17
XP, extreme Programming

TDD, 208
xUnit, 123
, 112
, 159
, 97
, 123
-
, 85

, 146
, 68
, 67
, 91
, 53
, 68
, 76
, 81
, 61
, 67
, , 90
, 131
,475
, 176
, 189
, 190
, 102, 188, 220
, 67, 90
, 183
, 175
, 186
, 134

, 89
, 94
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, 213
, 214
, 193
, 66
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, 81
,47
, 26
-
, 108, 149
, 89
, 90
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, 196
, 23
; 185
, 128
, 139

, 60
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, 190
, 197
, 150
, 112
, 166
, 93, 196

, 163
, 92
,92
, 44, 60
, 170
, 118, 180
, 178

, 140
, 24
, , 90
, 68
, 77
TDD, 144
, 90
, 189
, 188
, 191
, 192
, 68
, 164
, 178
, 173
, 192
, 142
, 186
, 22
, 118, 166
, 119
, 171
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-, 172

, 149
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-, 172
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-, 32, 170
, 139
, 139
, 139
, 183
, 157
, 143
, 31, 156
, 77, 193
, 182
, 193
, 209
, 168, 205
Ail Tests, 166
Another Test, 140
Assert First, 132
Break, 141
Broken Test, 151
Cheap Desk, Nice Chair, 144
Child Test, 145
Clean Check-in, 151
Collecting Parameter, 119, 182
Command, 170
Composite, 118, 180
Crush Test Dummy, 149
Do over, 143
Evident Data, 135
Exception Test, 166
Explanation Test, 139
External Fixture, 163
Factory Method, 178
v
Fake It, 31, 153
Fixture, 161
Imposter, 179
Isolated Test, 128
Learning Test, 139
Log String, 149
Mock Object, 146
Null Object, 172
Obvious Implementation, 31, 156
One Step Test, 136
One to Many, 157
Pluggable Object, 175
Pluggable Selector, 176
Realistic Data, 134
Regression Test, 141
Self Shunt, 147
Singleton, 183
Starter Test, 137
Template Method, 173
Test First, 131
Test List, 129
Test Method, 164
Triangulate, 155
Triangulation, 33
Value Object, 32, 170
, 168

TDD, 205
, 191
, 141
, 31, 153
, 146
, 63
, 53
, 94
223
224
, 149
/, 198
, 209
, 32
, 134
, 141
, 163
, 89
xUnit, 123
, 184, 209
Add Parameter, 193
Extract Interface, 190
Extract Method, 102, 188, 220
Inline Method, 189
Isolate Change, 185
Method Object, 192
Method Parameter to Constructor Param, 193
Migrate Data, 186
Move Method, 191
Reconcile Differences, 184
, 196
, 109
, 67, 179
, 147
, 81
, 133
, 23, 129
, 66
, 165
, 129
, 201
, 165
, 126
, 126
, 105
, 131
, 137
, 136
, 134
, 139
, 145
, 166
, 105, 128
, 164
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, 196
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, 161
, 163
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Бек - Экстремальное программирование Разработка через тестирование

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<

Pearson Education, Inc., 2003

(Massimo Arnoldi), (Ralph

$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

Test class name:

unitframeworKAsserticmFailedError: expected:10> but was <0>

1^/^ ""-"-"'^ "'

2. , Value Objects equals(), , $5

, Dollar -, , equalsO, hashCode().

assertTrue(new Dollar(5).equals(new Dollar(5))):

assertFalse(new Doliaf(5).equals(new ())):

$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

$5 + 10 CHF $10, 2:1

Crossing to Safety (Wallance Stegner)

class Dollar extends Money {

assertFalse(new Dollar(5),equals(new Dollar(6))):

public boolean equals(Object object) {

$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

static Money franc(int amount) {

Franc(int amount. String currency) {

Money(int amount. String currency) {

$5 + 1 0 CHF = $10, 2:1

return new Franc(amount * multiplier, currency);

Money timesdnt multiplier) {

Money timesCint multiplier) {

$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

static Money dollar(int amount) {

$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

Money. plus() Expression:

Expression plus(Money addend) {

Money reduce(Expression source. String to) {

Money reduce(Expression source. String to) {

$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

, Money. plus() Money,

Expression result= five.pi us(five);

(ClassCastException) Money.plus() Money, Sum:

Sum(Money augend. Money addend) {

Money reduce(Expression source. String to) {

$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

" , Expression Bank

$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

public Money reduce(String to) {

public Money reduceCBank bank, String to) {

$5 + 10 CHF = $10, 2:1

Expression pi us(Expression addend) {

Expression times(int multiplier) {

Money Sum. Money? ,

public Expression plusCExpression addend) {

$5 10 CHF = $10, 2;1

Sum fiveBucks tenFrancs,

for test in tests

assert (Assert First)

One Step Test ( )

(Jim Newkirk) (Laurent Bossavit) ,

public void testStoreO {

Cheap Desk, Nice Chair ( ,

Log String (-)

Log String (-) ,

Crush Test Dummy (

return new MyDate("28.2.02");

return new MyDate(new MyDate("1.3.02").days()-l);