Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Repcheck, Jack. Copernicus Secret.

New York, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007. Mistakes of other astronomers or mathematicians greatly bothered Copernicus. It talks also about how Copernicus was skeptical of other scientists theories, such as Ptolemys theory of the motion of the moon. It tells, as well, of his lectures, an example of one would be his lecture on mathematics he did in Rome. Also it tells of how the scientific revolution would have been different had his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres not been published. Sobel, Dava. Galileos Daughter. New York, New York: Walker Publishing Company, 1999. There are many pictures of the tools Galileo used and of what he thought the motion of the solar system was. It also contained a few pictures of pages from Galileos notebook. Also Galileo brings up Joshua from the Bible when the sun stopped for one day so Joshua could win a battle. In this passage Galileo talks about how if only the son had stopped it would not have kept night from coming it would actually make it come four minutes earlier. Galileo also brings up that Aristotle was mistaken in his theory on falling objects. Secondary Sources Andronik, Catherine M. Copernicus: Founder of Modern Astronomy. Berkley Heights, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2002. Diagrams of how people thought the universe worked with earth at the center are included. It also has diagrams of how Copernicus thought the universe worked with the sun at the center. Copernicus also tells of how it was thought that all planets moved in a circular orbit around the earth. Andronik tells of the theories of philosophers before Copernicus and of what Copernicus was taught growing up. Also contains pictures of replicas of the tools Copernicus would have used. Boerst, William J. Johannes Kepler: Discovering the Laws of Celestial Motion. Greensboro, North Carolina: Morgan Reynolds Publishing, Inc., 2003. Keplers first law of celestial motion was actually discovered second but sets the bases for the other two. The first law says that the planets orbit in an elliptical with the sun at one of two foci. The second law states that the planet moves around the sun slower as it gets farther away but covers the same area in the same amount of time. Keplers third law tells that the orbital period squared divided by the Astronomical Unit cubed is equal to or about equal to that of earths.

Hawking, Stephen. On the Shoulders of Giants. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press Book Publishers, 2002. Talks about Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler were known as giants in the field. Copernicus tells of the ascensions of the signs (constellations) in the revolution of the right sphere. Hawking also tells of how Galileo discovered that two objects of the same mass. One object falls and one object slides down a ramp, both at equal heights; will fall at the same rate. Hawking tells also of how Kepler used music notes to explain how the planets converge, minor whole tone, and diverge, major whole tone. Hightower, Paul. Galileo: Astronomer and Physicist. Berkley Heights, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1997. Ptolemys view of an earth centered universe and of how Galileo could see things others couldnt because of the telescope he made. It also talks about how he observed that Venus had phases much like the moon which told him that the sun had to be the center. Galileo tells also of four moons orbiting Jupiter: Io, Callisto, Europa, and Ganymede, which are called Galilean satellites in his honor. It tells as well of his experiment to disprove Aristotle by dropping two different size balls from the Leaning Tower of Pisa at the same time. Tiner, John Hudson. Johannes Kepler: Giant of Faith and Science. Fenton, Michigan: Mott Media, 1999. Kepler was a student and an astronomer. When Kepler saw an eclipse with his father he began to wonder if he too could learn about the stars and predict similar occurrences. Also, he talks about how a friend of his first gave him the idea that the planets move in an ellipse around the sun, instead of an oval or egg shape. Kepler also spoke of how he, among many others and their families, were banished. They were banished for their scholarly teachings and beliefs. Another fact Kepler spoke of was the burnings of any and all books that contained the belief of Lutheran Christians, which some of the books in his library contained such and therefore they would burn his entire library. This included books that contained some of his and other scholars theories.