Lim, Margie D. CE321BLY THU (1:30-4:30) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 1 Laboratory Manual Experiment no.

4 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged and Semi submerged Rectangular Area 1. Objective: area. To determine the hydrostatic force on a submerged and semi

January 19,2012 January 30,2012 Experiment No. 4

submerged rectangular

2.

Apparatus /Equipment: Center of Pressure Apparatus Set of Weights Measuring tape

Description of Apparatus: Center of Pressure Apparatus enables the magnitude of hydrostatic thrust exerted on a submerged surface and the location of the center of pressure under various levels of head to be demonstrated. The apparatus is constructed on a rectangular transparent acrylic-resin water tank. Fitted across the top of the tank is bridge on which is mounted a knife edge pivot. Resting on the pivot is a counter balance beam. At one end of the beam, which is closer to the pivot, is an adjustable counter weight and at the other end of the beam is a weight carrier. Mounted under the beam is a fabricated torroidal quadrant which projects down into the tank the line of contact of the pivot coincides with the axis of the quadrant, thus only the hydrostatic force on the rectangular end face would provide a moment about the knife edge axis. The water tank is fitted with adjustable feet and correct alignment is indicated on a circular spirit level mounted on the base of the tank. Water can be supplied to or drained from the tank so as to make the beam in the horizontal position.

3.

Theory:

A plane surface when submerged in liquid will be subjected to a hydrostatic force which can be computed using the principle that force is a product of pressure times the area on which the pressure acts. In a submerged plane, since the pressure varies with height, the approach is to consider a differential area which is

Lim, Margie D. CE321BLY THU (1:30-4:30) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 1 Laboratory Manual

January 19,2012 January 30,2012 Experiment No. 4

a strip parallel to the liquid surface as presented to the liquid surface as presented in the following diagrams. S

h
dF F

y yg yp

e G c.p.

Measurements to be made The weight W and the corresponding depth of water, z, are the parameters to be measured. The following distances are given by the manufacturer of the center of pressure apparatus: r = 275 mm, S = 200 mm, b = 75 mm and d = 100 mm.
r = 275 mm

S W Z F G c.p. b

Semi

submerged condition

Lim, Margie D. CE321BLY THU (1:30-4:30) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 1 Laboratory Manual In the Semi submerged condition Let hp = vertical height from fulcrum to center of pressure z = depth of water surface to bottom of the quadrant plane surface d = height of end face quadrant b = width of end face of quadrant For Semi submerged condition The Hydrostatic force, F, is calculated as follows:

January 19,2012 January 30,2012 Experiment No. 4

F !K h A z h! 2 A ! bz
Taking moment about the pivot

Fh p ! Wr hp ! S  z 3

r = 275 mm

hp ! S 
S W d Z F G c.p. b

d !e 3

h ! z

d 2

Fully submerged condition

Lim, Margie D. CE321BLY THU (1:30-4:30) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 1 Laboratory Manual For the Fully submerged condition The hydrostatic force is calculated using the formula.

January 19,2012 January 30,2012 Experiment No. 4

F !K h A d h ! z 2 A ! bd
Taking moment about the pivot will yield the following equation

Fluids Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Fh p ! Wr where h p ! S  e! IG Ah bd 3 ; IG ! 12 d e 2

A ! bd ; h ! z 

d 2

4.

Experimental Procedure: 1) The hydrostatic apparatus was set up on top of the hydraulic bench. The apparatus was leveled. The apparatus was mounted by using the foot screw and the spirit level. 2) The weight carrier was attached to the beam and the counter weight was adjusted to make the beam horizontal. 3) The weight carrier was added weight. This would make the beam tip so slowly pour water into the tank of the hydrostatic apparatus to restore the beam to its horizontal position. The depth of water level was noted. 4) For the semi-submerged condition, 4 different weight values hence 4 different water depths were used. 5) For the fully submerged condition also 4 different weight values was used.

Lim, Margie D. CE321BLY THU (1:30-4:30) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 1 Laboratory Manual 5. Presentation of Data and Results: Trial Weight (g) Z (cm) hbar (m) A (m2) Force (N) hp (m) F x hp (N.m)

January 19,2012 January 30,2012 Experiment No. 4

W x r (N.m)

Fhp vs. Wr (error) 0.00895 0.01840 0.04033 0.05344 0.00593 0.1163 0.1179 0.1408

Semi submerged Condition 1 20 30 2 40 43 3 60 55 4 80 64 Fully submerged Condition 1 250 105 2 270 121 3 290 126 4 310 133 Sample Computations:

0.0150 0.0215 0.0275 0.0320 0.055 0.071 0.076 0.083

0.00225 0.00323 0.00413 0.00480 0.0075 0.0075 0.0075 0.0075

0.3311 0.6802 1.1128 1.5068 4.0466 5.2238 5.5917 6.1067

0.1900 0.1857 0.1817 0.1787 0.1652 0.1617 0.1610 0.1600

0.0629 0.1263 0.2022 0.2693 0.6685 0.8447 0.9003 0.9771

0.0540 0.10791 0.1619 0.2158 0.6744 0.7284 0.7824 0.8363

Semi-submerged Condition  hbar = (0.03/2) hbar = 0.015  where: b = 0.075m A = (0.075)(0.03) A = 0.00225  F = (9810)(0.015)(0.00225) F = 0.3311 Fully Submerged Condition  where: d = 0.1m hbar = 0.105 0.05 hbar = 0.055 where: S = 0.2m hp = 0.2 0.01 hp = 0.19   Fhp = (0.3311)(0.19) Fhp = 0.0629 Wr = (20/1000)(9.81)(0.275) Wr = 0.6744

 where: b = 0.075m ; d = 0.1m A = (0.075)(0.1) A = 0.0075  F = (9810)(0.055)(0.0075) F = 4.0466

 where:  3 IG = (0.075)(0.1) /12 IG = 6.25 x 10-06 e = 6.25 x 10-06/(0.0075x0.055) e = 0.0152 hp = 0.2 0.05 + 0.0152 hp = 0.1652  Fhp = (4.0466)(0.055) Fhp = 0.6685 Wr = (0.105)(9.81)(0.275) Wr = 0.6744

Lim, Margie D. CE321BLY THU (1:30-4:30) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 1 Laboratory Manual

January 19,2012 January 30,2012 Experiment No. 4

6.

Discussion of Results:

For the semi-submerged condition, our computed values (Fhp) are greater than our expected values (Wr). As the depth of water surface bottom of the quadrant plane surface increases, Area and Force increases while the vertical height from fulcrum to center of pressure decreases. This condition has errors that doesn t exceeds to 0.1. For the fully submerged condition, our computed values (Fhp) are greater than our expected values (Wr). But for the depth of water surface bottom of the quadrant plane surface at 105mm our computed value (Fhp) is quiet closer/ almost equal to our expected value (Wr). Same with the semi-submerged condition as the depth of water surface bottom of the quadrant plane surface increases, Area and Force increases while the vertical height from fulcrum to center of pressure decreases. This condition has errors that exceeds to 0.1. During our experiment the center of pressure apparatus water leaked. This leakage causes our counter balance beam not to be balance which affects the depth of water surface to bottom of the quadrant plane surface and this causes our errors.

7.

Conclusions and recommendations:

A plane surface when submerged in a liquid will be subjected to a hydrostatics force which is a product of pressure times the area on which the pressure acts. The pressure varies with height so as the height of fulcrum increases pressure increases. As pressure increases hydrostatic force also increases which means pressure is directly proportional to force.