Елисеев - Введение в методы теории функций пространственного комплексного переменного Second edition

..
, ,
E-mail: eliseev@maths.ru eliseev@cityline.ru
http://www.maths.ru/
, 1990 - 2003 .
1.
1.

.

2.

= vn = n v
B. = 1 / v
A.
C.
(v)
D. e
E. ln()
F.
G.
H.
,

3.

4.
.

5.
6. .
7.

(. ).
8.

2. ,

1. Z-
2.
5
11
11
11
13
14
18
19
26
31
35
38
38
43
44
47
49
49
51
53
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56
61
62
62
67
77
78
80
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100
105
113
115
129
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131
135
147
161
161
170
170
172
3.

1.
2.
3.
4.
4.
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2.
3. .
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4.
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1.

2.

3.
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6.

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1. . .
2.
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3. .
4. .
.
5. . .
179
179
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301
3
7.
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3. .
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9.
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10.
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8.2. ,
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8.3.

9.
1.
2.
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3.
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311
311
313
315
316
318
319
322
330
341
345
345
349
361
362
366
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375
381
397
415
418
422
432
432
436
440
10.
457
500

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2*10^-5 . . 1, 6*10^-33.
0, 2*10^-13 1, 6*10^-24 .
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- ( ), . . .

mi c 2 = Gmg2 / kompt
,
i
mi - , - , G- ,
mg - , kompt
- i
.
10
1.
(): , , . , ()
, , ,
.

.
, ,
.
,
, , -, ,

.
, , .
, - , .
, , - .
1.1.
1.1.1. .

Z = n
i (arg + 2 )
n
,
e
, 0 , a , arg
, K .
2
z 1 = 0 . , ,
+1.
+1 arg arg = 0 arg = 2i :
Z 0 x ,
.
1
z = 2 1 e
i ( 0 + 2 )
1
2,z
=0
= 1 , z =1 = 1
11
1.
z = 2 1e
i ( 2 + 2 )
1
2,z
=0
= 1 , z =1 = 1
. (Z) +1. .
2
: z ( 1)( 1) = 0 . , (-1)(-1).
z =
( 1) e
( i + 2 i )
1
2
(i + 2 i )
( 1) e
z1 = 1; z 2 = 1.
1
2
=e
( i + 2 i )
1
1
(i + 2 i )
2e
2 ,
= 0,1
, (z)
arg( 1) = i . (z) x 0 . , 1 = 0,1
2 = 0,1
z = e
(i + 2 1i )
1
1
(i + 2 2i )
2e
2
z1 = ( z ) 1 =0, 2 =1 =
i i
+i
e2e2
= +1 ,
i
i
+i
e2 e2
= +1 ,
z2 = ( z ) 1 =1, 2 =0 =
1 = 2 = 1 1
z1 = ( z ) 1 = 2 =0
i
2
=e2
z2 = ( z ) 1 = 2 =1 = e
1 = 2 = 0 ,
= 1,
i
+i ) 2
2
= 1 .
, , +1 Z 1
.

.
1
1
( i + 4 k i ) + ( j + 2 k j )
2
2,
e
= 0,1 , J
I ,
z =
z1 = ( zk ) k =0 =
i j
e2e2
z2 = ( zk ) k =1 = e
= ji
i
j
+ 2i )
+j
2
e2
= ji
12
1.
= Rei + j k = ( 4i + 2j )k , k .
+1,
1 = 1 , :
1 = ji , -
( ji ) = ( j ) (i ) = i j = ( 1)( 1) = +1 ,
ji = ij .
2
2 2
(1.1.)
1.1.2. .
. , .
. . ,
.
2 + 2a + b = 0 , a, b -
2 + 2a + b + a 2 a 2 [( + a ) 2 (a 2 b)]
[( + a ) a 2 b ] [( + a ) + a 2 b ]
+a
+a
+ 1 = 0 .
( a 2 b)
1
2
2
a b a b
a 2 b 0 . XY
:
1) X = 0,Y 0
(1.2.)
2) X 0, Y = 0
3) X 0, Y 0 .
.

1,2 = a a 2 b .
.
. , , .
+a
2
a b
= ji
2
: i = 1, j = 1, ji = ij, ( ji ) = +1 .
,

13
1.
( ji 1)( ji + 1) = ( ji ) 2 ji + ji 1 = 0 .
,
3,4 = a ji a 2 b .
2
, ( ji ) = 1 .
ji

. .
.
:
2 + 4 + 3 = 0
1 = 1, 2 = 3 ,
2 + 4 + 3 = ( + 1)( + 3) = 0

.

3,4 = 2 ji 1 , 3 = 2 + ji, 4 = 2 ji ,
2 + 4 + 3 = ( + 2 ji )( + 2 + ji ) = 0

1 -3
( )
2 + 4 + 3 = ( 1 + 2 ji )( 1 + 2 + ji ) = (1 ji )(1 + ji ) = 0 ,
1 ji 0,1 + ji 0
. .
2
: 1 = 0 :
= 1, = 1 , 3 = ji, 4 = ji .
2 1 = ( + 1)( 1) = ( + ji )( ji ) = 0 .

.
2 1 = (1 + ji )(1 ji ) = 0 .
1.1.3. .
,
14
1.
,
. ,
. , .
,
.
, , .
, , .
n
Q ( ) = cn n + cn 1 n + ... + c1 + c0 ,
cn , cn 1 ,.....c0
. ,
n
Q ( ) = ( a1 )( a 2 ) ... ( a n )
, .

,
, . n
2 , n 2
C n2 =
n(n 1)
2
, , .

( ai )( ak ) = ( i )( i ) , i , i - , .
3
3
Q ( ) = 6 + 11 + 6 = 0 ,
1 = 1, 2 = 2, 3 = 3 ,
Q ( ) = ( 1)( 2)( 3) ,

Q ( ) = ( 2 3 + 2)( 3) = 0 ,
4 =
3
1
3
1
+ ji , 5 = ji
2
2
2
2
15
1.
3 1
3 1
Q ( ) = ( ji )( + ji )( 3) = 0
2 2
2 2
( ) ,
.

Q ( ) = ( 2 4 + 3)( 2) = ( 2 ji )( 2 + ji )( 2) = 0 ,

, . .

5 1
5 1
Q ( ) = ( 2 5 + 6)( 1) = ( ji )( + ji )( 1) = 0
2 2
2 2

,
. , n 2 n >2
.
. .

, .
. Q ( ) = ( 1)( + 1)( 2).
Q ( ) = ( ji )( + ji )( 2).
,
3 ji
3 + ji
Q ( ) =

( + ji )
2
2
Q ( ) = ( 1)( + 1)( 2) = ( ji )( + ji )( 2) =
3 ji
3 + ji
=

( + ji ) = ................
2
2

.
n
.
, .
.
16
1.

i
i
d d = Are Are (1 ji )(1 + ji ) = 0. .
,
1
1
Q ( ) = ( 1)( + 1)( 2) = ( 1)( + 1)( 2) + ( ji )( + ji )( 2).
2
2

. .
.

,
.
.

m ( )
, Qn ( )
m n m ! n ,
A
B + D
, 2
. r
( a ) ( + p + q ) k
p 2 4q

1
=
, 1 , 2 , 2
+ p + q 1 2
p, q
1
=
, 3 , 4 .
2
+ p + q 3 4
. a = 0 a.

= jia a = a ( ji 1) 0 .
1
= a .
a
: 2 + p + q = 0
(1.2.)
( 1 )( 2 ) = ( 3 )( 4 ) = 0 , 1 , 2 ,3 , 4 , ,
.
, 1
1
1
1
1
2
=
+
=
2
2
+ + g 2 + + g 2 + + g
1
1
1
1
=
+
2 ( 1 )( 2 ) 2 ( 3 )( 4 )
17
1.
1 2 .
3 4
. .
.
, ,
, . .
, , .
,

.
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
=
2
+ p + q 2 (1 2 ) 1 2 2 ( 3 4 ) 3 4

= re i + j (1 ji )
= k + re i + j (1 ji ) -
, k , ,
, . r 0 r .
(1 ji )
.
1.1.4.

= z + j
(1.3.)
z - +i, +i, i, j -
, :
ii=jj=-1
ij=ji=k,
(ij) 2 =(ij) 2 =k 2 =1
, ,

(1.4.)
=z+j=(+i )+j(+i).
z=Re =Re (z+j )

=Im =Im (z+j )
, , , :
=Re Re ,
=Im Re ,
=Re Im
=Im Re
18
1.
= 0, z. z = 0,
, = j.
,
:
z1 + j 1 = z2 + j 2
, z1=z2, 1=2.
1=-2, 2
z + j = z j =
.
1. . 1+2 1=z1+j1 2=z2+j2
=1+2=(z1+z2)+j(1+2).

1-2. =1-2=(z1-z2) + j(1-2)
:
1+2=2+1;
1 +( 2 + 3 )=( 1 + 2 )+ 3
2. . 12 -
1 =z 1 +j 1 , 2 =z 2 +j 2
= 1 2 =(z 1 z 2 - 1 2 )+j(z 1 2 + 1 z 2 ).
1=j, 2=j, jj=-1.
, , ,
z .
, :
12=21;
1(23)=(12)3;
(1+2)3=13+23.
1.1.5.

(), . . , .
, . ,
,
. , ,
.
19
1.

- .
, .
, ,
.
. 1.
.
, . : , , ,
, .
, . ,
,
,
. 0
+ 0 = .
, , , ,
0 , .
()
. ,
. , .
. . . , 0 = 0ei , ,
, . , .
iy
. 2.
, . ,
. 0 = 0ei
,
.
.
, ,
,
20
1.
.
.
, .
C3 . , : R- , r . C3 4 , 2 . C3

. , , .
+1
4 I 2 J. (. 1.1.1.)
,
, : , ,
.
. 3. .
[1], [2], [3], [4].
,
, .
z , (1.3. 1.4.).

z = e i ,
= re i ,
, r - z, :
= z,
r=;
, - .
z, , :
21
1.
z = = x2 + y2 ;
= r = 2 +2 ,
= arg z, = arg , , 2:
y
+ 2 k ;
x
= arg = arctg + 2k .
= arg z = arctg
,
= z + j = ei + jrei .
i j ( ) ij=ji, :
= x + iy + j + ji = ( x + i ) + j ( y + i ) = 1e j1 + ir1e j 1 ,
:
1 = x + j ;
r1 = y + j ;
1 = arg( x + j );
1 = arg( y + j ).
,
.
, ,
= e i + jre i = R1e j .
R1 ,
R1 = z 2 + 2 ;
- ,
= arg = arctg
r i ( )
e
,
, .
.

= R1 = R = 4 4 + r 4 + 2 2 r 2 cos 2( ) ,
-
2 sin 2 + r 2 sin 2
1
= arg R1 = arctg 2
. , 2
cos 2 + r 2 cos 2

= Re ia + j .
(1.5.)
22
1.
R, - ; - .
.
. 4.
.
.
i+j
=Re
iy
x
. 5.
. Y.
23
1.
(. 4) (1.3.)
i
i
z=e j=jre ,
r (z).
i
j=jre
r +
0 arg 2
,
, >0, , (z). , j
, .

i
j
: e , (z), jre , .
. z, .
a)
)
. 6. : - ; .
, ,
= 2 + r 2 ei + ja ,
r
a = arctg
- .
. 5, a
. r, ,
;
= ei + jrei = ei ( + jr ).
24
1.
, jre , ,
, (z). :
i
i
z=e , =jre
. 7. : .
/2
. 8. : .
= R a,
/ 2 a / 2,
0 2 .
j (. 6,
. 7..). () R, , a.
25
1.
(1.5.)
:
x = R cos cos a;
y = iR sin cos a;
z = j Rei sin a.
.( , , ).
1.1.6. . .
a v (1.5.),
r
a = arctg ( ei ( ) ) = S + i ,
(, a - )
= Rei + j = Rei + jS + ji .
(1.6.)
(1.6.) v R, , S, - .
(1.6.).
= ( x + iy ) + j ( + i ),
R = = 4 x 4 + y 4 + 4 + 4 + 2 x 2 y 2 + 2 x 2 2 +
+ 2 y 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 x 2 2 2 y 2 2 + 8 xy
, , = = 0 , S==0,
R = = x2 + y 2 ,
= ei .
, R (1, i)
i, , ;
y==0, =x+j,
= 0, = 0, R = Rz = x 2 + 2 , = Re jS ,
, S R2 R
(1, j) 1;
y==0,
i
jarctg
2
2

= x + ji = x e
(6) =0, S=0,
R = R3 = ,
= R3e ji .
, - R3 R (1, ij)
1. (1.6.) , . ,
26
1.
ei + jrei ei + jrei
(1.7.)
4
4
4 + r + 2 2 r 2 cos 2( ) 2 + r 2 .
, , ,
Z, , ,
=.
C0
C1
C2
K
g
2
. 9. -
() - , (z).
> 0,
, (z), . 4, 6.
arg z = arg , , , 0.
(v) . ,
= z , arg z arg = .
2
(1.8.)
27
1.
. 6, . 8 . . 7
. (1.8.)
= ei jirei = ei (1 ji ) = jei ( j j ) = jei ( j i ) = "

i
je () , -
, , (z) /2. r= (. 8).

- (. . 9, 10, 11).
i
- e (i j ) ,
,
r=, - /2.
, . 9, 10, 11.
.
y1, 1, 2 (1.8.). -
, :

i
i
= e
= ji ( + )e ,
. 10.

i + i
i
= e
+ je .
28
1.
-
0 , .
arc tg i, (1.5.), (1.8.).
(1.9.)
= e i (i j ) = 0 ei e jarctg (i ).
(9) .
ij=ji
(1.10.)
(i + j )(i j ) = ii + ji ji = 1 + ji ij + 1 = 0.
.
, .
i + j 0, i j 0,
(i + j )(i j ) = 0.
C1
C2
C1
C2
. 11. -
(1.9.).
(1.9.)
:
29
1.
= ei (i + j ) = 0 ei e jarctg (i ) 0;
= ei (i j ) = 0 ei e + jarctg (i ) 0.
,

= 0;
arg = arctg (i ).
. , arctg i,
. ,
.
(1.10.)
i, j , .[5]
,
(1.11.)
jarctg (i )
+ jarctg (i )
0
(i + j )(i j ) =
0e
0e
= 0 0e = 0.
, .
,
.
, , .
.
, . - , z, (). z z=, arg z arg = /2
, /2.
.
1
. 12.
,

. 8 . ,
, -
30
1.
/2. ,
, . ( ).
, , , ,
. arctg i.
. (. 12, 2 ). 1
, .
1.1.7.
() , , - . .
,

(1.12.)
a 0 = b0 = 0,
a b . (1.12.) , ,
, , (1.12.)
. , , . .
.
, .
() , (1.12.) . ()
:
= ( x + iy + j + ji )(i + j ) = [( x y ) + i ( y )](i + j );
= ( x + iy + j + ji )(i j ) = [( x + ) i ( y )](i j ).
(1.13.)
(1.13.) . (1.13.) (1.12.).

=ij , . , ,
1
= e jarctg (i ).
a+0=a
+ = + i j
, () ,
(1.11.), .
31
1.
1
~ ,
0
1
= e # jarctg (i ).
i j
,
i + jS + ji
0 ~ 0e
, S, .
, .
:
= a + ib + jc + jid ;
' = a '+ib'+ jc'+ jid ' ;
(1.14.)
= x + iy + j + ji.
,
= ' (1.14)
(1.14.),
:
ax by a + d = a;
bx + ay d c = b' ;
cx dy + a b = c' ;
dx + cy + b + a = d '.
(1.15.)
(1.15.)
v':
Re Re( ) = Re Re ' = a ' ;

Re Im( ) = Re Im ' = b' ;
Im Re( ) = Im Re ' = c' ;
Im Im( ) = Im Im ' = d '.
, .
(1.15.) , . ,
a
b
c
d
a
d
c
c
d
a
b
d
c
4
= .
b
a
, (1.14.) , (1.15.)
. () (1.15.)
:
= 0, a=0, b=0, c=0, d=0;
32
1.
= 0 , .
, , , (1.13.).
,
, , , , .
() , [6] , (z)
. ()
. (1.13.).
, , () , (z) .
:
1 2 = 1 2 .
[5], , , . , -
.
1, i, j, k :
i 2 = j 2 = k 2 = 1;
ij = ji = k ;
jk = kj = i;
ki = ik = j.

.
, , (z) .
.

, .
, ,
.
d = Rei + j ei1 (1 ji ) = Rei + j 0e i1 jarctgi =

= R 0e i +i1 + j jarctgi
arctgz + arctgz1 = arctg
z z1
,
1 z1 z
33
1.
r i ( )
i
e
artgi = arctg
=
r i ( )
i
1 e
r i ( )
i
e
= arctg
= arctgi ,
r i ( )
i (i e
)
(1.16.)
,
.
d = Rei ( +1 ) (1 ji )

(i
(i
(i
(i
(i
j ) 0 = 1 , ,
j )1 = i j
j ) 2 = 2i (i j )
j ) 3 = 4(i j )
j ) 4 = 8i (i j )
(i j ) = (2i ) n 1 (i j )
(1.17.)
(i j ) = 2i (i j ) .
,
, .
(i j ) 2 = 2i (i j ) (i j )(i j 2i ) = 0 .
. i j 0, i j 2i .
, , , .
,
(i j )5 = 8i(i j ) 2 (i j ) 4 = 8i (i j ) .
(i j ) 2 = 2i (i j ) (i j ) = 2i (i j ) (i j ) =
(i j )
.
2i
.

, .

, ,
.
34
1.
0 = 0e

arctgi .

, 0 = 0e
d = Rei + j (i j ) ,
arctgi .
i + j
(1.18.)
,
.
1.1.8.
,
.
i, j
ij=ji
:
(1.19.)
1 = ( x + iy ) + j ( + i );
2 = ( x + j ) + i ( y + j ).
(1.20.)
(1.19.)
, (z),
(1.20.) (i, j).
(. 13.), .
e j arc tg i
j2e
j2ei2
j3
i
jre i
jr1e ji
1e
ji
e j arc tg j
2
1ei1
eii
i
1e 1
. 13.
.
e
e
iactg ( j )
jarctg (i )
, - -
35
1.
(1.6.) (1.19.),
(1.20.) :
1 = R1ei1 + jS1 + ji 1 ;
2 = R2 ei2 + jS2 + ji 2 ;
,
. (1.19.), (1.20.)
. ,
R1=R2, 1=2, S1=S2, 1=2.
. (1.19.), (1.20.):
1 = ( x + iy ) + j ( + i ) = ( x 2 y 2 + 2 2 ) + 2i ( xy + ) ;
R1 = 1 = 4 x 4 + y 4 + 4 + 4 + 2 x 2 y 2 + 2 x 2 2
2 x 2 2 2 y 2 2 + 2 y 2 2 + 2 2 2 + 8 xy;
2 = ( x + j ) + i ( y + j ) ;
R2 = 2 .
, :
1 = 2 ;
R1 = R2 .
1 -
2 xy + 2
.
1 = arg 1 = 12 arctg 2
2
2
2
x y +
S1 1, , 1
1 = 1 e
jarctg
+i
x +iy
+ i
+ i 1
x + iy
= ln
arctg
.
x + iy 2i 1 i + i
x + iy
1+ i
S1, 1. :
S1 =
1
2 x + 2 y
jarctg 2
;
2
x + y2 2 2
2
ln 1
1
1 = ji
.
2 (x + )2 + ( y )2
36
1.

(1.20.), .
, S2 2
1
2 x + 2 y
S2 = arctg 2
.
2
x 2 + y 2 2
, S1, S2=S1 .
,
.

.
. =ij=ji ,
= R = 1 S =/2, =/2, =0.
37
1.2.

: , , ,
,
(z). , [7].
,
,
( ) .
(Y) , (z),
- .
, (),
.
1.2.1.
(Y) ,
G (Y)
(Y).
=f(),
= x + iy + j + ji ,
= U + iV + jP + jiR.
,
:
U = U ( x, y , , ) = Re Re (v );
V = V ( x, y , , ) = Re Im ( v );
P = P ( x, y , , ) = Im Re ( v );
R = R ( x, y , , ) = Im Im (v ).

, [7].

(z). ,
v = e i + jrei = z + j ,

f ( v ) = W ( z, ) + jT ( z, ),
W ( z, ) = Re f (v );
T ( z, ) = Im(v ).
0 ,
f()
38
1.
lim W ( z, ) = W0 ;
z 0
0
lim T ( z, ) = T0 ;
z 0
0
, ,
lim f ( v ) = W0 + jT0 = f ( v 0 ).
v v0
(z)
v v 0 .
, v v 0 f()
f(0). 0,
0.

, -
.
f(), ,
,
(1.21.)
f (v + h ) f (v)
= f ' (v ).
lim
h
h0
, ().
f()
W T :
1. f()=W(z, )+jT(z, )
, , W
(z)

W W T T
,
,
,
,
z z
,
:
W T
=
;
z
T
W
=
.
z
(1.22.)
- .
(1.22.).
f (v + h) f (v)
.
h
h 0
f ' ( v ) = lim
h .
. +h z=x+iy.

39
1.
W ( z + S , ) W ( z , )
+
S
S 0
T
T ( z + S , ) T ( z, ) W
+ j lim
=
+j .
z
z
S
S 0
f ' ( v ) = lim
. , +h
j, t0 h=jt, t = + i .
W ( z, + t ) W ( z, + t )
it
t 0
W T
T ( z, + t ) T ( z, )
+ j lim
=j
+
.

jt
t 0
f ' ( v ) = lim
f ' (v ) =
W
T
W T
+ j
=j
+
.
z
z

. (1.22.).
x, y, ,.
,
).
. :
i
i
) v = e + jre ;
i
i
) v = e + jre .
).
f()
i
i
i
i
f ( v ) = W ( e , re ) + jT ( e , re ).
, +h

i
i
i
i
h = dv = de
+ ie d + jre id + jdre
= dei + jdrei + iei ( + jr )d .

(1.21.) h0:
d 0, dr = d = 0;
dr 0, dr = d = 0;
d 0, dr = d = 0.

j; -
i; - , .
=const, r = const,
40
1.
] [(
)]
W ( + )ei , re i W e i , rei
+
f ' ( v ) = lim
0
e i
] [(
)]
T ( + )e i , re i T ei , re i
+ j lim
=
0
e i
W
T
= e i
+ je i
.
(1.23.)
, =const, =const,
W [e i , ( r + r )e i ] W [(e i , re i )]
+
f ' ( v ) = lim
r 0
jre i
T [e i , ( r + r )e i ] T [(e i , re i )]
+ j lim
=
z 0
jre i
W
T
= je i
+ e i
.
r
r
(1.24.)
, = const, r = const,
W ei + iei , rei + irei W (ei , rei )
+
f ' ( v ) = lim
0
i ( ei + jrei )
+ lim j
0
] [
T ei + iei , rei + T ei , rei

+
ei
T
e i W
+
+j
=

i( + jr )
W
T
W
T
+r
r
.
.
= ie i
+ jie i
.
2
2
+r
2 + r2
(1.25.)
(1.23.), (1.24.), (1.25.)

f()

W
T
W
T
+ je i
= je i
+ e i
=
r
r
W
T
W
T
+r
.
.
i
+ jie
2 + r2
2 + r2
f ' ( v ) = e i
= ie
W T
W + rT
=
= i
r
2 + r 2
T
W
rW T
=
=i
.
r
2 + r 2
(1.26.)
,
(1.27.)
41
1.
f ,
:
e i
e i
W
T
W
1
i T i
= e i
= ie i
=
e ;
r
T
W
i T i i i W
= e i
=
.
e = e
r
r
(1.28.)
W
T
T
W
+ je i
= e i
je i
=
r
r
W
i T i
j
e =!

f ' ( v ) = e i
=
1 i
ie
(1.29.)
(1.28.), (1.29.) .
(1.22.), (1.27.), (1.28.)
,
. (z)
( ).
. , ,
-
.
+h
i
h = e (i j ),

0 . 0 , (i j )
i
. e (i j )
.
f v + ei (i j ) f (v )
lim
.
0
ei (i + j )
(1.30.)
(z)
z=0. h=0
i
e (i j ).
(Y)
.
0
= 0 + z (1 ji ) .
, 0 , .
0 = z (1 ji ) ,
0 .
z ,
lim z 0 ( 0 ) = 0 , lim z ( 0 ) = (1 ji ) .
42
1.
f ( )
,
= (1 ji ) .

f = f [ 0 + (1 ji )] f ( 0 ) ,
f [ 0 + (1 ji )] f ( 0 )
,
(1 ji )
f / ( 0 ) = lim 0
lim 0
f
= f / ( 0 ) .
(1 ji )
f = f [ 0 + (1 ji )] f ( 0 ) =
f
1 2 f 2
(1 ji ) +
(1 ji )2 + ..... + 0( (1 ji ))
2
0
2 0
,
f
(1 + ji )
0
= f ( 0 )
lim 0
(1 + ji )
, " 0
f
f / ( 0 ) # ,
(1 ji )
= ( ) " 0 ,
0 # (1 ji ) #
f = f / ( 0 ) (1 ji ) + 0( (1 ji )) 0 ,
0( (1 ji )) , .

f = A (1 ji ) + 0( (1 ji )) ,
f ( )
0 A = f ( 0 )
/
1.2.2.

.

,
.
-
.

,
.
.
,
.
43
1.
.
:
.) ,
;
) ;
) ;
) .
n
A. = v = n v n - ,
(Y).
n () -
:
iF + j
n in + jn
Re
=r e
(1.31.)
R = r n , F = n , = n ,
.
(1.6),
iF + j + jiS
n in + jn + jin
Re
=r e
:
n
(1.32.)
R = r , F = n , = n , S = n ,
.
(1.31.), (1.32.) , ,
n, , , (n-1) arg
n 1
v = r r
.
= 2
n
= 2
n
= 2
n
. 14.

Re iF + j = r n e in + jn .
R = r n , F = n , = n .
44
1.
(1.31.)
, - .
r ,
2
,
n
2
0 <
,
n
0<
n 1
, r
,
(. 14).
,

.
, n ().
(1.21.)
hv n 1h + h 2 ()
(v + h ) n v n
n 1
lim
= lim
= nv
f ( v ) = v = ( e
+ jre ) = ( r )e
h
h
h 0
h 0
, .
2.

2
i
i 2
2
2 2i
2i
+ j 2re
) ( )
(
R (e i , re i ) = Im(v 2 ) = 2 re 2i .
W e , re i = Re v 2 = 2 e 2i r 2 e 2i ;
(1.26.):
W
R
W + rR
= e i
= 2 e i = ie i
=
r
2 + r 2
2
2 i
2 i
r 2 2ie 2i
i 2ie
i r 2 r 2ie
= ie
+ ie
=
2 + r2
2 + r2
2
= e i 2
2 + r 2 = 2 ei ;
2
+r
R
W
rW R
= e i
= ie i
= 2re i .
e i
r
2 + r 2
e i
( )
W
K
+ e i
= 2 v.
f ' (v ) = v 2 ' = je i
r
r
, .

(1.28.), (1.29.):
2
2 2i
2 2i
i ( + )
f (v) = v = e
r e
+ j 2 re
45
1.
)
(
R (e i , re i ) = Im f (v ) = 2 re i ( + ).
W e i , re i = Re f (v ) = 2 e 2i r 2 e 2i ;
(1.28.), (1.29.) :
e i
e i
W R i
W
1
1 W i
=
= ie i
= i
= 2 e i ;
e
e
r
W i 1 R i 1 W i
R
= 2re +i .
= i e = i
=
e
e

r
f ' (v ) = e i
W
R
+ je i
= 2 e i + 2 jre i = 2v.
, .
n ,

n
n 1
f (v ) = f (i + j ) = (i + j ) = (2i )
(i + j ).
v = e i (i + j ).
v n = n e 2in (2i )n 1 (i + j ).
-
v n = 0 , arg v = arctg (i ).
n v n.
iF + j
= Re
v = re i + j ,
1
i +j
R e iF + j = r n e n n .
, , :
R = n r,
,
n
= .
n
F=

, . .
n v
46
1.
(1.33.)
n v 1 n 1
= v
.
v
n
n v .
1
1
1
i
jarctg (i )
n v = n e i (i + j ) = n e n 0 2 n e n
=
1
i
= n e n n 0 e jarctg (i ) .

.
B. =
1
.
v
1
1
1
=
= e i
=
+ jr
v ei + jrei
r
= e i
je i
.
2 + r2
2 + r2
W e i , re i = Re = e i
+r
r
R e i , re i = Im = e i
.
2
2
+r
(1.27.):
2
2
R
i W
2i r
=
= e i
=e
e
r
2
2 2
+r
W + rR
=
2 + r 2
+ ie i r
ie i
2 + r2
2 + r2
i
=
= ie
2
2 2
+r
= ie i
= e 2i
e i
r2 2
+r
2 2
R
W
= ie i
= e 2i
2 r
( 2 + r 2 )2
= ie i
rW R
=
2 r 2
47
1.
= ie
i ie
ri
r rie i
+r
2 2
) = e2i
2 r
2
+r
2 2
1 i W
R
+ je i
=
=e
v v
=e
=e
2i
2i
r2 2
+r
(r +
2 2
+ je 2i
2 r
2
+r
2 2
2
2i [ j ( jr + )]
=
=e
2 2
2
2 2
j )2
( 2 + r )
+r
2 + r 2 2 jarctg r
e
=
= e 2i
2
2 + r2
1
1
= e 2i 2 j
= .
2 + r2
v2
1
1
= 2.
v v
v

1

v
e i
1
1
re
= =
=
j
.
v e i + jre i 2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
:
e i
i
i
= Re =
;
W e , re
2 2i
2 2i
R e , re
)= Im =
+r e
re i
2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
, W, R
(1.28.), (1.29.).
1 i W
R
+ je i
=
=e
v v
48
1.
=
=
2 e 2i r 2 e 2i
2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
+j
2 rei +i
2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
2 e 2i + 2 jrei +i + r 2 e 2i
2 2i
2 2i
+r e
2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i 2 jarctg r ei ( + )
1
e
=
= .
2
v2
2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
1
, ,
v
,
, (z),

1
1
= 2.
v1 v
v
(1.34.)
1
,
v
.
, .
C. (v).
v = e i + jre i , Re v = e i , Im v = re i .
(1.23.) .

(v ) = e i W + je i R = e i e +i + 0 = 1.
v
(1.35.)

i
i
i
i
v = e
+ jre
, Re v = e , Im v = re
(1.28.), (1.29.).

(v ) = e i W + je i R = e i e +i + j 0 = 1.
v
D. e (),
.

= e i j = e i cos1 jei sin1 = e i cos2 1 + sin 2 1 = 1.

1.

49
1.
e e
i (i + j )
= e e
i i + j e i
= e e
i i
( )
cos ei + je e
i i
( )
sin ei
i
i
cos sin ei i
e e (i + j ) = e e i = ei
= e sin
e
e i (i + j )
= e sin
= e e i ( j + j ) = e ie
+ je i = e e
+ j 2 = e sin = e sin .
,
:
)
(
R (e i , re i ) = Im = e e
W e i , re i = Re = e e
( )
= sin(re i ).
= cos re i ;
(1.27.)
:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
i
W
= e e e i cos re i ;
i
W
= e e e i sin re i ;
r
i
i
W
= e e e i i cos re i re i i sin re i e e ;
i
R
= e e e i sin re i ;
i
R
= e e e i cos re i ;
r
i
i
R
= e e e i i sin re i + e e rie i i cos re i .
( )
( )
(1.27.)
. .

i
i
e v
W
R
= e i
+ je i
= e i e e cos(re i ) + je i e e sin(re i ) =
v
= e e
[cos(re )+ j sin(re )]= e

i
ei + jrei
= ev .
e
= e
(1.36.)
.
50
1.
E. ln().
.
i
i
v = e
+ jre ,
ln v = ln R e iF + j = ln R + iF + j ;
Re(ln v ) = ln 2 + r 2 + i ;
r
Im(ln v ) = arctg .
(1.27.):
W
R
= e i
= e i
=
r
2 + r2
i + r 0
rR + W
= je i
= ie i
;
2 + r 2
2 + r2
e i
R
W
r
= e i
= e i
=
2
2
r
+r
W R
r
r
= e i
= ie i
=
2
2
2
2
+r
+r
ri
r
= ie i
= e i
;
2 + r2
2 + r2
e i
(ln v ) = e i W + je i R = e i 2 2 je i 2 r 2 =
v
+r
+r
jr
2 + r2
=e
i j
2 + r2
2 + r2
= e i j
1
= .
2 + r2 v
(ln v ) = 1 .
v
v
(1.37.)

i
i
v = e
+ jre
51
1.
)
(
r
R (e i , re i ) = Im(ln v ) = arctg e i ( ) ;
W e i , re i = Re(ln v ) = ln 2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i ;
,
(1.28.), (1.29.) W R
, r, , :
2i
W 1
2 e
=
;
2 2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
W
re 2i
=
;
2 2i
2 2i
r
e
+r e
W
i 2 e 2i
=
;
2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
W
ir 2 e 2i
=
;
2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
R
=
re i
r 2 e 2i e i
1
1+
2 e 2i
re i e i
=
;
2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
e i e i
R
=
;
r 2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
R
ire i e i
=
;
2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
R
ire i e i
=
;
2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
,
.

ln v
W
R
= e i
+ je i
=
v
e i
2 2i
2 2i
+r e
rei
2 2i
2 2i
+r e
52
1.
r
jarctg ei i
2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i e
1
= .
v
2 e 2i + r 2 e 2i
(ln v ) = 1 .
v
v
(1.38.)
ln[ ei (i j )] = ln + i + ln(i j ) = ln + i + ln 0 jarctg (i ).
F. . sin()
cos() e:
jv
= cos v + j sin v;
e jv = cos v j sin v.
(z) -
(). ,
e jv e jv
sin v =
;
2j
e jv + e jv
cos v =
.
2

(1.34.), sin() cos():
(sin v )
= cos v;
v
(cos v )
= sin v;
v
(1.39.)
.
:
2
2
sin v + cos v = 1;
sin 2v = 2 sin v cos v,!
G. .
z
sin(z), cos(z),
e iz e iz
e iz + e iz
,
sin z =
, cos z =
2i
2
. j i
. Y
. i.

53
1.
sin z =
e jz e jz
e jz + e jz
, cos z =
.
2j
2
e j e j
e j + e j
sin =
, cos =
.
2j
2
j Y.
e e
e + e
, ch =
sh =
2
2
e e
e + e
th =
, cth =
e e
e + e
sh = j sin j , ch = cos j
th = jtgj , cth = jcthj
,
z, ,
. .
e z + j e z j
=
sh = sh( z + j ) =
2
1 z
(e cos + je z sin e z cos + je z sin ) =
2
1
= [(e z e z )cos + j sin (e z + e z )] = shz cos + j sin chz .
2
ch = chz cos jshz sin . sh

sh = sh 2 z cos2 + sin 2 ch 2 z =
sh 2 z cos2 + ch 2 z cos2 ch 2 z =
= cos2 ( sh 2 z ch 2 z ) + ch 2 z = ch 2 z cos2 ,
ch z sh z = 1

2
arg 2 sh = arctg
sin chz
= arctg (tgcthz )
cos cthz
sh =
ch 2 z cos 2 ,
.
sin cos
. sin(ij)
i j
sin(i j ) = sin i cos j cos i sin j =
54
1.
e 1 e +1 e 1 + e +1 e 1 e +1 e 1 + e +1 e 2 e +2
=
=
(i j ).
2i
2
2i
2
4ij

:
sin(i j ) 0;
sin (i j ) = 0 ;
arg (sin(i j )) = arctg (i ).
sin(ij),
(e
sin (i j ) =
2
e +2
16
) ( 2 + 2ij ),
2
cos(i + j ) = cos i cos j sin i sin j
e 1 + e +1 e 1 + e +1 e 2 + 2 + e +2
=
cos i cos j =
2
2
4
1
+1 1
+1
2
e e e e
e 2 + e +2
=
sin i sin j =
2i
2j
4 ji
cos(i + j ) =
e 2 + 2 + e +2 e 2 2 + e +2
4
4 ji
e 4 + e +4 6 e 4 + e +4 2
+
cos (i + j ) =
8
8
8 ji
2

cos2 (i + j ) + sin 2 (i + j ) = 1
cos(ij):
1
+1 2
1
+1
cos(i j ) =
+e
ij e
) (e
4ij
);
4
2
4
(
e 1 + e +1 ) 2ij (e 2 e + 2 ) + (e 1 e +1 )
cos (i j ) =
.
2
16
, cos, ,
. cos(ij)
1
1
1
+1 4
1
+1 4
cos(i j ) =
e +e
4
arg cos(i j ) arctg (i ).
) + (e
);
, sin cos - ,
, , z .
55
1.
cos2 (i j ) + sin 2 (i j ) =
4
2
4
(
e 1 + e +1 ) 2ij (e 2 e + 2 ) + (e 1 e +1 )
=
+
16
2
(
e 2 e + 2 ) ( 2 + 2ij )
+
=
16
2e 4 + 12 + 2e 4 2ij (e 4 2 + e 4 )
=
16
(
e 4 2 + e + 4 )2 2ij (e 4 2 + e 4 ) 12 + 4
=
= 1.
,
2
16
16
cos (i j ) + sin 2 (i j ) = 1.
sin cos
. ,
tg (i + j ) = 0 ;
arg tg (i + j ) = arctg (i ).
H. arg
,

i
i
= e + jre ,
= Re iF + j ,
R = 4 4 + r 4 + 2 2 r 2 cos 2( ) ,
2 sin 2 + r 2 sin 2
1
,
F = arctg 2
cos 2 + r 2 cos 2
2
r
= arctg e i ( ) .
(1.40.)
R
F , , , r, .

: 0 = 1 0 = 1 , 0 = 1 , r0 = r1 , 0 = 1 .
Ln = LnR + iF + j
= LnR + iF ,
=
= ( z, ), = ( z, )
= Ln z 2 + 2 , = arctg
.
z
56
1.

= z + j ,
z = R cos ,
= R sin .
cos =
, sin =
z2 + 2
z2 + 2
.
dz, d
dz = cos dR R sin d
d = sin dR + R cos d
, Rd = sin dz + cos d ,
d = d arg =
dz + zd
.
z2 + 2
d arg .
arg =
dz + zd
.
z2 + 2
:
1)
z = 0, = 0 ,
= 0, r = 0 , ;
= 0 ,
2) e + r e
,
2
2 i
2 i
= r, =
.
2

. ,

1 ,
dz + Qd = dz + Qd
z
, Q ( z, ) = 2
2
z +
z + 2
d dQ
=

d
dz
, , 1
( z, ) =
arg = 1
arg . , 1
.
57
1.
F , 4i + 2j ,

= Re iF + j + 4ki + 2 kj , =0,1,2,. .
+1
C3 .

z = e i ,
r
, = .
z i ,
.
= arctg
r i ( )
e
r i ( )
e
1
= Ln
.
2i 1 i r e i ( )
1+ i
r = , =
,
2
.
= + is . Ln
Z
2
r
r
1 2 sin +
s = Ln
2
2
r
r
1 + 2 sin +
1
arctg
2
r
cos
r
1
r
r
1 2 sin +
1
i
= + is = arctg
+
Ln
2
2
2
2
r
r
r
1
1 + 2 sin +

r
2 cos
(1.41.)
58
1.
, .
= 0 r.
r dLn
r2
= 0 .
r2
1
= arctg
2
r
cos
1
1
arctg 0 = ( )
2
2
r
1
(1.42.)
r = , =
2 1 1
1
= =
arctg
2
11 2 2
4
1
1$ 2 +1
= $
s = ln
2
1 2 +1
, s :
1)
= 0,
1
r2
s = ln 2 = 0 .
2
r
2 r cos 1
= arctg 0 =
= arctg 2
2
2
2
r
i
i
= = e 2 re 1 = jre 1 .
2
= 0 = 0 , = 0 , = rei1 .
, r,
r
1
i
,
= arctg 0 = , s = Ln
$r
2
2
2
2)
+ is .
2
, = r
2
i
, .
2
, = arctgi .
3) =
.
,
= ji = jiarctg = jarctgi. , ,
2
arctg .
2
59
1.
, = , s = 0 , = .
2
2
2

arctg .
4) = 0 , =
dt
.
2
+
1
t
0
arctgx =
1
1
1
1
1 1 + i
.
d +
d = ln
2
1
i
2
1
i
2
i
1
i
o
0
0
1 1 + i

arctg =
ln
2i 1 i
i.
j. ,
1 1 + j
arctg =
ln
.
2 j 1 j
j.
1+ 2
(1 + 2 )
i
d
arctg =

2
+
1
0
i
1
(1 + 2 )
= i , = j.

1
1 1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+
.
2
1+
4 1 i 1 + i 1 + j 1 j
.
,

.
ji .
arctg
1 1
1
1
1
+
+
+
d =
arctg =
4 0 1 i 1 + i 1 + j 1 j
1 1 + i 1 1 + j
= ln
+ ln
4i 1 i 4 j 1 j
, arctg
.
60
1.
,

(1.29.) (1.35.) . :
v = 1;
v
= v 2 , v 2 = 2 v;
v
= v n , v n = nv n 1;
v
1 1
1
= , = ;
v v v
v2
1
= ln v, (ln v ) = ;
v
v
= ev , ev = ev
v
f (v ) = v,
(1.43.)
( )
.
,
,
, z .
61
1.3.
1.3.1.
, , ,
.
i
jre

, (z)
,
. (z) x y
,
. (z),
(), ,
, :
180 .,
.
.
- , ,
.
j
(z). ,
r, r ~ 0 , (z)
r. (. . 4, 5, 6, 7). j
. (1.5.)
2

= R e i cos + jR e i sin = jR ei .
2
2
, =
v = R e i + j / 2
j arctg(i)
,
.
,
,
. - r,

/2 (1.8.).
(. 8),
-, ,
, .
,

r ~ 0 , /2.
,

: , ,
z - .
62
1.
(1.5.)
:
x = R cos cos ;
y = iR cos sin ;
= jR ei sin .
(R, , )
(x , y , )
= jiR 2ei cos .
(R, , )
, :
R = 0; =
; R = 0.
2
,
. ,
() r ~ 0 ,

,
, arctg i.
. 15. .
z. () -
.
. 16. a,

,
.
.
.

. z- .
63
1.
, ,
, ,
.
(. 15). ""
,
.
. 16, 17
.
,
. ,
z
, . 16, 17,
. .
. 17.
,

0,
,
(.
18). .
L
. 18.
, .
0, 1, 2 (. 19), ,
,
.
64
1.
0 , (.
20).
1, , (z),
0 .
3 ,
,
.
. 19. C0, C1, C2, -
. 20. C0, , 1,
, 3 -
.
z- .
, ,
.
3 ,
, , ,
.
()
z, j C4
.
65
1.
C ,
(. . 21).
C4
.
21.
C4 ,
.
C3 ,
,
(. 17).
C3
.
22.
C3
.
S, . 23.

,
66
1.
. ,
.
C3 (),
.
. (
3 (. 20)
2R0, -,
, , 2R, -, ,
2R0-2R, ,
R0 . ,
C3, -
4, 2.
C3
1, 7
.
23.
3
S.
C0 (. 20),
.
C0, C1, C2 (. 19) , z-,
=const ,
. 2.
C3 (. 20) = 2 ,
= 4 . , i
, , .
1.3.2. .

.
67
1.
lim f ( k )( k +1 k ) = f ( )d ,
n
k =0
0 = a , 1 ! n +1 = b - , n ,
, k - , [ k , k +1 ] .

max k +1 k 0
Z
.
.
f ( ) = Q ( z, ) + jR( z, )
k = zk + j k , z k +1 z k = z k , k +1 k = k
k = k + ik . Q ( k , k ) = Qk , R ( k , k ) = Rk .
k =0
f ( k )( k +1 k ) =
k =0
k =0
[Qk z k Rk k ] + j [Qk k + Rk z k ]
f ( )d = Qdz Rd + j Rdz + Qd
f ( )d = (Q ( z, ) +
jR( z, ))( dz + jd ) = Q ( z, )dz R( z, )d +
+ j Q ( z, )d + R ( z, )dz
Q ( z, ), R ( z , )
.
.

U ( x, y , , ) = Re elQ ( z, ) = Re elQ (( x + iy ), ( + i ))
V ( x, y , , ) = Im Q ( z, ) = Im Q (( x + iy ), ( + i ))
P ( x, y , , ) = Re elR( z, ) = Re elR(( x + iy ), ( + i ))
( x, y , , ) = Im R( z, ) = Im R(( x + iy ), ( + i ))
dz = dx + idy
d = d + id .
f ( )d = Udx Vdy Pd
+ d +
+ i Vdx + Udy d Pd +
+ j Pdx dy + Ud Vd +
68
1.
+ ji dx + Pdy + Vd + Ud .

.
, , .
.
U ( x, y ),V ( x , y )
U V
,
y x
G.
Udx + Vdy = x
U
dxdy ,
y
G .,

.
G. . G
, , ,
G.

:
1. , G,

Udx + Vdy = 0 .
2. , G
Udx + Vdy , .
3. Udx + Vdy
F(x,y), G, , dF = Udx + Vdy .
G
Udx + Vdy = F ( ) F (B )
U V
,
=
y
x
G.

, :
xyz
- G,
U(x,y,z),V(x,y,z),P(x,y,z)
.

69
1.
Udx + Vdy + Pdz =
P V
=
z
y
G
V U
U P
dxdy
dydz +
dxdz +
z
x
x
y
Pdz = 0
. x,y,z
G, ,
, G ,
.
C3 .

, .

:
1) Udx + Vdy + Pdz = 0 ;
2) Udx + Vdy + Pdz = Udx + Vdy + Pdz ;
3) Udx+Vdy+Pdz
F(x,y,z), G
dF = Udx + Vdy + Pdz ,
Udx + Vdy + Pdz = F (A) F ( B )
P V U P V U
=
=
=
,
,
y z z x x y

. (X,Y)
.
.
.

,
( z , ) . Q ( z, ), R ( z , )

Q Q R R
.
,
, ,
z z
G,

. ,
(z, )

Qdz Rd =
R
dzd
z
70
1.
Rdz + Qd =
Q
dzd
z
Q R
R Q
+
= 0,
=0
z
z

. ,

.
,
U V
P
V
U
P
=
=
=
,
=
=
=
x y

x
y
V Q
P
V U
P Q
U
=
=
=
=
=
=
,

x
y
x y
,

. ,
.

dxdy, ddx, dxd , dyd , ddy , dd .
:
Udx Vdy Pd
+ d =
U P
U V
+
+
dxd +
dxdy +
y
x
x
G
V P
U
+
+
dyd +
dxd +
x
y
P
V
+
dd
dyd +
y

Vdx + Udy d Pd =
V
V U
=
+
dxd +
dxdy +
x
G y
x
U
V P
+
+
+
dyd +
dxd +
x
y
P
U P
+
+
+
dd
dyd +
y

71
1.
Pdx dy + Ud
Vd =
P U
P P
=
+
dxd +
dyd +

G y
x
U
P V
+
+
dyd +
dxd +
x
y
U V
V
+
+
d
dyd +
dx + Pdy + Vd + Ud =
P U
P
=
dxd +
dxdy +
x
G y
x
U
P U
+
dxd +
dyd +
x
y
V U
P V
dd
dyd +

24-
,
.
24- ,
,

Z, .

. ,
.

f ( )
f ( )d
C
f ( )d ,
0 , - .
.
Z,
.
F ( ) =
f ( )d ,
,
f ( ) .,
F / ( ) = f ( )
F ( )
72
1.
f ( )d ,
d
F ( ) =
f ( )d = f ( )
d 0
/
,
, ,

F / ( ) = lim " 0
= lim " 0
F ( + ") F ( )
=
"
1 + "
1 +"
f ( )d f ( )d = lim " 0 f ( )d
"
" 0
0
f ( )
( ) 0
f ( ) = f ( ) + ( ) ,
1 +"
1 +"
F ( ) = lim " 0 f ( )d + lim " 0 ( )d
"
"
/
+"
1 +"
1
lim " 0 f ( )d = lim " 0 f ( ) d = f ( )
"
"
" 0 " = "(1 ji ) 0 ,

+ " (1 ji )
+ " (1 ji )
1
1
lim " (1 ji ) 0
f ( )d = lim " (1 ji )
f ( ) d = f ( )
"(1 ji )
"(1 ji )
+"
+ " (1 ji )
d = " ,
d = "(1
ji )
,
+"
( )d
+ " (1 JI )
max ( ) "
( )d
max ( ) "(1 ji ) .
F ( ) = f ( ) , .
, ,
,
/
f ( )d
= F ( ) F ( 0 )
73
1.
f ( ) G ,
G, . f ( )d = 0 .
C

.
[af ( ) + bg ( )]d = a f ( )d + b g ( )d , a, b
C
f ( )d = f ( )d + f ( )d ,
C1 + C 2
C1
C1 + C 2
C2
f ( )d = f ( )d , C
C1 ,C 2 -
. :
M = max f ( ) L , L = L(1 ji )
,
f ( )d
f ( ) d ML , ML(1 ji ) .
C
f ( k ) k
k =0
k =0
k =0
f ( k ) k M k ,
k =0
0 ! n , ,
k 0 L, L(1 ji ) .
.
.
0 = 0
1 = 3 + i + j + ji 3 f ( ) =
,

:
J=
3 + i + j + ji 3
3 + i + j + ji 3
2
d = 2
0
[(
=
) (
3 + i + j 1+ i 3
2
)(
)]
3 + 2 3i 1 1 2 3i + 3
3 + i 1 + 3i
+2j
=
2
2
= 2 + j 3 + i + 3i 3 = 2 + 4 ji
z, .
1

74
1.
z = 3 + i, = 1 + 3i .
J = J 1 + jJ 2 =
f ( )d = ( z +
j )(dz + jd ) =
= zdz d + j dz + zd
1
= 1 + 2 , 1
z z = 3 + i , 2
, , 0
= 1 + i 3. 0---z = 0, d = 0
3 +i
3 +i
z2
J 1 = zdz =
2
0
( 3 + i ) 2 3 + 2i 3 1
=
=
= 1+ i 3
2
2
J 2 = 0 .
z---- z = const, dz = 0 , z =
2
J 1 = d =
2
0
1+ i 3
J2 =
1+ i 3
dz + zd
0
1+ i 3
0
1+ i 3
3+i.
(1 + i 3) 2
=
=1 i 3
2
1+ i 3
zd = z 0
= ( 3 + i )(1 + i 3) = 3 + i + 3i 3 = 4i
2 J = 1 3i + 4 ji

J = 1 + i 3 + 1 i 3 + 4 ji = 2 + 4 ji
, .
.

= ei + jrei
i
z = 3 + i = 2e 6 , : = 2, =
i
= 1 + i 3 = 2e , r = 2, =

J = f ( )d = J 1 + J 2 ,
J 1 = e 2i d + i 2 e 2i d re 2i dr r 2 e 2i d
1
J 2 = re i ( + ) d + ire i ( + ) d + e i ( + ) dr + ire i ( + ) d
2
75
1.

,
24.
01
0 2, = 0, = 0, r = 0 ,
= 2 = const,0
6
2
J 1 = d + i ( ) = 2 e
2
2 i
d = 2 + 2e
2 i 6
0
= 2 + 2e
J2 = 0
13, = 0, = 2, =
2
J = re
2 i
dr + j e dre
= 2 + 4 je
12
2 = 2e
,0 r 2
6
35 ,
. 0 .
3
6
= 2, r = 2, =
J = rei ie i rd + j e i irei d = 2e
2e
2 i
3
+ 2 + 4 je

i +
6 3
4 je
2i
3
+ 2 + j 2e
i 3
6
ire
d =
J = J 0 2 3 + J 1 3 + J 3 5 = 2e
= 2e
2e
2
i
3
2 + 4 je
2e
2
i
3
+ 2 + 4 ji 4 je
+ 4 ji = 2 + 4 ji.
.
,
z,
1
234 (. 24). 134 124
14, ,
1234. 45
= const, r = const, = const, = .

.
= e i ( + jre i ( ) ) . , + jre i ,
, ,

0
76
1.
, , rei ,
r .
.
z Z
0 .
. x, iy,
j . 2 (. 24) 2.
12345.
5
3
(6)
(Z)
0
2'
1
2
=/6
. 24.
.

:
1) Z, = 0 ;
2) , z = const .
1.3.3. .
f ( ) G
,
.
1
0 # z # 2 .
0 # # 2
f ( ) =

= 0 arctgi .
= Re i + j .
77
1.
d
,
Ln =
C 3 .
d = e
i + j
dR + iei + j Rd + jei + j Rd , R = ,
e i + j dR + ie i + j Rd + je i + j Rd
Ln =
=
Rei + j
dR
=
+ i d + j d = ln + i C3 arg1 + j C3 arg 2 ,
C3 R
C3
C3
C3 arg 1 -- C3 ,.
C3 arg 2 -- C3 .

.
Ln = ln + i C3 + j C3 . C3
Ln = ln + 4i + 2j .
J n =
( a )
d ,
C - C 3 a, ( a ) = ,
$ 0 . C a = e i + j ,
a.
d = ie i + j d + je i + j d . n=-1
J=
4
2
1 i j i + j
e
e
(id + jd ) = id + jd = 4i + 2j
0
0
n 1 J =
ie i ( n +1) + j ( n +1) d + n +1 je i ( n +1) + j ( n +1) d .
n +1
,
, i, j
.
.
J = n +1 ( n + 1)ijei ( n +1) + j ( n +1) n +1 (n + 1)ijei ( n +1) + j ( n +1) dd = 0

s
1.3.4. .
.
. f ( )
G C 3 , G
. ,
S, C 3 ,

78
1.
1
f ( )d
4i + 2j C3
f ( )
.
G

f ( ) =
.
G S,

.
,
G .
C3 ,
G S ,
.
0 . = 0
J=
=
1
f ( )d
1
f ( )d
=
=
4i + 2j C3
4i + 2j
1
f ( ) f ( ) + f ( )
d =

4i + 2i
= J1 +
J1 =
f ( )
d
= J 1 + f ( ). ,
4i + 2j
1
f ( ) f ( )
d = 0 .
4i + 2j
.
f ( ) ,
f ( ) f ( ) < , < , = ( ) > 0 , > 0 ,

f ( ) f ( ) < (1 ji ) ,
< (1 ji ) , = ( ) >
0,
> 0 .
f ( ) f ( )
1
1
J1
d <
d .

2 3
2 3
d = 2 3 ,
d = 2 3 (1 ji ) ,
79
1.
< (1 ji ) .

J 1 < .
0 0 , ,
. .
G S , S1 ,

, 1 ,
1
f ( )
1
f ( )
d
d
4i + 2j
4i + 2j 1
, 1 .
f ( ) =
S,
.
1
f ( )
f ( ), G
d =
.
4i + 2j
0
,
G
1.3.5.
1 f() G
(), ,
, f (v )dv .
C
. z.
1 3
, ,
G (),
G
.

v = e i + jrei .

i
i
i
dv = e d + je dr + ie d + jirei d .
f()
i
i
i
i
f (v ) = W e , re
)+ jR(e
l =
f (v )dv .
, re
).
l = l1 + jl2
l1 = Wei d iWei d R ei dr iRrei d ;
(1.44.)
80
1.
l2 = Wei dr + iei Wrd R ei d iRei d .
(1.45.)
l1 l2
. ,
, .
,
.
.
, :
l1 = We i
iWe i
dd +
+ We i
R e i ddr +

+
We i
iR e i r dd +
+ iWe i
R e i drd +

+
iWe i
R e i r dd +

+
R e i + iR e i r drd ;
r
l 2 =
We i Wr drd +
(1.46.)

+ We i R e i ddr +
r
+ We i ie i R ddr +
r

i
+ ie i rW
e R dd +
+ Wie i r
ie i R dd +

i
+
R e i r
ie R dd .
(1.47.)
(1.44.), (1.45.)
(1.28.), (1.29.). ,
81
1.

(), .
.
i
i
v = e
+ jre ,
f (v ) = W ( ei , re i ) + jR( ei , re i ).
l = f (v )dv
Ci
i .
. C0, C1, C2 (. 19) , z,
r = const; = var; = var .

i
i
dv = ie d + e d + jirei d .
l=
(W +
jR )(ie i d + ei d + jirei d ) = l1 + jl2 =
C0
= Wiei d + Wei d Rirei d +

C0
+ j Riei d + R ei d + iWrei d .
C0
l1, l2:
l1 = Wiei d + Wei d Rirei d =
C0
Wei
i
i
We i Rire
dd =
W i
R i
W i
=
e + ie i W
ie We i i +
ire
W i W
R i
=
ie i +
e
ire
l2 =
(Rie
C0
dd =
dd ;
iWrei d + R e i d =
R
R
W i
= e i + ie i R
ie i R e i i i
re
R
R
W i
= e i +
ie i i
re
dd =
dd .
82
1.
W
W R
i
+
ir;

R
R
W
i
+ ir
P2 =
;
P1 =
(1.48.)
(1.49.)
, 0
, .
(1.46.), (1.47.)
, (1.27.),
.
. C5,
= const (. 20).
i
i
i
dv = ie d + jire d + jdre .
.
l=
f (v )dv = (W +
C5
jR )( iei d + jirei d + jdrei ) = l1 + jl2 =
C5
= Wiei d + jrei Rd ei Rdr +

C5
+ j iei Rd + irWei d + Wei Rdr.

C5
=const
C5
. 25. C5 ,
.
:
l1 = ( iei W irei R )d ei Rdr =

C5
83
1.
W
R
R
= e i
ie i R ie i
+ ire i
+ ie i R ddr =
r
r
R
W
R
= e i
ie i
+ ire i
ddr = P3 ddr;
r
r
i
i
i
l2 = (ie R + ire W )d + e Wdr =
C5
W
W
R
= e i
+ ie i W ie i
ire i
ie i W drd =
r
r
W
R
W
= e i
ie i
ire i
ddr = P4 ddr.
r
r
P3 4 :
W
R
R i
i
+ ir
P3 =
e ;
r
r
W
R
W
ire i
ie i
P4 = e i
.
r
r
(1.50.)
(1.51.)

, (1.27.). .
. : C = const .

i
i
dv = de
l=
(W +
+ jdre ;
jR ) de i + jdre i = l1 + jl 2 =
R
R
W
= e i
e i
e i
ddr + j e i
drd .
r
r

(1.28.),
.
. .
C3.
i
i
i
i
dv = de
+ ie d + je dr + ije rd .
l=
(W +
C3
jR ) de i + ie i d + je i dr + jie i rd = l1 + jl 2 =
= (Wei d + iei Wd ei Rdr iei rRd ) +

C
84
1.
+ j e i Rd + ie i Rd + e i Wdr + ie i rWd .
C
l1 l2.
l1 = ei Wd e i Rdr (ie i W irei R )d =

C3
R
W
= e i
e i
ddr +
W
R
R
+ ie i
ire i
ie i R + ie i R + e i
ddr +
r
r

W
W
R
+ ire i
+ ie i W + e i
ie i W ie i
dd ;
l2 =
Rd + ie i Rd + e i Wdr + ie i rWd =
C3
R
= e i
e i
ddr +
R
W
W
+ ie i
+ ie i W + ire i
ie i W e i
drd +
r
r
R
R
W
+ e i
+ ie i R ie i R ie i
ire i
dd .
C3
. 26.

P2, P1,

(1.28) (1.28.). P4, P3,
(1.28.) (1.23.).
85
1.
: 3
r (. 26).
, l1, l2

.

C3. .
, -.

R
W
e i
l1 = e i

r
V
i W
R
R
ire i
+ e i
+
+
ie
r
r

i W
W
R
ie i
+ ire i
=
e
r
2R
R
2W
W
= ei
iei
iei
iei
+
r
r
V
2
2
2
i W
i W
i R
i R
+ ie
+ ie
ire
+e
+
r
r
r
2
2
2
i W
i W
i R
i R
+e
ie
+ ie
+ ire
dddr =
r
r
r
= 0dddr = 0;
+

W
R i R
W
W
e i
+ ire i
e i
l 2 = e i
+
+
ie
r
r
r
V

R
R
W
+ e i
ie i
ire i
dddr =
r

2
2
i W
i W
i R
i R
= ie
+e
ie
e
+
r
rd
V
+ ie
i R
+ ie
2
i R
2
i W
2R
2R
W
2W
+ ei
i
iei
irei
dddr =
r
r
r
= 0 dv = 0;
r
+ ire
2
i W
V
,
.
86
1.
() - a ,
:
a dr = rota d
= divrotadv = 0
C3
V
*

divrot a = 0.
.
:
2. 3 - ( )
() ,
,
, , ,
. f (v )dv .
C3
3. f() G
() 3 G
.
0, ,
, 3
f (v 0 ) =
1
f ( )d
4i + 2j C v 0
3
(1.52.)
. 3

f ( )d = f ( )d
C3
r 3 (. 26)
f() () G , 0.
- ,
0. ,
v0 = e i + j (i j )
.
. -0=0.
r , 3,
. 25. v 0 = R ,
:
1
f ( )d
1
f ( )d
=
=
4i + 2j r v0
4i + 2j C R v0
f ( ) f (v0 ) + f (v0 )
1
d =
v0
4i + 2j C
J=
f (v0 )
f ( ) f (v0 )
1
d
= J 1 + f (v0 )J 2 .
d +
v0
4i + 2j C R
4i + 2j C R v0
87
1.
J2 J1:
1
d
1
R e i + j (id + jd )
=
=
J2 =
4i + 2j C R v0 4i + 2j C R
R e i + j
2
4
1
=
+
i
d
j
d

= 1.
4i + 2j 0
0
f() 0 >0
= ( ) ,
f ( ) f (v0 ) < .
, v0 < . , R < ,

l1 <
f ( ) f (v 0 )
1
1
<
d
d .
v0
2 3 C
2 3 R C
R
R
, J1 R, , J1=0, J=f().
.
f (v 0 ) =
1
f ( )d f (v 0 ),
=
0,
4i + 2j v 0
v0 ,
v0 ,
G
G
(1.53.)
0 = re i + j (i j ) = (i j )
d = d (i j )
f ( 0 ) =
=
f ( 0 + (i j ))d (i j )
1
=
(i j )
4i + 2j
f ( 0 + (i j ))
1
d
4i + 2j
,
.
1
dv (Y)
v
C3
. 0 v R , R -
.
.
1
,
v
.
.
1, 2, 3 , ,
, 3,

88
1.
f (v )dv =
e i + j (id + jd ) = 4i + 2j.
i + j
C3
C3 e
, C3
R (. 20),
- . ,
- , ,
.
, .
=4i+2j
(). (. 21),
2f+2i .
1 (), 4 3,

v v
v = C4 v + 4k1i + 2k 2j,
1
1
v
k1 k2 - , ,
(. 27). C4 - 1
; - , 1 .
C4
C3
. 27. 4 1 ,
3.
,
v
v
dv
dv
=
+ 4ki + 2k1j =
v
v
C
C
1
1 4
Ln v =
v'
= ln v + 4ki + 2k1j = ln v + 2ki + 2k1j,
(1.54.)
1
k = 1, 2, 3, , k1 , , k = k1 + 1 .
0 (),
ln U, V,
W, C0, C01, C03. = 2ki + 2k1j .
89
1.
, U, V, W
.
(. 28). ln
. ,
. .
1.3.6.
, ,
.

d, C*, C*.
, .
dv = const = dei + jdrei
dv =const = ie i d + jire i d
r = const
03
02
03
. 28.

d*
d * = dv * dv .
d * = dve 2i dd ie 2i rddr + jire 2i dd + jie 2i ddr.
90
1.
d * = d 1 d 2 + d 3 + d 4 .
. 28 .
d
d4
d2
id
d2
C*
C*
. 29.
.
d* , d2
,
(. 29) : . d4
d3.

f (v )d * =
S
= (U + jV ) ie 2i dd ire 2i ddr + jire2i dd + jie 2i ddr =

S
)
S
+ j (ie 2i Vdd ire2i Vddr + ire2i Udd + ie 2i Uddr ) =
(
= ie 2i Udd ire 2i Uddr + ire 2i Vdd ie 2i Vddr +
= JJ 1 + jJJ 2 .
JJ1 JJ2:
JJ 1 = ie 2i d (Ud Urdr Vrd Vdr );

S
JJ 2 = ie 2i d (Vd Vrdr + Urd + Udr ).

S
ll1 ll2 C*, C*:
JJ 1 = ie 2i d
C*
(U Vr )d (Ur + V )dr;
C*
91
1.
JJ 2 = ie 2i d
C*
(V + Ur )d (Vr U )dr.
C*
C* ,
:
JJ 1 =
(U Vr )d (Ur + V )dr =
C*
+
+
U
Vr
Ur
V
(
)
(
)
r
ddr =
V
U
V
+ V ddr =
r V +
r+
r
U V V U
=
+
r
drd ;
r
r
*

J 2 = (U + Ur ) +
(Vr U )ddr =
* r
V
V
U
U
=
+
U ddr =
r +U +
r
r
* r
V U U V
=
+
+ r
ddr
r
r

U V V U
+
JJ 1 = f (v )d = ie 2i
r
ddr +
r
r
*
*
V U U V
+ j ie 2i
+
+ r
ddr =
r
r
C*
*
U V
V U
= ie 2i
+
ire 2i
ddrd +
r
r
V U
U V
= j ie 2i
+ ire 2i
ddrd .
r
r
U V
+
J =
+
r
V
V U
j
ddr (ie 2i d + jire2i d ).
r
=
const ,
,
92
1.
JJ = f (v )d = (U + jV )(de i + jdrei )(ie i d + jirei d ) =
S
C* C *
(1.55.)
= f (v )dv1 dv 2 .
C* C *
d *
*, *.
, 3,
,
.
3 (. 26),
r , r ,
0.
1.
g ( ) ,
g ( ) .
S , S 1 ,
,
g ( )d = g ( )d .
S
S 1
.
.
-
g ( )
S
,
g ( )d = 0.
S
= ( a ) d ,
n- ,
a = R 0 .
= a + Rei + j , 0 2 ,
d = i Rei + j d ,
S -
.
2
2
d = j Rei + j d
2 2i + 2 j
d = d d = jiR e
dd .
= jiR n + 2
0
2
ei (n + 2 ) + j (n + 2 ) dd .
.
93
1.
n = 2
n 2,
= ji 2 = 2 2 ji
= jiR n + 2 ei (n + 2 ) d e j (n + 2 ) d =
+
i (n + 2 ) 2
e
R n +2
= ji
(n + 2 )(n + 2 )
j (n + 2 )
R n + 2 i (n + 2 )2
= ji
e0
e
2
(n + 2 )
j (n + 2 )
j (n + 2 )
e
2 e
2 = 0,
ei (n + 2 )2 e0 = 0 n- ,
j (n + 2 )
2
e
j (n + 2 )
2
e
j (n + 2 )
2
e
j (n + 2 )
2
e
= 0 n- n = 0 ,
= 2 j n- .
= 0.
.
d .
e i + j
ji 2 e2 i + 2 j dd = jie 2 dd
S
e , 2
,
, .

4 5
+
+ ...
e = + +
2! 3!
2
= re i + j
r 4 e 4i + 4 j
+ ...
e 2 = r 2 e 2i + 2 j + r 3e 3i + 3 j +
2!
,
d =
2 2
0
2
2 2i + 2 j
r 4 e 4i + 4 j
3 3i + 3 j
+r e
+
+ ... dd = 0
ji r e
2!
,
.
94
1.
4. f() G
() .
0, G, ()
,
f ( )d
1
,
4 2ij ( v0 )2
f (v0 ) =
(1.56.)
d - .
. 0
(
)
v 0 = R,
d = d d = R 2 e 2i + 2 j ijdd ,
v 0 = R e i + j .
2
R ( v0 )
+
2 2
= ij dd = 2 2ij.
(1.57.)
1.57 ,
.

f ( )
f ( )
d =
d , r
2
2
R ( 0 )
r ( 0 )
- .
, 1.57
1
f ( )
1
1
d f (0 ) = 2
( f ( ) f (0 ))d .
2
2
2 ji R ( 0 )
2 ji r ( 0 )2

.
0 = ei + j
d d = ji 2e 2i + 2 j dd ,
f 0 + ei + j f ( 0 ) 2 2i + 2 j
1
= 2
ji e
dd =
2e 2i + 2 j
2 ji r
1
2 2
[ f (
+ ei + j ) f (o ) dd
95
1.
r
( ) . 0
. ,

f (0 + ( )ei + j ) f ( 0 ) =
1
2 2 . .
2
2
r, ,
:
1
f ( )
d = f ( 0 ), 0 , 0 , 0 ,
2 2 ji R ( 0 )2
- R .
= ( )e

0 ,
f
i + j
( )
f
1 2 f
f =
0 +
2 0 + ...0 2 ,
2
0
2 0
, 0 .
r = [ ] 0.

.

0 = ( )e
i + j
( 0 )2 = ( )2 e 2i + 2 j (1 + ji )2 ,
(1 + ji ),
f
2 f
( )ei + j + 2 2 ( )e 2i + 2 j + ...
f = (1 + ji )
0

,
.
i + j
0 = 0e
,
, , .
0 = e
(1 + ji )(1 ji ).

.
i + j
0 2 ,
,
2
2
.

96
1.
0 2 ,0
,
2
0 2 ,
0.
2
1
= 0 .
2

1

2 (1 + ji )(1 ji )

1
1 1
1
=
+
.
2 (1 + ji )(1 ji ) 2 2(1 + ji ) 2(1 ji )

d 1
d 2
2 (1 + ji )2 + 2 (1 ji )2 ,
(1 ji )2 = 2(1 ji ).
1 ,

= 0 (1 + ji ) = re
i + j
(1 + ji ).
d 1 = jir 2 e 2i + 2 j (1 + ji )2 dd ,
0 2 ,0 .
2
2 ,

= 0 (1 ji ) = re
i + j
(1 ji ).
d 2 = jir 2e2i + 2 j (1 ji )2 dd ,
0 2 , 0.
2

97
1.
2 2 2 2 i + 2 j
(1 + ji )2 dd + ji 2
r e
r 2e2i + 2 j (1 + ji )2
0
0
= ji
2 2
2 0
= ji dd + ji
dd
0
2
0 0
r 2e 2i + 2 j (1 ji )2 dd
=
r 2e2i + 2 j (1 ji )2
= 2 2 ji.
= ji
= ji
0
2
0
2
r e
(1 + ji ) (1 ji ) d d + d =

r 2 e 2i + 2 j (1 + ji )2 (1 ji )2 0
2
2 2i + 2 j
dd = 2 2 ji.
,
2
0
2
d

2
1
= 2
0
2
d 1
+
2 2
0 0
d
1 2
+
2 (1 + ji )2 2 0
d
= 2 2 ji.
2
2
(1 ji )
,
.

.
,
.
,

.
,
1
2
0 0
d 1
+
2 2
0 0
d
= 2 ji.
2
2
(1 + ji )
98
1.
1 2
= 2
0
d 1 2
+
2 2 0
d
= 2 ji.
2
(1 ji )
5. ( ).
v 0 < R .

,
f (v0 ) =
1
2 2 ji
+
2 2
f (v0 + R e
0
i + j
)dd .
. = v 0 + R e
f (v0 ) =
1
f ( )d
1
= 2
2
2
2 ij R ( v0 ) 2 ji
+
2 2
i + j
(1.56)
f (v0 + R e
0
i + j
)dd .
.
(1.52.), (1.56) (
) .
n -
f n (v 0 ) , .
.
99
1.4.
1.4.1. . .

Cn ( a ) n
, a , 0 ,
( a ) k ( 0 a ) , 0 ! k 1 , .
C 3 ; R C 3 . G
, S R , -
R ,
0 <
0 < ( a ) < R -
, a. 0 G n
n
a
0
C n ( a ) = C n ( 0 a )
a
0
n
C n ( a ) C n ( 0 a ) n M .
n
( a )
k
( 0 a )
Cn ( a ) n Mk n ,0 < k < 1 .
( a ) k ( 0 a ) . , K 1,
( a ) < ( 0 a ) . , ,
Cn ( a ) n 0
a R, .
1
= lim n n C n . R
( a ) < R

. .

( a ) = 0 .
100
1.
( a )(1 ji ) R (1 ji ) .
. ( a ) =
0.
( a ) , -
a . G
0 < lim z
z (1
0
ji ) < ( a ) < lim z
z R (1

ji ) < R
:
f ( ) G a
f ( ) = C n ( 0 ) n , Cn 0
1 n
f ( 0 )
n!
f ( )
1
d ,
Cn =
4i + 2j ( 0 ) n +1
Cn =
R1 ! R , a
. 0 f ( ) ,
, .
= 0 .
n
,
0 n!
( 1) n 2 n +1
,
sin =
( 2n + 1)!
0
( 1) n 2 n
,
cos =
2n!
0
2 n +1
sh =
0 ( 2n + 1)!
2n
ch =
0 2n!
e =
(1.58.)

.
0 = 0
n
2 3
n 1
+
+ " + ( 1)
Ln(1 + ) =
n
2
3
101
1.
( 1) 2
( 1) " ( + n 1) n
+"+
(1.59.)
n!
2!
, n = 1 ,
1
= 1 + 3 " + ( 1) n n . 1+
0 = 1 .
1.

e , sin , cos , sh , ch .,
(1 + ) n = 1 + +
, .
, .
.
. e
n
n! , .
0
= e
).
i + j
(1 ji )
n
n 1
n, (1 ji ) = ( 2i ) (1 ji )

n (1 ji ) n
(1 ji ) 2 (1 ji ) 2
n (1 ji ) n
=
= 1+
+
+"+
=
e
n!
n!
1!
2!
0
( 2i ) n 1
( 2i ) n 1 n
= 1 + (1 ji )
. C n =
n!
n!
n =1
(1 ji )
R = lim n
( 2i ) n 1 (n + 1)!
n
(2i ) n!
n +1
=
= .
n n
, ,
. f ( 0) = C 0 = 1 ,
lim 0 e (1 ji ) = C 0 = 1 ,
(2i ) n 1 n
0 , ,
lim = 0 (1 ji )
n!
1
.
(1+ ji )
= e cos i + je sin i
e
e (1 ji ) = e cos i je sin i
1 e 2
e (1+ ji ) + e (1 ji )
e +e
= e cos i = e
= +
2
2
2 2
e
e (1+ ji ) e (1 ji )
e
= e sin i = e
2j
2i
e2
1
i+
i
2
2
102
1.
e 2 =
2n n
n!
1 2n n
2 n 1 n
= 1+
e cos i = +
n!
2 0 n!
1
(1+ ji )
2 n 1 n
2 n 1 n
2 n 1 n
= 1 + (1 + ji )
=1+
+ ji

n!
n!
n!
1
1
1
1 2n n
2 n 1 n
1
= ji
je sin i = ij + ji
n!
2 0 n!
1
2
Z f (z )
a f ( z ) =
C n ( z a ) n 0
R ( ).
a .
f (z ) , a . Cn
C n =
f ( z )dz
f n (a )
1
=
, n =0,1,2, .
n!
2i ( z a ) n +1
R R,
f ( ) =
Cn ( a ) n 0
, a ,
= a + e i + j (1 ji ) , , , , . a .

f ( ) = C n (1 ji ) = (1 ji ) C n ( 2i ) n 1 n
n
Rd = lim n
Cn
2 n 1 C n
=
.
lim
n
2 n C n +1
2C n +1
.
.
i + j
= a + e
(1 ji )
= a + Rd e i + j (1 ji ) .
f ( ) ,
.
103
1.
f ( ) = Re elf ( d ) + jJmf ( d ) . .
.
. (1.59)
n
2 3 4 5
+
+
" = ( 1) n 1
Ln(1 + ) =
2
3
4
5
1 n
, < 1 ,
. .
= d = (1 ji ) .
Ln(1 + ji ) = Ln (1 + z ) 2 z 2 + jarctg
zi
=
1+ z
zi
1
. z ln(1 + 2 z ) + jarctg
2
1+ z
. d = z (1 ji ) =
z2
z 3 (1 ji ) 3
2
+ "" =
ln(1 + z jiz ) = z (1 ji ) (1 ji ) +
2
3
22 z 3 23 z 4
= (1 + ji ) z z 2 +
+ "" z 0 ,
3
4
2 n 1 ( n + 1) 1
= .
R = lim n
2n n
2

z 2 2 z 3 23
1
+
"
ln(1 + 2 z ) = z
2
2
3
iz
z 2 2 z 3 23
= iz
+
"
arctg
1+ z
2
3
,
,
,
iz
iz
1
1 + z = 1 ln 1 = 1 ln(1 + 2 z ) = i 1 ln(1 + 2 z ) ,
= ln
arctg
1 + z 2i 1 i iz
2i 1 + 2 z
2i
2
1+ z
1+ i
ln(1 + z (1 + ji ) ) =
.
1
(1 + ji ) ln(1 + 2 z )
2
104
1.
sin =
0
2 n +1
( 1) n , . ( 2n + 1)!
.
= z (1 + ji )
sin( z + zji) = sin z cos jiz + cos z sin jiz = sin z cos z + cos z sin jiz ,
cos z cos jiz = cos z .

Re el sin( z + jiz ) = sin z cos z .
e iz e iz
e iz + e iz
,
sin z =
, cos z =
2i
2
e iz e iz e iz + e iz e 2iz e 2iz
=
Re el sin( z + zji) =
2i
2
4i
2 n 2 n +1
z
4 3 8 5 16 7
n 2
,
Re el sin( z + jiz) = z z + z z + " = ( 1)
3!
5!
7!
( 2n + 1)!
0
R = lim n
2 2 n ( 2n + 2)!
= n + 1 = . 2 2 n +1 ( 2n + 1)!
.
.
1
= 1 + 2 3 + "" + ( 1) n n = ( 1) n n 1+
0
R = 1 .

1
= 1 + (1 ji ) ( 1) n n 2 n 1 , 1 + (1 ji )
1
1
Rd = .
2
1.4.2. .

n = +
C n ( a ) n ,
a - , -
n =
, Cn -
,
.

.
,
n = +
C n ( a ) n ,
n =0
105
1.
Cn ( a ) n . , .
1

( a ) R . .
R=0, a, R ,
Y.

( a ) > r . r<R,
r < ( a ) R . . S r , S R ,
r , R ,
C 3 . G, ,
,
d = (1 ji ) .
, ,
. Y
.
,
. Y,
. , .

. .
r r1 ( a ) R1 ! R ,
,
f ( ) . .
, .
f ( ) , G : r < ( a ) < R ,
f ( ) =
n = +
C n ( a ) n ,
n =
Cn =
1
2 2 ji
(1.60.)
f ( )
d ,
n+2
a
(
)
( a ) < R0
r < R0 < R, n = 0,1,2,# d - -
106
1.
( a ) n 2
+
f ( )
=
Ck ( a ) k n 2 ,
n +2
( a )
S R0 . n
( a )
d s = {0, n 2;2 2 ji , n = 2 .
.
.
1
, :
2 3
1 = 3, 2 = 1
3 = 1 + 2 ji, 3 = 1 2 ji ,
f ( ) =
1
1
1
1
=
=
2 2 3 ( 3)( + 1) 4( 3) 4( + 1)
1
1
=
=
f ( ) = 2
2 3 ( 1 2 ji )( 1 + 2 ji )
1
1
=
4 ji ( 1 2 ji ) 4 ji ( 1 + 2 ji )
f ( ) =
g1 ( ), g 2 ( ), g 3 ( ), g 4 ( ) , .
1
1
1
=
=
g1 ( ) =
4( 3)
12 1
3
n
1 1 2 3 4
= 1 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + " + n ,
12
3 3
3
3
3
R 3.
g 2 ( ) =
1
1
= (1 + 2 3 + 4 " + ) , 4 ( + 1)
4
R 1 .
1 21
7 1
20 3
2 2 +
"
f ( ) = g1 ( ) + g 2 ( ) = +
3 33
33
3 33
R 1 .
g 3 ( ) =
1
1
1
1
=
=
4 ji ( 1)
4 ji (1 + 2 ji )
4 ji (1 + 2 ji )
1
=
(1
)
1 + 2 ji
107
1.
2
3
1
1
=
+
+
+"
1 +
4 ji 1 + 2 ji 1 + 2 ji (1 + 2 ji ) 2 (1 + 2 ji ) 3
R (1 + 2 ji ) =
3.
1
1
1
1
=
=
4 ji ( 1 + 2 ji )
4 ji ( 1 + 2 ji + )
1
1
1
=
)=
4 ji ( 1 + 2 ji ) 1 +
1 + 2 ji
g 4 ( ) =
2
3
1
1
+
+"
1
4 ji ( 1 + 2 ji ) 1 + 2 ji ( 1 + 2 ji ) 2 ( 1 + 2 ji ) 3
R ( 1 + 2 ji ) = 3 .

1 + 2 ji + 1 + 2 ji
1
1
1
1
+
=
C 0 =
=
4 ji (4 1)
3
4 ji (1 + 2 ji ) 4 ji ( 1 + 2 ji )
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
=
C1 =
4 ji 1 + 2 ji 1 + 2 ji 4 ji 1 + 2 ji 1 + 2 ji
(1 + 2 ji ) 2 + ( 1 + 2 ji ) 2
=
=
4 ji 3 3
1 + 4 ji 4 + 1 + 4 ji + 4 2 1
=
=
4 ji 32
33

g 3 ( ), g 4 ( ) f ( ) .
.
.
.
1
11 1
1 3 3 2 33
=
=
g1 ( ) =
1 + + 2 + 3 + "
4( 3) 4 (1 3 ) 4
R 3 .
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
= 1 + 2 3 + "
=
g 2 ( ) =
4 1+
4 1 + 1
4
R 1 .
,
108
1.
1 1
=0
4 4
3 1
C1 = + = 1
4 4
32 1 8
C2 = = = 2
4 4 4
33 1
C3 = + = 7
4 4
C0 =
f ( ) =
1
2
7
+ 3 + 4 + " 3 .
2

1
1
1
=
=
4 ji ( 1 2 ji ) 4 ji 1 + 2 ji
1
1 1 + 2 ji (1 + 2 ji ) 2 (1 + 2 ji ) 3
=
+
+
+ "
1 +
2
3
4 ji
1
1
=
g 4 ( ) =
4 ji 1 + 1 + 2 ji
1 1 + 2 ji ( 1 + 2 ji ) 2 ( 1 + 2 ji ) 3
=
+
+ "
1
2
3
4 ji
g 3 ( ) =
3 .
1
1
=0
4 ji 4 ji
1
C1 =
(1 + 2 ji 1 + 2 ji ) = 1
4 ji
1
1
C2 =
((1 + 2 ji ) 2 ( 1 + 2 ji ) 2 ) =
(1 + 4 ji + 4 1 + 4 ji 4) = 2
4 ji
4 ji
C0 =
.
.

,
.
.
2
3
f ( ) =
1
1
1 1
1
+
+ " 1 +
+ "
1+ +
4 2 3
12 3 32 33
109
1.
1 < < 3 .
.
f ( ) =
2
3
1
1
+
+
+
+"
1
4 ji 1 + 2 ji 1 + 2 ji (1 + 2 ji ) 2 (1 + 2 ji ) 3
1 1 + 2 ji ( 1 + 2 ji ) 2 ( 1 + 2 ji ) 3
+ "
1
2
3
4 ji
= 3 . .
= 1, = 3 .
. f ( )
, ,
. .
f ( ) =
1
1
1
1
1
=
.
2 2 3 8( 3) 8( + 1) 8 ji ( 1 2 ji ) 8 ji ( 1 + 2 ji )
,
g1 ( ), g 2 ( ), g 3 ( ), g 4 ( ).
g1 ( ), g 2 ( )

r 3, r 1.
g1 ( ) g 2 ( ) r 1.
g 3 ( ) g 4 ( ) r 3, 3 > 1, f ( ) r 1.
g1 ( ) g 2 ( )
r 3.
g 3 ( ) g 4 ( )
r 3.
, , .
,
f ( ) = g +1 ( ) g 2 ( ) + g 3+ ( ) g 4 ( ) ,
, ,
r =
f ( ) =
g1+
( )
g 2
3.
( ) + g 3+ ( ) g 4+ ( )
1 3.
.
110
1.
,
,
.
, . , , .

.
,
.
. -
1
.
( 1)( + 2 )
G1 : < 1, G2 : 1 < < 2, G3 :> 2.
f ( ) =
.
, ,
. :
1 3
1 3
1 = +1, 2 = 2, 3 = + ji, 4 = ji. 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
1
1
+
f ( ) =
1 3
1 3
2 3 1 3 + 2 2
3 ji + ji 3 ji + + ji

2 2
2 2
g1 ( ), g 2 ( )g 3 ( )g 4 ( ) .
< 1,
g1+
( )n n
1
1
1
1
+
n
=
=
= , g 2 ( ) =
( ) =
n +1
+2
1 n =0

2 1 + n = 0 2
2
g1+
( ) +
g 2+
1 ( 1)n n
( ) = 1 + n 1
2
n =0 6
< 1. < 2
g 3+ ( ) g 4+ ( ) =
111
1.
n
1 3
3 ji ji n =0 1 3 ji
2 2 2 2
n
1 3
3 ji + ji n =0 1 + 3 ji
2 2 2 2
, -
: <
2 > 1.
< 1.
, .
(1 )( + 2 ) = +

1 3
1 3
ji + + ji ,
2 2
2 2
g1+ ( ) + g 2+ ( ) = g 3+ ( ) + g 4+ ( ). -
Cn n .
n = 0 : C0 g1 + g 2 =
1
1
+
+
. C0 g 3 g 4 = .
2
2
,
.
G : 1 2. g1 ( ) .
1
1
1
=
= n .
( ) =
1
1
n =1
1

1 1 1 ( 1)n n
+

g1 ( ) + g 2 = n +
3 n =1
3 n =0 2 n +1
g1
g 3
( ) +
g 4+
1 (1 3 ji )n
1 2 n +1 n
( ) =
.
3 ji n = 0 2 n n
3 ji n = 0 (1 + 3 ji )n + 1
= 2 .
, f ( ) G : 1 2

f ( ) = g1 ( ) + g 2+ ( ) + g 3 ( ) + g 4+ ( ), = 2 .
.

f ( ) =
k =4
k =1
g k
1 ( 1)n 1 2 n 1 1
+
( ) =
2 n =1
3 n
112
1.
1 1 (1 3 ji )n 1 1 (1 + 3 ji )n 1
+
,
2 3 ji n =1 2 n 1 n
3 ji n =1 2 n n
> 2. Cn

. , n = 0 :
C0 g1 + g 2 = 0, C0 g 3 + g 4 =
1
1
= 0.
3 ji 3 ji
,
.

. f1 ( ), f 2 ( ),
= a ,
f1 ( ) =
n =0
n =0
C n ( a )n , f 2 ( ) =
d n ( a )n ,
a r1 , a r2 , r2 r1 ,
:
f ( ) = f1 ( ) f 2 ( ) =
f ( ) = f1 ( ) f 2 ( ) =
a r2 .
(Cn + d n )( a )n ,
n =0

n = 0 k = 0
(Cn d n k )( a )n .
1.5. .
0 -
f ( ) , 0 ! 0 ! ( 0 ) !
, f ( ) , = 0 . -
Z . f ( ) 0 , .

,
. 0 f ( ) , lim 0 f ( ) = . -
(1 ji ) .
lim (1 ji ) 0 (1 ji ) f ( ) = = e jarktgi e jarktgi . ,

0 f ( ) ,
1
( ) =
. f ( )
0 = (1 + ji )(1 ji ) , 113
1.
( )
.
jarktgi
= e
.
e
0 n , n 1 f ( ) ,
jarktgi
n ( ) =
1
. n=1
f ( )
.
n ,

f ( ) =
( 0 ) 0 .
( )
, ( ) 0
( 0 ) n
, .
-, . , ,
.
.
Ck
C 1
+
+
+
"
C n ( 0 ) n .
k
( 0 )
( 0 ) n = 0
0 ,
f ( ) =

.
,
.
,
.
.
Y.

f ( ) G . R
.
2 2 R 2 .
n!
f ( )d
n! M 2 2 R 2
n
f ( ) =
2 2 ( ) n + 2
2 2 R n + 2
Mn!
n
f ( ) n , n = 0,1,2," 0 - G.
R
.
. f ( ) , .
114
1.
f / ( )
M
.
R
M , R
f ( ) 0 . ,
/
f ( ) 0 .
f / ( ) =
f ( )d
2!
2
2 ji ( ) 3
: 1 ,0
1 = + $,0 = , $ -,
f ( )
f ( )
f ( ) 1
=
,
( ) 3 ( $) 2 ( ) 2 $
f / ( ) =
=
f ( )d 1 2!
f ( )d
f ( )d
2!
2!
= 2
2
=
2
3
2
$ 2 ji ( $ )
2 ji ( )
2 ji ( ) 2
f ( + $) f ( )
.
$

$ 0 , , f ( ) = const . .
1.6. . .
: . .
f ( )
a C 1
a , , res a f ( ) .
C1 = res =a f ( ) =
1
4i + 2j
f ( )d
(1.61.)
r C3
. r C3 , r ,
( a) = r > .
f ( )d
= ( 4i + 2j )res a f ( )
(1.62.)
, a , , . n = 1 , 0.
115
1.
f ( ) a

ress =a f ( ) =
1
f ( )d ,
2 2 ji
(1.63.)
- , r C3 , a = r .
ress = a f ( ) = C 2 .
f ( )d
= 2 2 jiress = a f ( )
( a ) 2
(1.64.)
n =
f ( ) = C2 ( a ) + C1 ( a ) + Cn ( a ) n ,
2
n =0
C 1 = lim a (( a ) f ( ) ) ,
2
res = a f ( ) = lim a (( a ) f ( ) ), C 2 = lim a (( a ) f ( ) ),
2
ress = a f ( ) = lim a (( a ) f ( ) ).

f ( ) =
Cn
C 1
+
+
+ C0 + C1 ( a ) + " "
( a ) n
( a )
a n.
( a) n , n-1 a
resf ( a ) =
d n 1
1
[
lim a
( a ) n f ( )]
n 1
d
( n 1)!
(1.65.)
ressf ( a ) =
d n2
1
[
lim a
( a ) n f ( )]
n2
d
( n 2)!
(1.66.)
e = 1 +
. e = 0 .
= 0
1
1
1
+ 2 + " , C1 = 1, C 2 =
2
2
=1
res = 0 e = 1, ress = 0 e =
1
.
2
d = (4i + 2j ) res = 0 e = 4i + 2j ,
116
1.
2
2
e d = 2 jiress =0 e = ji .
sin
. sin
5
3 5
1
+
+"
f ( ) f ( ) = 5 (
3! 5!
sin
1
sin
= 0, C 2 = , ress = 0 5 .
C 1 = 0, res = 0
5
3!
. f ( ) =
sin
2 2 ji
1 2
5 d = 6 = 3 ji
. f ( ) =
.
( 1)( + 3)
= 1 = 3 .
1
3
=
=
res =1
. res = 3
C
1
+ 3 4
1 = 4 .
, .
( 1)( + 3) = 0 2 + 2 3 = 0 . 3 = 1 + 2 ji, 4 = 1 2 ji .
f ( ) =
( ( 1 + 2 ji ))( ( 1 2 ji ))
1 + 2 ji
= ji +
res = 1+ 2 ji f ( ) =
=
4
2
( 1 2 ji ) 1 + 2 ji + 1 + 2 ji
1 2 ji
1
1
=
= ji + .
res = 1 2 ji f ( ) =
2
( 1 + 2 ji ) 1 2 ji + 1 2 ji 4
. f ( ) =
. 2
( 1) ( + 3) 2
1 = 1 , 2 = 3 , -
. (1.65) .
/

=
res =1 f ( ) =
2
+
(
3
)
[( + 3)
2 ( + 3) 3 ] =1 =
1
2
1
=
16 64 32

res = 3 f ( ) =
= 3 =
2
(
1
)
117
1.
= [( 1) 2 2 ( 1) 3 ] = 3 =
1
6
1
=
16 64
32

(. )
3 = 1 + 2 ji, 4 = 1 2 ji
res = 1+ 2 ji f ( ) =
= 1+ 2 ji =
2
( + 1 + 2 ji )
= [( + 1 + 2 ji ) 2 2 ( + 1 + 2 ji ) 3 ] = 1+ 2 ji =
= [( 1 + 2 ji + 1 + 2 ji ) 2 2( 1 + 2 ji )( 1 + 2 ji + 1 + 2 ji ) 3 ] =
1 2( 1 + 2 ji ) 4 ji + 2 4 ji 1
=
=
ji
16
64 ji
64 ji
32
res = 1 2 ji f ( ) = [ ( + 1 2 ji ) 2 ] = 1 2 ji =
/
= [( + 1 2 ji ) 2 2 ( + 1 2 ji ) 3 ] = 1 2 ji =
[( 1 2 ji + 1 2 ji)
2( 1 2 ji )( 1 2 ji + 1 2 ji ) 3 ] =
1 2 + 4 ji 4 ji 2 4 ji
1
=
=
=
ji .
16 64 ji
64 ji
32
2
(1.63)
=
ress = 1+ 2 ji f ( ) =
2
( + 1 + 2 ji ) = 1+ 2 ji
1 + 2 ji
1 + 2 ji
=
=
( 1 + 2 ji 1 + 2 ji ) 2
16
=
ress = 1 2 ji f ( ) =
2
+
ji
(
1
2
)
= 1 2 ji
1 2 ji
1 2 ji
=
=
16
( 1 2 ji + 1 2 ji ) 2

1
ress =1 f ( ) =
=
2
( + 3) =1 16

3
ress = 3 f ( ) =
=
2
( 1) = 3 16
. f ( ) =
e
. ( 1) 2 ( + 3) 2
, .
118
1.
e
e
=
=
ress =1
2
( + 3) =1 16
e
e 3
=
ress = 3 =
2
( 1) = 3 16
ress = 1+ 2 ji
e
e 1+ 2 ji
=
=
2
16
( + 1 + 2 ji ) = 1+ 2 ji
ress = 1 2 ji
e
e 1 2 ji
=
=
2
16
( + 1 2 ji ) = 1 2 ji
. f ( ) =
e
. ( 1) 2 ( + 3)
f ( ) =
e ( + 3)
.
( 1) 2 ( + 3) 2
ress =1 =
f ( ) =
e
4
e ( + 1 + 2 ji )
.
( + 1 2 ji ) 2 ( + 1 + 2 ji ) 2
e 1+ 2 ji
ress = 1+ 2 ji f ( ) =
4 ji
e 1 2 ji ( 1 2 ji + 1 + 2 ji )
= 0 . ress = 1 2 ji f ( ) =
( 1 2 ji + 1 2 ji ) 2
, = 1 2 ji
.
.
i + j
= Re
,
= R = .

= 0 = Re i + j (1 + ji )(1 ji ) ,
R% 0.
1
=
R, , ,
1
f ( ) = f ( ) = ( ) , ( )
, ,
119
1.
= f ( ) . ; lim f ( ) = lim 0 ( ).
1
Re
1
=
1
1
=
jarktgi
0
0e
= lim 0
1
0e jarktgi
i + j
. f ( ) G
,
C3 , 1 , 2 ,# , n ,
n
f ( )d = ( 4i + 2j ) resf ( k )
f ( )d = 2 2 ji ressf ( k )
C3
k =1
k =1
k , G = ,
n
resf ( k ) + resf ( ) = = 0 ,
k =1
ressf ( k ) = ressf ( ) =
k =1
C3 20
C4 F . 2-
, .

f ( ) =
f ( )d
1
, = 1,2,3,.... - ,
2ik + 2j C
k
F Z Ck . ,
F Ck
.
C 1 = res = a f ( ) =
1
2ik + 2j
f ( )d
k = Ck
f ( )d = [2ires = a f ( )]k + 2jres = a (1 ji ) f ( )
Ck
k = 1,2,...... -
Z.
: Z
j .
Ck
f ( )d = Re elf ( ) = z dz +
cz
Jmmf
j
d
i
(
)
2
=
= j
C
res = n f ( )k + .
1
120
1.
+ 2j res = k f ( ) .
1
Re elf ( ) = z dz =
Cz
Cz
Jmmf ( ) = j jd =
C j
f (z )dz = k 2i res
1
C j
z = zn
f (z )
f ( j )jd = 2j res
1
j = j k
f ( j ) -
,
Z , j . C1 .
resf (z ) = resf ( j ) .
e d
e z dz
e j jd
2 2 3 = z 2 2 z 3 + ( j )2 2( j ) 3 .
C j
Cz
Ck

Cz
k = 2 .
C j
e z dz
= i e3 e 1 k . 2
z 2z 3 2
e j jd
e d
=
( j )2 2( j ) 3 C 2 2 3
= j -
e d
1
3
2 2 3 = 2 j e e C
( j )3 = 1 + 2 ji,( j )4 = 1 2 ji .
- = ( j )1 = 3, = ( j )2 = 1 . ,
.
G k , = ,

=
+
(
)
f
d
i
j
(
)
4
2
resf ( k ) + resf ( )
k =1
C3
f ( )d = 2 2 ji ressf ( k ) + ressf ( )
k =1
121
1.
(Z)
ri
. 30. .

resf ( ) =
1
f ( )d ,
4i + 2j C
3
1
f ( )d ,
2 2 ji
= R , ressf ( ) =
C 3
.
resf ( ) = C 1 , ressf ( ) = C 2 , C 1 , C 2
1 , 2 .
Z . 30,
G R , R ,
- r , r 0.
. 31. .
,
R .
r
0 . 122
1.
, . (. 31.)
.
e d
( )2 ( + )2 , 1
3
= 4. . R 4
, .
:1 = 1, 2 = 3, 3 = 1 + 2 ji , 4 = 1 2 ji.
. . .
2
( 1)2 ( + 3)2
=
1 1
1
=
=
16 1 + 3
1 1
2
1
.
16 ( 1)2 ( 1)( + 3) ( + 3)2

,
= 1, = 3 .
( 1)2 ( + 3)2 ( + 1 2 ji )2 ( + 1 + 2 ji )2
1
1
1
+
.
16 ( + 1 2 ji )2 ( + 1 + 2 ji )2
,
.
e d
( 1)2 ( + 3)2
e d
e d
1
1
+
+
32 ( 1)2 32 ( + 3)2
e d
e d
1
1
+
+
32 ( + 1 2 ji )2 32 ( + 1 + 2 ji )2
. = 2 ji
)]
1
e + e 3 + e 1 e 2 ji + e 2 ji =
32
2
ji e + e 3 + e 1 2 cos 2i =
16
e2 + e+2 2
2
=
ji e + e 3 + e 1 2
e + e 3 ji.
=
16
2
8
. 1, 2 , 3 , 4
123
1.
1 = 1, 2 = 3, 3 = 1 + 2 ji, 4 = 1 2 ji ,
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . - , = 4, k
. f ( )d =
f ( )d .
k =1 k
, .
e d
( )2 ( + )2
1
3
e
1 ( + 3)2
=
d +
2 ( 1)2
1
e
e
e
1 ( + 1 2 ji )2
1 ( + 1 + 2 ji )2
1 ( 1)2
+
d +
d +
d =
2 ( + 1 + 2 ji )2
2 ( + 1 2 ji )2
2 ( + 3)2
2
3
4
1 e 1 e 3 1 e 1+ 2 ji 1 e 1 2 ji 2
3
=
+
+
+
+
e
e
ji.
2 ji
8
2
16
2
16
2
16
2
16
f ( )d
= 2 ji ressf ( k ), k
2
k =1
f ( ).
2
=
e + e 3 ji.
8

, ,
f ( )d
( )2 ( )2
= 2 2 ji[ressg1 ( ) + ressg 2 ( )], -
= r > , = r > , , ,
g1 ( ) =
f ( )
, g 2 ( ) =
2
( )
f ( )
( )
2
e d
3
2
( 1)2 ( + 3)2 = 2 ji[ressg1 (1) + ressg2 ( 3)] = 8 e + e ji.
r =4
r ,

124
1.
f ( )d
2
2
( r ) ( ) ( )
1
( + ) + ji ( )
= 2 2 ji ressg2 ( ) + ressg3
+
2
2
1
( + ) ji ( )
+ 2 2 ji ressg 4
. ,
2
2
1
[( + ) ji ( )] 2
3 , 4 . 3 = 4 =
> , > > .

f ( )
f ( )
=
(
)
g 3 ( ) =
g
4
( 4 )2
( 3 )2

,
1 < (r = 2 ) < 3,
e d
( )2 ( + )2
1
3
= 2 ji[ressg1 (1) + ressg 3 (1 + 2 ji ) + ressg 4 (1 2 ji )] =
2
2
2 3
1+ 2 ji
1 2 ji
=
+e
= e +
ji e + e
e ji.
16
8
16
3
< r < 4,
2
e d
( )2 ( + )2
1
3
2 3 2
=
e +
8
16
e ji .
, :

.
f ( )
g ( )d = ( )2 ( )d .
= r > , r > ,
f ( )
g ( )d = ( )2 ( )d
= 2 2 jiressg( ) = 2 2 ji
f ( )
.
( )
. .
g ( )d =
= 2 2 ji
f ( )( )
= 2 2 ji[ressg1 ( ) + ressg2 ( )] =
( ) ( )
f ( )( )
f ( )( )
f ( )
+ 2 2 ji
= 2 2 ji
.
2
( )
( )
( )

< r > ,
125
1.
g ( )d =
f ( )( )
d =
2
2
( ) ( )
f ( )( )
= 2 2 jiressg( ) = 2 2 ji
= 0.
( )2
, .

e d
= ( 1)2 ( + 3),
= r = 2. = 2 ji
e
e
= 2 ji.
4
2
(cos cos , cos sin , sin cos , sin sin )dd ,
= 1 , , 0 2 ,
.
2
2
= cos cos , = sin sin , = sin cos , = cos sin . ,
( , , , )dd .
= e

, = e
i + j
i j
1
1
1
1
, + ji = + . d
2
2
d d
i + j =
d = d d = ije 2i + 2 j dd ,
dd = jide 2i 2 j = 1 dd = ji
d
. 2
JJ =
1 ( )d ,
1 =
, =1
1
2
1 1
1
1
( ), ( + ) -
2
2
2
.
n
JJ = 2 2 ji ress = k 1 ( ) , 1 , 2 , #, k - k
1 ( ) , = 1 .
JJ =
dd
=1 [a + 2(cos cos +
ji sin sin )]
126
1.
2(cos cos + ji sin sin ) = e i + j + e i j =
1
+
dd = ji
JJ =
d
.
2
jid
=
2
1
a + ( + )

2
jid
jid
=
=
2
2 2
2
2
( a + + 1)
( a + + 1)
1 =
a + a2 4
a a2 4
.
, 2 =
2
2
a > 2
.
a + ji a 2 4
3, 4 =
. a > 2
2
3,4 > 1 .
(2 + ) + 4 + 2 + 2 4
=
a > 2, a = 2 + , 1 =
2
2 + 2 + 2 2 + + 2 +
=
=
=
< 1,
2
2
2
1 > > 0 .
3,4 =
1
1
1
( 2 + ) 2 2 2 =
4 + 4 + 2 2 2 =
4 + 2 > 1 .
2
2
2
1
1
= 2
.
ressf ( ) =1 =
2
( 2 ) =1 a 4
1
JJ = 2 2 ji 2
a 4

. cos cos = , sin sin =

[(a + 2 ) 2 ji ] . 1
=
f ( ) =
2
[(a + 2 ) + 2 ji ] [(a + 2 ) 2 4 2 ]2
( a + 2 ) 2 + 4 2
Re elf ( ) =
, 2
2 2
[(a + 2 ) 4 ]
2
127
1.
Jmf ( ) =

JJ 1 =
=1
JJ 2 =
=1
4 ji (a + 2 )
[(a + 2 )
, -
4 2 ]
(a + 2 cos cos ) 2 + 4 sin 2 sin 2
[(a + 2 cos cos )
4 sin 2 sin 2 ]
4 sin sin ( a + 2 cos cos )
2
[(a + 2 cos cos )
4 sin 2 sin 2 ]
dd = 0
dd =
2
a2 4
128
1.7. .
1.7.1.
(Z), g(z)
D D, g(z)
, D
:
g (z )dz = 0
U 1 V V
1 U
=
=
,
,

g ( z ) = U ( , ) + iV ( , )
z = e i
( )
, i
,
g ( z )dz = (U + iV )(de
+ ie i d ) =
= (U + iV )de i + ie i (U + iV )d =
(U + iV )e i (U + iV )ie i
=
dd

.
,
.
g ( z ) dde
=0
,
, , ,
.
i
d = d z = ie dd

.
0 < < 2
d . (z)
d.
()
d d = d ,
129
1.
= R e
i + j
d = jiR 2 e 2i + 2 j dd = jiR 2 e 2i cos 2dd iR 2e 2i sin 2dd =

= jiR 2 e 2i cos2 sin 2 dd 2iR 2 e 2i sin cosdd =
= ji Rei cos Rei cosdd
jiR 2 e 2i sin 2 dd 2iR 2 e 2i sin cosdd .
R cos = , R cosd = d . d Z
,

. lim d 0 = d Z . , R
Z
2 i
d . Z
2i
d d .
d z = jide
( ) d (e ) = ie
d z = d ei

Z
d z = j lim d 0 .
dS Z
dS z = jLim 0, r 0dS . dS
,
, , dS = Limm
ds.
, 0
2
dS = jiR 2 e 2i cos2 sin 2 d
2iR 2 e 2i sin cosdd = jirdre2i d .
R sin = r , R sind = dr.
Z,
= R cos 1 R cos 2 , R, 1 , 2 .
2.
2 = 1 + ,
= R cos 1 R cos( 1 + ) =
= R cos 1 R cos 1 cos + R sin 1 sin
, r.
= cos + r sin .
2
3
.... 1 ( ) + r r
+ ... 2 ( ) .
. = +
2!
3!
2

.
r 0
2
= + ids
130
1.
1.41, .

.
r = R sin( + ) R sin =
= R sin cos + R sin cos R sin =
2
3
= r cos + sin r = r
+
. 0
2
3!
2
dr = r
.
2
dS = R 2e 2i cos 2 = R 2e 2i cos2 R 2e2i sin2

i 2
2i
Z, . dS z = dde , dS = rddre .
( ) ,
JJ = ( )d
(z ) ,
lim 0 ( )d = j ( z )d z
Gz
1.7.2. .
( ) =
Pn ( )
, Pn ( ) Q m ( ) n m
Qm ( )
( )
m n 3 .
Q m ( )
,
, : (z)
( ) .

,
.

. ,
, .

.
, ,
. Z,
.
,
, .
2
Qm ( ) = 2 3 = 0
1 = 3
131
1.
2 = 1
3 = 1 + 2 ji
4 = 1 2 ji
1 2 (z), 3 4 ( )
32.
2 2 3 = ( + 1)( 3) = 0

2 2 3 = ( + 1)( 3) = ( 1 2 ji )( 1 + 2 ji ) = 0

( 1 2 ji )( 1 + 2 ji ) = ( 1) + 4e
2
jarctg
2i
1
( 1) + 4e
2
+ jarctg
2i
1

.
. arctg
. =1,
, 2,
. =-1
2
2
=3 .
,
= 1 .

3 4, 1 2.
2ji
-1
Z
+1
+3
-2ji 4
. 32.
( ) =
1
( 2 3) 2
2
( )
132
1.
( ) =
1
1
1
=
2
2
( 2 3)
8 ji ( 1 2 ji ) 8 ji ( 1 + 2 ji ) 2
2

.
1 2
.
( ) .
= 3 = 4 . = 1 = 2
,
.
.
( ) 3 4 ,

.
3 = 1 + 2 ji 4 = 1 2 ji
Re
i + j
0
lim( 1 2 ji ) = lim R 0 Re
lim( 1 + 2 ji ) = lim R 0 Re i + j 0
i + j
j
2ji
-1
(Z)
. 33.
Z Y.

( 1 2 ji ) = Re i + j (1 + ji )
( 1 + 2 ji ) = Re i + j (1 ji )
R 0 ,
arctgi
.
133
1.
3 ,
.
2 Z,
1 , Z
= .
4
:
1 , 2
= .
3
R 2 , 0 , 0
1 = 3 .
1 2 ji 2 2 ji = 3
1 + 2 ji 2 + 2 ji = 3
, R 0 , , 0 :
1 2 ji = 2 ji 2 = 1
1 + 2 ji = 2 + 2 ji = 1

,
R = 0
Z . ( 33)
( ) =
1
1
i + j
= Re
. d .
C3
d = i Re
4
J = id +
jd
i + j
d + j Re i + j d .
= 4i + 2j.
C3 .
1
JJ = ( )d
2.
2 2 i + 2 j
d = d d = jiR e
dd .
( ) =
JI =
1
ji 2 dd = ji d d = 2 2 ji .
2
,

C3 .

134
1.
= R , .
JJ
2
JJ = ji d d = 2 2 ji
0
,

(1.42)
1.7.3.
.

.

. ,
Z , .

.
Z

. Z
, .
,

.

. ( )
( ) = Re el ( ) + jJm ( ) = g1 ( ) + jg 2 ( ).
dS = jiR 2 e 2i cos 2d iR 2 e 2i sin 2dd .
2 2i
2 2i
= [g1 ( ) + jg 2 ( )]( jiR e cos 2dd iR e sin 2dd ) =
SR
= ji g1 ( )R 2 e 2i cos 2dd g 2 ( )R 2 e 2i sin 2dd

SR
ig1 ( )R
2 2 i
sin 2dd + ig 2 ( )R 2 e 2i cos 2dd .
SR
, ,
,
Z .
135
1.
= Lim 0,r o = j g1 (z )ie
SR
0 0
2 i
dd + g 2 (z )ie2i dd ,
0 0
g1 (z ) = Re el ( ) =o ,z , g 2 (z ) = Im ( ) = 0, = k (1+ ji ) .
,
. .
, Z.
2
= (z )ide
Sz
2i
d ,
0 0
Z .
,
. Z S R
= ( )d ,
( ) = Re el ( ) + Jm ( ) .
SR
( ) = e i + jrei ,
Re el ( ) 0 . , z = ei ,
= Re
(1 ji ),

i + j
Re el (1 ji ) = Rei + j (1 + ji ).
Z . ,
.
, , = LimR ( )dS = 0 ,
Sz
SR
SR = R, Jm > 0 ,
.

n
k =1
k =1
2
2
= ji ress ( k )Im >0, =k + ji ress ( k )Im >0, =k (1+ ji ) ,
Sz
, Z,
,
. ,

, (
).
2.
. , S R ,
R, .

( )dS = + ( )dS Rn
S
Sz
SR
n
136
1.
k =1
k =1
2 ji ress ( ) = k + 2 ji ress ( ) =k (1+ ji ) .

,
.
( )dSRn
LimR
SR
= 0
= lim jig1 (z )e
Sz
0 0
jig1 (z )e
2i
0 0
2i
dd + lim ig 2 (z )e2i dd =
0 0
dd + ig 2 (z )e 2i dd
0 0
1. Z
( ) =
2 3
= ( )dS z
Sz
.,
Sz
.
, :
1 = 3, 2 = 1, 3 = 1 + 2 ji, 4 = 1 2 ji.
Jm 0 .
, .

e
e
1
1
+
= 1 ( ) + 2 ( ) .
( ) =
2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3
1 , 2 ,
3 , 4 .
e
e 1 1
1
1
=
=
1 ( ) =
2 ( 3)( + 1)
2 16 ( 3) ( 1)
e 1
1
2
=
+
.
32 ( 3)2 ( + 1)2 ( 3)( + 1)
,
. ,
e 1
1
+
1 ( ) =
32 ( 3)2 ( + 1)2
2 ( ) =
e
1
1
+
.
32 ( 1 2 ji )2 ( 1 + 2 ji )2
137
1.
( )
e 4
1
, ( ) = k ( ) =
.
2
32
(
)
k =1
k =1
k
4
= 2
jiress ( ) =1+ 2 ji .
S R 0 , = 1S 0 , = 3 S R

Sz
. 1 , 2
.
,

.
.

k , =1,2,3,
(
e
z 3 j )2
1 e z cos + e sin
1 ( ) =
=
,
32 (z 3 + j )2 (z 3 j )2 32 (z 3)2 + 2 2
Re el1 ( ) = 0 =
Jm1 ( ) = 0 = 0 .
3 ( ). 3 ( ) =
32(z 3)4
ez
32(z 3)2
(e
e
32(z + 1)2
2 ( )
Re el 2 ( ) =0 =
e z (z 3)2
, Im 2 ( ) =0 = 0.
z
cos + je sin
)[(z 1) j( 2i )]
[(z 1 )+ ( 2i ) ] 32
2 2
Re el 3 ( ) =0
Im 3 ( ) = 0 =
(
(
)
)
e z z 2 2z + 5
ez
ez
1
1
=
+
=
.
2
2
32 z 2 2 z 3
32 z 2 z 3 4 z 2 2 z 3 2
4e (z 1)i
z
32 z 2 z 3
( ) Z ,
(1.8.1), (z ) = g1 (z ) + jg 2 (z ) =
k =1
k =1
Re el k ( ) + j Im k ( ).
138
1.
ez 1
1
1
8
+
+
+
(z ) =
+
2
2
32 (z 3)2 (z + 1)2 z 2 2 z 3
z 2 z 3
e z 4i (z 1)
+j
32 z 2 2 z 3 2
) (
e z 3 z 2 2z + 5
e z 4i (z 1)
( ) =
+j
32 z 2 2 z 3 2
32 z 2 2 z 3 2
= ji g1 (z )de
Sz
2i
0 0
d + ig 2 (z )de 2i d ,
0 0
= 0
SR
e1+ 2 ji
=
ress ( ) =1+ 2 ji ji = ji
32
2
= ji
e(cos 2i + j sin 2i ) =
32
2 e 2 + e 2
2 e 2 e 2
= ji
=
e
+ ji 32 ej 2i
32
2
2 1 3 2 1 3
= ji
e +e
e e
64
64
S R 0 , = 1 S R 0 , = 3
e = e 1
( + 1)2
+ ( ), e = e 3
( 3)2
+ ( ).
S R 0 , = 1
S R 0 , =3
2 2
e 1 2
( + )2 ds = 32 ji ,
1
0 32
2 2
e 1
e3
e3 2
( )2 ds = 32 ji.
3
0 32
,
,
. ,
2 1 3
e 1 2
e3 2
e 1 2
e3 2
= 32 ji + 32 ji + 32 ji + 64 ji 64 e e =
Sz
139
1.
2 1 3 2 3 2 1 3
= ji
e +
e
e e .
16
64
64
(z 2 z + 5) e de
(z 2 z 3)
0 0
(z 1)
0 0
(z
2 i
2
1
1
2
d = 2 e 1 + e3 2 = 2 e 1 + e3 .
3
2
2
3
e z de 2i d =
2
2z 3
2 1 3
i e e .
8
,

. ,

, .
2.
SR =4
e
2
2 3
dS .
. S ,
= 4 ,
.
.
2 2
0
2
e
2
2 3
dS =
= ji ress k ( ) = k + ji ress k ( ) = k (1 ji ) ,
2
k =1
k =3
k , k .
1
= 2
1
=
32
1
32
2 2
0
2
2 2
0
2
2 2
0
2
1
dS +
2
2
2 2 3
1
+
dS
32
( 3)2
2 2
2 2
0
2
e
2
2 3
dS =
( + )2 dS +
1
0
2
dS +
2
( 1 2 ji )
1
32
2 2
0
2
( 1 + 2 ji )
dS =
140
1.
1
1
2 2 ji e 3 + e 1 + 2 2 ji e1+ 2 ji + e12 ji =
32
32
2
2 2 ji
1
3
= ji
e + e + ji
e e + e 2 ji =
16
16
2
2
= ji
e 3 + e 1 + ji
e(cos 2i ) =
16
8
2 3 1
2 e 2 + e 2
2 3 1
= ji
+
+
=
e e
ji
e
ji 8 e + e .
16
8
2
,
( , 2)
,
. 1.40, 1.41
iF + j + jis
= Re
.
,
e s + e+ s
e s e+ s
=
= ReiF + j (cos is + j sin is ) = ReiF + j
ji
2
2
1 ji
1 + ji
= ReiF + j s
+ ReiF + j + s
.
2
2
.
R, F , , s .
1
d .
C3
1
= 0 , = (1 + ji )(1 ji ) .
1 11 1
1
=
+
.
2 2 (1 + ji )(1 ji )
.
R = 4 4 + r 4 + 2 2 r 2 cos 2( )
= 0, r = 0 . .
.
1
1
1 1 1
1 1 1
=
+
.
2 (1 + ji )(1 ji ) 2 2 1 + ji 2 2 1 ji
,
,
(1 + ji ) = ReiF + j + s (1 + ji ), (1 ji ) = ReiF + j s (1 ji )
141
1.
d =
C3
C3
C3
4 Re
ReiF + j + s (1 +
ReiF + j + s
ReiF + j s (1 ji )(idF + jd ds )
ReiF + j s
C3
=
(1 + ji ) C3 4 ReiF + j s (1 ji )
ji )(idF + j + ds )
+
iF + j + s
1
(idF + jd ). F ,
2 C3
C3 0 F 4 ,0 2 .
,
C3
1 d 1 ReiF + j (idF + jd )
=
=
2
2C
ReiF + j
3
1
idF + jd . F , , S
2C
3

1.41.
.
C3
d
= idF + jd = 4i + 2j.
C
3

R.
C3 .
, s = 0
2
i
(1.40), (1.41). = jre
i
. = + = jre .
2
= 0 R = r , F = , = , s = 0
2
= r , =
F
.
R = r 0 , = , S = i = arctgi .
2
1
sin 2 + sin 2 1
2 sin( + )cos( ) +
= arctg
=
F = arctg
2
cos 2 + cos 2 2
2 cos( + )cos( )
2
= 0 , R = r , F = , =
142
1.
= r 0e
jarctgi
+
j
2
2
= jre
+
2
(1 ji ).

(1.40, 1.41)

= ei + jrei = rei (1 ji ). (1.16),

i + j
= re
(1 ji ) .
f ( )d
k = 2 k 2 3 ,
C3
f k ( ) e , e , e j , e j .
1

2 2 3
1
1
1
1
1
=
,
2 2 3 8( 3) 8( + 1) 8 ji ( 1 2 ji ) 8 ji (1 1 + 2 ji )
,
.
1 = 3, 2 = 1, 3 = 1 + 2 ji, 4 = 1 2 ji ,
C3
, ,
. f k ( )
e d
e d
e d
e d
1 e d
=
+ ji
ji
=
2
3 C + 1
1 2 ji
1 + 2 ji
C3 2 3 8
C
C
C
3
3
3
3
e 3 e 1 e1+ 2 ji e12 ji
= (4i + 2j )
+
=
ji
8
8
e 3 e 1 e e 2ij e 2ij
= (4i + 2j )
+
=
i
j
8
4
2
e 3 e 1 1
= (4i + 2j )
+ e sin 2i =
4i
8
3
1
2
2
e e e e
= (4i + 2j )
e =
8
8
e 3 e 1 e 3 e 1 4i + 2j 3
= (4i + 2j )
+
e e 1 .
=
8
4
8
143
1.
e d
e .
=
2
2
3
C3
2
9
1
1 (1+ 2 ji )2
(1 2 ji )2 = ( + ) e e
= (4i + 2j ) e9 e +
e
e
i
j
4
2
.
ji
8
8
4
j
e d
4i + 2j 3 j
=
e j 2
e e j . .
4
C3 2 3
e j .
2
e j d
4i + 2j 9 j
e e j .
2 2 3 = 4
C3
,

,
. ,
, C3 ,
. G
S1 , S2 , 1 , 2 ,
f ( )d
f ( )d
= (4i + 2j ) f ( ).

2
.
, 3 = 2,
4 =
3
. G
2
= 3 , = 4 ,
. C3
3 4 . C3 .
= = (4i + 2j )(resf (3 ) + resf ( 4 )) ,
C3
e
e
1
1 1 1+ 2 ji 1 2 ji
+ res ji
= e
e
=
resji
1 2 ji 8
1 + 2 ji 8 8
e 2 ji e 2 ji
1
1
2 ji
2 ji
= jie
jie e e
2j=
8
8
2j
1
1 e 2 e 2
1
= ei 2 sin 2i = 2i
e = e 3 e 1 .
8
8
2i
8
144
1.
e d
4i + 2j 3
=
,
e e 1 .
2
8
3 4 2 3
G S1 , S2 ,
5 , 6 , = 2, = 4 ,
= 3 .
e d
4i + 2j 3
2 2 3 = 8 e .

5

.
2
. 2 3 = + j ,
= z 2 2 z 2 3, = 2 (z 1) .
e d = + j ,
= e z cosdz e z sin d , = e z sin dz + e z cos d .
( + j )( j ) = + + j .
e d
=
2 2 3 ( + j )( j ) 2 + 2
2 + 2
(e z cos + e z sin )dz e z ( sin cos )d = i (e 3 e 1 ).

Re el =
2 + 2
2
3 4
3 4
Jmm
3 4
e z ( sin cos )dz + e z ( cos sin )d 3

= (e e 1 ).
2
2
+
2
3 4
3 4 Z .

=0 = z 2 2 z 3,
= 0 .
=0
Cz
(
(z
)
2 z 3)
e z z 2 2 z 3 dz
2
Cz
e z dz
.
z2 2z 3

. Z
. .
Cz
i 3 1
e z dz
=
e e .
z 2 2z 3 2
,
.

145
1.
Jmm C3 =
je j d
z =0 ( )2 .
j
2j
3
C
j ( j )1 = 3, ( j )2 = 1 .
,

z =0 = 2 (e
e 1 .
. .
Z, ,
,
.
= 1 .
e d
1
= ie 1 + i e 3 ,
Re el =0 2
2
2 3
C3
1
e d
e z dz
Re el 2 2 3 = z 2 2 z 3 = 2 ie .
Cz
Cz
e d
= e 1 ,
Jmm z =0 2
2
2 3
C3
1
e d
je j d
Jmm 2 2 3 = ( )2 = 2 e .
2j
3
C
C j

1 = 1, 3 = 1 + 2 ji, 4 = 1 2 ji ,
Cz
= ie 1, = 0 = ie 1 + ie3
2
2
C
3
= e 1, z = 0 = e 1 + e3.
2
2
4
C
3
Cz
= e 1 + e3 , z = 0 = e 1 + e3
2
2 C
2
2
3
= e 1 + e3 , = 0 = ie 1 + ie3
2
2 C
3
1.7.2
32 33. 3 , 4
1 , 2 . ,
, .
146
1.
, .
Z
,
.

Z .
,
.
.
( )
n m,
Pn ( z )
, Z ,
Qm ( z )
( ) =

m n = 2 ( )
( )
A
C
, , 3 , -. ( ) 3
R.

LimR
( )d
< CR 3 R 2 2 0
Rn

+ +
JJ =
( z )dxdy = 2
SZ
jiq1 ( z )e
0 0
2i
ress ( ) + 2 2 ji
Im > 0 , =
ji
ress ( )
Im > 0 , = (1 ji )
dd + iq2 ( z )e 2i dd ,
0 0
q1 ( z ) = q2 ( z ) .
1.7.4. .
> 0 :
1) g [ ] Im > 0, R0 >
2) M (R ) = max g ( )
= R, Im > 0.
0 R , R -
= lim R g ( )sin id
= 0.
e ji e ji
.
sin i =
2j
147
1.
e ji e ji
e ji
d = 1 + 2 = g ( )
d +
= g ( )
j
j
2
2
R
R
+
g ( )
,
1
e ji
d . ,
2j
. .
e ji
= g ( )
d .
j
2
e ji
.
2j
i + j
e ji
e ji Re
=
2j
2j
1 ji Rei cos i Rei sin

=
e
2
1 i Rei sin 1 iR cos sin + R sin sin 1 R sin sin

= e
= e
e
.
2
2
2
i + j
= Re
Jm > 0 .
=
1 R sin sin
1.
, e
2
2
e ji
1
= e R sin sin

2j
2
2 ,0
0 ,0
.
2
= Rei + j (1 + ji ).
. ,
2
,
0 .
2
sin <
1
= R 2 max R g ( )
2
2 2 R sin 2
dd .
e
R .

148
1.
2
R sin 2
2
e
2 R sin
1
e
1 2
1 2
d = R M (R )
d =
1 = 2 R M (R ) 2
2
2
R sin
R sin
0
2 R sin
2
1
e
= R M (R )
d .
R
4
sin
eR sin 1

R sin
(
e
1
R cose R sin
=
= 1.
R sin
R cos
lim , 2
R sin

.
< < 2 . sin = , < 1.
e R 1
A =
. R < 1 ,
R
. A =
1 R 1 + O (R )
= 1 + o(R )R 0 0 .
R
e R 1
< 1,
R > 1, A =
R
e
1 < 1, R > 1.
1
g ( ) 3 , lim 1
R
,
1 =
2 2
=
R M (R ).
4
2
=
0.
4R
e ji
2 j g ( )d = 0.
0 ,0
.
2
149
1.
2 =
e ji
g ( )d = 0.
2j
= 1 2 = g ( )sin id
= 0.

. 1 , 2 :
e(1+ ji )
e (1 ji )
1 = g ( ) 2 j d , 2 = g ( ) 2 j d .
3
,
2
2
e (1+ ji )
= e R cos cos < 1 ,
2j
e (1+ ji )
3
= e R cos cos < 1.
,
2
2
2j
0
cos 0.
3
2 2
,
1
1
= R 2 M (R ) e R cos cos dd ,
2
0
2

2 2
1 2
R M (R ) e R cos cos dd .
2
3 0
2
, cos = sin 1 . ,
2
2

3
2
2 2 R cos 1
dd ,
e
11 =
0
2

2
2 2 R 1 cos
e
dd .
22 =
3 0
2
150
1.
3
2
11 =
2 R 2 cos
R cos
e
d e
d
(1 e
R cos
3
2
3
2
eR cos d
2
R cos 2
e
2
R cos
) d .
2
cos
22
1 e R cos
=
d .
2
3 R cos
lim
lim
3
,
2 2
3
,
2 2
(1 e
R cos
,
2
R cos

1 e R cos
= .
2
2
R cos

2 2
1 = 2 = 4 R M (R ).
2
1
= 0, R . ,
g ( )
, 1 = 2 =
4R
R3
.
. .
= 1 + 2 =
g ( )sin id
= 0.
R , Jm 0
= j g (z )sin izd z . g ( ),
z
j sin izg (z )d z +
sin(i )g ( )d
151
1.
= 2 2 ji
ress[sin(i k )g ( k )]
k =1, Jm k 0
= 0,
g (z )sin(iz )d z
= 2 2 i
ress[g ( k )sin(i k )].
k =1, Jm k ! 0
2
g ( ) =
0 0
sin i
,
3
sin iz
d z .
z3
Z,
.
: R ,
0 , , , 0 ,0 2 .

+ + = 0.
,
. ,
= 0
f ( ) =
(i )3 + (i )5 ...
3!
P ( )
5!
i 2 d
=i
1
+ P ( ),
2
2 2
i 2
0 0
jidd = j 2 + 0( ) 0 0 = j 2 .
Z
2
= Lim 0 = j
0 0
sin iz
d z .
z3
sin iz 2i
e dd = 2 .
3
z
0
z = ei .
sin i
e 2 i
1
1
= sin iei 3 e i = sin (i cos sin ) 3 (cos i sin ) =
3 3i
e
152
1.
1
(cos i sin ) cos(i cos )sin( sin ) 13 (cos i sin )
3
cos
+ cos
cos
+ cos
e
e
e
1
e
1
=
cos( sin ) 3 cos
cos( sin ) 3 sin
2i
2
cos
cos
cos
cos
e + e
e + e
1
1
+
sin ( sin ) 3 i sin
sin ( sin ) cos =
2
2
3

= sin (i cos )cos( sin )
1
i e cos (cos( sin + )) + e cos cos( sin ) +
3
2
1
3 e cos sin( sin + ) e cos sin( sin ) .
2
:
2
Jm
=
0 0
2 cos
0 0
Re el
=
sin iz 2i
e dd =
z3
cos( sin + ) + e cos cos( sin )

dd = 0
3
sin iz 2i
e dd =
z3
0 0
cos
0 0
sin( sin ) + e cos sin( sin + )

dd = 2 2
3
3. 1,2 1.7.1.
2 .

e
e
1
1
ds +
ds =
= 2 2
2
2
2
2
S
2 3
2 3
,
.
( 1 )( 2 ) = ( 3 )( 3 )
=
S
e
e
1
1
+
ds
ds =
2 ( + 1)2 ( 3)2
2 ( 1 2 ji )2 ( 1 + 2 ji )2
S , ,

1
1+ 2 ji
1 2 ji
e3
2 e
2 e
2 e
= 2 ji + 2 ji
+ 2 ji
+ 2 ji
=
32
32
32
32
2 3 1
2 2
1
3
=
ji e + e 2 =
e + e ji.
32
8
2
2 1.7.1.
153
1.
.

.
e
dS +
1
2( + 1)( 3)( 1 2 ji )( 1 + 2 ji )
e
dS =
2( + 1)( 3)( 1 2 ji )( 1 + 2 ji )
.
.

.
1 = 2
S
e
dS
1
(
3)
=
+
+
(
)(
)(
)
ji
ji
2
1
1
2
1
2
S
1
e
dS
1
+ 1)
(
+
+
+
(
)(
)(
)
ji
ji
2
3
1
2
1
2
S
2
e
1
( 1 2 ji )
+
dS
S 2 ( + 1)( 3)( 1 + 2 ji )
3
e
1
( 1 + 2 ji )
+
dS =
+
)(
)(
)
ji
2
1
3
1
2
S
4
+ 1 = Rei + j , = 1 + Rei + j ,
= 3 + Rei + j ,
= 1 2 ji + Re

i + j
= 1 + 2 ji + Rei + j . dS = jiR 2e 2i + 2 j dd .
154
1.
i + j
lim R 0
S1
2 Rei + j
e 1+ Re
4 + Rei + j
jiR 2 ei 2 + 2 j dd +
i + j
i + j
2 2 ji Re
2 + 2 ji
Re
)(
3+ Rei + j
+ limR0
i + j
S2 2 Re
e
2 2i +2 j
4 + Rei + j
jiR
e
dd +
i + j
i + j
+ 2 2 ji Re
+ 2 + 2 ji
Re
)(
i + j
e12 ji + Re
4 ji + Re i + j
+ lim R0
jiR 2 e 2i + 2 j dd +
i + j
i + j
i + j
+ 2 2 ji Re
2 2 ji Re
S3 2 Re
)(
i + j
e1+2 ji + Re
4 ji + Re i + j
+ lim R0
jiR 2 e 2i + 2 j =
i + j
i + j
i + j
+ 2 + 2 ji Re
2 + 2 ji Re
S4 2 Re
)(
e 1
e3
e1 2 ji
e1+ 2 ji
= 2 ji
+
+
+
=
2( 4 )( 4 ) 2 4 4 2( 4 ji )( 4 ji ) 2 4 ji 4 ji
1
3
2
2 e +e
= 2 ji
ji e 1 + e 3 .
2=
32
8
2
= 2
ji e 3 + e 1 ,
8
S
2
, ,

(
S
2
e
dS =
ji e 3 + e 1 .
2
8
2 3
.
, [ ]
.
sin i
= ( )2 ( )2 dS ,
SR
SR -
SR
R > > . , - .
, ,
.
.
155
1.
, .
( )( ) = 2 ( + ) + = 0 .
3,4 = jis , =
. ,
, =
2
2
( )2 ( )2 = ( )( )(
sin i
( )( )(
SR
ji )( + ji ) .
dS .
ji )( + ji )
,
.

.
,
.
S R , R > > ,
, 3,4 ,
( + )2 ( )2
ji = =
= > >
4
4
S1 , S 2 , S 3 , S 4
= , = , = + ji , = ji ,
S R .
, S1 , S 2 , S 3 , S 4 S R
2
.
= + + + .
SR
S1
S2
S3
S4
. .
= + re i + j .
. = 2 , = .
sin i + re i + j jir 2 e 2i + 2 j dd
re i + j 2 + re i + j ji + re i + j + ji + re i + j =
S1
=
S1
=
S1
)(
re i + j 2 + re i + j
)(
sin i + re i + j jir 2 e 2i +2 j dd
=
re i + j + jire i + j + re i + j jire i + j + r 2 e 2i + 2 j
)(
(2 + re )
2 2 i + 2 j
r e
i +j
156
1.
= lim r0
S1
sin i + re
i + j
(2 + re
)jidd = 2
r 0,
i +j
S1
ji
sin i
.
2
4
= + rei + j
= 2 , = ,
S2
sin i + re i + j jir 2 e 2i +2 j dd
=
2 + re i + j re i + j ji + re i + j + ji + re i + j
)(
( 2 + re )
r e

sin i ( + re ) jidd
sin i
= 2 ji
.
= Lim
4
( 2 + re )
2 2i + 2 j
S2
i +j
i +j
r 0
S2
= + ji + re
i + j
sin i + ji + re i + j jir 2 e 2i + 2 j dd
=
+ ji + re i + j + ji + re i + j re i + j 2 ji + re i + j
S3
r 0.
i +j
S2
)(
sin i + ji + re i + j jidd
= Limr0
S3
i +j
i +j
S3
. r 0.
(2 ji + re
sin i ( + ji + re ) jidd
= 2

(2 ji + re )
i + j
S3
ji
sin i ( + ji )
.
4 2
= ji + rei + j
S4
S4
)(
sin i ji + re i + j jidd
)(
i + j 2
i +j
S4
i +j
. r 0.
( 2 ji + re )
sin i ( ji + re ) jidd
= 2

( 2 ji + re )
= Limr0
S4
sin i ji + re i + j jir 2 e 2i + 2 j dd
=
ji + re i + j ji + re i + j 2 ji + re i + j re i + j
ji
sin i ( ji )
.
4 2
2
( )2 ( )2 ds = 2 2 ji[sin i + sin i + sin i ( + ji ) + sin i ( ji )]
SR
sin i
. .
157
1.
2
= 2 2
SR
= 8 2 ji
+ 2 sin i cos j =
ji 2 sin i
cos i
2
2
sin i
cos i
2
2
2
( )
sin i
( )2 ( )2 dS = 8
sin i
ji
SR
cos i
2
2 .
2
( )
sin iz
= ( )2 ( )2 dS z .
z
Sz SZ z
,
. f ( ) =
sin i
( )2 ( )2
:
R > > , , ,
, Z. ,
, = + re i + j ,
0 2 ,0 .
2
+
+ ji
3 =
.
2
2
r 0 ., = + re
= +
SZ
SR
i + j
= Re 2 jiress =3 f ( ) jiress = f ( ) jiress = .
lim R
= 0 .
SR
2 ji (ress = f ( ) + ress = f ( )) =
1
1
+ .
2 S 2S
, , Z.

.
f ( )

f ( ) =
sin(i i + i )
( ) ( )
2
sin i ( )cos i + sin i cos i ( )
( )2 ( )2
158
1.
( )2 ( )4
+ ... .
sin i cos i ( ) = sin i 1 +
2!
4!
sin i 1
+
(
)
P
, P ( )
( )2 ( )2
f ( ) =
sin i
sin i
= ( )2 ( )2 ds + ( )2 P( )dS =
2 2
sin i
( )2 ( )2 ds + 0 =
0 0
ji
sin i
( )2
ji
sin i
( )2

.
3 =
+ ji
,
2
2
+
+
i
ji
sin
2
sin iz
2
2
=
(z )2 (z )2 ds z = Re2 ji
2
Sz
i
j
j
sin
cos
sin
cos
2
2
2
2 =
= Re 2 2 ji
( )2
2i

e 2
( )
cos
+
2
SZ
sin iz
dS z = 2 i
2
(z )2 (z )

e 2
( )2
cos
+
.
2
159
1.
JJ =
e d
( 2 2 3) 2
, - -
= 5 .
. G , ,
.
.
e
f ( ) = 2
.
( 2 3) 2

(1.2)
1.1.2.
1 = 1, 2 = 3, 3 = 1 + 2 ji, 4 = 1 2 ji

2 2 3 = ( + 1)( 3) = ( 1 2 ji )( 1 + 2 ji ) = 0
1.6 1.64 JJ
JJ = 2 ji ress =1 f ( ) + ress = 2 f ( ) + ress = 3 f ( ) + ress = 4 f ( )
(
1.4.1,1.4.2)

1 , 2 ,
3 , 4 .
2
JJ = 2 ji ress = f ( ) + ress = f ( )
3
4

e 1 + e 3
ress =1 f ( ) + ress = 2 f ( ) =
16
e1+ 2 ji
e1 2 ji
+
=
ress =3 f ( ) + ress =3 f ( ) =
(1 + 2 ji 1 + 2 ji ) 2 (1 2 ji 1 2 ji ) 2
e1+ 2 ji + e1 2 ji e(e 2 ji + e 2 ji ) e(cos 2i + j sin 2i + cos(2i ) sin(2i ) )
=
=
=
=
16
16
16
2e cos 2i 2e(e 2 + e 2 ) e 1 + e 3
=
=
=
16
16
16
,
1
3
1
3
e d
2 e +e
2 e +e
= 2 ji
= ji
JJ =
2
2
16
8
(
2
3
)
E
,
160
1.
2 2
e d
JJ = 2
2
0 0 ( 2 3)
(.) 1.7.3.

= 3 .
1 , 2
3 , 4 ,
JJ = 2 2 2 ji (ress =3 f ( ) + ress = 4 f ( ) ) 2 2 jiress = 4 f ( ) =
= 4 2 jiress =3 f ( ) + 2 2 jiress =4 f ( )

2 2
e d
e1+ 2 ji
e1 2 ji
2
2
= 4 ji
+ 2 ji
.
JJ = 2
2
(
2
3
)
16
16
0 0
1.8.
1.8.1.
7. W=f() 0 f(0),
, jf ' (v 0 ) 0, i j .
. ,
() (W)
0
.
. ()
r
v = ( + jr )ei = R ei + ja ; a = arctg ; R = 2 + r 2
W = f (v ), 0 f ' ( v 0 ) 0
( ).
=S(t), t , ,
v 0 = R0 e i0 + j 0 . 0.
(
) 0, 0.
, W = f (v ),
W = W () = f (S (t )).

W ' (t 0 ) = f ' (v 0 )S ' (t 0 )
S ' (t 0 ) 0, i j, f ' (v 0 ) 0, i j,
W ' (t 0 ) 0, i j.
161
1.
arg v = i + ja. .
arg W ' (t 0 ) = i '+ j , arg S ' (t 0 ) = i + j .
(1.67.)
i '+ j ' = arg f ' (v0 ) + i + j .
i1 + j1 = i ( ' ) + j ( ' ).
0 W = f (v ) .
(1.64.) , f (v0 ) 0, i j , 0
arg f ' (v0 ) , ,

0
, .
3 1.
.
2. ,
, .
3.
z-. f ' (v0 ) .
, ,
.
.
. -
(v ) =
av + b
,
cv + a
(1.68.)
a, b, c, a -
d
aa bc 0 v = , ( v ) = .
c
d
v = A(i j ) , ( v ) = (i j );
c
d ad bc
=
dv (v + d )2
v
d
d
v + A(i j ).
c
c
v=
b d
.
c a
().
=
d
a
, , = , v = .
c
c
, -
.
(1.65.)
= B + / v c.
,
162
1.
v2 =
1
; v1 = e i + j , v 2 = R e iF + j ,
v1
, , - .
R=
1
, F = , = .
- ,
v1 = v e i + j ,
i
i
v = e
, .
+ jre
2
v 2 = R e iF + jPe i .

i
e i + jre i
jre i
= R e iF + jPe i .
(ei )2 + (jrei )2
R0
. 34.
.
2 i
2 2i
2 2i
4
4 4
+r e
= v e
*'
v = + r + 2 2 r 2 cos( );
= arctg
2 sin 2 + r 2 sin 2
2
cos + r cos 2
163
1.
v2 = R e
iF
+ jPe
- .
, v 2 = R e
R=
e i e i jre i
iF + j
) = e i j ,
v
1
; F = ; = .
v
(), , ,
-, -.
(. 34.)
(v v0 ) v * v 0 = R02 .
=const
(z).
. . -
:
i + j
a
va
ia + j re
(1.69.)
= e ia + j
=
e
.
"
" i + j
1 av
1 a re
a, - .
a=z+j,
"
a = z j = z + j , a = a1 + ja 2 .
"":
a) =0, =0, a=a1,
i
ia re a1
=e
;
" i ,
1 a1re
) a=0, =0, a=a2,
i
a2
i re
=e
" i ,
1 a 2 re
.
. , [7] ,
, -
,
(
).
, , :
va
, v = R e i + j = e i + j , R = 1;
1 a v
i0 + j 0
a = re
, a = r e i0 j0 ,0 < r < 1;
= e ia + j
e i + j re i0 + j 0
e i + j re i0 + j 0 i0 + j 0
=
=
=
e
i ( 0 )+ j ( 0 )
i0 + j 0
i + j
re
e
1 re
164
1.
=e
i0 + j 0 e
i ( 0 )+ j ( 0 )
1 re i ( 0 )+ j ( 0 )
= e i0 + j 0
A
.
B

e i ( 0 ) cos( 0 ) + je i ( 0 ) sin( 0 ) r =
(e i( ) cos( 0 ) r )2 + (e i( ) sin( 0 ))2 =

0
= e 2i ( 0 ) 2re i ( 0 ) cos( 0 ) + r 2 ,
B
i ( 0 )+ j ( 0 )
1 re
(1 rei( ) cos( 0 ))2 + (re i( ) sin( 0 ))2 =

0
= 1 2re i ( 0 ) cos( 0 ) + r 2 e 2i ( 0 ) ;
1
= 1.
=
B
C. . (.
35)
v a0
,
v a 0
i
i
a 0 = jr0 e 0 , r0 > 0, a 0 = jr0 e 0
,
,
0, a 0 .
. 35.

. , (z)
.
e i jr0 e i0
= 1.
=
e i + jr0 e i0

165
1.
= e ia + j
v a0
,
v a 0
a, - .
. .

1
1
(v ) = v +
v
2
(1.70.)
.
,
v = e i + j , , ; - .
, 1 2 ()
v1 +
1
1
1
= 0.
= v2 +
, (v1 v 2 )1
v1
v2
v
v
1 2
, ()
,
v1v 2 = 1, v1v 2 = e i (i j ).
() - , v = 1
.

(v ) = W + jR =
1
1
1
= ei cos + jei sin + e i cos j e i sin =
1
1
1
= e i + e i cos + j e i e i sin .
W=
i
1
1
cos cos + i sin + cos sin =
1
1
1
cos + cos + i sin .
i
1
1
R = sin cos + i sin + cos + sin =
1
1
1
sin cos + i + sin .
W =
1
1
+ 2 cos 2 e iF1 cos = R1e iF1 cos ;
2 +
2
2
166
1.
R=
1
1
2 cos 2 e iF2 sin = R2 e iF2 sin .
2 +
2
2
,
(z). =const. =0,
(v ) =
1
1
1
+ cos + i sin .
C3
C1
C4
C2
0
-1
+1
. 36.
,
.
(z). .36
, .
, .
, C1, C2, C3, Ci
R=
2
2
2
2
(v ) = cos cos sin sin .

2
2
2
2
(v ) = cos cos sin sin e j arctg i (tg tg ) = Rm e iFm .

167
1.
R2=R1, :
2 2 = 1 + 1 ; 2 2 = 1 1 ,
. .
, , F1=F2
. , , ,
.
j. ,
4 (. 36).
W+jQ
i
C'1
u
C1
C'1
C'
iy
x
. 37. ,
,
""
. .
() x=a (.
37).
,
2
v=
a
1
+

2
Q=0 z - ,
C11 1, z -.
168
1.
, =0, =,
. (. 37).
169
2. ,

.. , , , , z- (Y). ,
.

. , .
1. Z-
C.A. (1910 ) , . , i- ,
P=
i
[ f ' ( )]2 d .
2C
, , -
P = A
2
V .
2
(2.1.)
, , R, [7]
ln z
2i
V
X (z ) = V z + R 2 ,
z
i
- .
V = V e
(z ) = f (z ) = V z + R 2 +
ln z.
z
2i
, z > R
, .
z < R . T ,
. . .
,
170
2. ,
, , ,
,
. .
, , ..
.

.
,
, .
.. .. ,
.
.
f ' (z )
, R e

f ' (z ) = V (e i ei 2i )
, . -
i i
e ,
2R
=0
V (1 e 2i )
i i
=0
e
2R
( )
= 4R sin ( ) .

.
, . arctg i ,
.
,
arctg i = arctg
Im f ' (z )
.
Re f ' (z )
arg f ' (z ) = arctg i.

= 0 ,
f ' (z ) = e 2i
cos
sin ;
2R
2R
171
2. ,
cos
2
R
arctg i = arctg
;
cos 2
sin
2R
sin 2
= 2R e i i i e 2i = 2R
e +i e i
= 4R sin .
i
, , .

.
: (
arctg i ), .
2.
(Y) . (Y), , .
,
.
.
, r = const , = const .
d , , , (2.1.)
ijPd = Aijd ij
2
d .
2

V = f ' ( ) = ei + j ,
, - .
(. 29)
= f ' ( )e i j ,
, ,
2
2
ij [ f ' ( )] e 2i 2 j d = ij [ f ' ( )] d ,
2
2
2 i 2 j
= e i j d = d .
de
P=
i j.
172
2. ,
,
.
r = const, = const.
2 , .
, - ,
P = ij
[ f ' ( )]2 d .
(2.2.)
.. , , .
(Y) , (.
38).
V=Uei +j
C3
i
V=U
z
e cos
V6 =U ei sin
. 38. ,
.
, , , , z.
,
(. 38).
(z) -
f (z ) =
1 f ( )d
,
2i C z
res f (a ) =
1
f (z )dz = C1 ,
2i
173
2. ,
C C
= f (z ) = + 1 + 22 + ! .
z
z z
( ).
(Y)
(1.52),
P = j .
, 3, . -
= e i + j .

.
, .
i j
, , V = e
.
,
X ( ) = V +
V R 2
.
ln ,
4i + 2j

V R 2
+
( ) = f ( ) = V +
ln .
4i + 2j
(2.3.)
V = e i j ,
, - .
, ,
V = 1 ei1 + j 2 ei 2 , 1 2 , 1 2 .
.

,
' ( ) = 0 .
.
2 +
R 2 e 2i + 2 j = 0 ,
(4i + 2j )
,
174
2. ,
2 + 4 2 (4i + 2j ) R 2
=
,
(4i + 2i )2
2
,
. ,
= 4 (4i + 2 j ) R
( ).
, (. 36).
arctg
1
.
2i
.
.
i + j
,
= R e
f ' (v ) = v e i j e i j +i + j e i + j i j +
(4i + 2j )v R
e i j + i + j e i + j i j =
= 2i sin( )cos( ) 2 j cos( )sin( ).
:
A = 2i sin( )cos( ) ;
B = 2 cos( )cos( ) .
,
2 1
= i + j
,
(4i + 2j ) R 3 3 2R
= X.
2R
2 1
f ' ( ) = e i j A X i + X + B .
3 3
f ' ( ) = A X + X + B .
3
,
2
2
X = 2 A + B A + 4 AB + 2 B

= 2 R 2 A + B A2 + 4 AB + 2 B 2 .
175
2. ,
.
z .. :
= 0 , A = 0, = 2 sin( )
= 4R sin ( );
= 0 , B = 0, A = 2 sin( )
= 4R sin ( )
( ).
, :
= 6R sin ( );
= 6R sin ( ) .
,
.

, . :
f ' (z ) = 0 ,
arg f ' (z ) = arctg i
,
f ' ( ) = R e i (i j ) .
.
, , , , .
.
.

.
.
,
2 1

f ' ( ) = e i j A X i + X + B j
3 3

2
2
2
1
A X = B + X ,
, ia + j a
, arctg i
(ai )2 + ( j )2
= 2 ,
= 0 0;
arg = arctg i .
176
2. ,
f ' ( )
A B =
1
2
1
+
=
.
6 R 6 R 2 R
2 sin( )cos( ) + 2 cos( )sin( ) =

1
= cos( )sin( ) sin( )cos( ) =
4 R
= 4R [cos( )sin ( ) sin ( )cos( )] .
:
= 0 , =
1 = 4R sin ( ) ;
= 0 , =
2 = 4R sin ( ).
.
(2.4.) (2.3.)
V R 2
1
=V 2 +
,
(4i + 2j ) v
dv
v
i j
V = V e

2
2
V V R 2
V 1
V2 R 2
2
1

=
+
V
2
2
(4i + 2j ) v
v2
v4
(4i + 2j )2 v 2
dv
V R 2
2
(4i + 2j )v 3
(2.2.)
2
1
2

2V V R 2
= 2
2
v (4i + 2j )
dv
ji 2
2
2V V R 2 =
2 ji
2
2
(4i + 2j )
P=
2
=
2V V R 2
2
(4i + 2j )
P = i V
.. ,
,
, .
177
2. ,
, - , .
, , 1,
= 4i + 2j .
,
. .
, ..
. , , , .
, ,
3
f ( 0 ) =
f ( )d
8 3ijK ( 0 )3
res f (a ) =
1
3
f ( )d
8 ijK
= C 3 ,
> C . . .
178
3.

3.1.

.
, 10
c = 2.988 10 / c
""
, , ct.

1, 2 = c 2 (t2 t1 )2 (x2 x1 )2 ( y 2 y1 )2 ( 2 1 )2
1/ 2
1 2.
: "
".

.
[8].

, :
x = x ' ch + ct ' sh
ct = y = x ' sh + ct ' ch
- .

2 2
2
2 2
2
c t x = c t ' x'
,
,
.
ij
ct + jix = x ' ch + jix' ch + ct ' ch + jict ' sh =

x ' (sh + jich ) + ct ' (ch + jish ) = (x '+ jict' )(sh + jich )

:
x
jarctgi
2 2
2
ct ;
ct + jix = c t x e
x '+ jict ' = ji c 2t ' 2 x ' 2 e
jarctgi
sh + jich = jiearctgi (th ).
x'
ct ' ;
179
3.

c 2t 2 x 2 e
jarctgi
x
ct =
x'
jarctgi + jarctgi (th )
ct '
c 2t ' 2 x' 2 e
, K', x' = 0
.
x = ct ' sh , ct = ct ' ch .
x
= th = ,
ct
c

x
jarctgi
ct =
c 2t 2 x 2 e
x'
jarctgi
jarctgi
ct ' e
c
c 2t ' 2 x ' 2 e
(3.1.)
, .

c 2t 2 x 2 = c 2t ' 2 x ' 2 .

x
x'
jarctgi = jarctgi + jarctgi

ct
ct '
c,
x
=
ct c K,
x' '
=
ct ' c K',
arctg
'
i +i
x'
arctgi + arctgi = arctg c c

'
ct '
c
1+
c2
'+
'
1+ 2
c
(3.2.)

. , , , t
:
180
3.

x=
x'+ ct '
2
, y = y ' , = ' , .

1
v
V
t '+ x'
c2
t=
.
2

1
c
,
(. 39)
, < c .
t
V=C
. 39. ,
,
.
,

V ' = c, (3.2.) = c . , V ' = c,
2

1 = 0 0
c
x, t .
, , ,
.
= c
- - .
- - , (. 40).
181
3.

=ei +jre i
/2
. 40. -
.
-

( = c (3.1.)
0e jarctgi = 0e jarctgi .
: -
, ' . .
, < c ,

> c ,
, /2. > c
, .
k
0 , .
x ict , t ix '

. k
, /2
k'.
, c - ,
.
, ,
.
(3.2.) , = c , ' = c . ,
.
182
3.

3.2.
- , ,
.
,
.
x =
dx
dy
dz
, y = , z = ,
dt
dt
dt
, ,
2

1
c
, [9]
U =
,
2
2

1
1

c
c
, .
,
.

U =
c

1
c
+ ji

1
c
jarctgi
c
U = ce
(3.3.)
, U
,
, , arctgi
, -
c
. ,
,
= c ,
U = ce jarctgi =
c
c
i+
j = (i + j ) .
0
0
, ,
, ,
.
183
3.

,

.

-. ci ,
.

c -.
. ,
/2 (. 41),
.
= c ,
U = ce jarctgi
C3
jC
K3
C 3'
1
2'
n
2
. 41. ,

.
:
m0 c 2
2
E = mc =
;
2
p = mV =

1
c
m0V

1
c
m0 - ',
; m - .
184
3.

(Y)
pc
2
jarctgi
jarctgi
E
E

c.
E = m ce
p = jip = p 2 e
0
, K' , ,
m0 c .

m0 , p :
E2
p 2 = m02 c 2 ;
2

2
E
m0 c = p 2
E
pc
= ,p=
.
2
E c
c
m0 c .
E
= p , = c ,
c
(3.4.)
v = 0e jarctgi = m0ce jarctgi 0
(3.4) -

.
-
(3.5.)
v = 0 = m0
, ,
,
-.
arctgi ,
m0 . , -
,
,
.
< c > c .

p ,U .
185
3.

m0 c
m0
+ ji
E = p U =
2
2

1
1 c
+ ji
=
2
2
1
1
c
c
m0c 2 + m0c 2

1
c
+ 2 ji
m0c + m0c 2

1
c
= m0c 2 e
2
c
jarctgi
2

1
c
c
jarctgi
2

1
c
2
E = m0 c 2 e

, 0
.

E = m0 c 2
E .
:
2
1+
2
c ;E = m c
c .
E1 = m0c 2
2
0
2
2

1
1
c
c
0 ,
c
E1 = m0c 2 , E2 = 0 .
c
E1 = m0c 2 , E2 = 0
186
3.

1 ,
c
E1 = m0 c 2 e jarctgi .
,
E1 /2 2.
.
3.3.
x , y , z , K ' x , ' y , ' z
', X,
:
2
2
' y 1
' z 1
'x V
c
c
x =
; y =
; z =
.
'x V
'x V
'x V
1+
1+
1+
2
2
c
c2
c
' x +
jarcti
' x
c 1+ 2
c

U = ce
(3.6.)
: '
c, -
' x = c , (3.3.);
U ' = ce jarcti
'

U = ce jarcti .
.
,
.
,
. ,

1

1
c
187
3.

-
.
, , -
.
.
- ,
.
3.4.
3.4.1.
,
, .
.
.
.
dS . dS > 0 ,
dS < 0 , dS = 0 .
, ,
() .

. ,

(X ,Y , Z , cT )
X , Y , Z , cT .

(3.4.1.)
UX
/
T =
c 2 ; X / = X UT ; Y / = Y ; Z / = Z .
U2
U2
1 2
1 2
c
c
T=
UX /
/
c 2 ; X = X + UT ; Y = Y / ; Z = Z /
U2
U2
1 2
1 2
c
c
T/ +
,
.. ( 8).
, U.

1)
(3.4.2.)
dS 2 = c 2T 2 dX 2 dY 2 dZ 2
2
dS 2 = c 2T / dX / dY / dZ /
(3.4.3.)
2) .
188
3.

3) U X .
.
(X 1 , Y1 , Z1 , T1 ), (X 2 , Y2 , Z 2 , T2 ) ,
X 2 > X 1 , T2 > T1 ,
X X 1 U (T2 T1 )
X 2 / X 1/ = 2
U2
1 2
c
U
T2 T1 2 (X 2 X 1 )
c
T2/ T1/ =
U2
1
c2
(3.4.4.)
(3.4.5.)
X 2 X1
0
T2 T1
(3.4.6.)
(3.4.4.) (3.4.5.)
(3.4.7.)
X / 2 X 1/ = (X 2 X 1 )
U2
1 2
c
U
1 2
c
T2/ T1/ = (T2 T1 )
U2
1 2
c
1
(3.4.8.)

2
S12
= c 2 (T2 T1 )2 (X 2 X 1 )2
(3.4.9.)
3.4.2.

. (3.4.7) (3.4.8)
(3.4.10.)
dS = c T / T / + ji X / X /
12
) (
(3.4.10)
dS12 = c 2 T2/ T1/

/
) (X
2
= arg dS12 = arctgi
/
2
X 1/
X 2/ X 1/
c T2/ T1/
(3.4.11.)
(3.4.12.)
(3.4.11.) , (3.4.10.)
189
3.

(3.4.13.)
dS 21, 2 = dS12
(3.4.7.) (3.4.8.)
dS12 = c(T2 T1 )
U
U
c 2 + ji (X X )
2
1
U2
U2
1 2
1 2
c
c
(3.4.14.)
(3.4.15.)
U
U
1 2
1
2
2
c
2
(X 2 X 1 )
dS12 = c (T2 T1 )
2
2
U
U
1
1
c
c
dS1,2 ,
2
dS 1,2 = dS12 .
U
X X1
= arctgi 2
c(T2 T1 ) 1 U
c2
1
(3.4.16.)
,
.
(3.4.17.)
j /
j
/
dS
= dS12e
12 e
dS , , dS12 , (3.4.11.), (3.4.12.), (3.4.15.),

(3.4.16.).

(3.4.18.)
dS / = dS , / = .
12
12
.

U , , c , .
.

.
.

=
,
2
.

.
,

190
3.

. ,
/
. = + i , = + i .
1.41, 1.4
(3.4.19.)
X/ X/
cos
c
1
= arctg
2
2
X 2/ X 1/
1
/
/
c
T
T
2
1
2
T2/
1
T1/
,
= 0 .
(3.4.20.)
X/ X/
/ = arctg
2
T2/
1
T1/
c
= 0,
X 2/ X 1/
X / X 1/
+
1 2 2/
sin
/
c T / T /
c
T
T
1
2
1
2
1
/
1.41 = ln
2
X 2/ X 1/
X / X 2/
+
1 + 2 2/
sin
c T / T /
c T2 T1/
2
1
= 0 ,
2
= 0.
2
c U
1
1
c2
= = arctg
2
U
2 1

1
c 1 U
c2
U
1
= arctg
U
c 1
c2
1
(3.4.21.)
, .

(3.4.22.)
/ =
S12/ , S12
/
= c 2 T2/ T1/
dS12
) (X
2
/
2
X 1/ e j =
= c 2 (T2 T1 )2 (X 2 X 1 )2 e j
(3.4.23.)
191
3.

X 2/ X 1/
, = arctg
,
c T2/ T1/
U
1
= arctg
c 1 U
c2
/
c2
U =

U
U2
1
= 1 2 . = .
2
c
.
/
2
/
/
. c T2 T1 = 0 .
(3.4.8.)

X 2/ X 1/
) j=
2
c 2 (T2 T1 )2 (X 2 X 1 )2 j .
ji
X 2/
X 1/
) = ji(X
X1 )
c2
1 2
c2
U =
,
X 2/
X 1/
U2
= ( X 2 X1) 1 2
c
(3.4.24.)
c2
, U =
.
/2
S12 = l , l / - .

(3.4.7.) ,
c2
U =

= cos
+ j sin = j .
2
2
192
3.

, ,
U = (3.4.7.)
/
X 2 X 1 = 0 .
(3.4.8.)
U
U2
1 2 = 1 2 . (3.4.8.)
c
c
T2/
T1/
= (T2 T1 )
U2
1 2
c
(3.4.25.)
.
.
U = = arctg 0 = 0 .
X 2/ X 1/ = 0.

c 2 T2/ T1/ e j 0 = c 2 (T2 T1 )2 (X 2 X 1 )2 e j 0 .

T2/
T1/
X 2 X 1 )2
(
) = c(T2 T1 ) 1 c 2 (T T ) .
2
1
= U (3.4.25.)
,
, ,
,
, .
3.4.3.

C
U . , -
dS1, 2 ,

dS 21,2 = [c (T2 T1 ) + ji (X 2 X 1 )][c (T2 T1 ) ji (X 2 X 1 )] =

2
= dS12 e j dS12 e j = dS12 .

,
c (T2 T1 ) = (X 2 X 1 )

2
dS12,2 = c 2 (T2 T1 ) (1 + ji )(1 ji ) = 0 . , ,
,

,
/ = = arctgi , dS1,2 = c (T2 T1 ) 0 .
,
193
3.

dS12 = c(T2 T1 ) 0e
jarctgi
= c(T2 T1 )(1 ji ) 0
(3.4.26.)

. .

= .
2
.

(3.4.20.) (3.4.21.). ,

.
)(
) (
2 X 2/ X 1/ c T2/ T1/
1
= arctg
2
2
c2 T / T / X / X /
/
U U
1 1 2
c
c
1
arctg
2
2
2
2
U U
1 2 1
c c
: U = , = 0, (X 2/ X 1/ ) = 0, / = 0 ,
.
c2
U = , = 0, (T2/ T1/ ) = 0, / = 0.
.
. ,
= arctgi , = ,
2
. (3.4.16.)
= 1 , arctg
U
c 1
c2
2
2
2
U
U
1
= 1 .
c
c2
,
i
, .
U
U
U U
= 1 2 1 + = 1 + .
c c
c c
c
U
= 1
.
c
c
194
3.

U
= 1 . ,
c c
c
U
= 1 .
c
c
dS12
1 +
. .
,
U=
T2/ T1/ = 0
c2
,
U
= 1, = 1. U = ,
c
c
dS12 ,
X 2/ X 1/ = 0 ,
U
= 1.
c

U = c .
c2
. U =

(3.4.7.),
X 2/
X 1/
= (X 2 X 1 )
U
1
c
U
1
c
= (X 2 X 1 )
U
1 .
c
(3.4.7.) (3.4.8.)
U ,
U = ,U =
c2

, cos , sin .
(3.4.26.),

X ,
2
dS1/,2 (1 + ji ) = c 2 (T2 T1 )2 (1 + ji ) = (X 2 X 1 )2 (1 + ji ).
,
:
c 2 T2/ T1/
) = c (T
2
2
/
/
2 T1 ) , X 2 X 1
) = (X
2
X 1 )2 .

.
,
-,
/
, = = arctgi .
195
3.

0 . jix
-,
0 , 40
, 3.1 (3.4.)
(3.5.)
3.4.4.
.., .. [14]
. .
dt , ,
,
(3.4.27.)
dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2
, dt /
. .. dx / = dy / = dz / = 0 ,
, ,
(3.4.28.)
12
2 2
2
2
2
2 /2
dS
= c t dx dy dz = c dt

(3.4.29.)
dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2
dt = dt 1
c 2 dt 2
dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2
= U 2 , U ,
2
dt
/
ds
U2
(3.4.29.) dt =
= dt 1 2 .
c
c
/
, t2 t1 .
(3.4.30.)
t2
2
t / 2 t /1 = dt 1
t1
U
c2
.

.
(3.4.27.)
, .

. . , .
,
.
. ,
.
dS1,2 = dS12 = cdt + jidX = c 2 dt 2 dX 2 , dX

(3.4.27.)
/
dS12 ,dS12
196
3.

dS12 =
dX
jarctgi
cdt , dS /
dS12 e
12
/
= dS12
e
jarctgi
dX /
dt /
.
/
. dX = 0 ,
, dX = 0 .
.
dt = dt / . .
dX dX /
=
,
cdt cdt /
/
. , dX = 0 ,
dX = 0. dX 0 .
U = 0. dX / = 0 .
/
dT = dT .
dX dX / U
=
= .

cdt cdt / c
U2
U2
/
cdt 1 2 = cdt 1 2 ,
c
c
U
. U = c ,
c
cdt 0 = cdt / 0 0 , = arctgi .
/
cdt (1 + ji ) = cdt (1 + ji ). ,
/
dt = dt . .
U
dt 2 dx
dx Udt
c
dX / =
.
, dt =
2
2
U
U
1 2
1 2
c
c
= arctgi
dX / .
B
/
dX = dx + Udt . dx = 0, dX = 0, U = 0
U = 0.
.
dX
dx / = 0
Udt /
U2
1 2
c
, dt
dx / = 0
dt /
U2
1 2
c
cdt + jidX = c dt dX e
jarctgi
dX
cdt
197
3.

= cdt 1
dX 2
2
c dt
jarctgi
dX
cdt
= cdt 1
U2
c2
jarctgi
(3.4.31.)
U
c
cdt /
1
=
U
c2
c 2 dt /
+ ji
Udt /
1
U2
1 2
c
U
c2
U 2 dt /
U2
1 2
c
jarctgi
U
c
= cdt e
jarctgi
(3.4.32.)
U
c
(3.4.33.)
jarctgi
U 2 jarctgi c
c
= cdt / e
cdt 1 2 e
c
U2
, cdt = cdt 1
,
c2
/
.
/
U = 0. dt = dt.
.

. .. [8] ,

(3.4.34.)
ds 2 = c 2 dT 2 dX 2 dY 2 dZ 2

x = X UT ; t = T ; y = Y ; z = Z
(3.4.35.)

X = x + Ut; T = t; Y = y; Z = z
(3.4.36.)
X , Y , Z , T - .
3.4.36, , (3.4.34.)
(3.4.37.)
U2
ds 2 = c 2 dt 2 1 2 2Udxdt dx 2 dy 2 dz 2
c
(3.4.37.)
2
(3.4.38.)
U2 U
dx
2
2
ds = c dt 1 2 2
c
c
U2
1 2
2
dx dy 2 dz 2
U2
1
c2
198
3.

U2 U
T = t 1 2 2
c
c
x
X/ =
U2
c2
(3.4.39.)
U2
1 2
c
(3.4.40.)
; Y / = y; Z / = z
ds 2 = c 2dT / dX / dY / dZ /
(3.4.41.)
(3.4.35.) (3.4.39.) (3.4.40.),

(3.4.42.)
UX
c 2 ; X / = X UT ; Y / = y; Z / = z.
U2
U2
1 2
1 2
c
c
/
X
/
T =
(3.4.35.),
x = X UT = 0 , X = UT .
2
2 2
(3.4.41.) ds = c dt U t dy dz ,
U2
U2
T = T 1
= t 1 2 ; X / = 0; Y / = y; Z / = z. T / = T ,
2
c
c
/
(3.4.41.) (3.4.34.).
U = 0 .
3.4.5.
.
-
. ,
. ,
. :
, , .
L .
, .
.
.
U ,
.

. t1
. t 2 .
Ut1 ,
L + Ut1 , ct1 . ,
199
3.

L
,
c U
. L Ut 2 .
L
.
ct 2 = L Ut 2 t 2 =
c +U
L
2
2 Lc
c .
=
t1 + t 2 =
2
2
c U
U2
1
c2
ct1 = L + Ut1 . t1 =

.
,
( ct3 ) = (L ) + (Ut3 ) , L = c t3 U t3 ,
2
2 2
2 2
L
c
t 3 =
.
2
U
1 2
c
L
2
c .
2t3 =
U2
1 2
c

. . .
1892 .
.. - ..
.
L0 ,
U
L = L0 1
U2
.
c2
U2
L
2 1 2
1
c
c =2L
t1 + t 2 =
. t1 + t2 = 2t3 .
2
c
U2
U
1 2
1 2
c
c
, ,
.
,

-. ,
.
200
3.

U c C U .
U c = c jiU ,U c = c + jiU .
U2
= c 1 2 .
c
U c
L
c
t1 =
.
2
U
1 2
c
t 2 , . ,
2L
c
.
t1 + t 2 =
2
U
1 2
c
.
(ct3 )2
2L
c
.
= L2 + ( jiU )2 . 2t3 =
2
U
1 2
c

.
/
x, t , x , t
.
/
x =
x Ut
U2
1 2
c
; ct / =
U
x
c
.
2
U
1 2
c
ct
ct / + jix / =
(3.4.43.)
U
x
x Ut
c
+ ji
U2
U2
1 2
1 2
c
c
ct
,
2
/2
/2
c t x = c t x ,
201
3.

x /
x Ut
.
arctgi
= arctgi
/
U
ct
ct x
c
. x Ut = 0 ,
x / = 0
x = 0, U = 0 .
/
ct = ct .
U
x U
= 0 , 1 , x = Ut .
c
ct c
U2
ct 1 2
c
U2
/
ct =
= ct 1 2 .
c
U2
1 2
c
ct
.
,
jix. :
c t
U2
U
U x
1
,
=
x = ct 1
c
t
c
c c t
c
x = Ut . t = 0 , ct = 0, x = 0.
U
= 1 , ct / = 0, x / = 0 .
c
x U
U
, x 0, t 0, 1

c t c
c
U
/
t = 0 ct = x.
c
2
U
1 2
2
x Ut
c = jix 1 U
jix / = ji
= jix
c2
U2
U2
1 2
1 2
c
c
t 0,
U2
x = x 1
.
c2
/
.
/
: ct = x

(3.4.44.)
ct / (1 + ji ) = x (1 + ji ) = ct / 0e jarctgi = x 0e jarctgi
202
3.

ct

U
x = x Ut
c
U
x
x Ut
c
(
(1 + ji ) =
1 + ji ) =
2
2
U
U
1 2
1 2
c
c
U
ct x
x Ut
c
=
0e jarctgi =
0e jarctgi
U2
U2
1 2
1 2
c
c
c t
(3.4.45.)

.
.

U
.
c
, (3.4.43.)
x = ct , S12 = c 2 t 2 x 2 = ct 0 ,
U
c t 1
x Ut
c
= arctgi .
arctgi
x = ct = arctgi
U
U
ct x
c t 1
c
c
ct / 0e jarctgi = ct 0e jarctgi ,
ct / = ct . x / = x .
.
.
.
.
x = ct
x U
= = 1 . ,
c t c

.
. ,
.
, ,

. ,

.
,
.
203
3.

.
- .
.

.
,
,
, i- ,
U = c
dS12 = ct (1 + ji ) = ct 0e jarctgi , dS12 = x (1 + ji ) = x 0e jarctgi
ct 0 = x 0 0 .
, 0 ,

.
,

.
204
4.
4.1.
.
.
, . ,

2 f
1 2 f
(4.1.)
=
x 2 c s2 t 2
- () c s -
, x ,
E y,
2E
1 2E
(4.2.)
=
2
2
2
c - .
(4.2) . (4.1.), (4.2.)
,
. .
. ,
.
,
2
2

x 2
c 2 t 2

= f (x ct ) + g (x + ct ) ,
f (x ct ), g (x + ct ) x (. 42, . 43).
t=0
Cs t
t
Cs
x
. 42.

= ix + jy , y = ct ,

f ( )
f ( ) = iU (x, ct ) + jV (x, ct )
205
4.
jCs t
iu
ix
. 43.
-
f ' (1.26.)
f ' ( ) =
1 U 1
ji
= ji
+
.
x
x
c t c t
(4.3.)
, .
ix + jy , -.
, (.
43).
(4.3) , .
2U
1 2U
=
= 0.
2
2
2
(. 44),
E H)
- .
Cs t
.44.

, f (ix + jy )
, ,
.
, (ix + jy ) ,
.
,
. ,
.
2E 2E 2E 1 2E
(4.4.)
= 0.
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
206
4.

. , x, ,
, , .
, .

, (4.4), x, ,
r
r = x2 + y2 + 2 .
(4.4)
, .
2
2
(r )
2
c 2 t 2
(r ) = 0.
r
r
f t + g t
c
c,
=
r
(4.5.)
(. 45).
(4.5) . ,

C1 C2
V1
V1
1
C2
C
C'
1
K
V2
V2
. 45.
, ,
, .
.
.
,
= ir + jct ,
r.
207
4.
r -,
1
f (ir + jct )
r
. ,
- .
-, -
,
, - .
, f ( ) , ,
,
. ,
, (. 46)
iy
x
ict
. 46.
, ,
.
,
.

f ( ) = U + iV + jP + jiQ ,
U, V, P, Q x, y , ,
:
2U 2U
2U 2U
2U 2U
2U 2U
+
= 0;
+
= 0;
+
= 0;
+
=0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2U 2U
2U 2U
= 0;
= 0.
x 2 2
y 2 2

2U 2U 2U 2U
.
+
+
+
U =
2
2
2
2
ct
2U 2U 2U 1 2U
+
+
= 0.
2
2
2
2
2
208
4.
f ,
= x + iy + j ( ct ) = ( j jct + x ) + iy .
ij
ict , /2
j (. . 46).
i jct + x
iy, .
1.
x + iy + j ( ct )
U =e
= U + iV + jP + jiQ ;
U = e x cos y cos( ct );
V = e x sin y cos( ct );
P = e x cos y sin( ct );
Q = e x sin y sin( ct );
U, V, P, Q .
2.
ln = W + jR = ln x + iy + j ( ct ) + jarctg
ct
.
x + iy
W, R .
, - ,
, C3,
.
.
4.2. .
,

U = c s i + j
c s .
c s ,V .
,
2 jarctgi

cs
,
U = c s 1 e
c
s

2
U = c s i + j = c s 1
cs
209
4.
arg U = jarctgi
cs
:
a)
< 1 ; b)
= 1 ; c)
> 1;
cs
cs
cs
) , .
) 0 , arctg i. , , .
, - . )
,
/2.
, ,
, 90 .
,
, , .
(,

).
, , ,
. ,
,
.
, , ,
.

f ( ) .

f ' ( ) = 0 ,
.
.

f ' ( ) = 0 , arg f ' ( ) = arctgi ,
.
" "
.
. - .
4.3. .
.
, (1.52, 1.56)
, ,
, ,
, .
.
,
210
4.
, . ,
n-
f ( 0 ) =
(2 )n
!
n 1
f ( )d n 1
( 0 )n 1
n 1 - n-1 - ; 0 , , n 1 - ;
n- , C-n
n - . -
( 1.56)
n- , 3,
,
, ,
. .

. -,

.
C'3
C3
r 1
r 2
. 47. .

-
,
.
211
4.

. 3
- .
j arctg i
C'3
C''3
K1arctg j
K2arctg j K1
C3
D2
D1
D3
. 48.
"" 3,

.
, , ,
. n-
212
4.
,

,
. ,
.
. 47 ,
, "" .
,
, ,
, , ,
, . 48,
. .
3 ( 3) '3
, , ,
'3 "3:
; '3,
'3 .
.
4.4.
,
1, 2 (. 49) . ,
.
, . . , , -
. .

= (x + iy ) + j (x1 + iy1 ) = z + i ,
,
(1, i, j), .
, .
1- i j ,
.
.
f , 1, 2, ,
,
(1,i, j).
-
:
= z + j i = (z i ) + (i + j ) = z + 0e jarctgi .
.
, z,
0 , .
, , (. . 44)
,
k = (z1 + j 1 ) + k 1 (z 2 + j 2 ) .
(1, i, j)k1.
213
4.

k = z + 0iz1e jarctgi + 0e karctgi 0e jarctgi z 2 ,
z, z1, z2 - .
r2
r1
C3
-S
j
C'3
+S
2
C3
. 49.
, ,
, -
, k . ,
jarctgi (
k . k -,
z1 + j 1 = z 2 + j 2 0 .
:
k = z 0e karctgj e j .

z1 + j 1 = z 2 + j 2 = 0
-
k = ze j + ky 0 0e karctgj
jarktgi
, , y -
214
4.
(1, i, j)k1 (i, j) (1, i, j)

, ,
, - .
- . -,
.
: ,
, , .
, -,
( ).
,
(. 50).
. ,
3 - -
.
, .
- ,
- (. 51).
, -
. -,
, ,
. .
- .
3,'3, "3
- .
. , -
.
E
kj
ki
j
. 50. ,

, 3,
, , ,

E = m0 c s2 e jarctgi = m0 c s2 ,
215
4.
2
=
cs
1 +
cs
E = m0 c s2 .
E1
1
C'3
E2
r1
C3
r2
E'1
2
C3
E'2
.
51.
,
,

E
.
:
g1 =
< 1; g 2 = > 1;
cs
cs
216
4.
E g1 = E g 2 ;
g=
= 1.
cs
.

t ~ E / m0 c s2 .
t1 > t c s
c s1
m0 c s2 m1c s21 e jarctgi .
,
e njarctgi + jarctgi ,
n , -
.
2
. = , E = m0 c s .
= ,
.
E
E = E m0 c s2
,
=2
s
m0 c s2

1
cs
jarcti
cs
=0 , = c s

E = m0 c s2
,
- ,
.
.
,
E = E 0 + E1 (1 ji ),

m0 c s2
cs

1
cs
217
4.
2
cs
cs
+ m0 c s2
E = m0 c s2
0e jarctgi .
2

1+
1
cs
cs
1
,
, .
.
:
E = m0 c s2
cs
1
cs
lim
2
cs
cs
jarctgi
cs
= m0 c s2
cs
1
cs
e jarctgi
,
.
.
- , .
, : ( )
.
, ,
, . ,
.
.
.
-
.

, ,
C 3

-.
1, 2, 3
n- -
,

.

218
5. .

5.1.

,

,
.
,
.. ,
, , ,
z .
:
.
,
, .

.
,
. (
)
- n- .
, ,
..
,
.
4-, , n-
, 2 n .
2
=
Pi = C N
N (N 1)
.
2
2
N C N z
:
N=1
C=0
Z=0
N=2
C=1
Z=1
N=3
C=3
Z=3
N=4
C=6
Z=6
N=5
C=10
Z=10
Ne10
.
219
5. .
. 1,3,6
,

.
. 1
.
.. . 52.

. 53.
:
N=6
C=15
Z=15
P15
14 ,
15 :
N=7
C=21
Z=21
P21
,
20 - 21 .
18, .
, 9
.
A18 ,
10 11 :
N=8
=28
Z=28
Ni23
.
:
N=9
=36
Z=36
Kr36
4- . ,
36 - 9 :
N=10
=45
Z=45
Rh45
5- .
. , ,
,
, .
Rh45
:
N=1
=55
Z=55
z55
5- e54.
,
:
N=12
C=66
Z=66
Du66
N=13
C=78
Z=78
Pt78
,
. , .
:
N=14
C=91
Z=91
Pa91
N=15
C=105
Z=105
EKA-TA
220
,,

,,
,,,
,9

9
9,

9,,
9,,,

,;
,,;

4
3
2
1
0
/
.
4
3
2
1
0
/
.
4
3
2
1
0
/
.
4
3
2
1
0
/
.
4
3
2
1
0
/
.
4
3
2
1
0
/
.
4
3
2
1
0
/
.
4
3
2
1
0
/
.
4
3
2
1
0
/
.
4
3
2
1
0
/
.
52

52
5 2 5+
,9
,,,

52
5+
52

/L
%H

.

5E

$J

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)U
>@

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=U

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1

$F/U
.X
&

1D

3E

1E

6E

7D

1V
>@

%L

9,
5+
9,,,
9,,

52
52
5 2 5+

+H

&U

6H
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7H

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3R
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4
3
2
1
0
/
.
4
3
2
1
0
/
.
4
3
2
1
0
/
.
4
3
2
1
0
/
.
>@
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3X

7P

6P

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<E

(X

>@

>@

/U

/X

>@

5. .
Z=105 (. . 52, . 53).

-
9-10 .
- ,
9 . ,
,
105
~ 11.666!
9
-.
, .
n
, c = 3 10 / ,
3 2
G = 6.67 10 /
h = 1 0.5 10 2 / c , c g = (he )1 / 2 , G
137 = 11.704698 .

re
e2
1
=
=
,
a=
e
hc
137
e
e- ; re ; .
, e, ,

. -
- .
, ,
.
:
N=16
C=120
Z=120
N= 17
C=136
Z=136
N=18
C=153
Z=153
N=19
C=171
Z=171
:
120, 136. 153, 171
.
[10].
N-
,
. . ,
.
225
5. .
, ,
9-10 .
,
, .
Ne10, Ar18, Ni28, Kr36, Xe54
. (. 53) e54 .
, -;
Du66. 8 . -
.

6 .
. Nd60
Du66 a- . a-
Hf72. ,
8 9 : 6 2
.
(. 52). ,
7-8- -
.
(. 53). U92 11
.
.
, .
4:6 = 2:3
e54, Sr38 -, - .
.
,
.
. 53
.
.
.
,
,
, :
N- .
,
.
.
. . [8].
226
5. .
5.2.

,
,
E =
Z
P
(5.1)
Z - ; - ; P-
- - .

9-10 .

, , ,
Z
- .
24
Ne10
191,1.
- : =191,1.
. 2
(5.1)
.
10 .
.
9,5-10 .
,
.
,
.
5.3.
:
( ct ),
[7].

,
.
. . [8] ,

.
[11],

. ,
, -
.
227
5. .
, -
,
- .
, ,
, 1/2.

:
.
[10],
.

.
2
f = g N / hc ,.

a = e 2 / hc = 1 / 137 ,
gN=1, ,
.

,
, .
.. [8] ,

.
( )
.

E = (Zm p + Nm N ) (Zm p + Nm N ) ji (Z + N )mV ,
(5.2.)
Z - ; Z- ; mV -
, m p , m N -
.
.

(5.3.)
m Z , N = Zm p + Nm N ji (Z + N )mV ,
() .

.

2
2
(5.4.)
mZ , N =
(Zm
+ Nm N ) (AmV )
228
5. .
E = (Zm p + NmN )
(Zm
+ NmN ) (AmV )
2
(5.5.)
m = 134.9626 .
,
20 200 ,
. ,
,
.
.

.
5.4.

,
m Z , N = (Zm p + Nm N ) jiAmV = (Zm p + Nm N ) AmV " AmV AmV ji =

= (Zm p + Nm N AmV ) AmV 0e jarctgi
,
m R = Zm p + NmN AmV ,

m = AmV (1 ij ) .

. - .
,
3, -.
,
, 3
r

, .
,
, .
.

, (
.
3,
, - . ,
, ,
.
229
5. .

,
.
s. 1.
, ,
,
.
.
. 54 ,
3 r .
C'3
C3
r1
r2
2
1
. 54. "
"

S k = 12 22 .
- 2
, 1, -
, ,
.
SK ,
.
230
5. .
h
,
(5.6.)
mV c
mV - .
H=
( 3 . 2 )
.
, ,
4
3
Vnn = (R H ) ,
3
(5.7.)
R, - .

V =
4
R 3
3
4
V = V Vnn = H (3R 2 3R H + H 2 ).
3
(5.8.)
mV A
31
.
(5.9.)
4 H 3R 2 3R H + H 2
S k -
. ( .54) S k ,
P =
, , .
.
,
S k = rN2 ,
rN - .
-
,
S k , .
AmV S k H
3
.
E = P S k H =
4 3R 2 3R H + H 2 H
(5.10.)
.
rN
rp = (0.8 0.82 ) 10 13 .
231
5. .
,
10-13 .

0.5 mV A
.
3R 2 3R H + H 2
(5.11.)
Z E = E
E=
0.5mV A
Z
3R 2 3R H + H 2 P
Z
P
(5.12.)
H r H = r =
#
m c
rp .
rN rp 0.8 10 13 cm
rp = 0.218 10
r = 1.46 10
13
13
cm ,
cm ,
m = 134.9626 M
m N = 939.7825M
r = rp
1
3
mN
= 5.36 10 13 .
m
13
R = r A 10 , r - 1.25
(5.12)
67 A
E=
2
3
1
3
4.68 A 20.2 A + 28.8
Z
P
(5.13.)

, Z
. 1.

.

.

H = 0.8
mp
mV
232
5. .
, ,
,

.
E =
0.5 mV A
mp
m
+ 0.64 p
3R 2 3R 0.8
mV
mV
, , .

E=
0.5 mV A
Z
.
2 P
mp
m
+ 0.64 p
3R 2 3R 0.8
mV
mV
(5.14.)
E
= 0.
mV

2
1.6m p
mp
2
= 0 ,
+ 0.64
R R
mV
m
V
mp
mV
= 1.25R .
mV = 0.8
mp
R
, ,
.
2E
= 0 ,

2
mV
mV .

R = r0 A1 / 3 ,
13
r0 = (1.2 1.4 ) 10
.
r=1.4 -1.2, 10-13, .
r0 .
233
5. .
R = r0 A1 / 3 .
,
mV = 0.8m p
1
1/ 3
A
r0 P
Z
(5.15.)
0.5 0.8m p
1
1/ 3
A
r0 P
Z
=
E=
1/ 3
A
mp P
1/ 3
2/3
0.64 A
Z
A
2 A 2
+
r02
3r0 P 3r0 P 0.8
P
0.8m p
0.64 Z
Z 3
Z
= 0.4m p
1
= 0.4m p
3P
r0
Z
1 Z
.
3 P
r0
E = 0.4m p
1 Z
r03 P
mN =
E=
m p + mN
2
= 938.7825 .
375.5133 Z
.
3
P
r0
(5.16.)
r0 = 1.25 , ,
r03 = 1.9531249
E = 192.2682
Z
P
(5.17.)

E .=192.2682
0.36282 ,
, ; me =0,511 .
234
5. .
,
-.
, .
, , 180 - 200 .
.
.
(5.17) ,
. . 2
.
. 2 (5.17.)
. :

9.2 - 9.9
,
r0 =1,25.

. 3.
203 mV 214 .
m 139,5669 , m =134.9626 , ,
.
,
, .
.
2
H1
Ne10 , .
(5.14) .
2
2 [12], H1
, , , 2,2
P
10
15
21
28
36
45
54
66
78
2.57
2.25
2.0
1.83
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
r0
mV
107.49
108.12
108.15
.
.
P
10
15
21
1.64
1.43
1.28
r0
mV
147.37 147.39 147.5
.
.

H12
H13
He26 Li38
Be11
B5
C6
N7
O8
F9
Ne10
4
235
5. .
108
147.5 176.6 180
189
194
198
201
206
207
193
,

.

,
-.
.
.

,
2 jarctgi
E = mc e
,
E = E = mV 200
1

1S
1H
1
2 He
2
3 Li
2
4 Be
2
5B
2
6C
2
7N
2
8O
2
9F
2
10 Ne
2
11 Na
2
12 Mg
2
13 Al
2
14 Si
2
15 P
2
16 S
2
17 Cl
2
18 Ar
2
19 K
2
20 Ca
2
21 Sc
2
22 Ti
2
23 V
2
2S
2P
3S
3P
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
3d
4S
1
2
3
1
2
2
2
2
O
4P
4d
4f
5S
5P
236
5. .
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 In
50 Sn
51 Sb
52
53 I
54 Xe
55 s
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
6
7
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
2
4
5
5
7
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
4d, N(4f), O, P,
Q
N
O
P
Q
4f
5S 5P 5d 5f
5g 6S 6P 6d 6f
6g 6h 7
S
66 Dy
10 2
6
2
78 Pt
14 2
6
9
1
91 Pa
14 2
6
10 2
2
6
1
2
105
.
,
237
5. .
.
. ,
, .
,

.
5.4. 2. .

N
Na
Mg
Z
10
11
12
Al
13
14
30
Ca
31
Ge
32
s
Se
33
34
Se
34
35
36
A
24
23
24
28
26
27
28
29
30
64
67
68
70
69
71
70
72
73
74
76
75
74
76
77
78
80
82
79
81
78
80
82
83
84
86
m,
208.3
209.14
210.7
211.24
211,23
212.6
214.8
214.39
214.3
214,3
214.2
214,3
214,3
P
10
11,34
11,6
11,2
10.62
11,08
11,35
10,97
1053
,
191.9
186,6
198.3
205,6
216,7
225
236,5
245
255
9.84
9,67
9,42
9.88
9,61
10,1
9,76
9.66
9.51
9.28
9.7
10,15
9.86
9.75
9.6
9.4
9.15
585,1
595,4
611
601,9
618,8
610.5
329
635,6
345,7
661.6
652.6
642 9
662
669.5
679,9
696.9
712.9
9,78
9,54
10,23
9,93
8,67
9,57
9,44
9,22
686.3
704,3
675,6
695,4
714,3
721,7
732.2
749,2
238
5. .
37
Sr
38
Y
Zr
39
40
Nb
Mo
41
42
Tc
43
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
44
45
46
47
48
85
87
84
86
87
88
88
90
91
92
94
96
93
92
94
95
96
97
98
100

98
96
98
99
100
101
102
103
103
102
104
105
106
108
1.10
107
109
106
108
214,3
214,5
214,38
213,7
213.9
213.6
213.34
213,34
213,04
213
9,6
9,37
10,6
9,74
9.63
9.48
9,65
9,79
8.7
9,6
9.42
9,26
9,77
10.12
9,9
9.81
9.7
9.62
9,63
9.37
739,4
757,9
728.9
748,9
757,3
768.4
775.5
783,8
791.1
799.9
814,7
828,9
805.6
796.5
814,2
821.2
830.8
837.6
846.1
860.4
9.77
10.21
9.99
9,9
9.79
8,72
9,61
9.45
9,76
10.1
9.88
9,8
9,7
9.64
9,38
844.4
826.7
845.3
852.5
862
869,1
878,4
893,4
884.6
875.7
893,1
900,3
909,7
925,2
940,8
9,85
8,68
10,2
9,97
915,4
931,8
905,6
923,6
239
5. .
In
Sn
48
80
Sb
51
52
In
Xe
63
54
Ba
55
56
110
111
112
113
114
116
113
115
112
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
122
124
121
123
120
122
124
125
126
128
130
127
124
126
128
129
130
13
132
134
136
133
130
132
134
135
212,7
212.7
212.3
212,3
211.96
211.7
211,87
9,79
9.72
9,63
9,56
9.47
9,33
9,76
9.6
10,1
9,88
9.8
8.71
9,64
8.54
8.49
9,4
9,26
9,14
9,53
9.4
9,81
9,65
9,49
9,44
9,36
9,23
9,11
9,48
9.91
9,74
9.6
9,53
9,45
9,39
9,32
9,19
9,08
9.43
9.83
9,68
9.54
9,48
940,7
947,8
956,8
963,3
972.2
987.2
962,9
979.4
953.3
971.4
979,1
938,6
995.6
1000
1011,5
1020,6
1035,8
1050,1
1026,5
1042,3
1016,8
1034.5
1050,7
1057,3
1066,4
1081.2
1095,5
1072,7
1046
1064
1080,7
1087.6
1096,9
1103,5
1112.4
1127.4
1141,8
1118,8
1092,8
1110
1126,8
1133.8
240
5. .
Za
Ge
Pr
57
58
59
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Cd
b
Du
64
65
66
o
Er
67
68
Tm
Yb
69
70
Zn
Hf
71
72
74
136
137
138
139
138
140
142
141
142
143
144
145
146
148
150

148
144
147
148
149
150
152
154
151
153
152
160
189
156
164
165
162
170
169
168
176
175
174
180
180
211.52
211.58
211.3
211,44
210.5
210,7
210,21
210,3
209,9
209.9
209.7
209,1
209.31
209,3
208,8
208.8
208,7
9.4
9,35
9,3
6.39
9,63
9.49
9.39
9,6
9.71
9,66
9,6
9,55
9,49
9,4
9.3
1143
1149.9
1158.5
1164,8
1156.3
1172.9
1185.5
1178.1
1185.4
1191,4
1199,2
1205,2
1212,4
1225,4
1237.6
9,56
9.95
9,77
9,71
0,66
9,6
9,49
9,4
9.72
9,6
9,82
9.38
9.58
9.91
9,46
9,64
9.88
9.46
9,66
9,86
9,47
9,65
9,84
9.55
9,83
1223,9
1196
1217,5
1225.6
1231,3
1239,5
1253,3.
1267,1
1244.3
1259.3
1251.7
1309,2
1302,4
1278,5
1338.3
1334,3
1320,7
1379
1371.2
1362,8
419.1
1412
1403,7
1446
1444,3
241
5. .
Re
75
76
Os
Ir
t
u
g
l
Pb
77
78
79
80
81
82
t
Rn
Fr
Ra
Ac
h
a
U
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
Np
Pu
Am
m
Bk
Cf
Ea
fm
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
186
185
187
184
192
191
193
190
198
197
196
204
204
208
204
206
207
208
209
214
216
216
220
223
226
232
232
232
235
238
238
238
244
244
247
250
254
254
208.2
208,1
207,9
207,86
207,59
207.59
207.38
207.29
207.1
209
206,4
206,41
206,41
205,8
205,6
205,3
204,9
204,9
204,6
204,6
204,6
204.4
204,4
204,4
204
203.4
203,4
9,56
9,74
9,68
9,92
9,56
9,74
9,65
9,91
9.53
9.72
9,89
9.54
9.71
9.62
9.79
9,7
9,66
9,62
9,71
1485.9
1478.3
1491.7
1469,8
1526,2
1517.8
1531,7
1509,8
1567.3
1559,4
1551,2
1608.6
1600,9
1615
1607,5
1622.3
1629
1636.4
1640,2
9,68
9,74
9,85
9,84
9,85
987
9.78
9,89
9,99
9,89
9,79
9.9
10
9,93
10
10
10
10
10
1666
1674,6
1675,9
1696,6
1713.8
1730.1
1766.5
1765.4
1765.9
1783,8
1810
1800.8
1801,3
1835,
1835,7
1852,3
1869,8
1890,6
1890,8
242
5. .
3.
Li3
e4
B5
C6
r0
E,
mV
21
1,32
176,6
15
1,21
28.3
15
1.22
27,3
15
1,196
29,3
21
1,268
15
1,33
32
15
1,24
39.2
15
1,22
41.3
21
1,39
13
1,37
37.6
15
1.21
56,5
15
1,19
58,2
10
15
1,16
65
11
15
1.15
65.5
21
1.33
37,7
15
1.31
56.3
10
15
1.25
64.7
11
15
1,18
76.2
12
15
1.16
79.6
13
15
1.14
84,5
10
21
1.21
60.3
11
15
1,26
73.4
12
15
1.17
92,2
280
189,1
7,7
26.3
26,9
243
5. .
N7
O8
F9
Ne10
13
15
1,15
97.1
14
15
1.26
105.3
15
15
1.21
106,5
16
15
1,06
110,8
12
15
1.33
73.8
13
15
1,23
94,4
14
15
1,18
104.7
15
16
17
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
17
18
19
20
21
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
15
15
15
15
15
18
15
15
15
15
15
1,15
1.14
1.13
1.266
1,214
1,16
1,15
1,13
1,12
1.09
1.21
1.18
1 1.5
1,13
1.11
1,36
1,31
1,25
1.23
1,21
1,20
1,18
115.5
118
123
98.7
111.9
127,6
131,8
139,8
143,8
151,4
128.2
137,4
147.8
154,4
163,5
98,7
111,9
127,6
131.8
139,8
143,8
151,4
18
5.5.
. . .
5.5.1. .
,
,
.
244
5. .
- n,
- Z, ..
n 3, 4 4.

n / / 2,
Pi = Cn2 =
n (n 1)
2
(5.18.)
2
Cn
- .
-

.
,
,
Cn2 = Z i , ni2 ni = zi
ni =
1 + 1 + 4Z i
2
9- - 10 - .
Pi P0 .

n0 =
Zi
P0
(5.19.)
- c n
(5.18) Pi
- 0 (5.19).
,
- (Y)
, -
.

.

Pi=105, Pi=1.
- ,
.
,
Pi
,
.
,
.
245
5. .
, ,
- ,
. ,
-
.
,
/ /
mVi
3,
1.
.

.
, - ,
mVi , , - i,
,
R, - E, ,
.

,
mVi , i -
.

(5.6).
-
- ,
.
- 53,

R.
53
54
1
H 1 Xe . /
/
R A -
- . 53.
238
. 53 - U 92 .
,
,
. ,
.
246
5. .
H = r =
h
,
mVi c
(5.20.)
mVi -
.
,
(5.21.)
E = Ai mVi
(5.7)

E 3 1
AmVi
=
2
V
4 H (3R 3R H + H 2 )
(5.22.)
-
, - S H
E = Sk H M =
AmVi HS k
3
=
4 (3R 2 3R H M + H M2 )H
2
h
AmVi c 2
3
0.8 2
=
2
2
4 3R 3R H M + H M m N c

rN = 0.8 0.82 10 13 ,

2
(5.23.)
S = (0.82 ) 2
k
, 10-26 .

E=
(0.48 0.5043)mVi A
(5.24.)
3R 2 3R H M + H M2
, HM

H =
0.8m p
(5.25.)
mVi
0.5 mVi A
E=
3R 3R
2
0.8m p
+
mVi
mVi
0.8m p
(5.26.)
247
5. .
, .
ni -
, Pi
[24], [25], [26].
:
E =
0.5 mVi A Z i
1
0.8m p 0.8m p Pi
3R 2 3R
+
mVi
mVi
2
(5.27.)
(5.27)
:
10+13 R
Zi
Ai ,
mVi ,
Pi ,
.
5.5.2.
.. .
(5.27) :
E = E vi (mVi Ri )
Z i Ai
Pi
(5.28.)
Evi R, , Evi - Zi
Ai Pi.
mVi - Ri E ,
-
mVi.
(5.27) - Ri.
R=
mV Z A
375.304
46951.03
+
+ 0.16666 i i i
2
mVi
mVi
E 0 Pi
(5.29.)
Ei=E0, Pi=P0
, :
mVi Z i A
46951,03
+
=0
0
.
16666
mVi 2
E0 P0
mVi = 65.5512683
E 0 P0
ZA
(5.30.)
248
5. .
Ri =
375.304
. ( Ri = r0 )
mVi
(5.31.)
(5.30), (5.31) ,
.
,
Pi. E0,
mVi Ri.
Pi 5.28-5.31 E0, Z,
A mVi - Ri /. 55, 56, 57/
Pi-Var.
207
He 42
He3-6
2
Zi 62
183
Zi 73
163
Be
155
Zi 53
Zi 83
Zi 6-11
4
Be
C
140 18 10
-13
2.04
2.2
2.3
H 21(P0=9)
0B
N0
N
N 12-27
3
O
F9
Ne
123
2.5
C 10-16
6
Ne18-24
10
Ne -13
30 10
55.
.

.
(5.30), (5.31) Pi
P0:
249
5. .
) Pi > P0 mVi > mV0 , Ri < R0 ,
) Pi +1 < P0 mVi +1 < mV0 , Ri +1 > R0 .
Pi P0 .

Zi Ai Pi P0 .
,
.
. 55,56,57
,. , Pi P0 .
207
He 42
He3-6
2
Zi 62
183
Zi 73
163
Be
155
Zi 53
Zi 83
Zi 6-11
4
Be
C
140 18 10
-13
2.04
2.2
2.3
H 21(P0=9)
0B
N0
N
N 12-27
3
O
F9
Ne
123
2.5
C 10-16
6
18-24
Ne10
Ne -13
30 10
56.
.. .

.
:
)
He24
mVi = 207
13
R 1.8 10 .
250
5. .
) He2 , - Li3 , - H 1 , -
H 13 .
Pi
12
He 42
C'
P
P i i 10
12
4
e
He 42 9
11
b'
3
11
d
10
10
H 319
He 52
C
He 62 9
H 31
10
11
9
12
15
11
14
P i 15
P i 13
14
12
13
11
12
10
12
17
10
6
Be84 9 Zi 3 14
13 8
Be 4
16
11
12
15
He 84
11
10
k
g
e0
10
11
10
Zi63
He 32 9
c0
p
b0
H 21
H 21 P i 9
a0
57.
, .
2
/ H 1
Li3 /.
251
5. .
) / He2
Ne10/ / ,
:
mVi 120 207 , Ri (1.8 3.0)10 13 .

.
) / /
, .
.
Kr36

mVi 82
mVi 57 / 25 /, :
Ri (4.1 6.3)10 13 . 55, 56
, .
) 207
57 3.2
.
.
.
(5.29), mVi
, E0 (5.30),
. . 55, 56, 57

Ne10 , Kr36 , Rh45 , Xe54 , Dy 66 , Pt78 , Pa 91 ,U 92 .

.
( ) .
:
, mVi - Ri
.

: Ei=E0, Pi=P0 mV0
.
,

R,
.
Z
/ 55,56, 57 /. ,
- Zi
Z.
252
5. .
,
.
5.5.3.
.. .
, 55,56,57
:
=81
83 79
80
+,
Br 35
85
4.38
4.39
-13
+
+
77
85
76
75
+
-
74
87
85
4.40
~0.01745810
58. .

.

mVi - Ri .
,
55,56,57.
A,
- .
253
5. .
57, 58 As33
Br35 ,
.
mVi Ri
. -
.
87.2835
75
77
73
76
74 +
79 +
78 71
~86
72 +
81 80
69 + 70 +
+0.0148885 10-13
4.30 10-13
. 59. .

.
57, 58 ,
. ,

. ,
. (5.27 - 5.31),
,
:
E = E1
E2
A1
A2
(5.32.)
254
5. .
/ A1, E1 /
/ A2, E2 /.
,
E 13 .
Kr36
400
p
Ne10
300
469
He 42
Xe54
250
Dy
66
Rk 45
200
U 238
92
150
Pt 78
mVi=100
0.
2.0
4.0
50

-13
6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 10
. 60.
.

.

.
255
5. .
5.5.4.
.. .
50.
55- 59
.
.
.
.

mVi 469
E 41
H 12 ,
- He2 , - Li3 , - Be4 , - B5 ,
- C6 .
-
mVi 140
, - .
56 Pi=3, Pi=1.

.
Z
mVi - Ri,
. 57

, .
. 55- 60
.
, .
.

.
,
: - ,
, .
, ,
.

. ,
, .
,
. ,
256
5. .
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
mv R mv .
.
469
, A = 1, Z = 1
.
.
,
.

R 1,25( Ai1 / 3 + A1j / 3 ) , Ai , A j -
Zi , Z j .
A = Ai + A j , Z = Zi + Z j .

Ai , A j , Zi , Z j
257
6.

. .
.
6.1. .
.

5.

, , .
.

. , ,
.
:
.
,
.

-, .
. ,
, -

. [10].

.
.
1012 cm , ,
1
3
V 3 4R 3
=
= 2 *1013 cm .
A 3A
.

( 1013 cm ) 102 103 .

.

.
,

Z.
258
6.
.
. .
,
, .
, . .
r 2 + 2 + 2 .

. .
(1935. )
.
, A0 , g (x ) ,

1 2 A0
2 A0 2
= g .
c t 2
,
2 A0 = 4g .
A0 = d 3 x /
g ( x / )
.
x x/
,

g
A0 ( r ) =
r
,

g2
E = A0 ( r ) =
.
r
.
. ,
, .
,
.
r r0 * 0 = r0 * , .
. ,

.
. ,
- .

.
,
.

.
259
6.
.
. .
, ( m 0 ),

2
2 2
1 0 m c
2 0 2
2 0 = 4g n , g N
c t 2
h
0
.
=0
t
, x / = 0 ,
e kr
mc
.
( r ) = g N
, r =
r
h
, .

e kr
E NN = ( r ) * g N = g N2
.
r
r r0 * 0 r0 ,
. r 0 .
.

,
, .
g2
f = N , g N
!c
2
1
e
.
=
=
!c 137
.
, f , f = 1
, ,
.
- , -
!
.
. " =
mc
m = 273me " kompt
= 1.4 * 1013 cm .
[g N ] = r 2 * cm 2 * c 1 ,
.

. ,
, --
.
,
,
.
, ,
,
260
6.
.
. .
r ,
.
.

.

,
A
mv = mvi , mv ,
1
.
m = [N * mN + Z * m p ]+ jimv .
m =
[N * m
+ Z * m p ] m 2 v .
2
W = [N * mN + Z * m p ]
[N * m
+ Z * m p ] mv2
2
.

.
. mv
. n
( )
.
Z
.

- n .
67 A
.
W = En * n , En =
2
1
4.68 A 3 20.2 A3 + 28.8
.
1
3
m = 134.963MeB , R = 1.25 A ..
.
0.5mv A
.
En =
2
m
m
3R 2 3R 0.8 p + 0.64 p
mv
mv
.
En
.
.
,

.
261
6.
.
. .
,
. ,
,
.
.
, ,

.
.

.
,
. ,
.
, .

.
.

, .

2 * 1012 cm .
n ,
,
,
. ,
, .
, .

: .
.
.
. , . . . .

.
2
A
2
2
Z2
2
+ A 3 [10].
W = aA A 3 1
A
A3
M = Zm p + (A Z )mN W ,
a, , ,
.
a = 15.75, = 17.8, = 0.71, = 94.8 . . = {+
262
6.
.
. .
, = 0 , = - .
= 34 .

,
- p , - n , -a .
p = W (A, Z ) W (A 1, Z 1) ,
n = W (A, Z ) W (A 1, Z ) ,
a = W (A, Z ) W (A 4, Z 2 ) W (A = 4, Z = 2 )
.

.

.
.
.
:
, ,
.
,
.

.
.
.
, -.
1013 cm .

.
, . ,
, .

,
, ,
.
n ( )
L n
L .
. n

.
. .

.
263
6.
.
. .
,
.
.

(2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126).
,
. (2,
10, 18, 28, 36, 54, 86), ,
( ).
, .

,
.
.
20 O820 , F920 , Ne1020 , Na1120 , Mg1220 .
Ne1020 .
.
.
. ,
20 .
.
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Ca20 , Se21 , Ti22 ,V23 , Cr24 , Mg 25 . .
50
Ti22
,V2350 , Cr2450 . 2 .

, 50.
60 62
28,
Ni28
,
.
82
.
82
82
82
82
82
82
As33 , Se34 , Br35 , Kr36 , Rb37 . Se34
, Kr3682 .
4- -.
.
126.
123
126
126
126
126
126
126
Sn50 , Sb51 , Te52 , Jr53 , Xe54 , Cs55 , Ba56
.
6 -. Xe54
. Ba56 ,
7- 8- .
.

.
264
6.
.
. .
6.2.
.

.
-
.

, n - .

.
,
.
. ,
.
,
( ) .
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
A 25 , 150 A 190 () A 190
(). .
-. ,
, ,
, .
.
,
.

1
W = 31.2 * A 3 + 20.6 * A 6

W = 63 * A 3 14 A 208 . .

- 96 14 A 208 .
(
)
W = 130 A 3 .
66 A 200

265
6.
.
. .
W = 30 * A 3 . ,
W = 110 * A 3 .
[].
, ,

-.
.

.

; -,
-, .
.

W ( A, Z ) , 10-20.
1-2,
n , p ,
W .

1013 cm .
:
1. - ,
2. 1- -,
E
3. n =
,
E1
,
4. mv = 2mE E 2 - ,
m = Zm p + NmN - .
mv
- ,
A
E
6. - .
A
.
[].
E m
n , , v .
A A
E
mv
n
A
A
4
0,9
7,09
115,2
2
5.
Li36 7
0,44-0,6
3,89-5,48
85,58-101,84
266
6.
.
. .
Be48 9 10
0,66-0,75
6,29-7,03
108,53-114,71
10 11
5
0,63-0,72
6,06-6,82
106,5-113,0
C612 13
0, 77-0, 79
7,20-7,48
116,08-118,31
N 714 15
0,76-0,83
7,00-7,49
116,81-114,42
O816 17 18
0,89-0,95
7,71-7,92
120,05-120,96
F (100%)
0,97
7,88
121,39
Ne1020 21 22
1,02-1,09
8,02-8,2
122,45-123,84
19
9
n 1.02
20
10
Ne , 10.
, .

. .
Z
E m
n , , V .
A A

E m
. n , , V
A A
.
C615 N 715
n (C615 ) = 0.58 n ( N 715 ) = 0.83
mV 15
m
(C6 ) = 91.87 V ( N 715 ) = 118.33
A
A
F918 + O818
n ( F918 ) = 0.9 n (O818 ) = 0.95
mV 18
m
( F9 ) = 118.62 # V (O818 ) = 121.69
A
A

n .

.
E m
, V .
A A
.
E
mV
n = 1.12
Na1123 (100%)
= 8.13
= 123.31
A
A
0,91
7,19
115,99
Na1120
37
1,17
5,82
104,36
Na11
267
6.
.
. .
Na1123
E m
37
, V Na1120 , Na11
,
A A
.
,
n .
1,16-1,26
8,23-8,39
124,01-125,22
Mg1224 26
Al1327
1,28
8,3
124,59
Si1428 30
1,32-1,43
8,35-8,51
124,95-126,14
1,45
8,42
125,45
S1632 36
1,49-1,6
8,43-8,59
125,56-126,75
Cl1735,37
1,62-1,72
8,5-8,59
126,03-126,7
1,66-1,87
8,49-8,68
125,97-127,38
31
15
36 , 40
18
Ar
.

.
1,8-1,91
8,55-8,65
126,4-127,14
K1939 41
K1943
40 46
Ca20
K1943 , n = 2 .
2,00
8,65
127,14
1,84-2,00-2,14
8,52-8,73
127,37-127,74

E m
, V , n = 2.00 ,
A A
.
n(n 1)
n = 7 Z = Cn2 = 21 . Z = 21
Cn2 =
2
-.
.
E m
n , , V .
A A
30
30
Al13 Si14
n ( Al1330 ) = 1.38 # n ( Si1430 ) = 1.43
mV
m
( Al1330 ) = 124.01 # V ( Si1430 ) = 126.14
A
A
Al1324 + Mg1224
268
6.
.
. .
n ( Al1324 ) = 1.07 # n ( Mg1224 ) = 1.14

m
mV
( Al1324 ) = 118.83 # V ( Mg1224 ) = 124.06
A
A
, +
n .
.
E
m
45
Cs21
n = 2.09
= 8.68 V = 127.41
A
A
46 50
Ti22 2, 34 8, 75 127, 87
50
E m
, V , .
A A
50 51
2,38
8,74
127,79
V23
2,372,56
8,71-8,73
127,56-128,08
2,57
8,75
127,9
Fe
2,62-2,72
8,77-8,79
127,92-128,16
59
Co27
2,76
8,75-
127,92
Cr2450,52 54
55
Mn25
56 58
26
58, 60 62, 64
2,68-3,00
8,67-8,78
127,32-128,10
Ni28

n = 3.00 28. 50
,
.
.
- ,

.
, + .
55
Cr2455 Mn25
55
) = 2.57
n (Cr2455 ) = 2.56 # n ( Mn25
mV
m
55
(Cr2455 ) = 127.25 < V ( Mn25
) = 127.9
A
A
.
50
Mn25
+ Cr2455
50
) = 2.26 < n (Cr2450 ) = 2.32
n ( Mn25
mV
m
50
( Mn25
) = 8.47 < V (Cr2450 ) = 8.7 .
A
A
,

269
6.
.
. .
.
.
.
63, 65
mV
E
n = 2.94 3.04
Cu29
= 127.78 127.99
= 8.75 8.76
A
A
64, 66 68
2,98-3,19
8,73-8,78
127,78-128,11
Zn30
3,23-3,33
8,74-8,75
127,79-127,89
Ge
3,27-3,54
8,76-8,72
127,94-127,64
75
As33
3,5
8,74
127,84
74 , 76 77, 80,82
Se34
3,45-3,8
8,73-8,67
127,75-127,33
Br3579,81
3,69-3,77
8,73-8,72
127,73-127,65
Kr3678,80,82 ,83,84 ,86
3,63-3,99
8,66-8,68
127,21-127,38
69 , 71
Ca31
70, 72 74, 76
32
Kr36 ,
4- n = 4.00 . 82
. 82
.
,
.
, , -
.
70
70
As33
+ Ge32
70
70
) = 3.23 < n (Ge32
) = 3.27
n ( As33
mV
m
70
70
( As33
) = 127.18 < V (Ge32
) = 127.94 .
A
A
79
79
As33
Se34
Br3579
79
79
) = 3.66 < n ( Se34
) = 3.68 < n ( Br3579 ) = 3.69
n ( As33
mV
m
m
79
79
( As33
) = 127.37 < V ( Se34
) = 127.68 < V ( Br3579 ) = 127.73
A
A
A
.
6 5- .
85,87
E
mV
n = 3.96 4.04
Rb37
= 8.7 8.68
= 127.55 127.4
A
A
3,91-4,1
8,7-8,7
127,51-127,54
Sr3884 ,88
4,13
8,68
127,4
Y3989
Zr4090, 92 , 94 , 98
4,18-4,5
8,6-8,68
127,39-127,79
93
Nb41
4,31
8,66
127,21
Mo
4,35-4,53
8,65-8,64
127,15-127,12
Te
4,32-4,38
8,58-8,61
126,64-126,85
94 98
42
94, 95
43
270
6.
.
. .
4,41-4,71
8,58-8,62
126,66-126,94
Rh
4,74
8,6
126,77
102 106
Pd 46
4,68-4,88
8,57-8,59
126,58-126,72
96 102
Ru44
103
45
109
Pd 46
,
n = 5.00 .
50.
.
.
N- Z=45,
n=10.
7- 5- Z=55 n=11.
107,109
mV
E
n = 4.91 5.00
Ag 47
= 126.52 126.52
= 8.56 8.56
A
A
106,108 113
4,84-5,16
8,53-8,54
126,25-126,33
Cd 48
5,25
8,52
126,23
In115
49
114 120
5,25-5,45
8,52-8,49
Sn50
50
.
121,123
5,49-5,57
8,48-8,46
Sb51
120 128
5,45-5,76
8,48-8,42
Te52
126,2-126

125,92-125,77
125,94-125,44
127
In53
5,73
8,44
125,59
126
In53
5,69
8,44
125,6
126 ,
.
124.126,128129,130,131,134
5,6-5,99
8,45-8,37
125,65-125,07
Xe54
Xe54
. Z=55.
133
5,96
8,39
125,25
Cs55
mV
A
.
, + .
117
117
117
Te52
+ Sb51
+ Sn50
117
117
117
) = 5.3 < n ( Sb51
) = 5.32 < n ( Sn50
) = 5.33
n (Te52
mV
m
m
117
117
117
(Te52
) = 125.78 < V ( Sb51
) = 126.01 < V ( Sn50
) = 126.12
A
A
A
132
132
132
Te52
J 53
Xe54
132
132
132
) = 5.88 < n ( J 53
) = 5.9 < n ( Xe54
) = 5.92
n (Te52
271
6.
.
. .
m
m
mV
132
132
132
(Te52
) = 124.86 < V ( J 53
) = 125.03 < V ( Xe54
) = 125.3
A
A
A
Pt78 .
n = 13 .
,
24 .
n = 12 .
n(n 1)
Z = Cn2=12 =
= 66 . .
2
,
-
.
132 138
mV
E
n = 5,93-6,15
Ba56
= 8,4-8,35
= 125,35A
A
124,93
138 ,139
6,15-6,19
8,35-8,34
124,93-124,9
La57
140
Ge58
6,24
8,35
124,92
Pr59141
6,27
8,33
124,81
142146
Nd 60
6,31-6,47
8,32-8,3
124,76-124,57
Pm145
61
6,42
8,3
124,55
154
Sm144
62
6,37-6,75
8,29-8,23
124,47-124,04
Er63151153
6,64-6,72
8,25-8,24
124,22-124,13
154 160
Gd 64
6,76-6,97
8,24-8,18
124,09-123,67
6,94
8,19
123,79
159
65
Tb
164
7,01-7,11
8,18-8,16
123,66-123,49
Du160
66
-
-
.
.
161
161
Gd 64
Tb65
Du161
66
161
161
) = 6.99 < n (Tb65
) = 7.00 < n ( Du161
n (Gd 64
66 ) = 7.01
mV
m
M
161
161
(Gd 64
) = 123.54 < V (Tb65
) = 123.63 < V ( Du161
66 ) .
A
A
A
145
145
145
Gd 64
+ Er63145 + Sm62
+ Pm145
61 , Nd 60
n = 6.36 < 6. 39 < 6. 41 < 6. 42 < 6. 42
mV
= 123.96 < 124. 24 < 124. 44 < 124. 55 < 124. 59
A
.
-.
272
6.
.
. .
,159
Ho17
67
n = 6,84-6,92
Er68166170
7,19-7,32
E
= 8,18
A
8,14-8,11
mV
= 123,66
A
123,4-123,12
Tm169
69
7,29
8,12
123,19
172176
Yb70
7,40-7,53
8,10-8,06
123,04-122,76
Lu175
71
7,49
8,07
122,83
7,53-7,67
8,06-8,03
122,79-122,55
Ta181
73
7,7
8,02
122,48
W74182 ,184 ,186
7,73
8,02
122,44
,187
Re185
75
7,83-7,89
7,99-7,97
122,23-122,12
186 192
76
7,86-8,06
7,98-7,94
122,17-121,83
Jr77191,193
8,02-8,09
7,94-7,93
121,88-121,76
192 198
Pt78
8,06-8,25
7,93-7,89
121,82-121,47
Hf
Os
176,177,178,179,180
72
, + .
198
Jr77198 Pt78
n = 8, 23 < 8. 25
mV
= 121. 36 < 121. 47 .
A
Jr77187 + Os187
76
n = 7.88 < 7.89
mV
= 122.03 < 122.10 .
A
.
Z=91.
14 * 13
Cn2=14 =
= 91 .
2
197
mV
E
n = 8.22
Au79
= 7.9
= 121.52
A
A
196204
8,18
7,9-7,84
121,54-121,11
Hg 80
8,4-8,7
7,85-7,83
121,17-121,05
Pb
8,47-8,56
7,83-7,81
121,01-120,89
Bi83209
8,59
7,8
120,81
Po84209
8,58
7,8
120,78
Tl81203, 205
206 208
82

.
.
273
6.
.
. .
mV
mV
mV
n
C6
n
N7
n
A
A
A
9
105. 0.62 >
77.37 0.34
5
10
106. 0.63 >
105.6 0.62
52.63 0.15
5
11
113 0.72 >
110.3 0.68
92.43 0.48
12
108 0.66 Const 118.3 0.79
102.5 0.59
13
108. 0.68 Const 116.1 0.77
113.6 0.74
9
14
102. 0.61 Const 118.1 0.81
114.4 0.76
1
15
100. 0.6
113.6 0.77
<
118.3 0.83
7
16
93.3 0.53
113.1 0.78
<
115.9 0.82
14
C6 5730 .
37, 1 [].
N
mV
Na11 mV
n
Mg12
n
n
Al13 mV
A
A
A
20
115.99
0.91
>
110.63
0.83
93.51
0.59
21
120.47
1.01
>
114.84
0.91
104.94 0.76
22
121.17
1.05
>
119.96
1.03
110.41 0.87
23
123.31
1.12
>
121.41
1.08
116.47 1.00
24
122.63
1.14
Const 124.06
1.16
118.83 1.07
25
123.42
1.19
Const 124.01
1.2
122.17 1.16
26
121.94
1.19
Const 125.22
1.26
122.84 1.21
27
121.88
1.22
<
124.29
1.27
<
124.59 1.28
28
119.93
1.22
<
124.59
1.32
>
124.24 1.31
. Mg1228
.

n .
N
mV
Ca20 mV
n
Sc21
n
Ti22 mV
n
A
A
A
37
121.91
1.6
>
117.93
1.49
112.56 1.36
38
124.01
1.69
>
119.87
1.58
116.31 1.49
39
124.85
1.76
>
122.25
1.68
118.54 1.58
40
126.22
1.84
>
123.39
1.76
121.15 1.69
41
126.53
1.89
>
125.01
1.85
122.53 1.77
42
127.37
1.96
>
125.57
1.91
124.35 1.87
43
127.29
2.00
>
126.63
1.98
125.13 1.93
44
127.74
2.06
>
126.78
2.03
126.35 2.02
45
127.37
2.09
Const 127.41
2.09
126.69 2.07
B5
274
6.
.
. .
46
47
48
49
50
51
127.51
2.14
>
127.24
2.13
126.92
2.17
127.55
2.19
<
126.83
2.21
127.15
2.22
<
126.08
2.23
127.2
2.27
<
125.8
2.26
126.62
2.29
<
124.92
2.27
126.48
2.33
<
45
C Cs21 .
.
N
mV
Cu29 mV
n
Zn30
n
Ga31
A
A
58
125.79 2.62 >
124.6
2.57
>
59
126.58 2.7
>
125.23 2.64
>
60
126.85 2.76 >
126.12 2.72
>
61
127.41 2.83 >
126.5
2.79
>
62
127.49 2.88 >
127.15 2.86
>
63
127.85 2.94 >
127.33 2.92
>
64
127.78 2.98 =const 127.78 2.98
>
+
65
127.99 3.04 >
127.8
3.03
>
127.48 2.14
127.49 2.19
127.93 2.25
127.69 2.28
127.87 2.34
127.43 2.37

mV
A
122.09
123.41
124.16
125.17
125.66
126.41
126.7
127.24
2.47
2.56
2.64
2.73
2.79
2.87
2.93
3.00
66
67
68
69
70
71
127.36
127.73
127.71
127.93
127.79
127.89
3.06
3.12
3.17
3.23
3.26
3.32
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
127.79
127.86
127.56
127.51
127.12
126.99
3.08
3.13
3.16
3.2
3.23
3.27
<const
<const
<const
<ip
<const
<
>
>
>
>
>
<
127.52 3.34
<
127.12 3.37
<
126.97 3.41
<
126.51 3.43
<
126.28 3.46
<
125.77 3.48
<
125.48 3.51
<

126.52 3.29 <

126.31 3.33 <
125.78 3.34 <
125.5
3.38 <
124.92 3.39 <
124.58 3.42 <
123.96 3.43 <

.
N
Cd 48 mV
n
In49
A
103
125.72 4.66 > +
104
125.98 4.73 >
105
126.06 4.78 >
106
126.25 4.84 >
107
126.28 4.89 >
108
126.41 4.94 >
109
126.39 4.99 >
128.8
127.97
128.11
127.88
127.91
127.59
mV
A
125.06
125.24
125.54
125.66
125.89
125.95
126.12
3.09
3.13
3.19
3.22
3.27
3.3
127.65
3.35
127.65
3.4
127.33
3.43
127.23
3.47
126.84
3.49
126.68
3.53
126.23
3.55

4.61
mV
A
124.24
4.55
4.67
4.74
4.79
4.86
4.91
4.96
124.65
124.87
125.2
125.35
125.61
125.71
4.63
4.69
4.76
4.81
4.88
4.93
Sn50
275
6.
.
. .
110
111
126.47
126.4
5.04
5.08
>
>
126.13
126.25
5.01
5.07
112
126.44
5.13
126.21
5.11
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
126.33
126.33
126.19
126.15
125.97
125.9
125.7
5.16
5.21
5.24
5.29
5.32
5.35
5.38
>+
4.23%>
>
<const
>
<
<
<
126.28
126.2
126.23
126.12
126.11
126.96
125.92
5.16
5.2
5.25
5.28
5.33
5.36
5.4
120
121
122
125.6
125.37
125.24
5.42
5.44
5.48
<
<
<
125.74
125.66
125.46
5.43
5.47
5.5
123
124
125
126
127
124.98
124.83
124.55
124.38
124.08
5.5
5.53
5.55
5.58
5.59
125.91
125.95
>
4.99
5.04
126.1
5.1
126.1
126.2
126.15
126.21
126.12
126.14
126.02
5.14
5.2
5.24
5.29
5.33
5.37
5.41
>
<
<=
><
<
<
126
<
125.85
<
125.8

5.45
5.48
5.53
<
125.36
5.53
<
125.62
5.55
<
125.13
5.56
<
125.54
5.59
<
125.00
5.59
<
125.34
5.62
<
124.75
5.61
<
125.23
5.65
124.6
5.64
<
125.00
5.68
<
128
123.89 5.62 <
124.33
5.66
<
124.87
5.71
129
123.58 5.63 <
124.15
5.69
<<
124.62
5.73
130
123.36 5.66 <
123.86
5.7
<
124.47
5.76
27 In115
49 (95,77%).
.
N
mV
Xe54 mV
n
Cs55
n
Ba56 mV
n
A
A
A
123
125.57 5.55 >
125.28
5.52
>
124.88
5.49
124
125.65 5.6
>
125.3
5.57
>
125.06
5.55
125
125.61 5.64 >
125.41
5.62
>
125.10
5.6
126
125.65 5.69 >
125.39
5.67
>
125.24
5.65
127
125.58 5.73 >
125.46
5.72
>
125.24
5.7
128
125.59 5.78 >
125.41
5.76
>
125.34
5.75
129
125.49 5.81 >=
125.45
5.81
>
125.31
5.79
130
125.47 5.85 >
125.37
5.84
==
125.37
5.84
131
125.34 5.88 <
125.38
5.89
>
125.32
5.88
132
125.3
5.92 >=
125.27
5.92
<
125.35
5.93
133
125.14 5.95 <
125.25
5.96
<
125.26
5.97
134
125.07 5.99 <
125.12
6.00
<
125.26
6.01
135
124.89 6.02 <
125.07
6.04
<
125.15
6.04
276
6.
.
. .
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
124.8
6.05 <
124.91
6.06
<
125.12
6.08
124.6
6.08 <
124.84
6.10
<
124.99
6.12
124.49 6.11 <
124.67
6.13
<
124.93
6.15
124.27 6.13 <
124.57
6.16
<
124.78
6.18
124.14 6.16 <
124.38
6.19
<
124.7
6.22
123.91 6.18 <
124.26
6.22
<
124.53
6.24
123.76 6.21 <
124.05
6.24
<
124.43
6.28
130
+
Cs55 , ,
.
132
,
Cs55
132
132
Xe54
, Ba56
.
131
Cs55
.
133
Cs55
. .
.
N
mV
n
n
Du66N mV
Ho67N
Er68N
A
A
162
123.63 7.05 >k.
123.55
7.04 >=
163
123.53 7.08 <=i.p
123.54
7.08 >
164
123.49 7.11 >=k
123.45
7.11 <=
165
123.37 7.14 <const 123.42
7.15 >=
166
123.31 7.18 <=
123.32
7.18 <
167
123.18 7.20 <
123.27
7.22 < =
mV
n
A
123.53 7.04
123.48 7.07
123.48 7.11
123.41 7.15
123.4 7.19
123.31 7.22
168
169
170
171
172
123.10 7.24 <=

123.15
7.24 <
123.28
122.96 7.26 <
123.09
7.28 <
123.17
122.87 7.29 <
122.96
7.3
<
123.12
122.71 7.31 <
122.89
7.34 <
123.01
122.61 7.34 <
122.74
7.36 <
122.94

,
Ho165
67
.
N
mV
mV
n
n
Pb82N mV
Bi83N
Po84N
A
A
A
203
121.13 8.4
>k
121.04
8.39 >
120.92
204
121.11 8.44 >k
121.00
8.42 >
120.93
205
121.04 8.47 >k
120.99
8.46 >
120.89
206
121.01 8.5
>k
120.93
8.49 >
120.9
207
120.93 8.53 >=k
120.91
8.53 >
120.85
208
120.89 8.56 >k
120.84
8.55 =>
120.84
209
120.8
8.59 <=const 120.81
8.59 >
120.78
210
120.75 8.62 >=
120.73
8.62 <=
120.76
7.26
7.29
7.32
7.35
7.38
.

211
8.65
120.66
8.64
<
120.69
8.65
==
120.69
n
8.37
8.41
8.44
8.48
8.52
8.53
8.58
8.62
277
6.
.
. .
212
213
214
120.6
8.68 ==
120.6
8.68 <=
120.66
8.68
120.49 8.7
<
120.55
8.71 <=
120.58
8.71
120.42 8.73 <=
120.46
8.73 <
120.54
8.74
209
Bi83
.
, ,
.
n
Z.
, n
N. ,
n
.
N
N
mV
mV
mV
n
n
n
Pt78N
Au79
Hg 80N
A
A
A
193
121.75 8.09 >
121.68
8.08 >
121.57
8.06
194
121.73 8.12 >
121.63
8.11 >=
121.58
8.11
195
121.64 8.15 >=
121.61
8.15 >
121.54
8.14
196
121.61 8.19 >
121.55
8.18 >=
121.54
8.18
197
121.52 8.22 ==
121.52
8.22 >
121.48
8.21
198
121.47 8.25 >
121.44
8.24 <
121.46
8.25
199
121.37 8.27 <
121.41
8.28 >=
121.39
8.28
200
121.31 8.31 ==
121.31
8.31 <=
121.37
8.31
201
121.2
8.33 <
121.27
8.34 <=
121.29
8.34
202
121.14 8.36 <
121.17
8.37 <
121.25
8.38
203
121.02 8.38 <
121.11
8.4
<=
121.16
8.4
197
199
Au79 Au79 ,
.
N
mV
mV
mV
n
n
n
Yb70N
Lu71N
Hf 72N
A
A
A
171
123.06 7.36 >
123
7.35 >
122.88
7.33
172
123.04 7.4
>
122.94
7.38 >=
122.9
7.38
173
122.95 7.43 >
122.93
7.42 >
122.85
7.41
174
122.92 7.46 >=
122.86
7.46 ==
122.86
7.46
175
122.81 7.49 <=const 122.83
7.49 >=
122.8
7.49
176
122.76 7.53 >
122.74
7.52 <
122.79
7.53
177
122.64 7.55 <
122.71
7.56 ==
122.71
7.56
178
122.58 7.59 <=
122.6
7.59 <
122.69
7.6
179
122.45 7.61 <
122.55
7.62 <
122.59
7.63
180
122.37 7.64 <
122.43
7.65 <
122.55
7.67
175
Lu71
37.1.
278
6.
.
. .
Lu176
71 -
.

Lu174
71
37.1
173
, Lu 178
+ , Lu71
71 .

.
177
106 ,
Lu71
Hf 72177 , 105 .
n =7,56.
.
N
mV
mV
n
n
n
Eu63N mV
Gd 64N
Tb65N
A
A
A
145
124.24 6.39 >>K, + 123.96 6.36
>>
123.6
6.32
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
124.23
124.28
124.25
124.28
124.22
124.22
124.14
124.13
124.03
123.99
123.87
123.82
123.69
123.62
6.43
6.48
6.52
6.56
6.6
6.64
6.68
6.72
6.75
6.79
6.82
6.86
6.88
6.92
>>K
>>K
>>K
>>K
>=K
>>K
<=0.2
>=K
<<2.15
<=14.7
<<20.47
<15.68=
<<24.9
<<
124.06
124.07
124.14
124.12
124.17
124.13
124.15
124.09
124.09
124.01
123.99
123.89
123.85
123.73
6.41
6.46
6.51
6.55
6.6
6.63
6.68
6.72
6.76
6.79
6.83
6.86
6.9
6.93
160
161
123.47
123.38
6.94
6.98
<<21.9
<<
123.67 6.97
123.54 6.99
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>=
>>
>=
>=
<<
==
<<
123.65
123.78
123.8
123.89
123.89
123.96
123.94
123.98
123.93
123.95
123.89
123.88
123.8
123.78
6.37
6.43
6.47
6.52
6.57
6.62
6.66
6.7
6.74
6.79
6.82
6.86
6.9
6.94
123.67
123.63
6.97
7.00
<= 123.51 7.03
37.1.
.
N
mV
mV
n
n
n
Ge58N mV
Pr59N
Nd 60N
A
A
A
136
125.08 6.08 >>K, + 124.82 6.06
>>
124.66 6.04
137
125.01 6.12 >>K
124.89 6.11
>>
124.67 6.08
138
125.02 6.16 >>K
124.84 6.15
>>
124.75 6.14
139
124.93 6.2
>>K
124.87 6.19
>>
124.73 6.18
162
123.22
7.00
<<
123.47 7.03
279
6.
.
. .
140
124.92
6.24
141
124.8
6.27
142
124.76
143
144
124.80 6.23
>=
124.78
6.23
124.81 6.27
>=
124.73
6.27
6.31
>>K, +
<=const
100%
>=
124.72 6.31
124.76
6.31
124.63
124.57
6.34
6.38
<<
<=
124.70 6.35
124.58 6.38
<=
>=
124.69
124.69
6.35
6.39
S16N
Cl17N
>>p
>>p
>> +
1.17
1.25
1.35
>>
>>
>>
mV
A
108.46
114.01
116.93
1.23
1.33
1.38
mV
A
117.38
119.71
122.72
28
29
30
mV
A
120.68
123.33
123.96
1.00
1.13
1.22
31
125.45
1.45
123.76
1.41
>>
120.42
1.33
32
125.31
1.48
125.56
1.49
>>
121.94
1.41
33
34
35
36
37
126.02
125.36
125.54
124.52
124.31
1.54
1.57
1.61
1.62
1.66
>> +
<<const
95%
>=
<c4.2%
<<
<.014%
<<
125.77
126.75
126.4
126.81
126.07
1.54
1.6
1.63
1.69
1.71
48
49
50
51
52
124,03
125,32
125,85
126,75
126,98
2,11
2,2
2,26
2,34
2,4
>> +
122,11
123,21
124,65
125,34
126,36
2,05
2,13
2,22
2,29
2,37
53
127,57
2,46
>>
126,73
54
127,56
2,51
>> +
127,44
<<
145
124.41 6.41 <<
124.54 6.42
<=
124.59 6.42
146
124.33 6.44 <<
124.41 6.45
<<
124.57 6.47
147
124.16 6.47 <<
124.35 6.49
<<
124.45 6.5
148
124.06 6.5
<<
124.19 6.51
<<
124.4
6.53
149
123.87 6.52 <<
124.11 6.55
<<
124.27 6.56
37.1
143
.
Pr59
N
38
P15N
>>
124.12 1.5
>>
124.73 1.55
>>
126.03 1.62
>>
126.02 1.66
126.7
1.72
<<
126.27 1.75
123.04 1.67 <<
126.06 1.75
<=
.
Mn25N
Fe26N
Co27N
>>
118,24
120,4
121,7
123,3
124,16
1,92
2,03
2,12
2,22
2,29
2,43
>>
125,33
2,38
2,5
>>
125,85
2,44
280
6.
.
. .
55
56
57
58
59
127,9
127,7
127,85
127,5
127.48
2,57
2,61
2,66
2,69
2.74
>>K
<91.7%
<2.17%
<0.31%
<<
127,55
128,00
127,92
128,16
127.92
2,55
2,62
2,66
2,72
2.76
>>
126,69 2,52
>>
126,95 2,58
>>
127,52 2,65
>>
127,56 2,69
127.92 2.76
==
60
127.01 2.76 <<Const 128.00 2.81
>>
127.79 2.8
127.97 2.85
61
126.87 2.8
<<
127.62 2.84
<<

.
Br35N
Kr36N
Rb37N
74
126.96 3.41 >> +
126.4 3.38
>>
125.04 3.31
2
75
127.33 3.48 >>
126.6 3.44
>>
125.7
3.39
6
76
127.38 3.52 >>
127.0 3.51
>>
126.01 3.45
9
77
127.63 3.59 >>
127.2 3.56
>>
126.52 3.52
1
78
127.58 3.63 >=
127.5 3.63
>>
126.71 3.58
2
79
127.73 3.69 >K, +
127.5 3.67
>>
127.08 3.65
3
80
127.6
3.72 <c2.27% 127.7 3.73
>>
127.16 3.7
3
81
127.65 3.77 <<
127.6 3.78
>>
127.42 3.76
6
82
127.44 3.81 <11.56% 127.7 3.83
>>
127.4
3.81
6
83
127.42 3.85 <11.55% 127.6 3.87
>>
127.57 3.86
1
84
127.15 3.88 <56.9%
127.6 3.91
>>
127.47 3.9
4
85
127.06 3.93 <<
127.4 3.95
127.55 3.96
<
2
86
126.74 3.95 <17.4%
127.3 3.99
<=
127.39 3.99
8
87
126.59 3.99 <<
127.1 4.02
127.4
4.04
<
88
126.22 4.01 <<
127.0 4.06
<<
127.17 4.07
0
89
126.02 4.04 <<
126.6 4.09
<<
127.12 4.12
7
281
6.
.
. .
90
125.61
4.06
<<
126.5 4.12
<<
126.84 4.14
1
91
125.36 4.09 <<
126.1 4.14
<<
126.73 4.18
5

37.1.

.
N
N
Tc43N
Nb41N
Mo42
88
126.61
4.04
89
90
91
92
93
94
126.89
126.93
127.12
127.09
127.21
127.12
4.10
4.15
4.21
4.25
4.31
4.35
95
96
127.17
127.03
4.4
4.44
97
98
127.02
126.83
4.48
4.51
99
126.78
4.56
>+
>
>>
>>
>=i.p.
>>
<=9.12
%
>>
<<16.5
%
<9.45%
<23.75
%
<<
100
101
126.54
126.44
4.59
4.62
102
126.17
103
104
126.15
4.01
>>
125.08
3.94
126.32
126.65
126.74
126.97
126.99
127.15
4.06
4.13
4.18
4.25
4.29
4.35
>>
>
>>
>>
>>
>>
125.55
125.78
126.16
126.3
126.58
126.64
4.02
4.08
4.15
4.2
4.27
4.32
127.10
127.19
4.39
4.45
>>
>>
126.85
126.85
4.38
4.42
127.09
127.12
4.49
4.53
>>
>>
126.98
126.92
4.48
4.52
126.97
4.57
126.99
4.57
<9.62%
<<
126.95
126.75
4.62
4.65
<=
>>
<<
126.88
126.9
4.61
4.66
4.65
<<
126.68
4.69
<=
126.74
4.69
126.03
4.68
<<
126.45
4.72
<<
126.71
4.74
125.72
4.71
<<
126.34
4.75
<<
126.51
4.77
126.43 4.81
<<

37.1.
N
Ru 44N
Rh45N
Pd 46N
105
125.55
4.74
<<
126.07
4.78
94
95
96
97
126.31
126.42
126.66
126.70
4.29
4.35
4.41
4.46
>>K
>>K
>>K
>> +
125.44
125.81
125.96
126.25
4.23
4.3
4.36
4.43
>>
>>
>>
>>
124.73
125.01
125.43
125.63
4.19
4.25
4.32
4.38
98
126.88
4.52
126.34
4.48
>>
125.95
4.45
99
126.85
4.56
>> +
>>K,
126.55
4.54
>>
126.08
4.51
282
6.
.
. .
100
126.96
4.62
101
102
126.89
126.94
4.66
4.71
126.82
4.74
126.82
4.79
+
>>K,
+
>>K
>> +
>=100
%,i.p.
>>
126.65
4.82
<<
103
104
105
126.57
4.59
>>
126.33
4.57
126.72
126.68
4.64
4.69
>>
>>
126.39
126.58
4.62
4.68
126.77
4.74
126.58
4.73
126.69
4.78
126.7
4.78
126.73
4.83
<=i.p.
>>
126.65
4.82
<< 126.72 4.88

107
126.41 4.9
<<
126.59
4.91
<=
126.63 4.91
108
126.33 4.94 <=
126.42
4.94
<<
126.65 4.96
109
126.09 4.96 <<
126.37
4.98
<<
126.51 5.00
110
125.97 5.00 <<
126.17
5.01
<<
126.49 5.04
111
125.71 5.02 <<
126.08
5.05
<<
126.32 5.07
112
125.56 5.06 <<
125.85
5.08
<<
126.26 5.11
113
125.26 5.08 <<
125.73
5.11
<<
126.06 5.14
114
125.08 5.11 <<
124.46
5.14
<<
125.96 5.18
115
124.77 5.12 <<
125.31
5.17
<< 125.73 5.2
H N=105 ,
2 . N=103.
, .
N
Te52N
I 53N
Xe54N
125.48
5.32
>>
125.18 5.29
118
125.9
5.35 >>
+

119
125.87 5.4
125.62
5.38
>>
125.25 5.34
>> +
106
126.61
4.87
>=
126.6
4.87
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
125.94
125.88
125.91
125.81
125.81
125.68
125.65
5.45
5.49
5.54
5.57
5.62
5.65
5.69
>>
>>
>>
>=K
>>
>=K
>=
+
125.62
125.72
125.69
125.75
125.68
125.7
125.6
5.42
5.47
5.52
5.57
5.6
5.65
5.69
>>
>>
>>
>>
>=
>>
<=

125.42
125.45
125.58
125.57
125.65
125.61
125.65
5.4
5.45
5.51
5.55
5.6
5.64
5.69
127
125.5
5.72
125.59
5.73
>=
125.58
5.73
128
125.44
5.76
<<100
%
<=K
125.46
5.76
<<

125.59
5.78
283
6.
.
. .
129
130
131
132
125.26 5.79 <<

125.42
5.8
<<
125.49 5.81
125.17 5.82 <<
125.27
5.83
<<
125.47 5.85
124.97 5.85 <<
125.2
5.87
<<
125.34 5.88
124.86 5.88 <<
125.03
5.9
<<
125.3
5.92

37.1.
.

: n - , (
) ,
mV
-
A
.

n .
.
,
n .
.
.
,
n .
.
,
,
.

Z .
.
, .

.
.
+ -
m
Z Z-1 n , V ,
A
Z Z+1.

mV
m
m
( z 1), n ( z 1) >> V ( z ), n ( z ) >> V ( z + 1), n ( z + 1)
A
A
A
+ -
284
6.
.
. .
Z
Z+1 ,
Z 1 .

mV
m
m
( z 1), n ( z 1) << V ( z ), n ( z ) << V ( z + 1), n ( z + 1)
A
A
A
- .

mV
m
m
( z 1), n ( z 1) << V ( z ), n ( z ) >> V ( z + 1), n ( z + 1)
A
A
A

n .

+ , k , + , ip -
mV
m
m
( z 1), n ( z 1) >> V ( z ), n ( z ) << V ( z + 1), n ( z + 1)
A
A
A
,
, 37.1 [20]
. 37. . .
. 1976 .
600 3 2
. 99,5%.

m
n , V .
A

.
N
Li3N
Be4N
B5N
6
85.38
0.44
83.9
0.42
+
7
101.34 0.6
97.85
0.56
>>
0.08 37.92

8
87.4
0.43 <<const 114.71 0.75
>>
0.36 79.42
9
88.91
0.44 <<100% 108.53 0.66
>>
0.62 105.55
9
10
111.28 0.69
>>
0.63 106.5
10 let
11
101.66 0.58
<<
0.72 113.00

12
100.27
0.57
<<
0.66
108.00
13
89.79
0.46
<<
108.91
0.68
285
6.
.
. .

Be4N
114.71
0.75
9
10
108.53
111.28
0.66
0.69
B5N
>>
+
>>2a
nst
11
12
101.66
100.27
0.58
0.57
<<80.4%
<<
13
C6N
0.36
C6N
>>
0.02
20.36
105.55
106.5
0.62
0.63
>>
>>
0.34
0.62
77.37
105.6
113.00
108.00
0.72
0.66
>>
<<

0.68
0.79
110.33
118.31
108.91
0.68
<<
0.77

116.08
79.42
N 7N
9
10
11
12
77.37
105.6
110.33
118.31
0.34
0.62
0.68
0.79
13
116.08
0.77
14
118.12
0.81
>> +
>>
+
const
15
16
113.57
113.11
0.77
0.78
<<Const
<<
o8N
102.49
0.59
113.63
0.74
>>
0.58
100.83
114.42
0.76
>>
0.75
113.36
118.33
115.96
0.83
0.82
>>
0.8
<<
0.89
116.04
120.96
17
116.81
0.85
<<
0.9

120.05
18
113.09
0.82
<<
0.95
121.69
0.93
0.96
119.17
119.13
0.3
0.48
72.35
90.68
19
20
N 7N
13
14
113.63
114.42
0.74
0.76
O8N
>>P
>>
+
100.83
113.36
0.58
0.75
F9N
>>
>>
286
6.
.
. .
15
118.33
0.83
16
17
18
19
115.96
116.81
113.09
0.82
0.85
0.82
>>
+
<<99.8%
<<0.04%
<<0.2%
20
F9N
17
18
117.88
118.62
0.87
0.9
19
121.39
0.97
20
21
22
23
120.13
120.95
118.67
118.38
0.97
1.01
1.00
1.03
Ne10N
>>p
>>
+
>>
+
<<91%
<<0.3%
<<8.8%
<<
24
115.55
1.01
<<
116.04
0.8
>>
0.67
106.23
120.96
120.05
121.69
119.17
0.89
0.9
0.95
0.93
>>
>>
>>
<<

0.75
0.87
0.9
0.97
111.32
117.88
118.62
121.39
119.13
0.96
<<
0.97
120.13
Na11N
109.99
117.46
0.75
0.88
119.32
0.93
122.79
122.45
123.84
122.33
1.02
1.04
1.09
1.1
>>
>>
>>
<<

0.91
1.01
1.05
1.12
115.99
120.47
121.17
123.31
122.51
1.13
<<
1.14
122.63
1.19
1.19
123.42
121.94
0.83
110.63
25
26
Ne10N
20
122.79
1.02
21
122.45
1.04
22
123.84
1.09
23
24
122.33
122.51
1.1
1.13
25
Na11N
>>
+
>>
+
>>
+
<<100%
<<
115.99
0.91
Mg12N
>>
120.47
1.01
>>
0.91
114.84
121.17
1.05
>>
1.03
119.96
123.31
122.63
1.12
1.14
>>
1.08
<<
1.16
121.41
124.06
123.42
1.19
<<
124.01
1.2
287
6.
.
. .

26
121.94
Mg12N
1.19
Al13N
<<
1.26
125.22
Si14N
118.83
1.07
>>
1.00
114.76
122.17
1.16
>>
1.08
117.78
122.84
1.21
>>
1.18
121.6
124.59
124.24
1.28
1.31
29
124.99
1.36
>>
1.24
><
1.32

<=
1.36
30
124.01
1.38
24
124.06
1.16
25
124.01
1.2
26
125.22
1.26
27
28
124.29
124.59
1.27
1.32
Al13N
25
26
122.17
122.84
1.16
1.21
27
124.59
1.28
28
29
30
31
124.24
124.99
124.01
1.31
1.36
1.38
32
N
14
Si
28
124.95
1.32
29
125.06
1.36
>>
+
>>
+
>>
+
<<100%
>>
+
Si14N
>>P
>>
+
>>
+
<<92.2%
<=4.7%
<<3.12%
650let
P15N
>>
+
>>
+
<<
1.43
122.81
124.95
125.06
126.14
117.78
121.6
1.08
1.18
P15N
>>
>>
122.81
1.24
>>
1.16
118.84
124.95
125.06
126.14
125.56
1.32
1.36
1.43
1.45
>>
>>
>>
=>

1.23
1.33
1.38
1.45
120.68
123.33
123.96
125.45
125.93
1.5
1.48
125.31
120.68
1.23
>>
S16N
>>
1.17
117.38
123.33
1.33
>>
1.25
119.71
0.95
1.05
110.53
114.37
288
6.
.
. .
123.96
1.38
>>
1.35
122.72
1.45
>>
+
100%
125.45
1.45
>>
1.41
123.76
1.5
>>
125.31
1.48
<<
1.49
125.56
126.02
125.36
1.54
1.57
>=
1.54
<<
1.6

125.77
126.75
30
126.14
1.43
31
125.56
32
125.93
33
34
S16N
121.94
1.41
Ar18N
>>
124.12
1.5
>>
1.42
121.01
124.73
126.03
1.55
1.62
>>
>>
1.52
1.58
123.48
124.41
126.02
1.66
>=
1.66
125.97
126.7
126.27
1.72
1.75
>>
1.71
<<
1.78

126.24
127.14
39
126.5
1.8
<<
1.82
126.95
40
125.75
1.82
<<
1.87
127.38
32
125.56
1.49
33
125.77
1.54
34
35
126.75
126.4
1.6
1.63
126.81
1.69
126.07
126.06
1.71
1.75
36
Con
st
cons
t
37
38
Cl17N
33
124.12
1.5
34
124.73
1.55
35
126.03
1.62
36
126.02
1.66
Cl17N
>>
+
>>
+
>> +
75.53%
>>k,
+
<<const
<=i.p.
Ar18N
>>
+
>>
+
>>
+
1.34
119.12
121.01
1.42
K19N
>>
123.48
1.52
>>
1.4
118.66
124.41
1.58
>>
1.51
121.5
125.97
1.66
>>
1.58
122.8
1.31
116.33
289
6.
.
. .
37
38
39
40
41
42
H
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
126.7
126.27
126.5
125.75
125.66
1.72
1.75
1.8
1.82
1.86
>>K
<<0.06%
<<269let
<<99.6%
<<
126.24
127.14
126.95
127.38
126.85
1.71
1.78
1.82
1.87
1.9
>>
>>
>>
>>
<<

1.67
1.73
1.8
1.85
1.91
124.66
125.24
126.4
126.49
127.14
124.69
1.88
<<33god
He2N
126.93
1.95
>>
Li3N
1.94
126.86
33.86
0.09
14.91
115.2
87.23
92.22
0.02
0.9
0.48
0.51
N
1
100%
Net
0.44 85.38
0.6
101.34
55.5
0.17
>>
0.43 87.4
0.44 88.91
B ,
.
.

.
>>
.
2- -.
mV

A
.
.
.
6.3. .
-. -
() ( A, Z )
He24 ( -). E
- ( A 4, Z 2). 4 T 9 M .
6.

. , + - , - , Z
290
6.
.
. .
mV
A
, .

.
n - (
) , Z 82 . .
T , Z. n ,
190
, Sm146
62 , Pt 78 .
, -
,
n 6.00 .
-
. , -
,
.
Bi83212 , Po84212 , Po84214
-.
%
- T
T
%

6,086
27,2
5,622
0,15
0
3
6,047
69,9
5,603
1,1
1
4
5,765
1,7
5,481
0,016
2
5
8,78
100
10,422
0,002
9,492
0,0035
10,543
0,018
10
7,680
100
17
9,779
1.1 * 10 4
11
8,277
4 * 10 5
18
9,905
12
8,938
4 * 10 5
19
10,074
4 * 10 5
4 * 10 5
1.7 * 10 4
13 13
9,065
2.2 *10 3
20
10,146
4 * 10 5
14
15
9,313
9,489
4 * 10 5
1.4 * 10 4
21
22
10,326
10,526
1.1 * 10 4
2 * 10 5
16
9,657
23
4 * 10 5
- .
. .
,
L, , . -
T .
291
6.
.
. .
-
.
- - ,
- , 2 .

212
214
, Po84
.
Po84
Pb82208 , Pb82210 .
.
,
, Z > 73 .
Z, T , E .
E = = W ( A, Z ) W ( A 4, Z 2) W (4,2).
-
. ,
- . []
E .
A 145, A 212 .
, 82 , ,
82 . T . Z=82
- .
-
T , R, Z, A,
. - .
- 4-9,
10 7 cek , 5 * 1015 .
-

.
--
-.
-, .
,
. - 4-9
, 2, 3 .
.
Z *z
B = 1 . U 92238 30
A3
.
. ,

. ,
292
6.
.
. .
, 1,3.
1,3 . .

- .

-.
.

-. -
.
.
- .
,
, .

, .
6.4. . .
.
.

.
,
.

.
.
. .
.

, .
,
.

, .

n - . n -
.
n - .

.. , .

.
293
6.
.
. .
.
.
n -
,
, 10 100 .

.

n -
.
, .
n -
.
,
n -
.

.

. .
,
.

.

,
.
.
-
n 6.00 . Sn50 Xe54 Ge58 .
n 5.33 6.74 .
n < 6.00 .

, .
(, Z) .
,
, .

.

.
294
6.
.
. .
( Z,A) ( Z1, A1) + ( Z 2, A2)

.
:
Z = Z1 + Z 2, A = A1 + A2 .

201
140
61
Pt78
Sb51
+ Co27
140
Pt78201 n = 8.33 . Sb51
61
n = 6.00 , Co27

,
.
(,Z)
n = 2.85 .
,

, E0 ,
mV . mV ( Pt78201 ), M ( Pt78201 ), E0 ( Pt78201 ) .

140
140
61
61
M 1( Sb51
), E01( Sb51
), M 2(Co27
), E0 2(Co27
).
, E0
E01 + E0 2 ,
.
EB = E01 + E0 2 E0 < 0
.

140
140
61
61
mV 1( Sb51
), E1( Sb51
), mV 2(Co27
), E 2(Co27
) .
m
m
mV 1 = V * M 1, mV 2 = V * M 2 .
M
M
.
,
mV = mV 1 + mV 2 .

, . .
(, Z).
140
140
140
140
E1( Sb51
) = M 1( Sb51
) M 12 ( Sb51
) mV 12 ( Sb51
)
61
61
61
61
E 2(Co27
) = M 2(Co27
) M 2 2 (Co27
) mV 2 2 (Co27
)
E1 + E 2 = E .
.
,
( Z1, A1), ( Z 2, A2) .
,

EB = ( E01 E1) + ( E0 2 E 2)
EB = E01 + E0 2 E . EB 0 , - -.
295
6.
.
. .
.
-
140
.
Sb51
140
140
Sb51
Te52
+
140
Te52

140
M 3(Te52
), E0 3, M ( ) = 0.511M , E ( ) = 0 .
.
140
140
Sb51

Te52
m 1
140
140
mV 1( Sb51
mV 3(Te52
) = V * M 3,
).
M1
m
1
mV ( ) = V * 0.511
M1

140
140
140
140
E 3(Te52
) = M 3(Te52
) M 32 (Te52
) mV 32 (Te52
)
E ( ) = 0.511 0.5112 mV ( ) 2
E 1 = E 3 E1 E ( ) .
-
.
140
4
Sb51
In136
49 + 2
136
140
In136
49 M 4( In49 ) Sb51
mV 1

mV 4( In136
*M4
49 ) =
M1
140
Sb51
E 4( In136
M 4 2 mV 4 2 .
49 ) = M 4
140

- Sb51
m 1
mV ( ) = V * M ( ) ,
M1
E = M ( ) M ( ) 2 mV ( ) 2
-

gg = E + E ( 0 ) , E ( 0 ) - - .
-
140

E 1 = E0 4( In136
49 ) + E ( 0 ) + gg E1( Sb51 ) ,
E0 4( In136
49 ) .
,
.
296
6.
.
. .
61
61
Co27
Ni28
+

, .
mV 2
61
* M 5( Ni28
)
M2
61
61
61
E 5( Ni28
) = M 5( Ni28
) M 52 mV 52 , M 5, M 5( Ni28
) .
61
mV 5( Ni28
)=
2
,

, gg - .
gg ,
.

Ee2 = E 5 + gg E 2.
61
57
Mn25
+ 24 .
Co27
57
Mn25
.

m 2
57
57
mV 6( Mn25
) = V * M 6( Mn25
)
M2
57
57
E 6( Mn25
) = M 6 M 6 2 mv 6 2 , M 6, M 6( Mn25
)
.
-
,
.
gg1 = gg 2.
E 2 = E0 6 + E ( 0) + gg E 2 ,
.

.
201
. : Pt78201 Au79
+ . ,

,
201
140
61
E ( Au79
) = E 3(Te52
) + E 2(Co27
).
.
201
140
61
E ( Au79
) = E1( Sb51
) + E 3( Ni28
). .
,
.
, .
201
4
Pt78
Os197
76 + He2 .
297
6.
.
. .
, ,
.
197
140
57
E (Os76
) = E1( Sb51
) + E 6( Mn25
). .
197
61
) = E 4( In136
E (Os76
49 ) + E 2(Co27 ). .

, , ,

.
,

.
,
.

,
,
.
:
( z1 2) * z
. - ,
Bq 1 =
1
3
A1
( Z 2 2) * Z
Bq 2 =
- ,
1
A2 3
( Z 2) * Z
- .
Bq 3 =
1
3
A
,

( Z 2) * Z
Bq 4 =
1
1
k * ( A13 + A2 3 )
>1 .
k = 1. Bq 4.
. .
1,3
. ,
( ) .
Bq 4. ,
1
R = (1.1 1.45) * ( A13 + A2 3 ) *10 13 cm

Bq 3. , .

.
298
6.
.
. .

.

.
E 1 < 0, E 2 < 0 . E < 0
.
140
61
57
E 1 = E1(Te51
) + E 2(Co27
) E0 4( In136
49 ) E0 6( Mn25 ) 2 * E ( 0 ) + Bq 1.
140
61
57
E 2 = E1(Te51
) + E 2(Co27
) E0 4( In136
49 ) E0 6( Mn25 ) 2 * E ( 0 ) + Bq 2
140
61
57
E 3 = E1(Te51
) + E 2(Co27
) E0 4( In136
49 ) E0 6( Mn25 ) 2 * E ( 0 ) + Bq 3
61. .
E 4
Bq 1, Bq 2 < Bq 4 < Bq 3.
,
.

, .
:
140
61
140
57
E 1 = E1( Sb51
) + E 2(Co27
) E0 3(Te52
) E0 6( Mn25
) + gg E ( 0) + Bq 1.
140
61
140
57
E 2 = E1( Sb51
) + E 2(Co27
) E0 3(Te52
) E0 6( Mn25
) + gg E ( 0) + Bq 2.
140
61
140
57
E 3 = E1( Sb51
) + E 2(Co27
) E0 3(Te52
) E0 6( Mn25
) + gg E ( 0 ) + Bq 3
140
61
140
57
E 4 = E1( Sb51
) + E 2(Co27
) E0 3(Te52
) E0 6( Mn25
) + gg E ( 0) + Bq 4

E 3 < 0, E 4 < 0 ,
.
E 1 < 0, E 2 < 0
299
6.
.
. .
.

, ,
.
,
140
61
61
E 3 = E1( Sb51
) + E 2(Co27
) E0 5( Ni28
) E0 4( In136
49 ) + gg E ( 0 ) + Bq 3

.
62. -
.
.
140
61
140
61
E = E1( Sb51
) + E 2(Co27
) E0 3(Te52
) E0 5( Ni28
) + 2 * gg
E < 0 .
,
m
( n , V ).
A

, ,
(
).
. ,
,
.
,
,
. :
) ,
300
6.
.
. .
,
) ,
,
) ,
) ,
,
)
.

.
. 63. .
6.5. .
.

.
.

,
.
.
. ,
.

. ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
,
301
6.
.
. .
.
.
.
:
,
,
, . 7- . .
( 6.1). ,
;
, .
,
.
. .
,

.

, .
:
1.
37.1 [20].
2. -
+ -, + + -.
3. + .
4. ,
.
5.
.
.
.
183
11,27
Pt78
+ - -.
178
0,4 Pt78
+ -.
17,911 +
-.
174
2,79 Pt78
+ -.
-
23,53.
302
6.
.
. .
,
,
.
Tl81210 - , + -
. , ,
7,201 21,314, -.
Tl81210 ,
3,928, 4,369 ,6,325, 11,674 .
12,59 + - -. 15,297
,17,8677 -. ,
, + - 12,59.
-.
11,674 -, , + - .
20,267 -, + -.
194
10,756
Pb82
+ -. Pb82201 7,28 ,8,343

+ -. 20,67
-. Pb82214 10,756
+ -.
198
1,496
Bi83
+ -. 15,02
+ -, .
Bi83201 : 4,08
+ -, 18,15 -.
Pt78 , Tl81 , Pb82 , Bi83 17-21
-. .
.
214

Po84
+ , .
7,071
16,224 -. ,

, , , .
218
Po84
3,329,3,349,14,697,
22,032
-. -
37,1 T = 2.434 .
303
6.
.
. .
At85218 18,731
50 35
At85218
+ -, -.
149 69
51 34
10,99 At85218

+
152 66
.
4,316
50 35
At85218
+ -.
150 68
:
.

-.
Rn86218
:6.567 -,
11,47 ,
20,131 -.
51 35
216
Rn86216 Rn86
,
+
150 66
0,562 .
51 35
216
Rn86

+
149 67
16,073.
, + - .
237

Pa91
:
7.555 -,
7,555 + -,
9,827 -,
9,835 -,
16,507 -,
21,227 -.
U 92238
10,367
,
10,439
.
22,66,26,426, -.
-
37,1[20].
,
,
37,1[20].
, -.
304
6.
.
. .

174
Pt78

23,53
3
27,23
-
5,71
Tl81210
13,35
26,586
5,53
26,586
Tl
21,314
17,867
5,53
3.55
Bi83201
11,674
4.369
20.267
15.297
16.216
201
81
28.343
3.55
3.55
3.55
3.55
6.956
27.66
Bi
18.15
15.02
4.99
5.52
Po84214
7.071
27.42
3.26
16.224
18.731
27.42
27.587
3.26
3.215
218
Rn86
6.567
27.919
3.955
Rn81216
16.073
28.005
4.331
Fr87204
28.88
7.093
237
Pa91
21.227
28.77
4.003
16.507
21.054
29.696
5.938
22.66
29.05
5.8
198
83
At
218
85
Pu
238
94
U 92238
26.426
6-7
-.

.
-
.
- .
-
: - ,
-;
.
4
E > 8.8 .
-
, .

305
6.
.
. .
- .
.
, ,
, .
.
.
-
.

- ( ).
-.

.

, ,

.
.
,
,
+ , -. ,

.
, ,
Z- N-
.

.
,
.
,
.
.
,
( ).
m n=
( A * mV ) 2
-
A
E = mn m n
1

.
.
306
6.
.
. .
. ,
. ,
.
.

.
.
.
. ,
.

.
.

.
.
.
- ,
U 92234 .
162
U 92234 Xe54
+ Sr3872
U 92234
10,754 ,
.
, - .
161
Xe54 + Sr3873 25,764 .

, . + , .

.
.
Sr3873 Kr3669 + 24 .
.
18,085 ,
-
65
Kr3669 Se34
+ 24 ,
.
161
Xe54
,
.
10,637

161
Th90230 Xe54
+ Kr3669
226
161
65
Ra88
Xe54
+ Se34
307
6.
.
. .
161
65
R88226 Cs55
+ As33
.

:
161
161
65
65
.
Xe54
+ As33
Cs55
+ , Se34

39,026 .

.
,

65
61
. As33
Ga31
+ 24 .
222
161
61
Rn86
31,379 .
Cs55
+ Ga31

61
57
Ga31 Cu 29
+ 24
218
161
57
Po84
23,917 .,
Cs55
+ Cu 29
-
. .
57
53
Cu29 Co27
+ 24
161
53
16,633 .
Pb82214 Cs55
+ Co27
, -

Co Ni +
53
27
53
28
161
53
Bi83214 Cs55
1,749 .
+ Ni28

.

161
161
Cs55 Ba56 +
161
53
c 15,246 ,
Po84214 Ba56
+ Ni28

.
,
308
6.
.
. .
53
49
Ni28
Fe26
+ 24
Po84214
161
165

Ba56
+ 24 Ge58
.
165
49
Ge58 + Fe26 c 18,445 .
,

.
165
Ge58
Pr59165 +
49
49
Fe26
Mn25
+
49
30,139 .
Po84214 Pr59165 + Mn25
-.
210
161
49
Pb82 La57 + Mn25 33,39 .
- .
157
53
Cs55 + Co27 30,482
Pb82210
Cs
157
55
+ 24
Jr
153
53
53
57
Co27
Cu 29
57
26,009
Pb82210 Jr53153 + Cu 29
153
53
Jr
+ 24
Sb
149
51
57
29
61
Cu Ga31
+ 24
149
61
Pb82210 Sb51
19,921 . + Ga31
61
57
Ga31 Cu 29
+ 24
206
149
57
Hg 80
13,101 .
Sb51
+ Cu 29
149
149
Sb51
Te52
-.
.
+
149
57
Tl81206 Te52

+ Cu 29
149
57
Pb82206 Te52
+ Zn30
[
[Sb
57
Pb82206 Jr53149 + Cu 29
206
82
Pb
145
51
+ Ga
29,371. -

13,601 . -
61
31
. Pb82206 .

40,956 13,601.
]
] 20,57 .
309
6.
.
. .
[
[Sn
]
] 7,379<13,6 .
153
53
18,2>13,6
Pb82206 Xe54
+ Ni28
206
82
Pb
145
50
+ Ge
61
32

.

Pb82206

Pb82210 , - -.
Pb82210 Hg 80206 , Bi83210 ,

Hg 80206 Tl81206 Pb82206 ,
210
Bi83210 Po84
Pb82206 .
, .
U 92234
Th90230
226
Ra88
222
Rn86
218
Po84
214
Pb82214 Bi83214 Po84
Pb82210 Bi83210 z
310
7.
.
7.1. , .
:
- =3*10^10 /, h- h=6.626*10^-27 *,
G- G=6.67*10^-8 cm 3cek 2 g 1 .[18, 20].
-

.
.
.

- .
,
.
.
, ,
..,

.
; q- , p, ,

q * p h / 4 , q, p - .

,
.
.

r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ,
.

h2 2
( x, t ) + V ( x, t ) * ( x, t ) = ih ( x, t )
2m
t

.
( x, t ), V ( x, t ) - .
311
7.
.
.
( x, t )
.
x t
2
( x, t ) d 3 ( x) , d 3 ( x) - x.
,
.[17].
, ,
,
.
( )
.
, ,
.

.
,
,
m 2p * G / r 2 m 2p * G
=
= 8.1 *10^ 37
e2 / r 2
e2

.

.
.
,
. ,
.[18].

.
, .
1
2
!, G, C g = (! * c )
G
137 11.6 .
1
! *c 2
mg = (
) = 2 *10^ 5 g ()
G
. , m p = 1.6 * 10^ 24 g ,
me = 0.9 * 10^ 27 g .
1
Lg = (
! *G 2
) = 1.6 *10^ 33cm .
c3
312
7.
.
.
1
! *G 2
) = 5 *10^ 44cek
c5
,
10 20 .
, ,
.
t g = (
7.2. . .

.
3,4 , .
.
,

.

, .. .
: , ,
.
Gm1m2

F =
r2
ee
F = 1 22 .
r
,

. ,

.
()
-

ds 2 = c 2 dt 2 dx 2 dy 2 dz 2 ,
- , t-, x,y,z- .

,
. - .
. ,
, ,
. , , -.
-
.

[8,15]
ds 2 = g ik dx i dx k , 0,1,2,3.
313
7.
.
.
x1 , x 2 , x 3 - , x 0 = ct - ,
g ik - . g ik = g ki .
6 ,

. g ik . g 00 = 1, g11 = g 22 = g 33 = 1, g ik = 0(i k ) ,
, .

,
.
C
.

.
4-
, ,
.
( X , Y , Z , T )
( x, y, z , t )
T = a0t + a1 x + a2 y + a3 z
X = a 4 t + a5 x + a 6 y + a7 z
Y = a8t + a9 x + a10 y + a11 z
Z = a12t + a13 x + a14 y + a15 z

ai .
, ai .

[8]
ds 4 = g ijkn dx i dx j dx k dx n
11 11 g ijkn .
i + j + k + n = 4 , i, j , k , n 1,2,3,4.
,
,
.
N -
. , . .
.
.
.
. [8]
314
7.
.
.
2
g dx a
a
b
ds = c g 00 dt + 2 g 0 a cdtdx + g ab dx dx = c g 00 dt + 0 a
ab dx dx
c g 00
ab = g ab + g 0 a g 0b / g 00 .
2
d = g 00 dt +
g 0 a dx a
.
c g 00
dR 2 = ab dx a dx b -- .
( ),
, .

ds 2 = c 2 d 2 dR 2

.
d = cdt + jidR
ds 2 = d
cdt = dR d = dR * 0 * e jarktgi = dR(1 + ji ) .

d = (cdt + dR) + dR(1 + ji ) .
, .

= dR .
-

. ,
.
,
, ,
.

.
C3 ( ).
,
( )
,
. .
7.3. .
4- [18]
2GM
2GM
ds 2 = (1 2 ) 1 dr 2 r 2 (d 2 + sin 2 d 2 ) + (1 2 )c 2 dt 2
c r
c r

.
315
7.
.
.
, dz = rd, dy = r sin d ,
dx = dr , (ds 2 )
1
2GM 2
dx = (1
) dr
rc 2
dr ,
.

2GM
d = 1
dt
rc 2
r , = t . ,
, . r 2GM / c 2 , = 0.
.
rg = 2GM / c 2 ,
rg . r > rg

= GM / r ,
2
a = GM / r ., .
, .
, ,
.
.
.
.
7.4. .

= e i = ei + jze i + kjctei + j
= 2 + z 2 e i + j + kjctei + j = 2 + z 2 c 2t 2 e i + j +k ,
= x 2 + y 2 ,
= arktgy / x , = arktgz / , = arktgjct / x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
2
2
2
2
2 2
= x + y + z c t .
e i , ze i
cte i + j . ct 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
= arktgj .
,
= ct (1 + kj )e i + j = ct 0e karktgj+i + j .
316
7.
.
.

.
:
= arktgr sin d1 / dr ,
= arktgrd / dr 2 / + r 2 sin 2 d 2
cdt
= arktgj
dr 2 / + r 2 (d 2 + sin 2 d12 )
= ds , = 1 2GM / c 2 r
,

d = dsei + j + k
Kjct ei+j
=arc tg
ei+jZei
+Kjct ei+j
=arctg j ct
2+z2
jZei
ei
ei+jzei
.64. .
( , ) ,
( ) ,
. ds
. .
g - .
= arktgj .
317
7.
.
.

, ds 2 = 0 .
ds 2 = c 2 dt 2 (dr 2 / c 2 dt 2 2 2 / c 2 dt 2 2 + 1) ,
2 = r 2 (d 2 + sin 2 d1 ) , = arktgj ,
,

d = cdt 0e karktgj = cdt (1 + kj ) = cdt + kj cdt

, 90 .
.
,
. .

g 00 . = 1 2GM / c 2 r .

,
rg .
rg = 2GM / c 2 , = 1 rg / r .
arktgj ,

rg .

, .
rg / r > 1
. rg / r = 1
.
M 1 / M 2 = r2 g / r1 g
.
7.5. .
R = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
-
s = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 c 2t 2 .
,
s = R s .

N
= ( mi ) ( mi ) 2 mv2
318
7.
.
.
N
( mi ) - N ( R),
1
mv - ( ,
) ,
- ( ).
.
(
)
= ( zm p + nmN ) ( zm p + nmN ) 2 mv2

mv - ,
mv = ( z + n)m .
( )
J = (m p + me ) (m p + me ) 2 mv2

, , ,
. .,
( ).

,
, .
.
mv ,

.
7.6. .

Gm1m2
,
F =
r2
m1 , m2 (
) r.
Gm1m2
=

r
( ). ,
Gm1m2
2
= (m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 ) 2 mv12

r

mv12 = 2(m1 + m2 )Gm1m2 / r (Gm1m2 / r ) 2
319
7.
.
.

e*e
F= 2 .

r
e*e
e =

r

e*e
2
= (m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 ) 2 mVe
r
m1 , m2 ,

e*e e*e 2
mve = 2(m1 + m2 )
(
)
r
r
.
.

.
mvg , mve .
e 2 Gm12
=
re , rg -
re
rg
mve = mvg

rg 1
m1 = e
re G
e = 4.80298 * 10^ 10cgc, G = 6.67 * 10^ 8dincm 2 g 2

rg
= 137 ,
re
m1 = 4.80298 *10^ 10 * 137 *
1
= 2.1767 *10 5 g
6.67 *10^ 8
,

m1 = mg
rg
re
=1
m1 = m g / 137
B
,
320
7.
.
.
.

.
ri mi = rg m g
.

m g mg
mg
mg
mi ,
G kompt = mi c 2 , (2G 2 ) kompt = mi , rg m g = 2" komp
i
c 2" i
"i
,
.
rg = 2" kompt
i
" kompt
0.2 *10^ 13cm
p
2 kompt
m p = Gmg m g / c " p = 6.67 *10^ 8 * 2.1767^ 2 *10^ 10 / 9 * 10^ 20 * 0.2 * 10^ 13 =
m p = 1.67 * 10^ 24 gr.
,

mg = 2.1767 *10^ 5 gr .
.
= 3.86144 *10^ 11cm
" kompt
e
re = 2.81777 * 10^ 13cm .
g
me = Gmg / c 2 " komp

= 9.09 *10^ 28 gr
e
= 6.67 * 10 ^ 8 * 2.1767 ^ 2 * 10 ^ 10 / 9 * 10^ 20 * 3.86144 * 10 ^ 11 =
= 9.09 *10^ 28 gr.

mee = meg *
,
mg
" kompt .
.

mvp 2 * 2.17 * 10 5 *1.67 *10 24 = 8.3 * 10 15 gr
, ,
.
, 10 ^9 .

,
mg
g - , l g .
321
7.
.
.
.
,
. ,

.
.
mg2
G kompt = mi c 2
"i
7.7 -
. .
, .

mg2 e 2
=
G
rg
re
.
:
mg2
e2
ji

U =G
re
rg
2
mg2
e 2 rg
jarktgi
2
e2
Gm g2 re
e
U = G
r
g re
e 2 rg
jarktgi
2
mg2
Gm g2 re
e 4 1 rg
U =G
e
1
rg
mg4 G 2 rt2
2
2
e = Gmg , rg = re

,

mg2
mg2
jarktgi
U =G
rg
0e
=G
rg
(1 ji )
322
7.
.
.
, -
,
,
.

e jarktgi .
e jarktgi , e jarktgi .

.
.
m g2
2
0e jarktgi i j
(me c ) = G
" kompt
e
e
S .

(1, ji ) 65.
2
mg
G kompt
"e
0 e
+ jarctg (i )
mg C
mg
G kompt (1 + ji )
"e
kompt
"e
lg
mg C
mg
m(e + ) C = G kompt
"e
2
Gm g = e /
.65. .
m g2
m g2
(
(me c 2 ) + = G
1 + ji )ei + j = G
e
" kompt
" kompt
e
e
0e jarktgi i j .
323
7.
.
.

(1, ji ) ,
l g .
. 66.
2
mg
G kompt
"e
0 e
jarctg (i )
mg
me C = G kompt
"e
lg
mg C
kompt
"e
mg C
Gm g = e /
mg
G kompt (1 ji )
"e
. 66. .
m g2
(1 ji )e
(me c ) = G
e
" kompt
e
2
i + j
=G
m g2
" kompt
e
0e jarktgi i j .

(i, j ) ( i, j ) .
.
, . C
.
324
7.
.
.

.
,
e + jarktgi ,
(1, ji ),
( i, j ) e jarktgi . 67.
mg
G kompt
"n
0 e
+ jarctg (i )
mg C
G kompt (1 + ji )
"n
lg
mg C
mg
kompt
"n
mg C
mg
mnC = G kompt
"n
lg
2
2
mg
G kompt (1 ji )
"n
Gm g = e /
. 67. .

, ,
.
,
(
.. ).
,
325
7.
.
.
mg2
kompt
, mi - , i
U = mi c = G
ikompt
2
mg 2.17 * 105 .
, .
kompt
p

kompt
Gmg2
e 2 i
= arktgi ,
= mi ,
arktgi
Gmg2 re
ikompt c 2
e2
mi c 2 re
re =
= 1 ,
e2
mi c 2
re
rikompt
e 2 mi c 2
mi c 2 Gmg2

re = ikompt .
.
0,511006 , 9,10908*10^-28 .
1/ 2
mg = (Ghc)
= 2.17705*10^-1/2 .
2
2
G = 6.67 * 10^ 8 * *
, h = 1.05449 * 10^ 27 * ,
c = 2.997925 * 10^10 * 1.
mg = ((6.67 * 1.05449 * 2.997925)^1 / 2) * (10^ 8 * 10^ 27 * 10^10)1 / 2

10
2
mg2
1
8 ( 2.17705) * 10
kompt
e
=G
= (6.67 * 10 ) *
=
9.10908 * 10 28 2.9979252 * 1020
mec 2
810 + 28 20
2
2
= (6.67 * 2.17705 / 9.10908 * 2.997925 ) * (10
)=
= 0.386144996 * 1010 = 3.86144996 * 1011

326
7.
.
.
!
kompt
e
=
mec

, 105,659 0,188346 * 10 24 ,1,867517 * 1013
- 938,256
24
13
1.67252 * 10
gr ,0.2103050947 * 10
cm
n- 939,55
24
1.674827 * 10
gr ,0.210015 * 1013 cm
- 1115,58
1.9886515 * 10 24 gr ,0.176877 * 1013 cm

- 1189,47
2.12033 * 10 24 gr ,0.165889 * 1013 cm
- 1314,7
2.343563 * 10 24 gr ,0.150087 * 1013 cm
- 1674
2.984045 * 10 24 gr ,0.117873 * 1013 cm
- 139,58
0.248813 *10 24 gr ,1.41367 *1013 cm
0 - 134,98
0.240613 * 10 24 gr ,1.46184 * 1013 cm
K - 493,8
0.88024 * 10 24 gr ,0.39959 * 1013 cm
K 0 - 497,9
0.887549 * 10 24 gr ,0.3963 * 1013 cm
- 548,6
0.977926 * 10 24 gr ,0.359679 * 1013 cm
( ),

mg2
2
= 2mg 4mg2 mvg
G
kompt 2
i
c
327
7.
.
.

2
mg2
mg2
mvg
=
, mvg = G
G
4mg
kompt 2
2 4m
kompt
c
c
g
i
i
mvg =
(1.67252 * 10^ 24) * 4 * 2.17705 * 10^ 0.5
mvgp = 1.20684 * 10
14
gr , mvgp = 6.77 * 1012 M

mvge = 2.8164 * 1016 gr ,
mvge = 1.579 * 1011 M

16
mvgv = 0.0557 * 10
gr ,
mvgv = 3.125 *109 M .
,

.
.
.

4 (48). mi c 2

" kompt
i
m g c 2 . 49
C3 . C3
C3/ ,
.

-,
2
l g .
mvi c 2 .
- , .

..
..
mg2 c 2 / ! = c3 / G
328
7.
.
.
e
2 !c
=
mg =
G
. ,

, !, c, G
mg = !1 / 2c1 / 2G 1 / 2 .
.
, e
2 rg
re
= Gmg2 ,
rg
re
1
.

.
.
,
, .
,
.

, .
,

. ,
,
.
( ),
,
.
. ,
.
.
(
).
.

.
,
1
!G 2
l g =
1.6 *10 33 cm .
3
c
329
7.
.
.
7.8 .
,

" e =
a0 =
!2
me
ae =
!
= 3.86144 * 1011
mc
= 1" e = 5.29167 * 109

e2
mc 2
= " e = 2.81777 * 10 13
1
R = 2 mc 2 = 13.060535
2
e2
= 7.29720 * 103
!c
1
= 137.0388
,
. ,
2
2
Gmg
! c
2 e
Gmg2 =
= 1
Gmg =
!c
e2
= .

!c
,

Gmg2 rg 1
=
= .
2
r
e
e
.
.
Gmg2
e2
=

kompt
" kompt
"
e
e
e2
,
mc 2 =
kompt
" e
330
7.
.
.
e2
kompt
" e
=
..
2
mc
.
ae = " kompt
e
mg
kompt
" e

1 .
( , ..).
, 1913
.
,
a0 .

V 2 e2
h
J = mVa0 =
, V-
=
m
a0 a02
2
, J- ,
h
.
2
,
2
2 e
mV =
.
a0
mg2 V 2 e 2
=
,
G
" e c 2 a0
V2
= 2.
mg2
"e
2 =
mg2
e2
1
e2
.
G
=
=
"e
" e a0
a0
a0
a0 = " e 1 .
.
mg
kompt
" e
,
, .

331
7.
.
.

.

2
2
e 2
e2
2 e
2V
2 2
mc
=
mc =
mV =
kompt
a0
"
c 2 " kompt
e
e
1
1
e2
kompt
2
Gmg / " e
=
=
.
kompt
kompt
" kompt
"
"
e
e
e

" kompt
V
= , e
= a0 ,
1/2,
1 2 2 1 e2
1
mc 2 2 = R
mc =
2
2 a0
2
.
R .

.
mg , G, , " kompt
e
mg2
1 2 2
1 2
R = mc = G
2
2
" kompt
e
- .
( )
.
.

. ,

= a0ei + j + k (1 + kj )
,

. ei + j
2
332
7.
.
.
1 2 me c
2
2
n
2 e
Gm g =
2 a0 n
rn = a0 n
mv C
kompt
"e
me C
kompt
"v
= a0 n
kompt
"p
mp C
. 68. .
= a0ei + j + k (1 ji )(1 kj ) , ,
,
333
7.
.
.
(
,
kompt
.
). = " e
9,10,11 1.
, ,
, ,
68.
, , .

,
.
" kompt
p
mg2
" kompt
p
= m pc2 .
,
(
).
,
.

.
. 4 ( 48)
).
, .
, .
.

, ,
,
J n = meVr = n!, (n = 1,2,3,......) , - .
n = 1 ,
me a0Vc / c = !
r = a0 .
!
V
a0 = " kompt
.
a0 =
e
c
mc
1 kompt
a0 = " e
.

.
334
7.
.
.
me =
Gmg2
" kompt
c2
e
Gmg2 V
a0 = !c ,
c
" kompt
e
Gmg2
e2
.
a0 =
e = !c
" kompt
e
2
2 e
Gmg =
a0 =
1 kompt
.
"e
,
- . ,
,
.
n 1 .
meVr = n! mec
V
V
r = n! r = n" kompt
e
c
c
e2
e2
2V
mec =
meV =
r
r
c
2
,
2 kompt 2
e2
)
2 n (" e
=
mec
2
r
r=
mec 2 n 2 (" kompt

)2
e
e2
=G
mg2
" kompt
e
n 2 (" kompt
)2
e
1
e2
r=
1 2 kompt
= n 2 a0
n "e
, ,
.

rn = n 2! 2 /(mee2 ) Z=1. ,
.
2
1
1
2 2 2
2 2
2 e
= n 2" kompt
= n 2a0 .
rn = n ! c /( mec e ) = n
e
2 2
mec

( , , ).
( )

335
7.
.
.
. 0 .
, ,
,
90 ..
.

( )
( ).
.

. .

. E =
m xV 2
,
2
Gm g2 2
m xV 2
,
=
2
" kompt
x
" kompt
=
x
Gm g2
2
2 2 .
m xV

2
1
2 e
,
E = meV
2
r
r = a0
meV 2 e 2
.
=
a0
a02
1
E = 2 me c 2 .
2
.

.
2
2
1
e 2 1 Gm g 2
e 2 1 Gm g 2
e2
.
ji
1 ji 2" kompt
=
=
E = meV 2 ji
e
kompt
kompt
2
2
a0 2 " e
a0 2 " e
Gm ga0
e2
= Gm g2 , ,
" kompt
= a0 ,
e
E=
2
1 Gm g 2
1
(1 ji ) = 2 me c 2 (1 ji ) = R 0e jarktgi
2
2 " kompt
e
,
0 .
336
7.
.
.
, 90 ..
.
,
.
, .
.

.
En En =1 = ! (1 ji ) , - .
, ,
, ,
, (
- ).
meV 2 e 2
= me + m p c 2 ( me + m p c 2 ) 2 (mv c 2 ) 2
2
r
,
mv c 2 ,

meV 2 e 2
1 mv2 c 2
=
.
2
r
2 (me + m p )
mV c 2 =
(me + m p )c 2me 2
mV = me m p

E = mV c 2 (1 ji ) = mV c 2 0e jarktgi .
.
( ), .

,
" kompt
= " kompt
" kompt
.
v
p
e

E = mV c 2 (1 ji ) + ! (1 ji ) = (mV c 2 + ! )(1 ji ) (,
, )

,
.
.
337
7.
.
.

,
.
, ,
,
. n-1

Wn 1 = me c 2 (me c 2 ) 2 (mv ( n 1) c 2 ) 2 ,
.
n
mv ( n 1) c 2 -
Wn = me c 2 (me c 2 ) 2 (mv ( n) c 2 ) 2 .

W = Wn 1 Wn = (me c 2 ) 2 (mv ( n 1) c 2 ) 2 (me c 2 ) 2 (mv ( n) c 2 ) 2
.
.
.

2 2
2 2
1 (mv ( n 1) c ) (mv ( n) c )
W =
2
me c 2
,
.
1
1
2R
= R(
.
)
2
2
(n 1)
n
n3
W =
2 Rh
, R =
me e 4
-
n3
(8h3 02 )

. ( 0 ).
me e 4
1
= 2 me c 2 .
2
2! 2
n
.
1 2
1
me c 2
= me c 2 (me c 2 ) 2 (mv ( n) c 2 ) 2 .
2
2
n
.
1
1
( 2 me c 2
me c 2 ) 2 = (me c 2 ) 2 (mv ( n) c 2 ) 2 .
2
2
n
R =
338
7.
.
.
1 2 me c 2
1 2
me c 2 1
=
(1
) ,
n
n
4 n2
8 n2

mv ( n) c 2 = me c 2 . .
n
. n n-.
n n=1
mv ( n) c 2 =
mv (1) c 2 = me c 2 . ,
,
, .
-
G
m g2
" kompt
v(n)
= G
mg2
1
.
n
" kompt
e

kompt 1
n = a0 n .
" kompt
v( n) = " e
,
. n = 1
" kompt
v (1) = a0 .
12
=
a
n
" kompt
(
1
) .
0
v(n)
8 n2
,
c

a0 n 2
. ,

2 me c 2
h. n = (
c
n
n
n
V mcc
) n e a0 n 2 = h
c n2 c
n-
3
n , rn = n 2 a0 .
V
0 me a0 n 2 = h.
n2
Vn rn me = nh . ,
, ,
339
7.
.
.
, ,
,
Vrm = nh, (n = 1,2,3,......)
ds
R

ds = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 (ct ) 2 .
2
jarktgi
ct
R.
ds = R jict = R (ct ) e

. ct = R
,

00
e jarktgi . ds = R R 2 (ct ) 2 .

. -
R = me c 2 , ct = mv c 2 , ds = WR , WR .
mv c 2 ,
.
.
Gm g2
mv c =
" kompt
v
,
" kompt
p
" kompt
.
v

WR = me c 2 (me c 2 ) 2 (mv c 2 ) 2 .
1
kompt
"W
1
" kompt
e
1
" kompt
e
)2 (
1
" kompt
v
)2 .
" kompt
" =
1 ( e
) 2 .
kompt
kompt
"e
"v
,
1
1
1 2
1
1 4
1
kompt 1
n
" kompt
"
=
.
"
v
e
kompt 2 2 kompt 4 4 kompt
"e
n "e
n "e

340
7.
.
.
m g2
m g2
m g2
m g2
1 2
1 4
1 2
1 2
=
+
G
G
G
G
(1 +
).
2
kompt
4
kompt
2
kompt
2
2
4
2
2
n
n
n
n
" kompt
"
"
"
w
e
e
e

1 2
me c 2 ,,
2 n2
. ,
W=
2.
mec 2 2 Z 2
2Z 2
3
n

1+
2
n2
n 2 l + 1 / 2 4
68 . .
, ,
Wn =
" kompt
v
,
Wn . -
( )
" kompt
.
p

2a0 n 2 / . ,
,
.
.
, .
68 ,
.
.

, .

,
.
1n" kompt
" kompt
v
e
7.9 . .
. 1900
, , :
,
0 :
0 ,2 0 ,3 0 ........, n 0
341
7.
.
.

, . [21] .

.
, .
.
. [17]
, , ,
.
E = ! .
, . .
E
= X , E , , ,
.
e2
, : .
c

,
e2 h
e2
=
.
X = h
c 860
c

. ,
. ,
, .
.
.
.
X = h
[17 ]. ,
100
.
7,7 7.8
. .
.
. .
, -
. Gm g2 =
q2
.
,
" kompt
i
342
7.
.
.
Gmg2
1
q 2
.
, q = e = 4.8 *10 10 CGCEq , =
137
c
" kompt
i
,

e2
.
, Ei =
c
e 2 = !c e 1 ,
!c
Ei =
= ! .
c
. ,
e2
h
h
=
. ,
=
c 137 * 2 860

E
2 * 1 860 i = h .
.
-

rg
1
e2
, =
= -
Gm g2 =
137 re
rg re
mg .

e 2 = !c . ,
mg
1 1
1
= ! 2c 2G 2 .
. ,
" kompt
,
i
c
" kompt
= .
i

Gmg2
" kompt
i
!c
. , Ei ,
c
E
= ! . . .
Ei = !
343
7.
.
.
e 2 !c
h
h
=
=
=
. ,
c c 2 *137 860

. 4. . .
[17].
,
, ,
, Ln = meVr = n! , (n = 1,2,3,........
,
.
Wn , Wm , Wn Wm = h nm .
, .

-.
-
.
meV 2 =
me c 2 =
Gm g2
e2
,
a0
Gm g2 V 2
e2
a0
Gm g2
e2
.
a0
c2
" kompt
c2
" kompt
" kompt
e
e
e

1
. ,
=
kompt
a0
"e
.
.
a0 = 1" kompt
e
344
8. .
.
8.1
.

. .

,

( ).
, () . .
,

. , ,
(, ,
..) .
, . .
, : , , .. , , . , - ,
. ,
. . , . , .

, , . .
, . . , , .
, ..
, .
, -
345
8. .
.
, . ,
, .
.
,
( ). , , ,
. , ,
.

(). ,
, .
. ,
, , . ,
. :
; : , , ; : ; : , , , .

.
4-
(8.1.1.)
n = 4 = e i + jre j + kcte i + j
.
1, 3, 5, 7
, ,
. 8 . . , , , , .
1-1-3, 1-1-4, 1-1-5.
, , . , -
346
8. .
.
-
e jarktgi .
. C karktgj
, e
.
( 4.3, 4.4, 47,48,49, 50,51).
jarktgi karktgj
( e
)
,e
karktgj
. e
( e jarktgi ) ,
jarktgi
, e
karktgj
. ,
e
, . .
, 5.
3 ( )
. , . .
, .
, ( ) ,
. -
, ( 7.7),

e + karktgj , e + jarktgi , e karktgj , e jarktgi .

e karktgj ,e jarktgi .

.
e i
. 180 .
(8.1.1)
karktgi
e
, (1 ki ).
.
i
e .
:
.
347
8. .
.
(8.1.1)

n = 4 = ( ei irei ) + rei ( j ! i) + kctei + j
n = 4 = ( ei irei jctei + j ) + rei ( j ! i) + ctei + j (k ! j )
( j + i )
i
i
i
i
( e
ire
! cte sin ) jcte cos

i
i
i
n = 4 = ( e
ire
! cte sin )
+ rei ( j ! i ) + kctei + j (k ! j ) ctei ( j + i)
, , , , , ,
(8.1.2)
n = 4 = a + b( j i ) + c (k j ) + d ( j + i )
.
, . . , . .
. .
,
.
: ,
, , , . , , , , .
. , , - , ,
-. ,
.
,

karktgj
jarktgi
( e
( e
) . - . 64. , 1, 2 , -.
. (-
348
8. .
.
) - - . .
, ,
...
8.2. .
, , - (
e ,~e , ,~ , ,~ ) -
= ( + i ) + j ( + ic) .
1.
jarktgi
e
, jarktgi
L = e
.
:
L = + e jarktgi , - L = e jarktgi .
e
.
e = (1 ji ) = 0e jarktgi , -
(
kompt
). . 69, 70
=
+1 , -1 . : ( )

= / 2 . 69, 70 .
. ,
, , .
~e 71, 72.

1 . jarktgi
.
~e = (1 ji ) = 0e

~
+ """ = (1 + ji ) + (1 ji ) = 2 .
+ ~ = (1 ji ) (1 ji ) = 2 ji . . ji,1
.
349
8. .
.
ji
(+e
+ jarctg (i )
69 .
.
-1
( e
+ jarctg (i )
)
-ji
70. .. .
L - ,
e
350
8. .
.
.
:
46 > e ,~e > 14 ,
0.52 > ,~ ,
250 > ,~ .
+ ~ (+e
jarctg (i )
71 . .
-i
~ (e
-j
jarctg (i )
72 . .
351
8. .
.

.
~ -
e ~e
(
).
ji
+ ~ (+e
jarctg (i )
(+e
+ jarctg (i )
=2
1
(+e
+ jarctg (i )
. 73 .
= 2.

, , S. 73, 74 .
,
. . 75, 76
73, 74.
77, 78 69, 70.
352
8. .
.
+ ~ (+ e
jarctg (i )
=2
1
(+e
+ jarctg (i )
)
-ji
jarctg (i )
~ (+ e
)
. 74 .
= 2.
~e
~e
75. ,
.
353
8. .
.
~e
. 76 , .
77. ,
.
~e
78. ,
.
354
8. .
.

. ~ ~ -
L -.
e
B, t.
, 79, 80.
~e
~e
~e
79 - = 2
~e
~e
~ 80. -
= 2
355
8. .
.
- .

. - ( ) .
. karktgj
e
, .
: , , -. ,
e , e , e , ,
, e + e + e , .
L , L , L .
e
e
e
, , .
, .
, . . - 81. 81

L = 1 , .
e
k
j
81. .. 356
8. .
.

, .
, , ,
,
. , .

0
0
-. 2 .
- 0
+
+ .
. e ~
+
+
+
e
e
e
~
, , .
- q
q
u , u , d , d
- .
Q(u ) = + = e~+ + e
e
q
Q u = + c = e e + e~+
Q(d ) = + = ee + e
Q d q = + c = e~+ + e~+
e

. , q
q
uu , dd .
.

+
- e , e ~ .
.
, ,
,
( )
( )
357
8. .
.
= 1 + ji
~ = 1 ji
= 1 + ji + 1 ji + 1 + ji = 3 + ji
~ = 1 + ji + 1 ji + 1 ji = 3 ji
(8.2.1.)
e = 1 kj
e + = 1 + kj

e"+"" = (1 + kj )(1 ji ) = 1 + kj ji + ki
(8.2.2.)
e
ee = (1 kj )(1 + ji ) = 1 kj + ji + ki
e~+ = (1 + kj )(3 ji ) = 3 + 3kj ji + ki
e = (1 kj )(3 + ji ) = 3 3kj + ji + ki
, (8,2,2)
0
q
q
= uu = dd = 8 + 4ki
karktgi
e
1 ki . .
karktgi
0
= 4 + 4e
.

(8.2.3.)
= e + e~+
= e~+ + ee
e
.
karktgi
= 6 + 2ki = 4 + 2(1 + ki) = 4 + 2e

karktgi
= 2 + 2ki = 2e

0
= 6 + 2ki + 2 + 2ki = 8 + 4ki = 4 + 4(1 + ki ) = 2 1
.
( 4 ), .
. u d-
358
8. .
.
+
(u+u+d), u d- (u+d+d), - q
q
0
u- d - ( u + d ), -
q
q
( u + u , d + d ).
- .
+ + + c = 0
+ + + c = +1
2 + 3 + = +1
+ 3 + 2 = 0
0. ,
,
.
+ c = 1 / 3
+ c = 2 / 3
+ = +1 / 3
+ = +2 / 3
+
e
e~
e~
e e
82 -.
, .
Q(u ) = Q e~+ + e = 2 / 3
e
( )
Q u q = Q ee + e~+ = 2 / 3
Q(d ) = Q ee + e = 1 / 3
Q d q = Q e~+ + e~+ = 1 / 3
( )
359
8. .
.
0
- 82. q
q
uu , dd .
= k ,
2 k
2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
, =
, =
,c = +
3 k +1
3 k +1
3 3 k +1
3 3 k +1
, .
K=2
K=0
k=1/3
0
1/3
= 4/9
2/3
1/3
= 2/9
= 5 / 9
-1
-2/3
C=-1/9
1/3
0
,
. .
,
.
. , : r (red), y (yellow),v
(violet).
..
- .
+ = ur d rq + u y d yq + uv dvq
. (
).
,
. , , , c ,
.
. .
0
B( ) = + + + c = 0
B ( + ) = 2 + + c = 0
B( p + ) = 2 + 3 + = 1
B (n 0 ) = + 3 + 2 = 1
, = .
+ =
1
.
3
360
8. .
.
1
+ = .
3
1
1
+c = . +c = .
3
3
- , .
1
+ = B(u ) = e~+ + e = +
e
3
1
+ = B(u q ) = ee + e~+ =
3
1
+ = B(d ) = ee + e = +
3
1
+ c = B(d q ) = e~+ + e~+ =
e
3
, . , , , c ,
,
8.3. S,C,B, t . .

. q
q
. u , u d , d
s, c, b, t .
: s-, c - , b - bottomness, t - topness. Q = T +
B + s +cb+t
, T 2
. . , (
), .
. q
q
u + u , d + d . , .
, u + 2d , u q + 2d q .

d .
q
s = (u + u ) + d
u
q
q
c = (u + u ) + ( d + d ) + u
b d
361
8. .
.
b = 2(u + u q ) + (d + d q ) + d
t u
t = 2(u + u q ) + 2(d + d q ) + u ,
u + u q = d + d q , c = 2(u + u q ) + u
q
b = 3(u + u ) + d
t = 4(u + u q ) + u
, . .

L e , L , L .
.
5
m g = 2.17 *10 gr .
.
- ,

.
8.4. , ,
u, d.
, ,
.
,
.
, uds .
q
= u + d + s = u + d + u + u + d .
;
= (u + u + d ) + (u q + d )
= (d + d + u ) + (u + u q )
, , -
u+u+d = p
d + d + u = n0
q
u +d =
u + uq = 0

= p+ +
.
0
0
= n +

q
+
K = u + s = u + u + u q + d q = (u + d q ) + (u + u q ) = + + 0 .
362
8. .
.
.
0
q
q
q
K = d + s = d + u + u + d = (u + d ) + (d + u q ) = + + .
.
D .
D+ = c + d q = u + uq + d + d q + u + d q =
.
0
q
q
q
+
[(u + u ) + d ]+ u + (d + d ) = +

D + = [(u + u q + d q ) + d ]+ u + d q = K 0 + + .
D + - .
.
+ = p + + 0 = u + u + d + u + u q = (u + u q ) + d + u + u = suu .
.
= n 0 + = u + d + d + u q + d = (u + u q ) + d + d + d = sdd .
.
0
q
[
[
]
]
= + = s +u + d +u + d =
s + (u + d + u q ) + d = s + s + d = dss
= 0 + K = s + u + d + s + u q = s + s + (u + d + u q ) = sss
, , s, c, b, t
.
, k , .
. , . .
:
.
,
. S, C, b, t
U,d .
0
. - S = 1 ,
+ . , -
, ,
0
+
p +
S = 2 , -
363
8. .
.
0 + p + + +
- - S = 3 ,

0
0
0
0
+ + + p + + +
,
.
F + , F - S
. .

, 4
47, 48, 49, 50, 51, .. .
.

1
= u q d q = ee e"+"" """ = ee e +
e
e
= d u = ee e"+"" ~ = ee e +
e
e

, .
.

+ = d q u q = e"+"" ee e = e~+ e
e
e
+ = u d = e~+ ee e = e~+ e
e
e
. .

+ + = ee e + + e~+ e =
e
= (1 kj )(1 + ji ) 1 kj + (1 + kj )(1 ji ) 1 + kj =
= 1 kj + ji + ki 1 kj + 1 + kj ji + ki 1 + kj = 2ki
83

0
+
2 2( + )

2ki . 2
e + ~e = 1 + ji + 1 ji = 2 .
, -
364
8. .
.
4 + 4ki ,
( ).
0 8 + 4ki , 4
.
e e
ji
-1
+
-kj
. 83 .
.
.
= d + u q = ~e +
, ,
= e + e + ~e
,
= u q d q ~e + e + ~e = u q d q + e
.
= d + u q ~e
.
-
365
8. .
.
= ee + e~+ e~+ e~+ + e =

e
= (ee e~+ ) + (e~+ e~+ ) + e

e
= e + e + e + e + ~
e
~

~ = ( e + ~e ) + ~e
,
= ( + ~ ) +
e
e
e

, .
u q d q + e = d + u q ~e d q + e = d ~e . .

= e + e + ~e
= + ~e
,
K = + ~e
n0 = p + + ee + ~e
. ,
.
, , .
= e ~e = 1 + ji i j = (1 i )(1 j ) ,
= 2 ,
= / 4, = / 4 .
8.5. . .
.
, ,
.
s, c, b, t .
. u, d, s, t
. .
.
.
366
8. .
.
, ( ).

U = e~+ + e
e
(8.1)
U q = ee + e~+
d = ee + e
d q = e~+ + e~+
. , ,
.

(8.2)
2
Gmg = e 2
e m g

,
(8.3)
m x c 2 = kmg c 2 (kmg c 2 ) 2 ( ggXc 2 ) 2
,
ggXc 2 - .

(8.4)
ggXc 2 = 2 Kmg c 2 mx c 2

, .
.

(8,5)
2 2
2 ( ggXc )
mx c =
2 Kmg c 2
.
2
m x c 2
mg c
. kompt
x
,
.
(
).
367
8. .
.
- ,
dds = dl dl 2 (ct ) 2 .
- , , .
,

,
. .
, .
.

, . , .
, - .
8.6 .
, .

(8.6)
+
e~ = (1 + kj )(1 ji ) = 1 + kj ji + ki
e
e = (1 kj )(3 + ji ) = 3 3kj + ji + ki
ee = (1 kj )(1 + ji ) = 1 kj + ji + ki
e~+ = (1 + kj )(3 ji ) = 3 + 3kj ji + ki
,

.
. , .
u, d

(8.7)
u = 4 2kj + 2ki
u q = 4 + 2kj + 2ki
d = 4 4kj + 2 ji + 2ki
d q = 4 + 4kj 2 ji + 2ki
368
8. .
.
0

(8.8)
q
+
= ud = 8 + 2kj 2 ji + 4ki
= du q = 8 2kj + 2 ji + 4ki
0 = uu q = 8 + 4ki
0 = dd q = 8 + 4ki
0
0
(8.8) , = Z = (8 + 4ki )
,
Z = 2kj ! 2 ji .
Z
= 48 .
= 0 , . -
. , ,
.

Z0 .
(8.9)
0
0
K = sd = 2(8 + 4ki ) = 2Z ,
= ss q = 3(8 + 4ki) = 3Z 0 ,
D 0 = cu q = 3(8 + 4ki) = 3Z 0 ,
J / = cc q = 5(8 + 4ki ) = 5Z 0 ,
Y = bb q = 8(8 + 4ki ) = 8Z 0
(8.9) .
,
D + = dc q = 3Z 0 + Z + ,
(8.10)
Ds = sc q = 3Z 0 + Z ,
q
0
B = bu = 3Z + Z
(8,10) .
0
Z , Z .

0 = uds = (u + u q ) + d + u + d = 0 + n0 ,
369
8. .
.
0 = uds = u + u + d + d + u q = p + + .
, . , S 0
- .
.
q
0
+
+
=u +u + s =u +u +u +u + d = + p ,
+ = d + d q + d + u + u = (d + d + u ) + u + d q = n0 + +
S
S = d + dq + d .

q
0
= d + d + s = d + d +u + u + d = n + ,
= d + s + s = d + s + u + u q + d = uds + du q = 0 + ,
= sss = u + u q + d + s + u + u q + d =
= uds + uu q + du q = 0 + 0 +
.
: S, C, b, t ,
u, d.
p + u d .
p + = u + u + d = 12 8kj + 2 ji + 6ki ,
n = d + d + u = 12 10kj + 2 ji + 6ki.

Z .
n 0 = (12 + 6ki 8kj + 2 ji ) 2kj + 2 ji = p + + Z .
,
.

.

, , ( ). , .
. ( ) , -
370
8. .
.
, .

(8.11)
1
ji
kj
ki
.
+
ggp = 12 8 + 2 + 6
+
ggp (8.4).

, .
. , , .
gg = 2 + 1 + 1
- .
0
- (
).
0
gg = gg (uds) = 20 10 + 4 + 10
gg + = gg (ud q ) = 8 + 2 2 + 4

m( ) = 139.27 M .
gg = 2 * 2 * 1.22112 * 1022 *139.27 = 26.12 * 1011 .

+ 0
p , , e
0
+
ggp = 67.69757, gg = 104.41, gge = 1.5798
, .
(8.12)
12 8 + 2 + 6 = 67.69757
20 10 + 4 + 10 = 104.41
8 + 2 2 + 4 = 26.12
2 + + = 1.5798
11
10 ,
. N.
. - .
371
p+
n0
n0
ddu
e
+
p
-2
-2
10
1,580
26,110
104,410
-192
694,540
-20,056
488,907
-192
-192
-192
5,735
5,735
5,735
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
0,1
0,1
0,1
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
1,579
26,112
104,406
1,221
1,221
1,221
938,270
0,511
139,567
1116,000
67,698
1,580
26,110
104,413
5,74
-2,546
0,104
-2
-3,617
26,11
1,221
1,221
. ud,du,uu,dd
5,74
8
-2,546
2
0,104
-2
-3,617
4
26,11
1,221
-3,617
1,579

5,74
0
-2,546
-2
0,104
1
139,592
139,592
0,510
139,567
139,567
0,511
1,000
0,999
.
.
1
kj
ji
ki
ggm
mg
mx
- %
5,74
12
-2,546
-10
0,104
4
-3,617
6
72,99
1,221
4
1090,827
939,57
1,161
5,74
12
-2,546
-9
0,104
13
-3,617
7
67,77
1,221
4
940,196
939,57
1,001
1,221
: , - , , , . (8,4),(8,5)
mg
m
ggm
1,221
4
939,570
67,744
-10
20
,,, .
4*4
1 kj
ji
ki
ggm
1 kj
ji
ki
ggm
12
-8
2
6
67,697
-1101,146
-192
5,74
-2,546
0,1
-3,617
67,696
8.1. .
uud(3/2)(3/2)
uud(3/2)-(1/2) N
uud(1/2)(1/2) N
p+
(uud)
udc(1/2)(0)
uss(3/2(1/2)
uss (1/2(1/2))
uss (3/2)1)
0
8
-2,546
-2,546
4
2
0,104
0,104
-4
-7
-3,617
-3,617
0
4
-10,6
25,59
1,221
1,221
4
4
23,003
134,088
134,963
0,994
1,221
113,5
-22,32
122,4
13
1
16
4
18
6
5,74
5,74
5,74
5,74
5,74
5,74
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
0
-8
0
-8
0
-8
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104
6
8
0
-12
-10
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-1
8
2
10
4
9,976
84,02
15,71
86,18
18,9
77,67
5,74
30
-2,546
-8
0,104
2
-3,617
12
149,2
uud
5,74
12
-2,546
-8
0,104
2
-3,617
6
67,69
17
3
17
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
4
4
4
4
1,221
1,221
1,221
20,375
1445,401
50,502
1520,529
1235,061
938,171
2279,383
1318,622
51,001
1534,135
1743,783
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
4
0
4
17,249
0,104
0,104
0,104
-10
0
-9
5,74
0
-2,546
1
0,104
4
-3,617
3 -12,98
1,221
udc
5,74
28
-2,546
-8
0,104
2
-3,617
14
130,5
1,221
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
1888,280
14,491
1,321
1384,653
1193,964
8
8
8
26
-2
28
8
8
1,221
1,221
1,221
5,74
5,74
5,74
2
9
108
-3,617
-3,617
12
1,221
0
4
-3,617
0,104
0,104
1,221
-2
-11
0,104
5,74
1
-2,546
-1
0,104
0
-3,617
-1
11,9
uss.
5,74
28
-2,546
-10
0,104
4
-3,617
14
135,8
-2,546
-2,546
-12
1,221
1,221
1
21
5,74
5,74
-2,546
3,593
116,3
21
5,74
1520
1440
1234
938,27
2285
1,000
1,004
1,001
1,000
0,998
0,763
1,001
1532
2285
1,003
1,436
1,000
1,001
1315
1315
1384
1193
5,74
0
-2,546
2
0,104
-7
-3,617
0
-5,82
1,221
4
6,935
uds
,
.
5,74
20
-2,546
-10
0,104
4
-3,617
10
104,4
1,221
8
1115,842
1116
1,000
5,74
5,74
0c
Ddc
Udb
Udb
Ub
Bb Y
Cc
Cd, dc- 0
(1 / 2)
uu+dd 0-(0) '

uu+dd1-(0)
ud,du
uu+dd 0-(0)
uu+dd 0-(0) '
0
ds,sd K
uu+dd 0-(0)
K ,K
us,su 0-(1/2)
+
Uuc
Udc c
28
28
5,74
5,74
4
4
0
4
2
0
5,74
5,74
64
24
40
16
24
5,74
5,74
5,74
16
16
5,74
5,74
5,74
16
16
16
5,74
5,74
5,74
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
32
-2
20
-12
12
-12
-12
-6
-12
-12
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104
0
2
4
0
4
0
4
4
-2
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104
0,104

5,74
16
-2,546
2
0,104
19
-5
18
-6
-10
-7
-6
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
-2,546
0,104
28
24
28
5,74
5,74
5,74
24
28
5,74
5,74
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
-3,617
0
0
10
0
14
7
8
8
-14
17
-12
12
14
14
-14
285,6
142,9
178,5
86,56
107,1
72,09
96,99
46,9
93,79
93,79
62,82
64,76
163,3
112,2
158,6
109,5
135,8
105
226,5
udc,uuc,ddc,udb.
1
kj
ji
ki
5,74
28
-2,546
-8
0,104
2
-3,617
14
130,5
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
1,221
8
4
8
4
8
8
12
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
8347,775
4183,013
3260,850
766,948
2347,812
531,988
963,014
450,250
600,333
900,499
404,020
429,278
5456,840
2579,014
5147,954
2455,303
3776,559
2258,525
10502,557
3487,566
9460
5279
3097
782
1865
547
958
770
547
958
498
494
5425
2452
5425
2453
2452
2285
2453
2285
0,882
0,792
1,053
0,981
1,259
0,973
1,005
0,585
1,098
0,940
0,811
0,869
1,006
1,052
0,949
0,988
8. .
.
= 5.735
= 2.546
= 0.104
= 3.617

. , .
, , , ,

.
(
) ,
,
, . .
: , , ,

.
8.7.
.
.
.
,
,
. :
uud :
+
p (938.27), + (1234), N + (1430), N + (1530) . , , ,
. ,
. .
, .
uds
0 (1116), 0 (1193), 0 (1384) . ,

.

uss
:
0 (1315) = 28 10 + 4 + 14 , -
375
8. .
.
2 . 0
(1383) gg = 2 + 2 ,
0 (1532) gg = 2 + 2 4 + 4 .
+
c ( 2285) udc = 28 8 + 2 + 14 (
3%).
+
c ( 2452) gg = 10 + 10 .
kwark. 3% .
++
, c (uuc) 28 6 14 .
gg c+ + = 4 4 3%.
0c (ddc) = 28 10 + 4 + 14 , gg =
= 7 + 7 , 0c (2452) < 0.006%.

. N. 8.1.

q
q
q
b (5425+175
75 ) = udb = u + d + (u + u + d + d + u + u + d ) = .
= 28 + 18 + 4 12
5148,
4%.
b
.
, .
.
. , , .

-. . .
. , ,
..
. , -
376
8. .
.
.
2 2
2 ( ggXc )
m x c =
.
kmg c 2
,
2
mg c ,

.
.

,
, . , .
dss, uss, = 3,.k = 12

sss, = 4, k = 16
uds, = 2, k = 8
uuc, = 2, k = 8
ddc, = 2, k = 8

(J=1/2)
Le
<7*10^-6
+1
<0.17
+1
<18
+1
0,511
>4.3*10^23
+1
105,66
2,2*10^-6
+1
e~
1777
2,9*10^-13c
+1
: (B=0,L=0)

()
+ ,
~
""", ~
e~
0 (1)
+ ,~
J (I )
+ ,
ud , du
139,7
2,6*10^-8
377
8. .
.
0
K +, K
K 0, K 0
uu , dd
us , su
ds , sd
134.98
8.4*10^-17
0 (1)
494
1.2*10^-8
0 (1 / 2)
+ ,~ ,
0 (1 / 2)
0
+ , 0 0
498
0
0.8*10^-10 K s
5.2 * 10^ 8K L0 0 (1 / 2)
e , ,3 0
3 0 , 0 +
uu + dd
547
uu + dd , ss 958
1,2
0,20
0 ( 0)
2 ,3 0 ,
0 ( 0)
0 +
0 , 0 0
ud , du
uu dd
770
151
1 (1)
+ + ,
uu + dd
782
8,4
1 (0)
+ 0
ss
1020
4,4
1 (0)
K +K
+ 0
cd , dc
cu , uc
1869
1.1 *1012
0 (1 / 2)
1865
4.2 *1013
0 (1 / 2)
Ds
cs,sc
1969
4.7 *1013
0 ( 0)
e + ,
+
K +
ub , bu
db , bd
5279
1.6 *1012
0 (1 / 2)
D 0 + , +
cc
3097
87
1 (0)
+ +
, e e ,
bb
9460
53
1 (0)
+ , e + e ,
D0 , D 0
B0 , B 0
J /
+
: (=1,L=0)

,
-

p
J (I )
uud
938.27
>1031
1 / 2+ (1 / 2)
378
8. .
.
ddu
939.57
887 2
1 / 2+ (1 / 2)
pe~
uds
1116
2.6*10^-10
1 / 2 + ( 0)
p , n 0
uus
1189
0.80*10^-10
1 / 2+ (1)
uds
1193
7.4*10^-20
1 / 2+ (1)
p 0 , n +
dds
1197
1.5*10^-10
1 / 2+ (1)
uss
1315
2.9*10^-10
1 / 2+ (1 / 2)
dss
1321
1.6*10^-10
1 / 2+ (1 / 2)
SSS
1672
0.82*10^-10
3 / 2+ (0)
+ +
uuu
12301234
115-125
+
0
+ (1385)
uud
uus
1384
36
0 (1385)
uds
1384
(1385)
dds
1387
39
0 (1530)
uss
1532
9.1
3 / 2+ (1 / 2)
(1530)
N (1440)
dss
1535
N +uud
14301470
250-450
1 / 2+ (1 / 2)
15151530
110-135
3 / 2 (1 / 2)
2.0*10^-13
1 / 2 + ( 0)
(n, p) +
1 / 2+ (1)
N (1520)
, 0
3 / 2+ (3 / 2) (n, p) +
udd
ddd
3 / 2+ (1)
n( p) + (2 )
N 0udd
N +uud
N 0udd
+c
udc
2285
+ +
uuc
2453
udc
2454
0
b
ddc
2452
udb
5425+175
75
379
8. .
.
d
Q
-1/3
B
1/3
J
1/2
P
+1
I
1/2
-1/2
I
u
+2/3
1/3
1/2
+1
1/2
+1/2

s
c
-1/3
+2/3
1/3
1/3
1/2
1/2
+1
+1
0
0
0
0
b
-1/3
1/3
1/2
+1
0
0
T
+2/3
1/3
1/2
+1
0
0
S
0
0
-1
0
0
0
Chfrm c
0
0
0
+1
0
0
Bjnnjmnes b
0
0
0
0
-1
0
Topnes t
0
0
0
0
0
+1
, 0,33
0,33
0,51
1,8
5
180
0,007
0,005
0,15
1,3
4,1-4,4 174

.
,

q
S = (u + u ) + d
c = (u + u q ) + (d + d q ) + u
b = (u + u q ) + (d + d q ) + (u + u q ) + d
t = (u + u q ) + (d + d q ) + (u + u q ) + (d + d q ) + u
q
q
(u + u ) = ( d + d ) ,
q
s = (u + u ) + d
c = 2(u + u q ) + u
b = 3(u + u q ) + d
t = 4(u + u q ) + u

bn = (2n + 1)(u + u q ) + d
tn = 2n(u + u q ) + u
n = 0,1,2,3,...
0
q
= u + u = 8 + 4ki

bn = (2n + 1) 0 + d
t n = 2 n 0 + u
380
8. .
.

+ = 2tn + bn = (6n + 1) 0 + p +
N 0 = bn + 2tn = (6n + 2) 0 + n0
n=0
+
n+= 0 = 0 + p + =
.
N n0= 0 = 2 0 + n0 = 0 = 0 + 0
.
n=1
N n0=1 = 8 0 + n0 = bb q + n0 = + n0 .
8.8 .
. 4 , ( 48). (
) , ,
3,
. -, ,
, ( 1) C3 ( 3). . jarktgi
.
0e
,
, ( 3). ,
. , -, - . 7 (64) . (
8) a,b,c,d
8.8.1
ggn = 4 = a + b(k j ) + c( j i ) + d (k + i )

b(k j ) = b 0e karktgj - ,
c( j i) = c 0e jarktgi - ,
d (k + i ) = d 0e+ karktgi - .
381
8. .
.

8.8.2
ggn = 4 = a + be kj + ce ji + de ki
,
(8.8.2) : , , , .

. 8. 0
.
: .
.
,
5, ,
. ,
-, 9-10
. , 6*(9-10),
Xe54 . , , 3/2 .
-
.
0
2,3, ., . 7 .

q
q
. u , u , d , d ( 8)
5
+
=
+
u e~
e2n +1
1
1
5
q
u = e1 + e~+
2n +1
1
5
8.8.3
d = e2n +1
0
5
q
d = e~+
2n +1
0
382
8. .
.
1, 3 ,... 2n +1 , ~1,~3,....~
.
2 n +1
1 = e , 3 = ~1,~3
.

( 8).

e = 1 + ji = e jarktgi . e = e ji .
~e = 1 ji = e jarktgi . ~e = e ji
8.8.3 8.8.2.
u.
e~+ = (1 + kj )(1 + ji ) = 1 + kj ji + ki
1
e3 = (1 kj )(3 + ji ) = 3 3kj + ji + ki
e5 = (1 kj )(5 + ji ) = 5 5kj + ji + ki
e7 = (1 kj )(7 + ji ) = 7 7 kj + ji + ki
e9 = (1 kj )(9 + ji ) = 9 9kj + ji + ki
e11 = (1 kj )(11 + ji ) = 11 9kj + ji + ki
C 8.8.3 u. . :
u = 36 34kj + 4 ji + 6ki
u q = 36 + 34kj 4 ji + 6ki
d = 36 37kj + 6 ji + 6ki
8.8.4.
d q = 36 + 37kj 6 ji + 6ki

, 8.8.2. ,
u.
u = 36 34kj + 4 ji + 6ki =
= 36 + 34 34 34kj + 4 4 + 4 ji + 6 6 + 6ki =
= 36 34 4 6 + 34e kj + 4e + ji + 6eki =
= 8 + 34e kj + 4e + ji + 6e+ ki
.
:
ji
ki
kj
u = 8 + 34e
+ 4e + 6e
383
8. .
.
u q = 68 34e kj 4e + ji + 6e ki
d = 13 + 37e
kj
+ 6e
+ ji
+ 6e
8.8.5
ki
d q = 73 37e kj 6e+ ji + 6e ki

,
. , . .
.

0
q
q
uu dd
0 = uu q = 60 + 12e ki
0 = dd q = 60 + 12e ki
, . q
. u, u . , :
8.8.6
ki
+ kj
ji
u = 68 34e
4e
+ 6e
u q = 8 + 34e + kj + 4e ji + 6e ki
0
q
ki
= uu = 60 + 12e .
8.8.4 8.8.5, 8.8.6 :
u
q
u
. , .

q
u, u .
ji
ki
kj
u = 8 + 34e
+ 4e + 6e

q
+ kj
ji
u = 8 + 34e
+ 4e
+ 6e ki

q
ki
= uu = 8 + 34 34kj + 4 + 4 ji + 6e 8 + 34 34kj + 4 4 ji + 6e ki =
= 60 + 12eki
, .
.
q
d, d . , -
384
8. .
.
. . ( 8).
q
+
= ud .

.
q
ji
ki
ji
ki
+
kj
kj
= ud = 8 + 34e
+ 4e + 6e + 73 37e
6e + 6e =
= 65 3e ki 2e ji + 12eki
+
+1, T
= +1
+ = 55 + 3ekj + 2e ji + 12eki ,
,
, .
q
= du
q
ji
ki
ji
ki
kj
kj
= du = 13 + 37e
+ 6e + 6e + 68 34e
4e + 6e
= 55 + 3e kj + 2e ji + 12e ki
- 1
= 65 3e kj 2e ji + 12eki ,

, .
.
.
ki
C ( ) = 55 + 3 3 + 3 3kj + 2 2 + 2 + 2 ji + 12e
= 55 + 6 + 4 3e kj 2e ji + 12eki = 65 3e kj 2e ji + 12eki
CP (
) .
C ( + ) = CP( + ) = +
,
C ( ) = CP( ) =
- T = 1
+
T
= 1, T = 1, T = 0

, . +1.
385
8. .
.
. -1.

. +1.

.
-1.
, , . .
,
.
,
. . , , , .
.
. , ,
.
:
T
.
, (
j + i
). , ke

j + i
ke
.
.
.
,
.
8.
. +
p = uud . :
8.8.7
ji
ki
+
kj
p = 29 + 105e + 14e + 18e

~
p + = 209 105e kj 14e ji + 18e ki
386
8. .
.
. .
~
p + = u qu q d q .
.
ji
ki
kj
~+
p = 209 105e 14e + 18e

C( ~
p + ) = p + = 29 + 105ekj + 14e ji + 18
8.8.7 ,
8.8.7 .
, +1.
, (
)
, +1 .
,
p + = uud = 29 + 105e kj + 14e ji + 18eki

+
, , 1 / 2 (1 / 2)
,
q
q
q
kj
ji
ki
+
~
p = u u d = 209 105e 14e + 18e
( )
C( ~
p + ) = 29 + 105e kj + 14e ji + 18e ki , 1/2
, ,
.

n0 = ddu = 34 + 108e kj + 16e ji + 18eki ,
+
1 / 2 (1 / 2)
C (n~ 0 ) = C (d q d qu q ) = 34 + 108e + kj + 16e ji + 18e ki ,
, .
0
n = ddu . 0
kj
n = 34 + 108e
+ 16e ji + 18e ki . .

0
ji
+
kj
n p = 5 + 3e
+ 2e
387
8. .
.
E = 5 + 3e kj + 2 + 2 ji 1 + ji =
= 4 + 3e kj 3 + 3 + 3 ji =
= 7 + 3e kj + 3e ji
n0 = p + + E + ~e
d u ,
E = d u (1 ji ) = ee e~+ ~ = (1 kj )(1 + ji ) (1 + kj ) =
e
e
ji
ki
kj
= 1 kj + ji + ki 1 kj = 2kj + ji + ki = 4 + 2e
+e +e

ji
ki
kj
E = 4 + 2e
+e +e
,
ji
ki
kj
Q = 3 + e
+ 2e e
. Q = 0.959M
0,762 .
23%.
,
+ 0 +
p , n , , E

.
g ( p + ) = 29 + 105e kj + 14e ji + 18eki
g (n0 ) = 34 + 108e kj + 16e ji + 18eki
8.8.8
g ( ) = 65 3e kj 2e ji + 12eki
g ( E ) = 4 + 2e kj + e ji + e ki
,
.
388
8. .
.
g ( p + ) = 29 + 105e kj + 14e ji + 18e ki

g (n0 ) = 34 + 108e kj + 16e ji + 18e ki
g ( ) = 65 3e kj 2e ji + 12eki
8.8.9
g ( E ) = 4 + 2ekj + e ji + e ki

.
8.8.10
g (e + kj ) = g (e kj ), g (e+ ji ) = g (e ji )
,

. .

8.8.9 . mg .
.
8.8.11
mx c 2 = kmg c 2 (kmg c 2 ) 2 (m(gx )c 2 ) 2
- ,
m(gx )c 2 - ,
mx c 2 - .
. ( 7). ( 5), ( 6).
.
, 8.8.11, ,

8.8.12
m(gx )c 2 = 2kmg c 2mx c 2
,
, 8.8.9,
.
,

389
8. .
.
mx c =
8.8.13
(m(gx )c 2 ) 2
2kmg c 2
, ,
, 8.8.13 .
8.8.12 :
+
0
m(gp )c 2 = 67.527 *1011 M, m(gn )c 2 = 67.713 *1011 M,
m(g )c 2 = 26.11*1011 M, m(gE )c 2 = 1.58 *1011 M

8.8.9
11
kj
ji
67.527 *10
= 29 + 105e
8.8.14
+ 14e + 18eki
67.713 *1011 = 34 + 108e kj + 16e ji + 18eki

26.11*1011 = 65 3e kj 2e ji + 12eki
1.58 *1011 = 4 + 2e kj + e ji + e ki
8.8.14
.
8.8.15
mg (e kj )c 2 = 0.4667 *1011 M
mg (e ji )c 2 = 0.3471*1011 M
mg (eki )c 2 = 1.520807 *1011 M
11
m g (1) = 0.13171*10 M
u, u
ji
ki
kj
u = 8 + 34e
+ 4e + 6e
u q = 68 34e kj 4e ji + 6e ki
-
x =
(e kj ) =
h
(34 * 0.4667 *1011)c
(e ji ) = 5.44 * 10 21
h
. mx c
= 047605 *10 21
8.8.16
(e ki ) = 0.8278 *10 21
(1) = 7,198 *10 21
390
8. .
.

10 43 . . ,
21
r = 10

.
21
7.198 * 10
.
.

.
++
(1232) uuu ,
++
kj
g (1232) 0 + 102e
12e ji + 18e ki ,
ji
ki
kj
u = 8 + 34e + 4e + 6e , . s = 3 / 2 ,
1/2 . . m + +
c 2 = 1282 . 4,1%. (1232)
3/2,

J = 3 / 2 , u . ( ) .

uud
+
+
p (938), (1232)
, . ., +
1 / 2 (1 / 2) .
u, d
g+ (1232) = 9 + 105e kj 6e ji + 18e ki .
m +
c 2 = 1227.7 . (1232)
076%. , , 1/2 3/2.
.
g+ (1236) = 1 + 105e kj 14e ji + 18e ki .

m +
c 2 = 1346.8 . 9,3%. 3/2, (1236)
3/2.
391
8. .
.
udd
n (940), (1232) .
. .
d () ,
0
kj
g (1232) = 10 + 108e
8e ji + 18e ki
m 0
c 2 = 1285.6 . (1236)
+
1/2, 3/2. . 1 / 2 (3 / 2) .
u ,
g0 (1236) = 2 + 108e kj 14e ji + 18eki .
m 0
c 2 = 1389.24 . (1236)
13%.
3/2,
. 3/2, +
. 3 / 2 (3 / 2) - .
, 1
. 1.
( ), (
). , .

() ,
.
ddd (1241) .
3 / 2+ (3 / 2) . .
g (1241) = 15 + 111e kj 6e ji + 18e ki .
m
c 2 = 1287.23 .
(1241)
g (1241) = 3 + 111e kj 18e ji + 18eki .
m
c 2 = 1480.32
(1241)
392
8. .
.

3,7 %, 19 %.
+
+
1 / 2 (3 / 2) , 3 / 2 (3 / 2) .
, ,
S = 0 .
+ + (1232), + (1236), 0 (1236), (1241) +

3 / 2 (3 / 2). u, d . d , .
15 %. 1/2
10 %, 3/2 15 %.

S = 1 . ,
S = (u + u q ) + d . ( )
(u + u q ) .
u + u q = d + d q = 60 + 6eki .

uus
+ (1383), + (1189) .
u ,
q
u d .
g + (1383) = 127 + 37e kj 14e ji + 30eki ( u d . 3/2. 1, .

g + (1189) = 107 + 37e kj + 6e ji + 30eki (
u ). 1/2. 1/2. (
)
m +
c 2 = 1458 . 5,3 %.
(1383)
3/2. 1/2.
m +
c 2 = 1146.83 . . 3,6 %.
(1189)
. d u
ji
ki
+
kj
g (1189) = 111 + 37e
+ 2e + 30e
393
8. .
.
+
1 / 2 (1 / 2) .
m +
c 2 = 1206 . 1,4 %. ,
(1189)
1 . ,
1, J =
1
S , S -
2
.
uds ,
0
0
0
(1386), (1192), (1116) .
.
, .

0
ji
ki
kj
g (1192) = 120 + 34e
4e + 30e
m 0
c 2 = 1265.5
(1192)
g0 (1385) = 132 + 34e kj 16e ji + 30eki

m 0
c 2 = 1456.13
(1385)
g0 (1116) = 112 + 34e kj + 4e ji + 30eki

m 0
c 2 = 1145.31
(1116)
1 S = 1 / 2, s = 3 / 2, s = 1 / 2
1/2. 1.
dds
. (1197), (1385) .

ji
ki
kj
g (1197) = 92 + 37e
+ 6e + 30e
m
c 2 = 1087.33
(1197 )
g (1385) = 95 + 37e kj 18e ji + 30eki
m
c 2 = 1363.26
(1385)
2,6 % 1,6 %.

1 / 2 + (1),3 / 2+ (1) .
( S) uss, dss .
0
0
. (1529), (1315), (1321), (1530)
394
8. .
.

.

0
ji
ki
kj
g (1315) = 258 34e
4e + 42e
m 0
c 2 = 1234
(1315)
g 0 (1529) = 240 34e kj 16e ji + 42eki
m 0
c 2 = 1480.6
(1529)
g (1321) = 253 34e kj 6e ji + 42eki
m
c 2 = 1372
(1321)
g (1535) = 265 37e kj 18e ji + 42eki
m
c 2 = 1571.56
(1535)
, 3,2 %, 3,9 %. 2,45
%. , 1 -1/2

1
* 2 = 1. 2
, 1/2. .
s = 1 / 2 ,
3/2.
sss
(1672) .
q
3- d (u + u ) ,

s = (u + u q ) + d .

ji
ki
kj
3d = 39 + 111e
+ 18e + 18e +
(u + u q ) = 180 + 36e ki = 141 + 111e kj + 18e ji + 18e ki

ji
ki
kj
g (1672) = 399 111e
18e + 18e
m
c 2 = 1618 . (1672)
3,3 %.
395
8. .
.
s = 3 / 2 , 0,
1
( S = 3) =3/2.
2
+
3 / 2 (0).
J = 3 / 2 j =
. .
q
c = 3(u + u ) + u .
+
c ( 2285) udc ,

g+c (2285) = 179 + 37e kj 6e ji + 42e ki .
m +
c 2 = 2330 . 2 %.
c ( 2285)
1/2. 1/2
1
* (c = 1) = 1 / 2 . J = 1 . 2
0.
++
kj
uuc 188 + 34e
12e ji + 42eki
m ++
c 2 = 2413
c ( 2453)
1,7 %.
+
1 / 2 (1) . .
0c ddc 192 + 34e kj 4e ji + 42e ki
m 0
c 2 = 2341
c ( 2452)
1,3 %.

1 / 2+ (1) .
b . b .
b udb 178 + 108e kj 14e ji + 54eki
mb (5425)c 2 = 5289
1,3 %.

3 / 2+ (3 / 2) . ,
.
396
8. .
.
8.9 . ,
, ,
. -. .

.
g = a + be kj + ce ji + de ki , a, b, c.d ,
.
, . .
. ,
( ).
g (1) = a1 + b1e kj + c1e ji + d1eki
g (2) = a2 + b2e kj + c2e ji + d 2e ki

:
g (1,2) = g (1) + g (2) =

= (a1 + a2 ) + (b1 + b2 )e kj + (c1 + c2 )e ji + (d1 + d 2 )eki .
(b1 + b2 ) = 0

(a1 + a2 ) 0, (d1 + d 2 ) 0 , .
.
s, c, b, t .
sc, scb, sb, cbt , ns + n1c, ( ni - ) .

(c1 + c2 ) = 0
s = 0 .
. .
.
,
s 0 , J 0 . 397
8. .
.

, .
. s =
1 cx
,
*
2 cu ,d
c x - ,
cu , d - u , d .
n
1 bx
1 n
+ * Qx , ks + k1c + k2b + ... J= *
2 bu , d 2 1
0
, , bx -
, bu , d - u d .
.
u, d , ,
.
, , , , 8 % .
26 19 .
84, 85, 86, 87
.
kj
u = 8 + 34e
+ 4e ji + 6e ki q
+ kj
u = 68 34e
4e ji + 6eki ,
,
kj
u1 = 0 + 34e
4e ji + 6eki ,

u q1 = 60 34e+ kj + 4e ji + 6e ki . u1
q
, u . q
u 1
u .
. .

-
398
8. .
.
(
).
u (kj, ji ) u (e , e ), u (e kj , e ji )
q
q kj ji
kj ji
q + kj ji
u (kj, ji ) u (e
, e ), u (e , e

,
kj 2
kj 2
m( e
) c = m( e ) c
m(e ji )c 2 = m(e ji )c 2
+cji
-c
+b
-bkj
-c
-cji
84.
= a + be kj ce ji + de ki
g
b >0,C>0.

87. -
399
8. .
.
,
(-). 87 .
-c
+ bkj
-cji
85.
g = a be kj ce ji + de ki b>0, C>0 86 (-).
+b
-bkj
cji
c
86.
g = a + be kj + ce ji + de ki ( b>0,C>0).
W . ,
. (
) , ( ), W
( ). ,
- -.
, . , , 400
8. .
.
, W .
cji
+ bkj
87.
g = a be kj + ce ji + de ki ( b>0,c>0).
, W . ( -)
(-) ( ) . W -
.
+
+
CPW ( ) = , CPW ( ) =
0

0 = uu q dd q .
g 0 (134.96) = 60 + 0 + 0 + 12e ki .
m 0
c 2 = 139.677 . 3,496 %.
(134.96)
,

g 0 (134.96) = 57 + 0 + 0 + 12e ki .
401
8. .
.
m 0
c 2 = 135.499 . 0,4 %. ,
(134.96)
,
g 0 (134.96) = 60 1 * e kj + 0 + 12eki .
m 0
c 2 = 134.7299 . 0,17 %. (134.96)
,
s = 0, ,
J 0 = 1 , .
.
g + (139.5673) = 65 3e kj 2e ji + 12e ki .
g (139.5673) = 55 + 3e kj + 2e ji + 12eki .
m
c 2 = 140.22 . 0,462 %. (139.5673)
0,492 %. ji

2e
kj
0,099 , e
0,045. .
.
, . CPW -.
ji
ki
kj
C ( ) = C (55 + 3e
+ 2e + 12e ) = 55 + 3 3kj + 3 3 + 2 + 2 ji + 12e ki =
= 65 3ekj 2e ji + 12e ki
W .
CPW ( ) = W (65 3e kj 2e ji + 12e ki ) =

= 65 3e kj 2e ji + 12eki = +
.
(547) ,
= uu q + dd q ,
g (547) = 114 + 24e ki ,
m (547)c 2 = 543.3
0,05 %. ( , -
402
8. .
.
).
0, . 0 (0) .
/ (958)
ss q = (u + u q ) + d + (u + u q ) + d q = 3 0 .
g / = 171 + 36eki .
= 1222.5 .
m /
(958)
27 %.
0 (0) . .
+
(770) q
ud , u
u1 = 0 + 34e kj 4e ji + 6e ki , ,
d
d1 = 1 + 37e kj 6e ji + 6e ki . ,
g + (770) = 1 + 71e kj 10e ji + 12eki ,
m +
c 2 = 613.14 . 26 %.
(770)
9,3 +
, 1 (1).
q
q
(782) uu + dd , 0
+
= + + .
g (782) = 140 + 0 20e ji + 24eki .
m (782)c 2 = 778.35 . 0,5 %.
u d.
1 (0) .
q
(1020) ss ,
q
q
q
q
q
q
(1020) = (u + u ) + d + (u + u ) + d = u d + d u + uu =
=+ + +0
.
, -
403
8. .
.
1 (0) . q
, d
d q1 = 61 37e kj + 6e ji + 6e ki ,
180. . ,
g (1020) = 168 + 0 + 12e ji + 36eki .
m (1020)c 2 = 1079 . 5.8 %.
. s =
J =
0 +11
= 0.
2
1 12
= 1 .
2 6

D (1869), D 0 , D 0 (1865), Ds (1969)
.
Ds+ = cs q = 2(u + u q ) + u + (u + u q ) + d q =
0
0
0
+
+
= 2 + + = 2 + K
gDs+ (1969) = 247 3e kj 2e ji + 48eki .

m +
c 2 = 2190 . 11,1 %.
Ds (1969)
. , q
c, s . .
q
q
q
q
0
D (1865) = uc = u + 2(u + u ) + u = 3(u + u )
171 + 0 + 0 + 36e ki
m 0
c = 1219.5 .
D (1865)
35 %., .
q
u
u q1 = 0 + 34e kj 4e ji + 36e ki .
gD 0 = 120 + 68e kj + 0 + 36e ki .
404
8. .
.
m 0
c 2 = 2139.42 . 9 %. C D (1965)
, .
J=
68 / 34 1
= 1 / 2 . 2
2
.
q
+
D (1869) cd = 2(u + u q ) + u + d q 120 + 24eki + (u = 8 +
+ 34e kj + 4e ji + 6e ki ) + (d q1 = 1 + 37e kj 6e ji + 6e ki ) =
= 111 + 71e kj 2e ji + 36e ki

m +
c 2 = 2144.73 . 14,7 %. D (1869)
,
0,099,
m + c 2 = 1869 0.6 . D
. J =
1 71 1
= 1 / 2.
2 34 2
q
q
kj
d 1 d 2 = 13 + 37e
+ 6e ji + 6e ki ,
+
kj
gD = 93 + 71e
+ 10e ji + 36e ki . 2
m + c = 1910.04 . 2,2 %. D
+
1 / 2 (1 / 2) .
(1820), (2030) . 0.5% .
,

, .
.
K + (493.667) = us q , K (493.667) = su q S
s = (u + u q ) + d ,
q
q
q
q
q
0
+
+
K us = u + (u + u ) + d = ud + uu = +
K su q = (u + u q ) + d + u q = uu q + du q = 0 +
.
.
405
8. .
.
u = 8 + 34e kj + 4e ji + 6e ki +
d q = 73 37e kj 6e ji + 6e ki +
0 = 60 e kj + 0 + 12e ki =
= gK + = 125 4e kj 2e ji + 24e ki
m +
c 2 = 547.709 . 10,9 %.
K ( 494)
K
q
ji
ki
kj
u = 68 34e
4e + 6e +
d = 13 + 37e kj + 6e ji + 6e ki +
0 = 60 e kj + 0 + 12e ki =
= gK = 115 + 2e kj + 2e ji + 24e ki
m
c 2 = 549.83 .
K ( 494)
11,4 %. 0,38 %.
q
, u , d

CPW (u q d ) = d qu . .
, .
. S,
0 ( 1 / 2) .
0
q
K ( 497.67) = ds .
2- .
.
ds q = d + (u + u q ) + d q = 0 + 0 + + .
K s0
0
kj
gK s = 120 2e
+ 0 + 24eki .
m 0
c 2 = 538.92 . K s ( 498)
8,3 %.

406
8. .
.
gQ = 69e kj + 8e ji , 177,65 .
.

1 / 2+ (1 / 2) .
ji
ki
kj
gXZ = 60 + 69e
+ 8e + 12e
764,29 .
(770) -. dd q
gQ = 75e kj + 12e ji .

gXZ = 60 + 75e kj 12e ji + 12e ki , 872, 66 .
*
K (892) .
,
0
kj
gK l = 120 6e
4e ji + 24e ki ,
m 0
c 2 = 528.91 . 6,2 %.
K l ( 498)
, ,

gKl0 (498) = 180 69e kj 8e ji + 36eki ,
m 0
c 2 = 490.24 . 1,5 %.
K l ( 498)
+
1 / 2 (1 / 2) . . ,
.
+
K q
+
K = us , q
q
q
s = (u + u ) + d , 9,5 .
+
m(gK ) = 135 3e kj 2e ji + 24e ki . 586 ,
494 18 %.

q
kj
d = 73 37e
6e ji + 6e ki
407
8. .
.
d q = 73 37e kj 6 6 ji 6 + 6 + 6eki =
= 61 37e kj + 6e ji + 6e ki = d 2q

+
m(gK ) = 113 3e kj + 4e ji + 6e ki .
482,23 .
2,4 %.
.
q
q
q
K = su = (u + u ) + d + u
m(gK ) = 115 + 3e kj + 2e ji + 24e ki . 559,78 13 %.

q
kj
u = 68 34e
4e ji + 6e ki ,
u2q = 68 34e kj 4 4 ji + 4 4 + 6eki =
.
kj
ji
ki
= 60 34e
+ 4e
+ 6e
m(gK ) = 107 + 3e kj + 10e ji + 24e ki , 480,85

2,7 %.
K 0 = ds q = d + (u + u q ) + d q
(
0
0
0
K +
0
m(gK ) = 120 + 24e ki ,
558,71 , 498
12 %.

0
+
m(gK ) = m(g( k + k ) / 2 ) = 110 + 7e ji + 24e ki ,
481,54 4,3 %.
q
q
= uu + dd
ki
m( g ) = 120 + 24e
408
8. .
.
2
m c = 560.08 .
547 .
2,4 %.
0 +
D , D , D 0
q +
q
q
D = cc , D = cd , D = dc q
, c = 2(u + u ) + u ,
D + cd q 2(u + u q ) + u + d q 2 0 + + ,

q
q
q
0
+
+
D (u + u ) + u + d + ( u + u ) K +
. 0
0
+
+
D K + + D+
kj
m( g ) = 227 3e
+ 4e ji + 48e ki 2
m + c = 2137.96 .
D
.
8 14 %.
cc q = 2(u + u q ) + u + 2(u + u q ) + u q = 5(u + u q )

J / 3097 . J /
m( g
) = 285 + 60eki .
2
m j / c = 3387.51 3097 . 9,4 %.
q
9460 = bb . q
b = 4(u + u ) + u ( ),
m(g ) = 9(u + u q ) .
m c 2 = 10975 .
. q
, (u + u ) 0
B+
ki
7 . , m( g ) = 399 + 72e .

m + c 2 = 5376 . 5279 . B
2 %.
409
8. .
.
0 - 0 uds .
s s = (u + u q ) + d ,
0 = u + d + (u + u q ) + d = udd + uu q = n0 + 0 .

g0 = u = 8 + 34e kj + 4e ji + 6e ki +
ji
ki
kj
+ d === 13 + 37e
+ 6e + 6e +
+ d === 13 + 37e kj + 6e ji + 6e ki +
+ (u + u q ) = 60 + 0 + 0 + 12e ki =
= 26 + 108e kj + 16e ji + 30e ki
2
m c = 1804.54
0
. 1115,6 52
%. u
u1 = 0 + 34e kj 4e ji + 6e ki
d d1 = 73 37e kj 6e ji + 6e ki . . kj
g0 = 120 + 34e
4e ji + 30e ki .
2
m c = 1265.49 .
0
13,4 %.
d ,
g0 = 112 + 34e kj + 4e ji + 30eki

m0 c 2 = 1177.7 .
5,5 %.
kj
g0 = 112 + 33e
+ 4e ji + 30e ki .
2
m c = 1131.058 .
0
1115,6 . 1,34 %.
uds

0
0
(1193), (1384)
u1, d1 ,
g0 (1193) = 120 + 33e kj 4e ji + 30eki ,

m 0 c 2 = 1250.507 . 4,82 %.
410
8. .
.
d
d 2 = 1 + 37e kj 6e ji + 6e ki ,
g0 (1384) = 132 + 33e kj 16e ji + 30e ki .
= 1440.9 . 4 %.
m 0
(1384)
86, 84, 84

0 (1116), 0 (1193), 0 (1383) .

, . ,
:
s = 1 / 2 . ,
s = 3 / 2 . ,
0 (1116)
0 (1193)
s = 1/ 2 ,
s = 1/ 2 ,
0 (1383) s = 3 / 2 . s = 1 .
. 0 (1116)
J = 0 ,
.
0 (1193), 0 (1383) J = 1 .
.
uus
+
+
: (1189), (1385) ,

1 / 2+ (1) 3 / 2+ (1) .

s = (u + u q ) + d ,
q
0
+
+
(1189) = u + u + (u + u ) + d = p +
.
u
u1 = 68 34e kj 4e ji + 6eki
kj
u u 2 = 0 + 34e
4e ji + 6e ki .
g + (1189) = 115 + 36e kj 2e ji + 30e ki ,
m +
c 2 = 1252.1 . 5,3 %.
(1189)
411
8. .
.
d d1 = 1 + 37e

ji
ki
kj
u1 = 68 e
kj
6e ji + 6e ki
4e + 6e +
u 2 = 0 + 34e kj 4e ji + 6e ki +
0 = 60 e kj + e ji + 12eki +
d1 = 1 + 37e kj 6e ji + 6e ki =
= 127 36e kj 14e ji + 30e ki
m +
c = 1442.64 . 4,2 %.
(1385)
84 87
dds ,
(1197), (1387) 1 / 2+ (1),3 / 2+ (1)

q
q
0
dds = d + d + (u + u ) + d = ddu + u d = n +

d (1197) .
(1387) .

g (1197) = 107 + 36e kj + 6e ji + 30e ki ,
m
c 2 = 1130.22 , 5,4 %.
(1197 )
g (1383) = 134 + 36e kj 18e ji + 30eki ,

m
c 2 = 1506.6 . 8.6 %.
(1383)

.
uss
0 (1315), 0 (1530) 1 / 2+ (1 / 2),3 / 2+ (1 / 2)

uss = u + 2(u + u q ) + 2d = udd + 2(u + u q ) =
u
0
0
0
0 +
= n + 2 + ( p )
u1 = 68 34e
kj
4e ji + 6eki ,
412
8. .
.
d d 2 = 73 37e kj 6e ji + 6e ki
g 0 (1315) = 248 36e kj 4e ji + 42e ki
m 0
c 2 = 1342.95 . 2,1 %.
(1315)

.
g 0 (1532) = 262 36e kj 16e ji + 42eki ,
m 0
c 2 = 1549.36 . 1,13 %.
(1532)
85. , .
, .

. (1321), (1530)
+
+
1 / 2 (1 / 2),3 / 2 (1 / 2)
dss = d + 2(u + u q ) + 2d = ddu + (u + u q ) + du q =

= n0 + 0 + = + 0 0 +

.
g (1321) = 247 39e kj 6e ji + 42e ki ,
m
c 2 = 1341.28 .
(1321)
g (1530) = 265 39e kj 18e ji + 42e ki ,
m
c 2 = 1538.24 .
(1530)
1,5 %, 0,2 %.
.
.
8 . 0,2-8 %.
. ,
.. u , d , s, c, b, t ,
. ,

. s, c, b, t q q
u , d , u , d . -
413
8. .
.
. ,
q q
u, d u , d .
-
. ,
, , ,
. ( . 7 8.).

,
, , , ..
- ,
.
,
s, c, b, t , .
q
0
s = (u + u ) + d = + d
c = (u + u q ) + (d + d q ) + u = 2 0 + u
b = (u + u q ) + (d + d q ) + (u + u q ) + d = 3 0 + d
t = (u + u q ) + (d + d q ) + (u + u q ) + (d + d q ) + u = 4 0 + u
.
: , ,
.. : 1- , 2-,3 ..
,
s, c, b, t .
,
u, d . u, d
. ( ,
).
s =
1 c1
2c
414
8. .
.
1 b1 1 n
+ Qn , b1 -
2b 2 1
, c1 -
, b, c -
J =
u, d ,
Qn
1
s, c, b, t .

, .
, s, c, b, t , u, d .

. , , ,
.
8.10
, .
6 .

.
.. .
Z /(9 10) = P , Z- , 9-10 -
.
, , . , .

.

.

.
6,7,8
, .
.
,
.
( ,
)
415
8. .
.
m p c 2 = 2mg c 2 4(mg c 2 )2 (mvp c 2 )2

mnc 2 = 2mnc 2 4(mnc 2 ) 2 (mvnc 2 ) 2
2
mg c
p 2 n 2
mv c , mv c , , .

10.1.
p 2 2
2 1 ( mv c )
m pc =
4 mg c 2
10.2.
n 2 2
2 1 ( mv c )
mnc =
4 mg c 2
8 . . . 7,8, ,
10.3.
= 29 + 105e kj + 14e ji + 18e ki
m p c 2 = g
v
mp
mvnc 2 = gmn = 34 + 108e kj + 16e ji + 18e ki
10.4.

.
10.5.
mvc 2 = gm = 31.5 + 106.5e kj + 15e ji + 18e ki
Z N
mc 2 = Zm p c 2 + Nmnc 2

10.6.
2 2
2 1 ( mv c )
mN c =
4 mg c 2
, Z N
A
10.7.
2 2
2 1 ( mv c )
,
Mc = A
4
mg c 2
A = Z + N

10.8.
2 2
E = ( Zm p c 2 + Nmnc 2 )
1 ( mv c )
A
4
mg c 2

9,5. . ,
416
8. .
.
1
mvc 2 (mvp c 2 + mvn c 2 )
2
. 0.75
31.5+ 0.35 .
-29>(-31.13.-32.25)>-34. 11
+ 0..07
. 67.48 0.07 * 10 .

1 p 2
67.527 * 1011 + 67.713 *1011
n 2
= 67.67 *1011 >
(mv c + mv c ) =
> 67.48 0.07 *1011
0,2 . 1 2-3 .
.
.
,
. 8 : .
3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12
.. ,
.
417
68 -0,3471
0,1312 120 0,4667
12
-2
-0,3471 -2
-0,3471
2
-0,3471
0
-0,3471 -2
-0,3471
2
-0,3471
0
-0,3471
0
-0,3471
0
-0,3471 -10
-0,3471 -20
0 -0,3471
69 -0,3471
-3
3
-1
-4
2
-2
-2
-3
71
-2
m(ji)
0,1312 168 0,4667

0,1312 111 0,4667
65 0,4667
55 0,4667
60 0,4667
125 0,4667
115 0,4667
120 0,4667
120 0,4667
180 0,4667
-1 0,4667
146 0,4667
0,1317
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1317
0,1317
0,1312
0,1312
m(kj) b
m(1)
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
m(ki)
d
26,10
26,17
25,65
51,72
51,82
51,31
51,37
77,06
54,73
61,66
36 102,23
36 72,62
36 102,21
12
12
12
24
24
24
24
36
12
24
gm
mg
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
4 2139,4214d0(cuq)
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1865 1,1471
M
%
%
()
139,5174pion+
139,5673 0,9996
140,2127pijn 139,5673 1,0046
134,7300pion00
134,96 0,9983
547,7093k+usq
493,667 1,1095
549,8295k-suq
493,667 1,1138
538,9199kodsq
497,67 1,0829
540,2727itta(uuq + ddq)
547 0,9877
1215,6346itta(uuq + ddq)
958 1,2689
613,1404ro(uuq-ddq)
770 0,7963
778,3547omega(uuq +
782 0,9953
ddq)
1079,6825fi(ssq)
1020 1,0585
2138,6016d+(cdq)
1869 1,1442
8.2. , , ,
.
.
a,b,c,d- gm- ,
m(1), m(kj), m(ji), m(ki) - .
a
b
c D
Gm
m(1) m(kj) m(ji) m(ki)
gm
mg
m
-29 105 14 18 67,6970
1593,1200 12096 0,1317 0,4667 -0,3471
1,5208 67,6989
1,2211
4 938,3223
-34 108 16 18 67,7440
5645,2080 12096 0,1317 0,4667 -0,3471
1,5208 67,7462
1,2211
4 939,6347
65 -3 -2 12 26,1090
-4198,7800 12096 0,1317 0,4667 -0,3471
1,5208 26,1047
1,2211
4 139,5172
-4
2 1
1
1,5800 1209618395,6900 12096 0,1317 0,4667 -0,3471
1,5208
1,5803
1,2211
4
0,5113
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
0,1312 -3 0,4667
3 -0,3471
3
0,1312 248 0,4667 -36 -0,3471 -4
0,1312 262 0,4667 -36 -0,3471 -16
0,1312 253 0,4667 -39 -0,3471 -6

0,1312 265 0,4667 -39 -0,3471 -18
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
221 0,4667 43 -0,3471

6
-34 0,4667 108 -0,3471 16
-29 0,4667 105 -0,3471 14
206 0,4667 108 -0,3471 16
179 0,4667 37 -0,3471 -6
188 0,4667 34 -0,3471 -12
192 0,4667 34 -0,3471 -4
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
36 -0,3471
6
36 -0,3471 -18
0,1312 107 0,4646

0,1312 131 0,4646
-0,3471
4
-0,3471 -4
-0,3471 -16
-0,3471 60
-0,3471 -2
-0,3471 -14
112 0,4667
120 0,4667
132 0,4667
286 0,4667
115 0,4667
127 0,4667
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
33
33
33
74
36
36
247 0,4667 -3 -0,3471

2
125 0,4667 136 -0,3471 -24
292 0,4667
0 -0,3471
8
504 0,4667
0 -0,3471 -84
0,1317
0,1317
0,1312
0,1312
103,44
161,26
126,77
223,02
54
18
18
66
42
42
42
42
42
0
42
42
30
30
129,10
67,76
67,71
172,24
106,70
108,57
106,31
80,94
86,68
-0,03
80,99
86,99
74,30
85,78
30 74,33
30 78,15
30 83,89
72 160,72
30 78,20
30 83,94
48
48
60
84
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1131,0583lambda (uds)
1250,5073cigma (uds)
1440,9212cigma (uds)
5288,4493b(ub)
1252,1081sigma (uus)
1442,6395(uus) cigma
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
1706,0365sss
940,1330ddu
938,7448uud
6073,9511udb
2330,9966udc
2413,1047uuc
2314,0278ddc
4 1341,2847dss
4 1538,2394dss
4
0,0002mjion
4 1342,9468uss
4 1549,3587uss
4 1130,2248sigma (dds)
4 1506,4276sigma (dds)
4
4
4
4
4
4
4 2190,4021ds(csq)
4 5324,2654B(ub)
4 3290,3177j/rci(ccq)
410182,4497yy(bb)
1,0135
1,0482
1,0404
1,0018
1,0531
1,0424
1,1124
1,0086
1,0624
1,0162
1672
939,5731
938,2796
5425
2285
2454
2285
1,0204
1,0006
1,0005
1,1196
1,0201
0,9833
1,0127
1321 1,0154
1535 1,0021
1315 1,0213
1532 1,0113
1197 0,9442
1387 1,0861
1116
1193
1385
5279
1189
1384
1969
5279
3097
10020
-0,3471
-0,3471
-0,3471
-0,3471
-0,3471
-0,3471
-0,3471
-0,3471
-0,3471
-0,3471
-0,3471
-0,3471
-0,3471
-0,3471
-0,3471
2
6
-4
20
4
6
-4
-6
-4
-6
4
6
6
4
6
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
6 0,4667
60 0,4667
-5 0,4667
156 0,4667
-8 0,4667
-13 0,4667
68 0,4667
73 0,4667
0 0,4667
-1 0,4667
60 0,4667
61 0,4667
47 0,4667
107 0,4667
167 0,4667
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0
37
-34
34
34
37
-34
-37
34
37
-34
-37
37
34
37
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
60 0,4667 37 -0,3471
0 0,4667 68 -0,3471
136 0,4667 68 -0,3471
60 0,4667
0 -0,3471
21 0,4667 68 -0,3471
120 0,4667 74 -0,3471
120 0,4667 -6 -0,3471
120 0,4667 142 -0,3471
120 0,4667 34 -0,3471
228 0,4667
0 -0,3471
60 0,4667 34 -0,3471
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
6
8
-8
0
8
12
-4
20
4
0
4
1,5208
0,1312 178 0,4667 108 -0,3471 -14
0
0,09
0 23,06
12
3,11
42 93,26
6 22,55
6 22,60
6
3,57
6
3,52
6 26,38
6 28,34
6 -0,26
6 -2,22
18 48,72
30 74,14
42 100,96
24 59,55
0 28,96
12 70,60
12 26,12
0 31,71
24 82,61
24 50,83
24 111,57
24 66,72
48 102,91
24 58,85
54 160,73
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
726,1300omega
171,6871GG1
1020,4881GG2
139,6768pio
205,9026
1397,1664
528,9183itta
2548,3952
911,3429itta/
2167,9976Fi(csq)
709,0194ro
4
0,0018v+vv
4 108,8243mjion
4
1,9859yyyy
4 1780,6936tau
4 104,1501u
4 104,6124d
4
2,6021uq
4
2,5296dq
4 142,4847u1
4 164,4800d1
4
0,0140uq1
4
1,0130dq1
4 486,0488s
4 1125,3090c
4 2086,9820b
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4 5289,3426udb
1,0199
1,1782
0,9845
1,0087
1,0326
pi+
pi
493,7
K
1115,6 lambda
2021
fi
139,7
139,6
1784+-3 1,0000
105,66 1,0299
958 0,9513
2021 1,0727
770 0,9208
547 0,9669
219 0,9402
782 0,9286
219 0,7840
5350 0,9887
37 -0,3471
37 -0,3471
0,1312 92 0,4667
0,1312 124 0,4667
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
34 -0,3471
8
34 -0,3471 -16
34 -0,3471 -4
0,1312 108 0,4667

0,1312 132 0,4667
0,1312 120 0,4667
0,1312 240 0,4667 -34 -0,3471 -16

0,1312 258 0,4667 -34 -0,3471 -4
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
0,1312 -15 0,4667 111 -0,3471 -6

0,1312 -3 0,4667 111 -0,3471 -18
0,1312 127 0,4667 37 -0,3471 -14
0,1312 111 0,4667 37 -0,3471
2
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
0,1312 -34 0,4667 108 -0,3471 16

0,1312 -2 0,4667 108 -0,3471 -14
6
-8
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
0,1312 -24 0,4667 102 -0,3471 12

0,1312
0 0,4667 102 -0,3471 -12
0,1312 -8 0,4667 102 -0,3471 -4
0,1312 -29 0,4667 105 -0,3471 14
0,1312 -1 0,4667 105 -0,3471 -14
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
34 -0,3471
37 -0,3471
0,1312 -10 0,4667

0,1312 -15 0,4667
4
3
5
34 -0,3471
0,1312 227 0,4667
42
42
30
30
30
30
30
18
18
30
30
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
6
6
85,04
83,24
72,88
81,93
72,88
84,36
78,62
79,29
85,03
84,41
76,76
67,76
82,38
67,66
79,14
75,32
67,71
81,11
22,64
22,69
54 126,38
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
104,9345u-vq
105,3986d-vq
1287,2289ddd
1480,3199ddd
1458,7253uus
1206,2185uus
4 1480,5962uss
4 1418,4324uss
4 1087,3339uds
4 1374,3953uds
4 1087,4645uds
4 1456,9974uds
4 1265,4868uds
4
4
4
4
4 940,1237udd
4 1389,2410udd
4 937,3506uuu
4 1282,3626uuu
4 1161,3638uuu
4 938,7366uud
4 1346,7703uud
4
4
4 3269,8509t
1529
1315
1116
1385
1116
1385
1192
1241
1241
1385
1189
939,57
1232
938
1232
1232
938
1232
105,66
105,66
3097
m.ji
j/kci
0,9683
1,0787
0,9743
0,9923
0,9744
1,0520
1,0617
1,0373
1,1928
1,0532
1,0145
1,0006
1,1276
0,9993
1,0409
0,9427
1,0008
1,0932
0,9931
0,9975
1,0558
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
34
24
0,1312 273 0,4667 -37 -0,3471

0,1312 281 0,4667 -37 -0,3471
0,1312 399 0,4667 -108 -0,3471 -18

0,1312 399 0,4667 -111 -0,3471 -18
0,1312 -1 0,4667
1 -0,3471
1
0,1312
5 0,4667 -3 -0,3471 -2
54
54
-1
0
54
54
42
42
90,30
88,90
-1,53
-0,05
88,86
93,38
87,61
81,87
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
4 1669,5719sss
4 1618,2027sss
4
0,4808sss
4
0,0005sss
4 1616,6773sss
4 1785,3459sss
4 1571,5597dss
4 1372,4023dss
1672
1672
1672
1672
1672
1534
1321
-30,15
-30,62
-30,38
-31,8
1,0000
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
kj
106
106
106
106
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
ji c
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
18
18
18
18
ki d
67,68
67,62
67,65
67,47
gm
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
mg
4
4
4
4
937,8699
936,1622
937,0340
931,8814
(
)
gM
2 1875,739825
3 2808,48646
3 2811,102019
4 3727,525783
1877,8527
2816,1323
2817,4258
3755,705
-2,1129
-7,6458
-6,3238
-28,1792
28,3
7,7
E(- E() )
X(Z-A)
H(1-1)
H(1-2)
He(2-1)
He(2-2)
8.3. .
a, b, c, d -
1, kj, ji, ki - ,
Zmp + Nmn = M
gm - ,
mg - ,
() - ,
A - ,
gM - ,
M - ,
E - .
1,5208
1,5208
0,1312 265 0,4667 -37 -0,3471 -18

0,1312 253 0,4667 -37 -0,3471 -6
0,9985
0,9678
0,0003
0,9669
1,0678
1,0245
1,0389
-31,35
-31,15
-31,35
-31,35
-31,35
-31,25
-31,15
-31,35
-31,8
-31,62
-31,62
-31,45
-31,2
-31,62
-31,65
-31,75
-31,65
-31,6
-31,55
-31,7
-32
-31,9
-31,9
-31,78
-31,73
-31,57
-31,87
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
67,50
67,48
67,44
67,45
67,45
67,47
67,48
67,55
67,53
67,47
67,49
67,49
67,51
67,55
67,49
67,49
67,47
67,49
67,49
67,53
67,53
67,53
67,54
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
932,7876
932,2438
931,1569
931,5191
931,5191
931,9539
932,1351
934,2382
933,5128
931,8814
932,5338
932,5338
933,1501
934,0569
932,5338
932,4251
932,0626
932,4251
932,6063
933,5128
933,5128
933,5128
933,8755
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,50 1,22 4 932,7151

0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,46 1,22 4 931,6278
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,53 1,22 4 933,5128

0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,55 1,22 4 934,2382
9327,875563
10254,68221
11173,88249
12109,74862
13041,26775
13979,30877
14914,1618
5605,429495
6534,589332
7455,051565
8392,804208
9325,338009
10264,65136
7472,454807
8392,804208
9324,250592
10252,68896
11189,10071
12123,88189
4667,563809
5601,076571
6534,589332
7471,003762
12 11192,58061
13 12111,16158
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
6
7
8
9
10
11
8
9
10
11
12
13
5
6
7
8
5 4667,563809
6 5605,429495
11265,8227
12205,3958
9387,97
10327,5431
11267,1162
12206,6893
13146,2624
14085,8355
15025,4086
5632,2646
6571,8377
7511,4108
8450,9839
9390,557
10330,1301
7510,1173
8449,6904
9389,2635
10328,8366
11268,4097
12207,9828
4693,985
5633,5581
6573,1312
7512,7043
4695,2785
5634,8516
-73,2421
-94,2342
-60,0944
-72,8609
-93,2337
-96,9407
-104,9947
-106,5267
-111,2468
-26,8351
-37,2484
-56,3592
-58,1797
-65,2190
-65,4787
-37,6625
-56,8862
-65,0129
-76,1476
-79,3090
-84,1009
-26,4212
-32,4815
-38,5419
-41,7005
-27,7147
-29,4221
73,8
94,4
60,3
73,4
92,2
97,1
105,3
106,5
110,8
26,9
37,6
56,5
58,2
65
65,5
37,7
56,3
64,7
76,2
79,6
84,5
26,3
32
39,2
41,3
27,3
29,3
-0,9966
-0,9927
-1,0112
-0,9984
-0,9971
-1,0003
-1,0040
-0,9976
-0,9906
-0,9975
-0,9997
-1,0034
-0,9997
-0,9990
-1,0104
-1,0048
-0,9993
-0,9963
-0,9953
-1,0046
-1,0150
-0,9832
-1,0097
N(7-5) -0,9924
N(7-6) -0,9982
C(6-4)
C(6-5)
C(6-6)
C(6-7)
C(6-8)
C(6-9)
C(6-10)
Be(4-2)
Be(4-3)
Be(4-4)
Be(4-5)
Be(4-6)
Be(4-7)
B(5-3)
B(5-4)
B(5-5)
B(5-6)
B(5-7)
B(5-8)
Li(3-2)
Li(3-3)
Li(3-4)
Li(3-5)
He(2-3)
He(2-4)
-31,92
-31,97
-31,87
-31,82
-31,82
-31,92
-32,05
-31,98
-31,98
-31,92
-31,91
-31,94
-31,96
-31,99
-31,97
-31,98
-31,39
-31,49
-31,62
-31,58
-31,6
-31,56
-32,03
-32,09
-32,14
-32,12
-32,14
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
67,43
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,52
67,51
67,49
67,50
67,49
67,50
67,44
67,45
67,45
67,44
67,44
67,44
67,46
67,45
67,43
67,44
67,44
67,45
67,45
67,45
67,44
67,46
67,46
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
930,8309
930,6498
930,7223
930,6498
933,3677
933,0051
932,5338
932,6788
932,6063
932,7513
931,0482
931,3742
931,3018
931,1931
931,2655
931,2293
931,8090
931,4467
930,9758
931,2293
931,2293
931,4467
931,4829
931,4467
931,2655
931,6278
931,8090
16800,61857
17727,09668
18650,67602
19586,25479
20517,33858
21453,27998
22345,15711
15833,36167
16763,43179
17692,66882
18625,31084
19555,81569
13045,32566
13971,70003
14895,61241
15830,89842
16762,12774
17697,48671
18629,65793
13040,25337
13968,98313
14906,04502
15840,75259
23 21409,11091
24 22335,5962
25 23268,05666
26 24196,89589
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
17
18
19
20
21
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
14
15
16
17
21595,9528
22534,2324
23473,8055
24413,3786
16899,3808
17838,9539
18778,527
19718,1001
20657,6732
21597,2463
22536,8194
15961,1012
16900,6743
17840,2474
18779,8205
19719,3936
13143,6754
14083,2485
15022,8216
15962,3947
16901,9678
17841,5409
18781,114
13144,9689
14084,542
15024,1151
15963,6882
-186,8419
-198,6362
-205,7488
-216,4827
-98,7622
-111,8572
-127,8510
-131,8453
-140,3346
-143,9663
-191,6623
-127,7395
-137,2425
-147,5786
-154,5097
-163,5779
-98,3497
-111,5485
-127,2092
-131,4963
-139,8401
-144,0542
-151,4561
-104,7155
-115,5589
-118,0701
-122,9356
186,6
198,3
205,6
216,7
98,7
111,9
127,6
131,8
139,8
143,8
191,4
128,2
137,4
147,8
154,4
163,5
98,7
111,9
127,6
131,8
139,8
143,8
151,4
104,7
115,5
118
123
Na(11-12)
Mg(12-12)
Mg(12-13)
Mg(12-14)
Ne(10-8)
Ne(10-9)
Ne(10-10)
Ne(10-11)
Ne(10-12)
Ne(10-13)
Ne(10-14)
F(9-8)
F(9-9)
F(9-10)
F(9-11)
F(9-12)
O(8-6)
O(8-7)
O(8-8)
O(8-9)
O(8-10)
O(8-11)
O(8-12)
N(7-7)
N(7-8)
N(7-9)
N(7-10)
-1,0013
-1,0017
-1,0007
-0,9990
-1,0006
-0,9996
-1,0020
-1,0003
-1,0038
-1,0012
-1,0014
-0,9964
-0,9989
-0,9985
-1,0007
-1,0005
-0,9965
-0,9969
-0,9969
-0,9977
-1,0003
-1,0018
-1,0004
-1,0001
-1,0005
-1,0006
-0,9995
106
106
106
106
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
930,3240
930,3240
930,3240
930,3059
930,3059
930,3059
930,3059
930,3059
930,3059
930,3240
930,2697
930,2878
930,2878
930,2878
930,3240
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
0,1312 -32,23
0,1312 -32,23
0,1312 -32,23
0,1312 -32,235
106
106
106
106
106
106
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
18
18
18
18
18
-32,235
-32,235
-32,235
-32,235
-32,235
-32,23
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,41 1,22 4 930,3059
106
106
106
106
106
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,41 1,22 4 930,2878

0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,41 1,22 4 930,2878
0,1312 -32,235
-32,24
-32,24
0,1312
0,1312
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,41 1,22 4 930,2516

0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,41 1,22 4 930,2516
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,41 1,22 4 930,2878
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
-32,25
-32,25
-32,24
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,42 1,22 4 930,6861

0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,42 1,22 4 930,5412
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,42 1,22 4 930,5412
0,1312 -32,245
0,1312 -32,24
0,1312 -32,24
0,1312 -32,24
0,1312 -32,23
-32,13
-32,17
-32,17
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
65118,87607
66980,71875
67911,00651
68841,29427
70704,62137
68842,63385
70703,24557
71633,55143
72563,8573
74424,46902
76286,56516
79 73495,59326
81 75356,24119
78 72565,2693
80 74424,46902
74
76
77
78
80
82
75 69772,93971
70
72
73
74
76
69 64189,85547
71 66050,43099
67 62326,85426
68 63257,10582
70 65120,14323
27 25128,52345
28 26055,15388
30 27916,2363
74181,0024
76060,1486
73240,1358
75119,282
69485,7239
71363,5766
72303,1497
73242,7228
75121,869
77001,0152
70425,297
65728,725
67607,8712
68547,4443
69487,0174
71366,1636
64790,4454
66669,5916
62912,5927
63852,1658
65731,312
25351,6582
26291,2313
28170,3775
225
236,5
255
-685,4091
-703,9074
-674,8665
-694,8130
-643,0901
-660,3310
-669,5983
-678,8655
-697,4000
-714,4500
-652,3573
-609,8489
-627,1525
-636,4378
-645,7231
-661,5422
-600,5899
-619,1606
686,3
704,3
675,6
695,4
642,9
662
669,5
679,9
696,9
712,9
652,6
610,5
629
635,6
645,7
661,6
601,9
618,8
-585,7384 585,1
-595,0600 -595,4
-611,1688
611
-223,1347
-236,0774
-254,1412
-0,9989
-0,9971
-1,0013
-1,0000
-0,9999
Br(35-44)
Br(35-46)
Kr(36-42)
Kr(36-44)
Se(34-40)
Se(34-42)
Se(34-43)
Se(34-44)
Se(34-46)
Se(34-48)
-0,9987
-0,9994
-0,9989
-0,9992
-1,0003
-0,9975
-1,0001
-0,9985
-1,0007
-1,0022
As(33-42) -0,9996
Ge(32-38)
Ge(32-40)
Ge(32-41)
Ge(32-42)
Ge(32-44)
Ca(31-38) -0,9978
Ca(31-40) -1,0006
Zn(30-37) -1,0011
Zn(30-38) 0,9994
Zn(30-40) -1,0003
Al(13-14) -0,9917
Al(13-15) -0,9982
Al(13-17) -0,9966
18
18
18
18
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
4
4
4
4
930,2878
930,3240
930,3240
930,3240
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
76283,59635
77216,88912
78147,21309
80007,86102
78145,69247
80004,74739
80936,61006
81865,32291
83725,89843
84657,83351
85589,80481
87453,85608
89318,05223
85589,80481
87450,45274
88382,49647
89312,83854
90246,69259
91177,07086
93043,25845
93 86521,81233
90
91
92
94
96
88 81855,76517
84
86
87
88
85 79077,53705
87 80936,61006
82
83
84
86
930,3240 92
930,3240 94
930,3421 95
930,3421 96
930,3783 97
930,3783 98
930,4326 100
930,2878
930,3059
930,3240
930,3602
930,3964
930,3059
930,2878
930,3059
930,2878
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
-32,23
-32,23
-32,225
-32,225
-32,215
-32,215
-32,2
18
18
18
18
18
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,41 1,22 4 930,3421
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
18
18
18
18
0,1312 -32,225
106
106
106
106
106
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
0,1312 -32,24
0,1312 -32,235
0,1312 -32,23
0,1312 -32,22
0,1312 -32,21
-32,27
106
106
106
106
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,41 1,22 4 930,1791
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
0,1312
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
106
106
106
106
0,1312 -32,235
0,1312 -32,24
0,1312 -32,235
0,1312 -32,24
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,41 1,22 4 930,3240

0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,41 1,22 4 930,3059
-32,24
-32,23
-32,23
-32,23
0,1312 -32,23
0,1312 -32,235
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
86386,3982
88265,5444
89205,1175
90144,6906
91084,2637
92023,8368
93902,983
87327,2648
84509,839
85449,4121
86388,9852
88268,1314
90147,2776
82631,9863
78874,9874
80754,1336
81693,7067
82633,2798
79815,854
81695,0002
76998,4282
77938,0013
78877,5744
80756,7206
-796,5934
-815,0917
-822,6210
-831,8521
-837,5711
-846,7659
-859,7246
-805,4525
-783,9406
-791,5786
-799,1804
-814,2753
-829,2254
-776,2211
-729,2949
-749,3862
-757,0966
-767,9569
-738,3169
-758,3901
-714,8318
-721,1122
-730,3613
-748,8596
796,5
814,2
821,2
830,8
837,6
846,1
860,4
805,6
783,8
791,1
799,9
814,7
828,9
775,5
728,9
748,9
757,3
768,4
739,4
757,9
714,3
721,7
732,2
749,2
-1,0007
-0,9992
-0,9975
-0,9995
-1,0005
-1,0006
-0,9997
-0,9994
-1,0002
-1,0006
-0,9991
-0,9995
-1,0004
Mo(42-50)
Mo(42-52)
Mo(42-53)
Mo(42-54)
Mo(42-55)
Mo(42-56)
Mo(42-58)
-1,0001
-1,0011
-1,0017
-1,0013
-1,0000
-1,0008
-0,9992
Nb(41-52) -0,9998
Zr(40-50)
Zr(40-51)
Zr(40-52)
Zr(40-54)
Zr(40-56)
Y(39-49) -1,0009
Sr(38-46)
Sr(38-48)
Sr(38-49)
Sr(38-50)
Pb(37-48) -0,9985
Pb(37-50) -1,0006
Kr(36-46)
Kr(36-47)
Kr(36-48)
Kr(36-50)
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,42
67,42
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
930,4869
930,4869
930,4869
930,6136
930,5050
930,5412
930,5231
930,5231
930,3964
930,4507
930,4507
930,4688
930,4688
930,3964
930,4145
930,4326
930,4326
930,4507
112
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
106
108
110
111
112
102
104
105
106
108
96
98
99
100
101
102
103
90142,1036
92021,2498
92960,8229
93900,396
94839,9691
95779,5422
96719,1153
104214,5324
106075,5062
107005,9931
107951,1811
108869,0851
109803,8628
110732,2495
111662,7726
-910,6446
-923,1325
-941,3773
-948,4902
-957,5945
-915,3036
-931,5750
-876,5247
-892,9954
-900,2531
-909,3936
-925,7195
-827,5272
-845,9530
-853,3738
-862,5686
-869,9350
-879,1117
-893,8823
905,6
923,6
940,7
947,8
956,8
915,4
931,8
875,7
893,1
900,3
909,7
925,2
826,7
845,3
852,5
862
869,1
878,4
893,4
105167,5122 -952,9798 953,3

107046,6584 -971,1522 971,4
107986,2315 -980,2384 979,1
108925,8046 -974,6235 956,8
109865,3777 -996,2926 995,6
110804,9508 -1001,0880 1000
111744,5239 -1012,2744 1011,5
112684,097 -1021,3244 1020,6
98622,016 99532,6606
100488,6743 101411,8068
102349,5757 103290,953
103282,0359 104230,5261
104212,5047 105170,0992
94900,4305 95776,9552
96763,10601 97656,1014
97695,42137 98595,6745
98625,85396 99535,2476
100488,6743 101414,3938
89314,57642
91175,29676
92107,44914
93037,82741
93970,03412
94900,4305
95825,23301
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
-32,185
-32,185
-32,185
-32,15
-32,18
-32,17
-32,175
-32,175
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
930,3602
930,3602
930,3783
930,3783
930,3964
930,3964
930,3421
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
106
106
106
106
106
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
18
18
18
18
18
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
0,1312 -32,21
0,1312 -32,195
0,1312 -32,195
0,1312 -32,19
0,1312 -32,19
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
67,41
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,41 1,22 4 930,4507 107 99558,22365 100473,5272
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,42 1,22 4 930,4688 109 101421,0984 102352,6734
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
0,1312 -32,195
0,1312 -32,19
106
106
106
106
106
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
0,1312 -32,21
0,1312 -32,205
0,1312
-32,2
0,1312
-32,2
0,1312 -32,195
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,1312 -32,22
0,1312 -32,22
0,1312 -32,215
0,1312 -32,215
0,1312 -32,21
0,1312 -32,21
0,1312 -32,225
-1,0009
-0,9999
-0,9999
-0,9997
-1,0006
-1,0010
-1,0008
-1,0010
-1,0007
-1,0010
-1,0008
-1,0005
Sn(50-62)
Sn(50-64)
Sn(50-65)
Sn(50-66)
Sn(50-67)
Sn(50-68)
Sn(50-69)
Sn(50-70)
Cd(48-58)
cd(48-60)
Cd(48-62)
Cd(48-63)
Cd(48-64)
-0,9997
-0,9997
-1,0012
-1,0186
-1,0007
-1,0011
-1,0008
-1,0007
-1,0056
-0,9995
-1,0007
-1,0007
-1,0008
Ag(47-60) -0,9999
Ag(47-62) -0,9998
Pd(46-56)
Pd(46-58)
Pd(46-59)
Pd(46-60)
Pd(46-62)
Ru(44-52)
Ru(44-54)
Ru(44-55)
Ru(44-56)
Ru(44-57)
Ru(44-58)
Ru(44-59)
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
930,6136
930,6136
930,6317
930,6317
930,6317
930,6498
930,6498
930,6136
930,5774
930,5774
930,5955
930,5955
930,6136
930,6136
930,6317
930,6679
930,5412
930,5593
930,5593
930,5593
930,5593
930,5774
930,5774
930,5231
930,6136
130
132
134
135
136
137
138
124
126
128
129
130
131
132
134
136
121
123
120
122
124
125
126
128
130
120979,772
122840,9992
124704,6526
125635,2844
126565,9161
127499,0283
128429,6782
115396,0902
117252,7549
119113,9097
120046,8227
120977,4183
121910,3856
122840,9992
124704,6526
126570,8409
112595,4864
114458,7957
111667,1178
113528,2364
115389,355
116322,1775
117252,7549
119106,9575
120979,772
122072,067
123951,2132
125830,3594
126769,9325
127709,5056
128649,0787
129588,6518
116442,3894
118316,3616
120195,5078
121135,0809
122074,654
123014,2271
123953,8002
125832,9464
127712,0926
113622,3766
115501,5228
112681,51
114560,6562
116439,8024
117379,3755
118318,9486
120198,0948
122077,241
-1092,2950
-1110,2140
-1125,7068
-1134,6481
-1143,5895
-1150,0504
-1158,9736
-1046,2992
-1063,6067
-1081,5981
-1088,2582
-1097,2357
-1103,8415
-1112,8010
-1128,2938
-1141,2517
-1026,8902
-1042,7271
-1014,3922
-1032,4198
-1050,4474
-1057,1980
-1066,1937
-1091,1373
-1097,4690
1092,8
1110
1126,8
1133,8
1143
1149,9
1158,5
1046
1064
1080,7
1087,6
1096,9
1103,5
1112,4
1127,4
1141,8
1026,5
1042,3
1016,8
1034,5
1050,7
1057,3
1064
1020,6
1096,9
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
0,1312 -32,15
0,1312 -32,15
0,1312 -32,145
0,1312 -32,145
0,1312 -32,145
0,1312 -32,14
0,1312 -32,14
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
-32,15
-32,16
-32,16
-32,155
-32,155
-32,15
-32,15
-32,145
-32,135
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
-32,17
-32,165
-32,165
-32,165
-32,165
-32,16
-32,16
-32,175
-32,15
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,42 1,22 4 930,5593 122 113528,2364 114563,2432 -1035,0068 1035,8
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,42 1,22 4 930,5774 124 115391,6001 116442,3894 -1050,7893 1050,1
0,1312 -32,165
0,1312 -32,16
Ba(56-74)
Ba(56-76)
Ba(56-78)
Ba(56-79)
Ba(56-80)
Ba(56-81)
Ba(56-82)
Xe(54-70)
Xe(54-72)
Xe(54-74)
Xe(54-75)
Xe(54-76)
Xe(54-77)
Xe(54-78)
Xe(54-80)
Xe(54-82)
Sb(51-70)
Sb(51-72)
Te(52-68)
Te(52-70)
Te(52-73)
Te(52-73)
Te(52-74)
Te(52-76)
Te(52-78)
-0,9995
-1,0002
-0,9990
-1,0007
-1,0005
-1,0001
-1,0004
-1,0003
-0,9996
-1,0008
-1,0006
-1,0003
-1,0003
-1,0004
-1,0008
-0,9995
-1,0004
-1,0004
-0,9976
-0,9980
-0,9998
-0,9999
-1,0021
-1,0691
-1,0005
Sn(50-72) -0,9992
Sn(50-74) -1,0007
-32,09
0,1312
144
147
148
149
150
152
154
Pr(60-82)
Pr(60-83)
Pr(60-84)
Pr(60-85)
Pr(60-86)
Pr(60-88)
Pr(60-70)
-0,9991
-0,9994
-1,0003
-1,0005
-0,9996
-1,0000
-0,9925
Ge(58-80) -1,0001
Ge(58-82) -0,9990
Ge(58-84) -0,9990
Za(57-82) -0,9994
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,8309 156 145209,6218 146488,0326 -1278,4108 1278,5
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,9033 159 148013,6312 149308,0454 -1294,4142 1302,4
Du(66-90) -0,9999
Tb(65-93) -0,9939
Gd(64-88) -0,9999
Gd(64-96) -1,0007
Eu(63-88) -0,9998
Eu(63-90) -1,0018
134024,0064 135218,3294 -1194,3230 1196 Sm(62-82) -0,9986

136821,4966 138037,0487 -1215,5521 1217,5 Sm(62-85) -0,9984
137752,255
138976,62 -1224,3650 1225,6 Sm(62-86) -0,9990
138684,6323
139916,19 -1231,5577 1231,3 Sm(62-87) -1,0002
139615,4016 140855,768 -1240,3664 1239,5 Sm(62-88) -1,0007
141480,7935
142734,91 -1254,1165 1253,3 Sm(62-90) -1,0007
143347,96 144614,0604 -1266,1004 1267,1 Sm(62-92) -0,9992
1185,4
1191,4
1199,2
1205,2
1212,4
1225,4
1237,6
-32,07
930,7223
930,7585
930,7585
930,7693
930,7693
930,7947
930,8309
-1184,3506
-1190,6484
-1199,5173
-1205,7609
-1211,9681
-1225,3459
-1228,2863
0,1312
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
133341,7702
134281,3433
135220,9164
136160,4895
137100,0626
138979,2088
140858,355
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,7947 152 141480,7935 142732,3272 -1251,5337 1251,7
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,8671 160 148938,7399 150248,912 -1310,1721 1309,2
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
132157,4196
133090,6949
134021,3991
134954,7286
135888,0945
137753,8629
139630,0687
-32,1
-32,08
67,42
67,43
67,43
67,43
67,43
67,43
67,43
142
143
144
145
146
148
150
0,1312
0,1312
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
930,6861
930,7042
930,7042
930,7223
930,7404
930,7693
930,8671
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,7947 151 140549,9988 141794,0476 -1244,0488 1244,3
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,7947 153 142411,5882 143673,1938 -1261,6056 1259,3
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
-32,1
-32,1
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
0,1312
0,1312
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,42
67,43
67,43
67,43
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
0,1312 -32,12
0,1312 -32,11
0,1312 -32,11
0,1312 -32,107
0,1312 -32,107
0,1312
-32,1
0,1312 -32,09
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
-32,13
-32,125
-32,125
-32,12
-32,115
-32,107
-32,08
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,42 1,22 4 930,6498 138 128429,6782 129586,0648 -1156,3866 1156,3
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,42 1,22 4 930,6679 140 130293,5127 131465,211 -1171,6983 1172,9
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,42 1,22 4 930,7042 142 132159,9907 133344,3572 -1184,3665 1185,5
0,1312 -32,14
0,1312 -32,135
0,1312 -32,125
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,42 1,22 4 930,6679 139 129362,8447 130526,9314 -1164,0867 1164,8
0,1312 -32,135
-32,07
-32,09
-32,08
-32,06
-32,06
-32,06
-32,04
-32,05
-32,05
-32,04
-32,03
-32,02
-32,03
-32,02
-32,03
-32,01
-32,01
-32,01
-32,01
-32
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
153587,1
154942,897 -1355,7970 1334,3
Ho(67-98) -1,0161
Du(6698) -0,9986
164333,454 -1412,6933
1412 Zn(71-104) -1,0005
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,1207 190 176912,9241

0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,1569 198 184369,0611
Ir(77-114) -0,9980
Ir(77-116) -1,0000
178417,996 -1505,0719 1509,8 Pt(78-112) -0,9969
185934,58 -1565,5189 1567,3 Pt(78-120) -0,9989
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,1207 191 177844,0447 179358,8626 -1514,8179 1517,8
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,1207 193 179706,286 181238,0088 -1531,7228 1531,7
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,0482 184 171312,8711 172783,1444 -1470,2733 1469,8 Os(76-118) -1,0003
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,1207 192 178775,1654 180299,7292 -1524,5638 1526,2 Os(76-126) -0,9989
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,0482 185 172243,9194 173724,011 -1480,0916 1478,3 Re(75-110) -1,0012
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,0844 187 174112,7889 175603,1572 -1490,3683 1491,7 Re(75-112)
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,0482 180 167588,6783 169027,439 -1438,7607 1444,3 W(74-106) -0,9962
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,0844 186 173181,7044 174664,8776 -1483,1732 1485,9 W(74-112) -0,9982
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,9758 174 161989,7849 163392,5874 -1402,8025 1403,7 Hf(72-102) -0,9994
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,0120 180 167582,1589 169030,026 -1447,8671 1446 Hf(72-108) -1,0013
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,9758 175 162920,7607
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,9396 168 156397,8457 157757,7358 -1359,8901 1362,8 Yb(70-98) -0,9979
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,0120 176 163858,1109 165274,3206 -1416,2097 1419 Yb(70-106) -0,9980
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,9396 169 157328,7852 158698,6024 -1369,8172 1371,2 Tm(69-100) -0,9990
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,8671 162 150800,4742 152122,8842 -1322,4100 1320,7 Er(68-94) -1,0013
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,9396 170 158259,7248 159639,469 -1379,7442 1379 Er(68-102) -1,0005
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,8309 165
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,43 1,22 4 930,9033 164 152668,1479 154004,6174 -1336,4695 1338,3
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,45 1,22 4 931,5554 244 227299,5063

0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,45 1,22 4 931,5554 244 227299,5063
-32
-31,99
-31,99
-31,99
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312
0,1312 -31,985
0,1312 -31,95
0,1312 -31,96
0,1312 -31,96
0,1312 -31,95
0,1312 -31,935
0,1312 -31,92
0,1312 -31,92
0,1312 -31,92
0,1312 -31,915
0,1312
-31,9
0,1312 -31,92
0,1312
0,1312
-31,89
-31,89
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
0,4667
-31,98
-31,96
0,1312
0,1312
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
-0,3471 15
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
1,5208
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
67,45
67,45
67,45
67,45
67,45
67,45
67,45
67,45
67,44
67,45
67,45
67,45
67,44
67,44
67,44
67,44
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
1,22
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
931,4467
931,4648
931,5191
931,4467
931,3380
931,3923
931,4467
931,4467
931,2112
931,3380
931,3018
931,3018
931,1569
931,1931
931,1931
931,1931
191568,14 -1597,3590
195326,43 -1615,6627
1600
1615
Tl(81-123) -0,9983
Tl(81-127)
184052,85 -1553,2020 1551,2 Hg(80-116) -1,0013

191569,43 -1613,4277 1608,6 Hg(80-124) -1,0030
184993,71 -1562,9414 1559,4 Au(79-118) -1,0023
235
238
238
238
220
223
232
232
218889,9672
221688,6183
221701,5517
221684,3072
204894,3579
207700,4894
216095,6272
216095,6272
1696,6
1713,8
1766,5
1765,9
Fr(87-133)
Ra(88-135)
Ac(89-143)
Ur(92-140)
-1,0015
-0,9981
-1,0014
-1,0002
-1790,7128 1783,8 U(92-143) -1,0039
-1810,7817 1810 U(92-146) -1,0004
-1796,5483 1800,8 Np(93-145) -0,9976
-1812,4928 1801,3 Pu(94-144) -1,0062
-1699,1921
-1710,4806
-1768,9128
-1766,3328
229132,95 -1833,4437 1835 Am(95-149) -0,9992

229131,66 -1832,1537 1835,7 Cm(96-148) -0,9981
220680,68
223499,4
223498,1
223496,8
206593,55
209410,97
217864,54
217861,96
209 194623,1423
196263,42 -1640,2777 1640,2 Bi(83-126) -1,0000
214
199306,33
200959,99 -1653,6600 1666 Po(84-130) -0,9926
216 201161,1814 202837,8421 -1676,6607 1674,6 At(85-131) -1,0012
216 201161,1814
202836,55 -1675,3686 1675,9 Rn(86-130) -0,9997
204 189956,0023 191566,8454 -1610,8431 1607,5 Pb(82-122) -1,0021

206 191825,7778
193445,99 -1620,2122 1622,3 Pb(82-124) -0,9987
207 192756,9709 194385,5647 -1628,5938 1629 Pb(82-125) -0,9998
208 193688,164
195325,14 -1636,9760 1636,4 Pb(82-126) -1,0004
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,2293 204 189970,781

0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,45 1,22 4 931,3018 208 193710,7673
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,1207 196 182499,648

0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,1569 204 189956,0023
-32,01
-32
0,1312
0,1312
0,4667 106 -0,3471 15 1,5208 18 67,44 1,22 4 931,1207 197 183430,7686
-32,01
0,1312
9.
9.1. .

.
Y, , L, Nd, Sm, Eu, Cd, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu.
MBa Cu O
,
2
3 6+ x
.
.
86 98.
5- Tl Ca
Ba Cu O
2 n 1 2 n 2n 1
n = 1 T = 80 K n = 2
c
Tc = 100 K , n = 3 Tc = 125K .
Tl1Can Ba2CunO2n + 2
n = 2 Tc = 75K
n = 3 Tc = 105

.
.
,
.
N-

.

6s . .
- 5d, 5f, 5g .
,

Tc .
.
,
. 5
Xe54 , 6-
, ,
8- .
.

. ,

.
, .
,
9.
-
.
,
, .

.

.
6,7,8 ,
,

( 7.5). EJ e
mn c 2
EJ e = ( mn c 2 + me c 2 ) ( mn c 2 + me c 2 ) 2 ( mv c 2 ) 2
9.1.
mv c 2 -
.

.
9.2.
mv c 2 = mvn c 2 + mve c 2

mvg c 2 .
(1)
9.3.
EJ e = ( mn c 2 + mec 2 ) ( mn c 2 + mec 2 )2 ( mv c 2 mvg c 2 )2

.

9.4.
mv c 2 mvg c 2 = 0

EJ e = 0
.

mv c 2 mvg c 2 > 0 ,
2
2 2
1 ( mv c mvg c )
EJ e =
2 ( mn c 2 + mec 2 )
9.5.
p = ( mv mvg )c
9.6.
1
p2
EJ e =
2 ( mn + me )
,
.
433
9.

.

- mvT c 2 ,
9.7.
K BT = ( mn c 2 + mec 2 ) ( mn c 2 + mec 2 )2 ( mvT c 2 )2
K B - , K B = 1.38 * 1023 DgK 1
- (1, 3/2,),
.
(7)
mvT c 2 = 2K BT ( mn c 2 + mec 2 )
(4)
9.8.
mv c 2 2K BT ( mn c 2 + me c 2 ) = 0
mv c 2
mn c 2 , ,
,
EJ e = 0 .
TK ,
.
,
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
mvk c 2

meVe2
= ( mn c 2 + me c 2 ) ( mn c 2 + me c 2 )2 ( mvk c 2 )2
2
mvk c 2 = meVe2 ( mn c 2 + me c 2 )
EH c
9.9.

mvH c 2 ,
- ,
U
9.10.
EH c = H c2dU
0

mvH c 2 = 2 EH c ( mn c 2 + me c 2 )
9.11.
434
9.

.
(3)

mvg c 2 = mvT c 2 + mvH c 2 ,
mv c 2 mvT c 2 mvH c 2 = 0
9.12.

, EJ e = 0 .
H c = 0 Tmax ,
.
mv c 2 mvT c 2 = 0
T = 0 mv c 2 mvH c 2 = 0
.
, .
H c , Tc
[21] (11,4 406)
T 2
H c (T ) = H c0 1
Tc
.

H c ,
. H c0 .
9.8, 9.9, 9.11 ,
, ,
.

1
( mv c 2 ) 2
Tk =
.
2 K B ( mn c 2 + me c 2 )
Ve =
( mv c 2 )2
me ( mn c 2 + mec 2 )

,
,
.

, . [19], [20] .
[10] .
435
9.
mn = Zm p + NmN Ecv
9.14.
Z,N ,
m p = 938.26 M
.
mN = 939.55M
A
2
3
( Z )2
2
z
2
3
4
Ecv = A A
+ A
1
A
A3
= 15.75, = 17.8, = 0.71, = 94.8 .
A= Z + N
= + -
= 0
= - .
= 34
9.2.
.

, .
.

,
.
.
5-
M i X jYk Z l ON ,
,,,Z, , I,j,k,l,N .
EJ en , n
,,,Z,O.
mn c 2 .
n (1)
9.15.
mvn c 2 = 2 EJ en ( mn c 2 + me c 2 )
(14).
n , 5-
.
EJ en - . [19].

5
9.16.
( mv c 2 ) s = n mvn c 2
1
436
9.
n - I,j,k,l,N.

5
( mn c 2 ) s = n mn c 2
9.17.

< mv c 2 >=
( mv c 2 ) s
9.18.
( mn c 2 ) s

- .

.
9.19.
mvn c 2 = mvn c 2 < mvn c 2 >
(19)
.
mvM c 2 = mvM c 2 < mv c 2 >
...........................................
...........................................
mvO c 2 = mvO c 2 < mv c 2 >
.

.
5
9.20.
2
( mvn c ) s = n mvn c 2
1
mvnC =
n mvn c 2mn c 2 ( mvn c 2 ) s
9.21.
nmvn c2mnc2
1
mvn c 2 ,
. ,
, ,

9.22.
mvn c 2 (1) = mvn c 2 (0) mvn c 2 (0)
1, 0
0 ,
.
,
,
437
9.
EJ en (1) =
9.23.
1 ( mvn c 2 (1))2
2 ( mn c 2 + me c 2 )
EJ en (1)
(22), N
9.24.
m c 2 ( N + 1) = m c 2 ( N ) m c 2 ( N )
vn
vn
vn
N

9.25.
1 ( mvn c 2 ( N ))2
n
EJ e ( N ) =
2 ( mn c 2 + me c 2 )
(24)
N , N + 1
.
.
mvn c 2 ( N + 1) < 0 1
.
mvn c 2 ( N + 1) < 0
mvn 3 ( N + 1) < 0
2 .
mvn c 2 ( N + 1) < 0
mvn 3c 2 ( N + 1) < 0 3 .
mvn 2c 2 ( N + 1) < 0
4, 5 ..
.
.
,

.

,
.
1,2, 3, 4 . , ,
, .

. 1,
. 2,
..
.

.
1,2, . ,
.
,
, ,
438
9.
(24),(25),
, (4).
,
209
205
138
Bi83 , Tl81 , Ba56 ,....
n
.

9.24a.
mvn c 2 (1) = mvn c 2 (0) ( mvn c 2 (0)) 2
(24).

9.24b
mvn c 2 ( N > 1) = mVn c 2 ( N > 1) ( mvn c 2 ( N > 1)) Bn
(24).
m c2
Bn = n n n
n mnc 2
1
Bn ,
,
.
,
( mvn c 2 ( N > 1)) Bn > 0.02 .

.
N + 1 (24)
(24),
.
1,2, ..
1,2,3,.
( )
.
.
,
1,2,.. .

.

Ve = 107 /.

.
1
h
[21]
Ve = (3 2 n )3
me
n - .
Ve 108 /
1,2,..

439
9.
( ),
.

(9)
2
9.26.
< mv c 2 ( N ) >
Ve =
n
me n mn c 2
(9.26) . me = 9.1 *1028 .
1,2,..
1,2, ,
2

m c 2 ( N )mn c 2 + n 3mvn 3c 2 ( N )mn 3c 2
< mv c 2 >= n vn

n mn c 2 + n 3mn 3c 2
3,4,.
,
.
.
,
1,,

.
.

.
9.3.
.
,
88-100
.
.
3.6 < X < 7.7
.
MBa2Cu3Ox , - .
Z -
Y -
La -
Nd -
Sm -
Eu -
38
57
60
62
63
- EJ e -

89
6.2171
139
5.577
142
5.49
154
5.65
153
5.664
440
9.
Gd -
Er -
Lu -
Pr -
64
68
71
59
154
170
175
141
6.16
6.1
5.4229
5.42

.
.
, TP
0.
.

. .
0,001
TP , T = 0 K .
,
Tp .
, Tc .
Tc 0
O X .
,
TP , Tc .
,
.

.

.

cp1
mv c 2 ( Ba ) < 0

2
mv c ( Ba ) < 0
cp2
mv c 2 (Cu ) < 0
(13),
Ba,
2, 1.
Ba.

mv c 2 ( M ) < 0
3
mv c 2 ( Ba ) < 0
mv c 2 (Cu ) < 0

4.
441
9.
mv c 2 ( M ) < 0
mv c 2 ( Ba ) < 0
mv c (Cu ) < 0
2
cp4
mv c 2 (O ) < 0
3, 4
Ox .
Tc
. Tc
X < 0 . 001 /
1,
2,. ,
Tc .
,

mvn c 2 106 108 .

1 2,
3 ,

107 108 /. (
.) 0 .
2 0
. 3
5.5 * 108 /.
.

.
(
).
5- .
Tl2CaBa2Cu2O X 8

Tl2Ca2 Ba2Cu3O X 10
.
.
1, P2, 3,
4 1, 3,4.
(22) (22),
(22) (22). 1 (
) 2, 3, 4 (
) .
105 107 /, 2,3,.. 108 109 /.

.
. [21].
442
9.

.

.
.

T = 0 K
T = TP . X 0.0001 (

).
1 2 ( ).
.
1 .
.
TP Tc 0 .
.
TP max TP min = Tc max . TP min = TC max 0 K .

1 2.
.
( X 0.0001 ).
.
YBa 2Cu3 (O816 ) x
.
X 1 = 5.582 Tc = 341.33K C 2 Vc = 4.319 *10^8
/
X 2 = 5.5815 TP = 341.95K C1 VP = 1.3856 * 10^8
X = 0.0005
3,12 . .

TP Tc = 0.62 K . 0,0000534.
.
X 1 = 5.0663 TP = 1310.6 K C1 2,76544 * 10^8
/
X 2 = 5.0665 Tc = 108 K CP 2 1.25795 * 10^8
X = 0.0002 , 2,19 .
1,1.
, .
K BT 104 .

.
, - - [21] ,
.
. .
443
9.
YBa 2 Cu3O(16 ) x
1600.0
1500.0
1400.0
1300.0
1200.0
T -
1100.0
1000.0
900.0
800.0
700.0
600.0
500.0
5.58
400.0
300.0
4.54
7.21
200.0
100.0
0.0
3.0
3.8
3.5
4.0
4.26
4.5
5.05
5.0
6.37
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
O -
O
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.80
3.81
3.95
3.97
4.00
4.10
4.15
4.20
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.30
4.40
4.54
4.55
4.60
4.63
4.65
4.70
4.80
4.90
5.00
5.05
5.07
5.15
5.25
5.35
5.45
5.55
5.58
5.59
683.00
341.00
133.70
0.00
CP4
1425.00
CP1
556.00
473.00
363.00
118.70
52.70
15.45
0.00
0.00
CP2
1428.00
CP1
1287.00
885.00
309.00
CP1
454.00
CP2
350.00
500.00
262.00
191.00
89.35
30.37
4.20
0.00
CP2
1301.00
CP1
1092.00
865.00
674.00
512.00
378.00
343.00
CP1
332.00
CP2
5,4*10^8
3*10^8
1,29*10^8
2,97*10^8
1,7*10^8
4,53*10^8
1,34*10^8
2,7*10^8
1,39*10^8
4,29*10^8
O
T
5.65
270.00
5.66
259.00
5.67
251.00
5.70
225.00
5.75
185.00
5.80
150.00
5.90
93.70
6.00
53.00
6.05
38.00
6.10
25.81
6.15
16.38
6.25
4.48
6.30
1.54
6.35
0.00
6.37
0.00
CP2
6.38 1040.00
CP1
6.39 1020.00
6.40 1003.00
6.50
845.00
7.00
268.00
7.10
194.00
7.15
161.00
7.18
143.00
7.21
126.00
CP1
7.22
121.00
CP2
7.23
115.00
7.24
110.00
7.25
105.00
7.30
81.93
7.35
61.52
7.45
30.00
7.50
18.10
7.55
9.40
7.70
0.00
1,46*10^8
2,34*10^8
7,9*10^7
4,63*10^8
. 88. Y Ba2 Cu3 O(16)x
444
9.
GdBa 2 Cu3 O (16 ) x
400.0
350.0
T -
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
5.3
100.0
50.0
0.0
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.2
6.19
5.7
5.05
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.7
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
O -
O
4.80
4.90
5.03
5.05
5.08
5.10
5.20
5.25
5.30
5.32
5.35
5.40
5.50
5.70
5.75
156.60
1
48.38
3
1.70
0.00
3
398.00
1
363.00
222.00
168.50
124.90
1
109.96
2
89.70
62.30
25.00
0.00
3
268.00
1
2,82*10^8
1,31*10^8
7,3*10^7
2,57*10^8
3,3*10^8
1,06*10^8
O
T
5.80 224.00
5.90 153.00
6.00 100.00
6.10
61.00
6.15
47.00
6.18
32.00
6.19
37.00
1
6.20
34.00
2
6.30
18.00
6.35
12.00
6.40
8.00
6.45
4.50
6.50
2.00
6.70
0.00
3,86*10^7
2,3*10^8
. 89 Gd Ba2 Cu3 O(16)x
445
9.
Pr Ba 2 Cu3 O(16 ) x
600.0
550.0
500.0
450.0
T -
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
4.91
200.0
5.52
150.0
100.0
6.57
50.0
0.0
4.5
5.0
7.0
6.01
5.22
6.0
5.5
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.5
O -
4.80 448.00
6.00
0.00
4.90 214.00
6.01
0.00
3,*10^8
1,7*10^6
4.91 197.00
9,6*10^7
6.02 363.00
4.92 181.64
2,9*10^8
6.05 333.00
4.93 166.34
6.10 287.00
4.95 138.20
6.20 207.00
5.00
82.39
6.30 145.00
5.10
19.32
6.40
97.90
5.20
0.00
6.50
62.45
5.21
0.00
6.55
48.90
5.22
0.00
6.57
44.10
4,3*10^7
5.23 527.00
6.59
39.60
2,3*10^8
5.30 398.00
6.60
37.40
5.40 256.00
6.70
20.00
5.50 154.00
6.80
9.70
5.52 138.50
C1
7,9*10^7
6.90
3.90
5.53 130.00
5,9*10^8
7.00
0.00
5.55 116.41
7.10
0.00
5.56 109.00
7.20
63.38
5.60
85.40
7.30
29.00
5.70
41.37
7.40
8.50
5.80
16.10
7.50
0.00
5.90
3.86
. 90 Pr Ba2 Cu3 O(16)x
446
9.
ErBa 2 Cu3 O (16 ) x

600.0
550.0
500.0
450.0
T -
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
5.06
150.0
100.0
5.82
50.0
4.85
0.0
4.4
4.7
4.9
6.25
5.46
5.2
5.4
5.7
5.9
6.2
6.4
6.7
O -
O
4.4000
4.4500
4.4800
4.5000
4.6000
4.7000
4.8000
4.8500
4.8900
4.9000
4.9200
4.9500
4.9500
5.0000
5.0500
5.0550
5.0560
5.0570
5.0575
5.0580
5.0600
5.0700
5.0800
5.0900
5.1000
5.1000
5.1500
5.2000
5.3000
5.4000
5.4500
70.0000
12.0000
0.0000
507.0000
213.0000
62.0000
5.8700
0.0000
2
395.0000
1
377.0000
1
340.0000
290.0000
290.7800
219.0000
160.3100
1
160.3000
2
153.9700
1
153.1000
1
152.5770
1
151.0000
1
150.1000
2
140.2100
2
131.0000
2
122.0000
2
113.0000
2
113.0000
2
76.9800
47.9000
15.0000
1.7000
0.0000
8,1*10^7
2,75*10^8
O
5.4600
5.4610
5.4620
5.4650
5.4700
5.5000
5.6000
5.7000
5.8000
5.8100
5.8200
5.8200
5.8210
5.8220
5.8230
5.8240
5.8250
5.8300
5.8300
5.8400
5.8500
5.9000
6.0000
6.1000
6.1500
6.2000
6.2500
6.3000
6.4000
6.5000
6.6000
0.0000
4
330.0000
1
329.0000
326.3000
320.0000
287.0000
196.0000
128.0000
78.0000
74.0000
71.0000
71.0000
70.5800
70.2100
1
69.8280
2
69.4400
69.1000
67.3000
67.2000
63.0000
60.0000
44.0000
22.4100
9.4200
5.6200
3.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
12.1000
0.0000
3,8*10^8
1,14*10^8
5,21*10^7
2,575*10^8
. 91 Er Ba2 Cu3 O(16)x
447
9.
EuBa 2 Cu3O(16 ) x
500.0
450.0
T -
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
5.4
4.9
100.0
6.34
50.0
5.14
0.0
5.3
4.8
6.8
5.8
6.3
5.8
6.8
7.3
O -
O
4.8000
4.8500
4.8900
4.9000
4.9000
4.9500
5.0000
5.1000
5.1000
5.1100
5.1200
5.1300
5.1350
5.1370
5.1380
5.1395
5.1400
5.1500
5.1500
5.1700
5.1900
5.2000
5.2500
5.2900
5.3000
5.4000
5.4000
5.4010
294.00
193.00
193.00
9,3*10^7
118.00 2,06*10^8
118.72
66.50
32.00
1.93
1.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 2,62*10^8
490.00
1,4*10^8
488.00
470.00
469.00
431.00
400.00
379.00
300.00
247.00
234.00
135.00
135.00
134.49
7,6*10^7
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
O
5.4020
5.4030
5.4050
5.4100
5.4100
5.4200
5.4300
5.4500
5.5000
5.6000
5.7000
5.7500
5.8000
5.8200
5.8500
5.8500
5.8600
5.8610
5.8615
5.8620
5.8630
5.8650
5.8670
5.8680
5.8690
5.8700
5.8700
5.9000
T
133.71
132.91
131.24
127.00
127.00
119.00
112.00
98.00
69.00
30.00
9.20
4.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
326.49
325.47
323.40
319.90
319.00
319.38
316.00
318.30
289.00

2,68*10^8 2
2,69*10^8 2
2
2
2
3
3
2,72*10^8 3
1,16*10^8 1
O
T
5.9000 289.00
6.0000 205.00
6.1000 140.00
6.2000 92.00
6.3000 57.00
6.3000 56.88
6.3200 51.00
6.3200 51.32
6.3250 49.89
6.3300 48.54
6.3350 47.26
6.3360 46.99
6.3365 46.84
6.3370 46.73
6.3380 46.48
6.3400 45.91
6.3450 44.72
6.3500 43.00
6.3500 43.44
6.4000 32.00
6.5000 17.00
6.6000
7.30
6.7000
2.47
6.8000
0.00
6.9000
0.00
7.0000
0.00
7.1000
0.00
1
1
4,3*10^7 1
2,38*10^8 2
2
. 92 Eu Ba2 Cu3 O(16)x
448
9.
SmBa 2 Cu3 O (16 ) x

500.0
450.0
400.0
T -
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
5.4
100.0
6.33
50.0
5.12
4.7
0.0
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.8
5.8
5.5
6.5
6.0
7.2
7.0
7.5
8.0
O -
O
4.40
20.60
O
5.86
0.00
2,69*10^8
4.50 330.00
5.86 326.00
1,16*10^8
4.55 162.00
5.87 316.00
4.60
62.00
5.90 287.00
4.60
62.50
6.00 205.00
4.70
0.00
6.10 140.00
4.72
0.00
6.15 114.00
4.75 423.00
6.20
91.00
4.80 290.00
6.25
71.00
4.90 116.00
6.33
49.46
4,5*10^7
5.00
30.00
6.33
48.94
2,4*10^8
5.10
1.54
6.34
45.00
5.12
0.00
2,75*10^8
6.35
43.00
5.20 375.00
1,27*10^8
6.40
32.00
5.30 231.00
9,9*10^7
6.50
16.40
5.40 133.00
2,68*10^8
6.70
2.34
5.50
68.00
6.80
0.00
5.70
8.65
6.90
0.00
5.80
0.00
7.00
25.57
5.81
0.00
7.10
5.87
5.85
0.00
7.20
0.00
. 93 Sm Ba2 Cu3 O(16)x
449
9.
NdBa 2 Cu3 O (16 ) x
500.0
450.0
T -
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
4.91
150.0
5.52
100.0
6.56
50.0
5.2
0.0
4.5
5.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.5
6.5
7.0
7.5
7.5
O -
4.80 429.00
6.01 343.00
4.90 202.00
6.01 344.50
4.90 203.00
9,7*10^7
6.10 261.00
4.91 185.00
2,9*10^8
6.30 129.00
4.92 170.00
4.92 170.00
4.93 156.00
4.95 129.00
4.96 115.00
6.40
85.50
6.45
68.20
6.50
53.40
6.50
53.30
6.55
41.12
1,21*10^8
4,1*10^7
5.00
75.00
6.56
39.88
2,31*10^8
5.00
75.90
6.56
39.80
5.10 166.00
6.56
39.59
5.10 166.90
6.56
39.00
5.20
0.00
6.57
37.00
5.20
0.00
2,9*10^8
6.60
30.90
5.25 459.00
1,37*10^8
6.60
31.00
5.30 374.00
6.65
22.70
5.50 141.00
6.70
16.23
5.51 134.00
7,7*10^7
6.80
2.62
5.52 126.00
2,68*10^8
7.00
0.00
5.53 119.00
7.10
0.00
5.55 105.60
7.10
0.00
5.60
76.70
7.15
0.00
5.60
76.50
7.20
44.70
5.70
35.85
7.30
17.16
5.80
13.14
7.40
2.62
6.00
0.00
7.50
0.00
6.00
0.00
2,87*10^8
. 94 Nd Ba2 Cu3 O(16)x

450
9.
LuBa 2 Cu3 O (16 ) x
500.0
450.0
T -
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
5.89
100.0
50.0
4.95
0.0
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.37
5.61
5.5
6.5
6.0
6.97
7.5
7.5
7.0
8.0
8.5
9.0
O -
4.70 165.00
6.25
2.62
4.90
5.64
6.37
0.00
3,26*10^8
4.95
8,8*10:7
0.00
6.39 226.00
4.97 456.00
6.50 160.00
5.00 310.00
6.70
81.00
5.20 473.00
6.90
37.00
5.30 214.00
6.95
30.00
5.35 132.00
6.97
27.00
3*10^7
5.40
76.36
7.00
23.00
1,56*10^8
5.50
16.23
7.10
14.00
5.61
0.00
3,1*10^8
7.20
8.65
5.62 384.00
1,18*10^8
7.40
2.55
5.65 337.00
7.50
0.00
5.70 265.00
7.60
0.00
5.80 159.00
7.70
0.00
5.88 101.00
6,7*10^7
7.80
0.00
5.89
95.10
2,1*10^8
8.00
12.00
6.00
44.00
8.10
6.18
6.20
6.00
. 95 Lu Ba2 Cu3 O(16)x
451
9.
LaBa 2 Cu3 O (16 ) x

600.0
550.0
500.0
450.0
T -
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
5.52
4.95
100.0
6.57
50.0
5.18
0.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
7.0
6.0
5.5
6.5
7.0
7.5
O -
4.80 395.00
O
6.00
0.00
4.90 183.00
9,3*10^7
6.01 339.00
4.91 169.12
2,53*10^8
6.10 258.00
4.93 140.83
6.30 127.00
4.95 115.00
6.40
83.50
5.00
67.00
6.50
52.50
4*10^7
5.10
13.80
6.55
40.00
3,94*10^7
5.15
3.24
6.56
38.15
5.18
0.00
2,89*10^8
6.57
37.10
3,9*10^7
5.19
0.00
1,54*10^8
6.57
36.64
2,28*10^8
5.20
0.00
6.57
36.49
2,28*10^8
5.21 520.00
6.57
36.30
5.30 360.00
6.57
36.00
5.40 228.00
C1
7,6*10^7
6.59
32.00
5.50 136.00
C2
2,67*10^8
6.60
30.30
5.51 128.00
6.70
15.80
5.52 121.00
6.75
11.00
5.54 107.00
6.80
7.00
5.55 101.00
6.90
3.00
5.57
89.00
7.00
0.00
5.60
72.00
7.10
0.00
5.70
34.00
7.20
0.00
5.80
12.00
2,9*10^8
7.30
17.62
5.90
2.40
1,21*10^8
7.40
2.70
4,1*10^7
. 96 La Ba2 Cu3 O(16)x
452
9.
Tl 2 CaBa 2 Cu 2 O x
250.0
240.0
230.0
220.0
210.0
200.0
190.0
180.0
T -
170.0
160.0
150.0
140.0
130.0
120.0
110.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
6.0
6.3
6.5
6.8
7.0
7.3
7.5
7.8
8.0
8.3
O -
O
6.0000
T
73.0000
2,1
1 2
9*10^8
6,5*10^7
6.4000
2.0000
3,1
7*10^8
1,1*10^7
6.6000
223.0000
C2,1
6,4*10^8
1,1*10^7
6.8000
123.0000
2,1
7.0000
61.6000
2,1
7.2000
27.0000
2,1
7.4000
9.7000
4,1
7.6000
0.0000
C4,1
9,2*10^8
2,3*10^7
7.8000
0.0000
4,1
8.0000
97.0000
1,2
8.2000
54.0000
1,2
. 97 Tl2 Ca Ba2 Cu2 Ox
453
9.
Tl 2 Ca 2 Ba 2 Cu3 O x
115.0
110.0
105.0
100.0
95.0
90.0
85.0
T -
80.0
75.0
70.0
65.0
60.0
55.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
O -
7.60
0.00
1,4
7.65 109.00
1,3
7.68 101.00
1,3
7.70
96.00
1,3
7.80
73.00
1,3
7.85
63.00
1,3
7.90
55.00
1,3
8.00
41.10
1,3
8.20
21.00
1,4
8.40
10.40
1,4
8.60
4.60
1,4
8.80
2.00
1,4
9.00
0.00
1,4
9.20
0.00
1,4
9.40
0.00
1,4
9.60
27.40
1,4
9.80
17.24
1,4
10.00
10.60
1,4
10.40
3.51
1,4
10.80
0.00
1,4
1 2
7,5*10^7
8,8*10^8
6,3*10^7
8,1*10^8
4,4*10^6
7,5*10^8
1,1*10^7
8,8*10^8
. 98 Tl2 Ca2 Ba2 Cu3 Ox
454
9.
TlCaBa 2 Cu 2 O x
300.0
275.0
250.0
225.0
T -
200.0
175.0
150.0
125.0
100.0
75.0
50.0
25.0
0.0
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.5
7.4
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
O -
6.88
0.00
7.00
7.88 25.60
2.96
7.90 32.00
7.20 25.90
8.00 87.00
7.30 48.97
8.05 128.00
2 2,8*10^8
7.40 82.23
8.07 148.00
1 9,2*10^7
7.41 86.00
8.10 180.80
7.43 94.00
8.12
0.00
7.45 103.00
8.17
6.48
7.47 112.00
8.20 15.33
7.49 122.00
8.22 23.87
7.50 127.00
8.25 41.90
7.60 186.00
8.27 57.60
7.70 261.00
8.30 87.93
7.73
0.00
8.35
7.80
6.66
8.40 11.39
0.00
7.82 10.10
8.50
0.00
7.84 14.20
8.60
2.96
7.86 19.40
. 99 Tl Ca2 Ba2 Cu2 Ox
455
9.
TlCa 2 Ba 2 Cu 3O x
400.0
350.0
T -
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
O -
7.00 231.00
7.30
1.54
7.50 277.00
7.60 292.00
7.90
4.30
8.00 345.00
8.20
0.00
8.30
3.00
8.70
50.00
8.80
75.00
8.90 106.00
9.00 143.00
9.20 241.00
9.40
7.70
. 100 Tl Ca2 Ba2 Cu3 Ox
456
10.
10.
10.1 .
HE
.
.
.

= x + iy + j + ji = x + iy + j ( + i ) ,
I,J ( )
x 2 + 1 = 0 ,
ij = ji
x 2 1 = 0 ,
(i + j )(i j ) = 0 .
:
J, I
X 2 + 1 = 0 ;
X 2 1 = 0

ji = ij ; ,

.

I,

X 2 + 1 = 0 , X 1,2 = 1 = I

X 2 + 1 = ( X I )( X + I ) = 0
, .
. .

X I 0
,
X +I 0
.
( ),
X I =0
X I 0
.
457
10.
J,
X,Y I
X 2 + 1 = 0,
X 3,4 = 1 = J .
,
,
X 2 + 1 = ( J I )( J + I ) = 0
. ,
,

.

, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
. :
,
, ,

. JI = IJ .

X 2 + 1 = I ( JI + 1) I ( JI + 1) = 11 ( JI ) 2 = 1 0 = 0

K = JI = IJ
, .
K 2 = ( ji ) 2 = (ij ) 2 = 1 .
X 2 1 = 0 ,
, .
+1
2 k
2 k
n
1 = cos
+ i sin
, k = 0,1,2,......, n 1
n
n
, .

, e 0 = A0 = 1 . .
10.2 +1.
n
Z = a , a 0 .
i
n in
a = e , Z = re , r e
, ,
= ei ,
rn =
n = + 2k
r = n
k = ( + 2k ) / n
458
10.
Z k = n e ( + 2 k )i / n ,
k = 0,1,2,.....n 1 n
.
a = +1, n = 2
Z1, 2 =
( + 2 k )i
e n ,k
= 0,1
i
= 0 Z1 = 1, Z 2 = e = 1 .
, .

.
,
i
a = 1 = e e
= i i = 0

Z k = 0 = e i / 2 e i / 2 = i ( i ) = +1
Z k =1 = ei / 2 +i e i / 2 +i = (i )i = +1
, .
,
k = 0 , k = 1 .
Z = (ei / 2 +i ) k =1 (e i / 2 ) k = 0 = (i ) (i ) = 1
j 2 = 1
i
a = 1 = e e = ( 1) ( 1) = 1
.
Z k = 0 = ei +j = ei / 2 ej / 2 = ij
Z k =1 = e(i + 4 ki ) + (j + 2 kj ) = ei / 2 + 2i ej / 2 +j = i ( j ) = ij
,
Z 3, 4 = ji
,
.
= i + j .

k = 4ik + 2jk ,
, .
.
10.3

= X + iY + j + ji = ( X + iY ) + j ( + i ) = Z + j = ei + jrei
459
10.
Z = ei
= rei
= Z , r = - , = arg Z , = arg -
.

= Z2 + 2 .
= arg
= arktg
ei ( )
= e j
= e j .
,
.
,
.
= ( ei ) 2 + (rei ) 2 = 4 4 + 2 2 r 2 cos 2( ) + r 4
1
2 sin 2 + r 2 sin 2
F = arg = arctg 2
2
cos 2 + r 2 cos 2

i iZ 1
= + i ,
arktgZ = ln
2 iZ + 1
= e iF + j + ji
= e ,
[ ]
1 = + iF + j + ji = e1 .
, ,
.
= eiF + j .
10.4.
[Z ]
- .
460
10.
i
= re , , j.
r
[Z ]

[Z ] .

C3 3.
:
+ .
2
2
(4),
.
1) = , =
0 F 2 ,
= 2 + r2 = R
F =
= arktg

. 0, r 0
.

= ei + j = ei + jre i ,
= 0 jre
C3
2 4
2
2
,
G = 4i + 2j .
,
+1
2)
:
461
10.
= 2 r2
F =
= arktgi
r
i + jarktg i
, = r e
, .
= r
2
d = 0e jarktgi+i (5)
,
,
arktgi.
.
.

0 0 , .

.

4
4 + 2 2 r 2 cos 2( ) + r 4 < 2 + r 2
2 r 2 < 2 + r 2

.

.
(5)
,
d = 0e jarktgi+i = e i (1 + ji )
(
)
d = e i (1 + ji ) .

, 6.

.
10.5
.
( )

Q ( x ) = x 2 + px + q
D = p 2 4q
462
10.
: 1) D < 0 ,
1 =
p
p2
p
p2
+i q
3 = + j q
2
4
2
4
p
p2
p
p2
i q
4 = j q
2
4
2
4

[Z ] [ ] .

Q2 ( x ) = x 2 + px + q = ( x 1 )( x 2 ) = ( x 3 )( x 4 ) = 0
1 , 2

p2
Q2 ( x ) = (1 3 )(1 4 ) = ( q )( j i )( j + i ) = 0
4
1 , 2
, .
2 =
2). D > 0 ,
1 =
p
+
2
p2
q
4
p
p2
q
2
4
.
2 =
3) D > 0 ,
3 =
p
p2
+ ji
q
2
4
p
p2
ji
q
2
4

Q2 ( x ) = x 2 + px + q = ( x 1 )( x 2 ) = ( x 3 )( x 4 ) = 0
( )
,
4 =
p2
p2
p2
q ( ji 1)(1 + ji )
q = ( q )(1 ji )(1 + ji ) = 0
4
4
4
3 4
( 3 1 )( 3 2 ) = 0
, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
. .
,

( x 1 )( x 3 ) = 0
.
( x 1 )( x 3 ) = x 2 x (1 + 3 ) + 1 3 = 0
(1 3 )(1 4 ) =

463
10.
1 + 3
(1 + 3 ) 2
ji
1 3
2
4

Q2 ( x ) = ( x 1 )( x 3 ) = ( x x3 )( x x4 ) = 0

.
1 + 3
(1 + 3 ) 2
1 + 3
(1 + 3 ) 2
(1
ji
1 3 )(1
+ ji
1 3 ) =
2
4
2
4
(
( ) 2 ( + ) 2
= 1 3 1 3 + 1 3 = 0
4
4
,
.
: n 1

.
Qn (x )
X 3, 4 =
Qn ( x ) = cn ( x a1 )1 ...( x ak ) k ( x 2 + p1 x + q1 ) 1 ...( x 2 + ps x + qs ) s
m =1
j =1
m + 2 j
cn , a1 ,...., ak , p1 ,.... ps , q1 ,....qs .

[ ] , ,
.
,
.
n > 2
.

, ,
.

.
,
.

,
. .

,
, .
, ,
.
.
.
,
464
10.
1 = R1e i1 + j 1
2 = R2 e i 2 + j 2
i ( + ) + j (1 + 2 )
= 1 2 = R1R2e 1 2
, ).
1 R1 i (12 )+ j (1 2 )
=
e
2 R2
).
, .
: " " " ".
.

.
1
1
=
= (1 ji ) 1 + ji
0e jarktgi
i + + j
d = Re
(1 ji ) ,
,
.
.
Ln d = ln R + i + j + ln(1 ji) = ln R + i + j + ln 0 jarktgi

,
jarktgi =
ji 1 1
ln
= ji ln ,
2 1 +1
1
1
Ln d = ln R + i + i + ( ) ji = (1 m ji ) .
2
2
.
.

.

= Re i j
= Re
i j
( )
.
,
.. ,
:
:
: a + (b + c ) = ( a + d ) + c
: a + b = b + a
: a + x = b a, b
:
: a bc = ab c
: a b = b a
465
10.
a (b + c) = a b + a c
(b + c) a = b a + c a
,
.
ax = b
a 0, a d , d - .
ya = b
.
.
, a b = 0, a 0 , a 1
1
b = 0 . , a = d , 0 ( d ) = d b

.
, N
,
, .. .
,
. ,
, .
10.6

,
.

.
, Z
Z=(X,Y).
Z.

F(X,Y),
F(Z).
F(X,Y,Z),
F ( ) . , .
.

( ).

.
(X,Y,Z)
(0,0,0) X,Y,Z.
,
, .
.
1.1.
( )
(
) (, ) x1 , x 2 ,..., x n , .
466
10.
Q
( ).
U , V , W , P , x, y , , .
Q = U + iV + jW + jiP
U = U ( x , y , , )
V = V ( x, y , , )
W = W ( x, y , , )
P = P ( x, y , , )
, Q,
U , V , W , P , x, y , ,
,
..
,
.
, ,
,
. [ ] ,
[Z ] .
.
.
,
n<
1
2
n
x , x ,..., x ( ).
N-
x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n . ,
x1 , x2 ,... x n , .
N
( x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) ,
k
k
1
2
n
x = x ( x , x ,..., x ).
:
x k
det k . Q
x
.

.
.
. ,
.
2
ds = c dT dX dY dZ
.
ds = c dT (dx + dy + dz ) ,

.
467
10.
dR 2 = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2 ,
dR 2 = dr 2 + r 2 d 2 + dz 2 (
r, , z ) ,
2
( , , ) dR = d d + sin d .
,
(x,y,z)
, . ,

( ), . x, y , z
,
.

, = x + iy + jz .
= ( x + iy ) 2 + z 2 , = 4 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 + 2 z 2 ( x 2 y 2 )

= x + iy + jze i = e i + jze i = e i ( + jz )
= x2 + y2 + z2

.
.
X,Y,Z,
.
Y
= e i + j , = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , = arktg ,
X
Z
= arktg
2
X +Y 2
.
10.7 .
[ ]
.
.
,
.

( ).
2. f ( ) G
( ) C3 G
.1
0 , ,
, C3 ,
1
f ( )d
f ( 0 ) =
4i + 2j C3 0
468
10.
3. f ( ) G
[ ] ,
C3 .
0 , G,
( ) , 3
1
f ( )d
f ( 0 ) =
, d -
2
4 ji ( 0 ) 2
, ,
( ),
, ,
,
( ),
, ,
,
.

,
,
-
, .
1
f ( x ) =
x
x = 0 . (x,y) S = x 2 + y 2
(0,0),
,
.
(x,y,z)
(0,0,0).
,
.

d = ei (i j ) = ei 0e jarktgi
,
,
arktgi.

.
.
,
.

- .
, , ,
,
.

.
469
10.
,
.
.
.
10.8.
.
, ,
(z),
, .
(z) ()
. ()
.

,
,
C3 .
, .
,
(z) .
(z). ,
, - .
(z)
. ,
.

arktgi .
(), (z),
(z) .
,
.
,
C3 .
, , ,
,
. ,
(z) () z
2.
2 , 4 . . 3.

.

. , ,
.
, .

.
54
.
470
10.
10.8.

.. .

( )
,
, ,
.
.
,
( ) -
(
, ).
, - , , , ..
,

. ""
.
,
-,

() -.
,
,
.

.
, .
,
,
- -
, .
-

(-
). -
,
-.

, ,
, ,
, .
, .

.
, ..
471
10.
. ..

. , Z A- -,
, -
()
.
.
- P-Z/(910).
- 6 Xe54
6 - .
78 .
n- -
, n+1 .
, .

U92/238/ -
200M,
. -
,
.
10
Ne20
-.
54
200 . Xe131
, , 6 6*200=1200 (
).

- ,
-. 3
-
,
- . ,

.
10.9
.
,
. (
..),

, .
, ,
.
-,
.
-
.
472
10.
. , .
.

- .
E N mi

2
2
N
E = mi c 2 mi c 2 (NmV c 2 )
2
2
mV c - , N
,
- .
N - [ N ]
N-1, N 1 , N
N . ,
.
S = N 1 N
,
,
S = X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2 X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2 (cT ) 2
cT .

,
/ 2 .
. ,
,

.
. ,
.
,
, / 2
.
,
,
.
.
E Z mP N
m N
E = ( ZmP c 2 + Nm N c 2 )
(Zm c
P
+ Nm N c 2
) [(Z + N )m c ]
2
2 2
mV c 2 - ( ),
.
473
10.
,

.

.

, ,
, ..

,
.

2E ( ZmP c 2 + Nm N c 2 ) E 2
mV c =
Z+N
2

-,
.
,

. 2 / 3
-.
53 ,
..,
(, ..).
,
, ,
,
.
10.10.

,
, .

,
.

,
EJ E= ( m c 2 + m E c 2 )
(m c
+ m E c 2 ) ( m c 2 ) 2
2
EJ E - ,
m c 2 - , m E c 2 - ,
mV c 2 - ,
.
474
10.

.
mg c 2 ,
EJ E = ( m c 2 + m E c 2 ) ( m c 2 + m E c 2 ) 2 ( m c 2 mg c 2 ) 2 (1)
,
m c 2 mg c 2 = 0 ,
EJ E = 0 .

.
,

( m c 2 mg c 2 ) = 2 EJ E ( m c 2 + m E c 2 ) EJ E2
,

.
.

K B T = ( m c 2 + m E c 2 ) ( m c 2 + m E c 2 ) 2 ( mT c 2 ) 2
K B - , = 1,3 / 2,....
mT c 2 - .

mT c 2 = 2K B T ( m c 2 + m E c 2 ) (K B T ) 2 (2)
(2)
(1) mg c 2 = mT c 2 ,
.

. ,
,
. .

.
10.11.
.
:
.
.
, ,
.
.
,
.
475
10.

.
dS = dx 2 + dy 2
dS = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2 , dx, dy , dz
.
, .

P( x ), P ( x + dx ) dS 2

dS 2 = g dx dx ,
g = g (P )
g = g , . g
, .

Vn .
g ik = g ik ( x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n ) . ,
.

..
. ,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
.
.
, . .
,
-.
. .

.
.
VN dS 2
dx i .
x i .
.
, .
,
, .
(
)
= ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) .
,
2
dS
476
10.
P, P . .. dS = g dx dx ,
g = g (P)
g = g , .
g (x) ,
(),
T (x );

1
g R = 8GT ( x) ,
2
R - , R- ,
G- .
,
.
.. ,
, , ,
, ,
.

, ,
. .. .
.
, .
.
.
.

dS 2 = c 2 dt 2 dx 2 dy 2 dz 2

d = cdt + ji dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2 , ,
( dx, dy , dz ) .
,
d = cdt + jidX .
,
,
, .
,
,
(x,y,z),
, .

.
.
. .
.
477
10.
,
.

.

0 0
arktgi .
.

d3 = dx + idy + jdzei = dx 2 + dy 2 ei + jdzei

= ei (d + jdz ) = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2 ei + j
, dx + idy
dz . ,
-
.
.
,
,
d = cdtei + j + kj dx 2 + dy 2 ei + jdzei =
= c 2 dt 2 dx 2 dy 2 dz 2 ei + j + k
d = d e i + j + k
d , , , - .

= z + j
= 4 4 + 2 2 r 2 cos 2( ) + r 4
, - z = x + iy = e
r,
- = + i = re
,

, ,
. z,
,
.

. .,
.

,
.
478
10.
, .
.
.

( , ..)
.
. ,
,
,
, , .

rg =
2GM
, .
c2
r > rg
r < rg
. . .
,
,
.
,
.

,

.
- (
, ) .
.
,
.
(
),
.
,

, .
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
S -, . ,
,
, .
. . .
479
10.
-,
.
10.12.
-. .

.
.
arktgi.
:
.
.
E 2 B 2
.
E , B
.
.

E 2 B 2 = ( E jiB )( E + jiB ) =
E 2 (1 ji )(1 + ji ) = E 2 0e jarktgi 0e jarktgi =
= E 2 ( 0 ) 2 e0 = 0

W = E jiB = E 2 B 2 e jarktgi
E = B ,
W = E 0e jarktgi
.
2

,
WGEB = FG ei + j kjFEB ei + j =
= FG 2 FEB 2 ei + j karktgj
FG = FEB ,
WGEB = FG 0e i + j karktgj

(
).
,
480
10.
.
2
,
( : , ..),
.

m1m2
= (m1c 2 + m2c 2 ) (m1c 2 + m2c 2 ) 2 (mV c 2 ) 2
r

2
10.12.1
mm
mm
mV c 2 = 2G
(m1c 2 + m2 c 2 ) G

r
4
V = r 3
3
,
( ).
10.12.2.
3 mV c 2
=
4 r 3

-,
2Gm1
rg =
,
c2
2
2Gm
V = 2 1 r
c

mV c 2
=
V
-
2
10.12.3.
4 r
=
3 rg

.
, .

- .
.
,
, .

481
10.
.
-
,
.
.
.
. .
,
, .
, ,
. ,
gik

Rik
1
8G
g ik R = 4 Tik g ik
2
c
0 , ,
2
mV c .

2
mm
mm
mV c = 2G 1 2 ( m1c 2 + m2 c 2 ) G 1 2
r
r

r
4
V = r 3
3
,
( ).
3 mV c 2
=
4 r 3

-,
2Gm1
rg =
,
c2
2
2Gm
V = 2 1 r
c

mV c 2
=
V
-
4 r
=
3 rg
482
10.

.
, .

-
..
,
, .

.
-
,
.
,
, ,
,
mV c 2 ,
,
, ,
.
c 2
=
8G
,
, :
1055 c *-2, 1028 /*3, = 107 /*3.

2
mm
G c k = ( mc + mk )c 2 (mc + mk )c 2 ( mV c 2 ) 2
Rck
mc , mk - , , Rck - .

m
mV c 2 = mc c 2G k
Rck
4
V = Rck3 , ,
3
m
3mc c 2G k
Rck
ck =
4Rck3
.
c
=
8G
2
3mc c 2G
4Rck3
mk
Rck
483
10.
2Gmc 1
m 1
1 r r
) 3 2G 2k
= 3 2 gc gk
2
c
Rck
c Rck
Rck Rck Rck

.

tan g gc , tan g gk .
= 3(

tan gc
=3
Rck
tan g gk
Rck
: mk = 5.977.1027 ,
m p = 0.9mk
Rck = 1.4961013 ,
Rckp = 5.911014 .
mc = 1.9891033 .
,
z = 4.1041 *-2, p = 9.1047 *-2
z = 4.1014 /c*3, p = 9.1020 /c*3

.
.

.

.
,
,

,
.
10.13
.
, m1
( ) mZ ,
mm
F = G 1 2Z ,
RZ
G - , RZ -
.
mIH
484
10.
F = amIH

. .

, ,
, ,
( )
( )
. , ,
.
, ,

.

m mIH
10 12 . 1
10 12
m1
,
- , .
,
,
m1 = mIH ,
m
a = g = G Z2
RZ
g .
, m1 , m2
().
,
,
.
mV ,
C3 (. 1) ,
,
.( 101)
mV C 2 .
,
.
,

mg C 2 = m1C 2 + m2C 2

. ,
.
(
)

485
10.
m C 2 =
[(m + m )C ] (m C
2 2
2 2
)
,
mV C 2 .
,
(
, ).
mg C 2 m C 2
1
.

.
,
( )
2
2
mm
G 1 Z = (m1 + mZ )c 2 (m1 + mZ )c 2 mVP1c 2
RZ

, ,

( ).

.
(
) .

,
mVP1c 2 .
, .
,
, ,
.
.
.

mV1 C 2 ( ),
] [
m1 mV2 C 2 mZ .
mV C 2 = mV1 C 2 + mV2 C 2
m1
mV1 C 2 = mV C 2
m1 + m2
mZ
m1 + mZ
mV C 2 << m1C 2 + m2C 2
mV2 C 2 = mV C 2
mV C 2 = 2G
m1mZ
(m1C 2 + mZ C 2 )
RZ
486
10.

m1
mV1 C 2 CVm1
m2
,
m
1
mV2 C 2 CVm2
m2
m2
RZ

m1

. ,
m2

.
, V1
,
mVK C 2
V = 2G
m1V1
= (m1C 2 + m2C 2 ) (m1C 2 + m2C 2 ) (mVK C 2 ) 2
2
mVK C 2 << m1C 2 + m2C 2
mVK C 2 = V1C m1 (m1 + m2 )

m1
m2
mVK C 2 = mVK C 2
+ mVK C 2
m1 + m2
m1 + m2
mVK 1C 2 = CV1m1
m1
m2
m1
m2
, .

, V1 V .

.
,
.
. , m1
mV1 ,
mVK 2C 2 = CV1m2
m1IN C 2 = m1C 2 jimV1 C 2 ,

1 (mV1 C 2 ) 2
1 (mV1 C 2 ) 2
2
)
=
m
C
1
2 (m1C 2 ) 2
2 m1C 2
,
m1IN C 2 = (m1C 2 ) 2 (mV1 C 2 ) 2 = m1C 2 (1
487
10.
m
1
m1IN C 2 = m1C 2 m1V 2 1
2
m2

1
2
mIN
C 2 = m2C 2 m1V 2
2
2
1 V m1
1
mIN = m1 m1
2 C m2

2
1 V
2
mIN = m2 m1
2 C

.

,
.
.
, .

.
, ,
,

.
.
,

2
m1m2
V1
G
= mIN
m1 , mIN
RZ
2
V1 = 2G
mZ

RZ
.

,
.

2
m1mZ
1 2Gm2 m1 V1
= m1 m1
G
RZ
2 RZ C 2 m2 2
m1
m
2G Z
RZ
2
V1 =

1 2Gm2 m1
1
2 RZ C 2 m2
,
488
10.
1 rg m1
,
2 RZ m2
2Gm2
V
RZ
,
V1
m1
10 15 10 22
m2
.
,

.
,
.
. .
,
.
, -,
,
( ).

,
. ,
(,
, ) ,
,
. .
,
. , (
m1 V 2
mm
) G 1 Z = IN
RZ
2
m1
m1IN ,
.
.
.
,
.

1
m1
m1C 2 = m1IN C 2 + m1V 2
2
m1 + m2
1
m2
m1V 2
2
m1 + m2

2
m2C 2 = mIN
C2 +
489
10.
1 1 2
mINV
2
,
,
m1C 2 + m2C 2 = m1IN C 2 + m 2 IN C 2 +
mK C 2 = mINK + W1 W1 - m1IN

(
).
.

m1 IN C 2 = m1C 2 jimV C 2 = m1C 2 m mV C 2 mV C 2 ( ji 1) =
= (m1C 2 m mV C 2 ) mV C 2 0e m jarktgi
,

, (
).
m1IN C 2 = (m1C 2 ) 2 (mV C 2 ) 2
mZ C 2
mg C 2
mB C 2
mZ C 2 = m Z B C 2 + m Z g C 2

mB C 2 = mZ C 2 jim Z g C 2 = (mZ C 2 m m Z g C 2 ) m Z g C 2 (1 ji ) =
= (mZ C 2 m Z g C 2 ) + m Z g C 2 0e jarktgi
, mIN C 2 mBIN C 2
mgIN C 2 .
m1C 2 = m1B C 2 + m1g C 2

m1B C 2 = (m1C 2 m1g C 2 ) + m1g C 2 0e jarktgi
Z 2
1
2
2
2
Z 2
1
2
Z 2
1
2
jarktgi
mB C + mB C = (mZ C + m1C ) (mg C + mg C ) + (mg C + mg C ) 0e

,

mV C 2 = (mgZ C 2 + m1g C 2 ) + (mgZ C 2 + m1g C 2 ) 0e jarktgi = mBB C 2 + mVV C 2

. ,

.
490
10.

, .
.
,
1
2
m1C 2 + m2C 2 = m1IN C 2 + m2IN C 2 + m1INV1
2
2
1 V
m1
m1IN = m1 m1
2 C m1 + m2
2
1 V
m2
m2IN = m2 m2
2 C m1 + m2
m2
RZ

V1 .
,
m
1 10 20
m2
V 0.95C
,
,

.

, .
, V1 0 ,
RZ ,
,
RZ .
RZ
,

c V1
V = 2G
mV C 2 = 2G
m1m2
m INV
(m1C 2 + m2C 2 ) + 2 1 1 (m1C 2 + m2C 2 )
RZ
2
V1 = 0 ,
RZ
,
(mV C 2 ) 2
(m + m1 )m2 1
G 1
=
RZ
2 (m1C 2 + m2C 2 )

(m1 + m1 )m2
mm
m INV
= 2G 1 2 + 2 1 1
RZ
RZ
2

2G
491
10.
m1INV1 RZ
m1
m1 (1 +
) = m1 +
m1
2Gm2
m1IN = m1 .

RZ
= C 2 (
2Gm2
, RZ = rg ).

V
m1 = 2m1
C
.
,

. ,
.

.
.
(
, )
m1m2
G
= m1C 2 (m1C 2 ) 2 (mVK C 2 ) 2
R
m
m1C 2 = mVK C 2 G 2 = C 2
R

.
(m + m1 )m2 1 (mV C 2 ) 2
G 1
=
RZ/
2 m1C 2 + m2C 2
m1m2 1 (mV C 2 ) 2
G
=
RZ
2 m1C 2 + m2C 2
m1
)
m1

,
V
RZ + RZ = RZ + RZ 2 1
C
( )
V
RZ = 2 RZ 1
C

m1 .
RZ/ = RZ + RZ = RZ (1 +
492
10.
10.14

.

.
,
.

= z + ji .

1 + ji = 0e + jarktgi
1 ji = 0e + jarktgi

(
) (. 7, 8, 9).
,
.

mG1 C 2 = mV1 C 2 + jimV1 C 2 = mV1 C 2 0e + jarktgi
m1g C 2 = mV1 C 2 jimV1 C 2 = mV1 C 2 e + jarktgi
mG2 C 2 = mV2 C 2 0e + jarktgi
mg2 C 2 = mV2 C 2 0e + jarktgi
C3
(. 101).

mG1 C 2 + mG2 C 2 = mV C 2 0e + jarktgi (
),
mG1 C 2 + mg2 C 2 = (mV1 C 2 mV2 C 2 ) 0e + jarktgi
mV C 2 > (mV1 C 2 mV2 C 2 )
, .
mV C 2
(mV1 C 2 mV2 C 2 ) .
/
RZ RZ = RZ .

.

,

(mV1 C 2 + mV2 C 2 ) 0e + jarktgi
mV C 2 0e + jarktgi

,
493
10.
. ,
( )
.
, 10.13,
m1IN C 2 = m1C 2 jimV1 C 2 = (m1C 2 ) 2 (mV1 C 2 ) 2 e jarktgi

mV1 C 2
m1C 2

( ),
.

.
,
.
m1 , m2 , mV C 2 , RZ .
,
2
m1
1 V
IN
m1 = m1 m1
2 C m1 + m2
=
m2
1 V
m = m2 m1
2 C m1 + m2

,
,
IN
2
1 V
m IN 1C 2 + m2IN C 2 = m1C 2 + m2C 2 m1
2 C

2
IN
1
IN
2
m m
1 V
m1
1 V
m1
m1m2 m1m2
m1m2
=
2 C m1 + m2
2 C m1 + m2
V 2 m1
= m1m2 1
C m1 + m2

V 2 m1
m1m2 1
2Gm1m2 (m1C 2 + m2C 2 ) 1

C m1 + m2
G
=
1
RZ + RZ
2(m1C 2 + m2C 2 m1V 2 ) RZ
2

V 2 m1
1
m1 + m2
1
C m1 + m2 =
2
RZ + RZ
1 V RZ
m1 + m2 m1
2 C
494
10.
C3
m1v C 2
jim1v C 2
m1C 2
mv1C 2
jimv1C 2
rg e jarctgi
RZ
Rg e jarctgi
jimv2C 2
mv2C 2
mv2C 2
. 101. m1
m2
RZ
RZ
V 2 m1 1 V 2 m1
RZ + RZ = RZ 1
1
C m1 + m2 2 C m1 + m2
2
2
V 2 m1
1 V
m1
3 V
m1
RZ 1

+ .... RZ RZ
2 C m1 + m2
C m1 + m2 2 C m1 + m2
3 V
m1
RZ =
RZ
2 C m1 + m2
495
10.

RZ .
n >1
n>2
V m1
,
.
C m1 + m2
3 2Gm2 m1
3
RZ =
RZ rg
2
2 RZ C m2
2
, ,

. .
.
.
.
,
.

, , ,
.

.
, ,
(0,0,...,0) 0 .
.

. : z = e i 0 = 1, z = e 2i = 1
,

.

.
(Ct , x, y, z ) Ct / , x / , y / , z /

( )2
( )
dS 2 = dS / (Ct ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = Ct / ( ( x / ) 2 + ( y / ) 2 + ( z / ) 2 ) 2

. . .

.
= e1 x1 + e2 x2 + e3 x3

= e1 y1 + e2 y2 + e3 y3
x1 , x2 , x3 , y1 , y2 , y3 ,
e1 , e2 , e3 ,
( ) = x1 y1 + x2 y2 + x3 y3 . N
.
2
496
10.
r = =
(x )
. ,
.

.
,
(0, 0, 0) ,

.

.
.
.
. .

ds 2 = g ik dx i dx k , i, k = 0,1,2,3
,
.
-
.
.
.
,
, .
, (
) ,
.

.
, ,
.
. ,

, .
.
:

. ,
, .
,
,
. ,
, ,
.
, .

.
497
10.
,
. ,
.
, ,

.
.
,
, , , .
(
).
, .

, ,
1
.
x
x = 0 . .
.
,
.

.

.

.
V = C
.
,
, ,
.
.
,
.
dS 2 = (Ct ) 2 r 2 = (Ct jir )(Ct + jir ) =
= (Ct ) 2 r 2 e
jarktgi
r
Ct
(Ct ) 2 r 2 e
jarktgi
r
Ct
= (Ct ) 2 r 2
dS 2 = Ct 0e jarktgiCt 0e jarktgi =
r
= V ,
C
= Ct (1 ji )Ct (1 + ji ) = (Ct ) 2 0 = 0
,
. ,
V = C Ct 0 ,
, ,
arctgi,
. T jiX,
,
/ 2 ,
498
10.
.
.
.
,
.
.
, . .
(
). .
(
, - ).
,
.

.

1. +1
,
, 1
+1 .
,
.
.
499
10.
10.15. .

(),
. (1789-1857.).
,
.

(10.15.1)
z = x + iy = ei

I, 1,

i = 1

.
X, Y I
(10.15.1) (Z) z.
Z, X, Y .
Z
X, Y .
.
Z
.
(1)
(10.15.2)
= x 2 + y 2 -,
y
= arktg -.
x
2i ,
, +1,
e 0 I = +1, e 2I = +1
, z = 1 ,
X.
,
z = 0 .
(10.15.3)
0 = 0ei

z n = a , a 0 -
. a = ei , z = rei , r n e in = e i , ,
r = n , k = ( + 2k )
rn =
n = + 2k
1
n
500
10.
(10.15.4)
( + 2k )i 1
zk = n e
, k = 0,1,2,..., n 1
n-. ,
.
;
.
.
1

(10.15.5)
= x + iy + j + ji = ( x + iy ) + j ( + i )
i, j ( ),
X 2 + 1 = 0 .
ji = ij .
X 2 1 = 0 .
(i + j )(i j ) = 0 .
( )
.
.
:
j (
i, j, ),
X 2 + 1 = 0 .

2
X 1 = 0 ij ,
ij = ji .
,

.
,

.
+1. (10.15.4)
z k = 1e
i 0 + 2 ki
1
2 , k = 0,1
z k = 0 = e 0i = 1,
z k =1 = e
0i + 2i
1
2 = 1
z1,2 = 1
.
,

.
.
501
10.
.
+1 ( Z 0 = 1 ).
ei = cos + i sin

+1.
, (10.15.4),
+1 e i i .

. +1
z k = ei e i
z k = ei + +2ki e i + 2ki , k = 0,1

i i
z k = 0 = e 2 e 2 = e 0 = +1
i
i
+i +i
z k =1 = e 2 e 2
= e 2i = +1
, .

.
,
,
z k , k1 = ei + 2ki e i + 2 k1i , k1 = k + 1, k = 0,1
i i
+i
= ei = 1
z k = 0, k1=1 = e 2 e 2

j. ,
2i,2j ,
z k = 0 = ei + e j = ji = ij
z k =1 = ei + 2i e j + 2j = ji = ij
,
2 ,
.
, k1 = k + 1
.
+1
z k = ei + 2ki e j + 4kj , k = 0,1
i j
z k = 0 = e 2 e 2 = ji
j
i
+i + 2j
2
z k =1 = e
e 2
= + ji
502
10.
.
,
.

(10.15.6)
= Re i + j
R , (10.15.5)
.
(10.15.7)
= ( x + i )2 + ( + i )2
R= =
(x + iy )2 + ( + i )2
= 4 + r 4 + 2 2 r 2 cos 2( )
x + iy = z = e i
(10.15.8)
+ i = = re i
(10.15.9)
r
= arctg ei ( )
(10.15.10)
1
2 sin 2 + r 2 sin 2
= arctg 2
2
cos 2 + r 2 cos 2
(10.15.6 - 10.15.10)
.
(x, y, , ) ,
(z , ) ( ) .
, (10.15.6)
. .
(
)
.

: , , , , . .
.
,
. 0
,
0 0 .

0 .
, .
, ,
0 ,
.
.
0
0e i ,
503
10.
0 .
, .
,
.

2
(10.15.11)
1
iei d
f ( z ) = dz =
= 2i
i
z
0 e
(z ) ,
.

= Rei + j = R cos cos +
+ iR sin cos + j Rei sin

X = R cos cos
(10.15.12)
Y = iR sin cos
= j Re i sin
(10.15.12)
. (10.15.12)
X = cos
(10.15.13)
y = i sin
= jrei
, = r
(z ) .

z , (10.15.8)
, (10.15.6)
= 2 + r 2 ei + j
, r , , .
R = 2 + r2
-, = jrei .

C3 ( ) . , :
= R, r - .
C3 ( ) ,
4 , 2 .
.
.

504
10.
+1
.

, e 0i = e i i .
.
.
,
. ,
(z ) , C3 ( )
. ,
2 ,
2 ,
4 , 2 .

(10.15.14)
1
f ( ) = d =
C3
C3 Re
4
i + j
(i Rei + j d + j Rei + j d ) =
id + jd = 4i + 2j.
0
,
,
C3 ( ) ,
(10.15.15)
1
f ( ) =
dS =
S
2
1
2 2i + 2 j
S R e
2
= ji
( jiR 2e 2i + 2 j )dd =
d d = 2
ji
(
).

,
,

.
.

z , .
505
10.
=
=r
(10.15.16)
(10.15.6 - 10.15.10)
R = 2 r2 = 0
(10.15.17)
=
= arctgi
(6)
d = ei 0e jarctgi
(10.15.18)
(10.15.19)
( ) 0 0
arctgi .
0 = 0 . ,

(10.15.19)
(10.15.20)
= ei (1 ji )
d
,

,
.
2
.
arctgi

0 0 . ,

.
. , ab = 0 ,
a = 0, b 0
: a 0, b = 0
a 0, b 0
. ,
.
a = ei (1 + ji ), b = ei (1 ji )
,
( )( )
2
2
(10.15.21)
ab = ( e i ) 2 0e + jarctgi 0e jarctgi = e i
0 e0 = 0
.

.
,
0 = 0e i + j , ,
.
506
10.
, .
.
1
1
e i m jarctgi
0 ei e jarctgi
a + 0 = a , a + d a .
a 0 = 0 a d = ad ,
.

ei + jrei ei + jrei
(10.15.21)
4 + r 4 + 2 2 r 2 cos 2( ) 2 + r 2
,
, ,
.
1

,
=0

arctgi . ,
,
.

.
.

= ei 0e jarctgi = ei jiei ,
.

(10.15.22)
= Re i + j = Re i cos + j Re i sin i Re i sin =
= Re i ( ) + j 0e arctgi Re i sin
4
0e jarctgi = e ji ,
(10.15.23)
= Re i ( ) + je ji Re i sin
,
: Re i ( ) ,
,
(10.15.24)
d = Je ji Rei sin =
= j (1 ji ) Rei sin = j Rei sin i Rei sin
..
507
10.
( ) ( ) ,

(10.15.25)
= 1 + k 2 ,
k = 1, kji = ijk = jik = ikj = jki,
(kji )2 = 1
( ) , (10.15.6),
, ( ) ( ) ,
(z ) .
1 , 2
= Rei + j .

,
(10.15.25)
(10.15.26)
= Re i + j + k
R- ,
(10.15.25),

( )
R=
-, - (z ) , - ( ) .

. (10.15.26)
(10.15.27)
= Rei cos cos +
+ j Rei sin cos +
+ k Rei + j sin

X Z = Rei cos cos
(10.15.27)
YZ = j Rei sin cos

Z z = k Rei + j sin
(z ) ,
( ) .
( ) .
, , ,
. C3 ( ) -
( ) .
C3 ( ) . ( )
= 8i + 4j + 2k .

1
f ( ) =
d =
C3 ( )
f ( ) =
3 dV ( )
V ( )
508
10.

, , , .
(z , , )
, C3 ,
S3 ( ), S3 ( ) , V3 ( ) .
, , , .

.
, ,

.

,
- .

.
(10.15.26)
.
(10.15.27)
= Rei + j cos + k Rei + j sin j Rei + j sin =
= Rei + j ( + ) + k (e + karctgj 0 ) Rei + j sin
, ( )
ke kj ( ) (
0e karctgi = e kj ).

ji
e ,
Re i + j ( + ) = Re i ( + + ) + je ji Re i sin( + )
ke kj ( )
e ji .
Re i + j = Re i ( + ) + je ji Re i sin
(10.15.23).
= Rei ( + + ) + je ji Rei sin( + ) +
(10.15.27)
+ ke kj Rei ( + ) sin + kje kj + ji Rei sin sin

, (10.15.27)
e ji , e kj
e kj + ji .
,

.
(10.15.26)
509
10.
[(
)] [(
)]
= ei + jrei + k 1ei + jr1ei =

= 2 + r 2 ei + j + k 12 + r12 ei + j =
= ei + j + k 2 + r 2 + 12 + r12
R, , , ,

(10.15.28)
2 + r 2 + 12 + r12

(10.15.29)
( ) = ( ) + k1 ( )

(10.15.30)
= Re i + j + k + k1
( k1 = 1, ijkk1 = , i = jkk1,...., 2 = +1,..... )

(10.15.31)
= Re i + j cos cos +
+ k Rei + j sin cos +
+ k1 Re i + j + k sin

X B = Rei + j cos cos
(10.15.31)
YB = k Rei + j sin cos

Z B = k1 Rei + j + k sin
(10.15.12, 10.15.27, 10.15.31) ,
.
( ) , ,
( ) ,
( )
..
(10.15.29) ( )
(10.15.25),
( ) = [(1 + k 2 )] + k1[( 3 + k 4 )]
( ) = ( z ) + j ( ) .
(10.15.32)
( ) = ([(z1 + j 1 ) + k (z 2 + j 2 )] + k1 [(z3 + j 3 ) + k (z 4 + j 4 )])
,
,
(z ) ( ) .
,
.
510
10.

(30)
( )
= Rei + j + k cos + k1 Re i + j + k sin k Re i + j + k sin =

= Re i + j + k ( + ) + k1 0e k1arctgk Re i + j + k sin
,
(10.15.33)
= Re i + j + k ( + ) + k1e k1k Re i + j + k sin
(10.15.22), (10.15.27) ,

.
(10.15.33)
,
(10.15.27).
(10.15.33)
.

.

(10.15.34)
C
V
U =
,
2
2
V
V
1
1 C

C

U =
C
2
+ ji
V
2
= Ce
jarktgi
V
C
(10.15.35)
V
V
1
1
C
C
(10.15.34)
.
(10.15.35) U
V
= jarktgi .
C
, V ,
,
.
C
(i + j )
V = C , U = Ce jarktgi =
0
,
,
.
.
:
511
10.
mV
P =
V
1
C
(10.15.36)
mC 2
E =
V
1
C
E
P = , P
C
-
V
PC
(10.15.37)
2
jarktgi
jarktgi
E
E
2
C
E
P = jiP = P e
= mCe
C
C
(10.15.36)
(10.15.37),
.

E = C P 2 + m 2C 2

P = mC ,
V
.
C

E = PU . (10.15.35), (10.15.37),
Jarktgi
V
V
V
Jarktgi
2 jarktgi
C Ce
C = mC 2 e
C
(10.15.38)
E = mCe
,
(10.15.39)
E = mC 2 e J ,
V
C
= arktgi
2
V
1+
C
V = C ,
2
E = mC 2 e jarktgi
(10.15.40)
E = mC 2 .
.

(10.15.36), .
, ,
.

.
512
10.
:

.
.
,
.
,
, , , ,
.
N>3
.
,

, .
,
, .
.

.

.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.

,
V .
U = C V
.
.

, V .

, ,
V
(10.15.41)
2
V jarktgi C
U = C jiV = C 1 e
C

2
V
k = 1 ,
C
.
513
10.
V Jarktgi C i (t )
U = C 1 e
C
2
V
C
(t ) ,
.
,
, .
= arktgi
10.16.
.
.

(10.16.1)
= Rei j
e
( )
e jarktgi .
e ji . ,

e + = Rei cos + j Rei sin i Rei sin =

= + = Rei ( + ) + je + ji Rei sin
1e
2e = Rei ( ) + je ji Rei sin

3e = Rei ( + ) je ji Rei sin
+ = Rei ( ) je + ji Rei sin
4e
(10.16.2)
1+e , 4+e . Re i ( + ) ,(
Rei )
.

2e , 3e .

Le = +1
P = 1 e

Le = 1 P = +1
~e

514
10.
e ( 1+e , 4+e )
~e ( 2e , 3e )
(10.16.3)
Rei ,
P = 1 .
(10.16.2)
.
(10.16.4)
+ + = Rei + j
1e
2e
4+e + 3e = Re i j
1+e + 4+e = 2 Re i cos
(10.16.5)
2e + 3e = 2 Rei cos
102

, +
. :
,
~ .
C3 ( )
, , . ,
C3 ( )
.
.
102 .
.
(10.16.5),
Rei cos = ,
( ).

:

,
e + ~e = 2 + W ,
2 = 2 Rei cos , W = 2 je ji Rei sin
,
(10.16.5) (10.16.2)
,
(10.16.6)
+ = 2 Re i cos + Rei ( + ) je ji Rei sin
1
. L 1
,
.
515
10.
,
(10.16.2)
-,
(10.16.7)
+ = 4 Rei cos + Re i ( + ) je ji Re i sin
1
. - L 1 .
(10.16.6), (10.16.7)
,
. -
.
104 .
,
.
, ,
( X ) = R cos cos
(Y ) = iR sin cos
(Z ) = j Rei sin
.
, ,
( )
( )
e e + .
(10.16.8)
Z = Re i j k

,
( ) .
Z
(10.16.9)
Z = Re i + j cos k Re i j sin

Z1+ = Re i + j ( + ) + ke kj Re i + j ( ) sin
(10.16.10)
Z 2 = Re i + j ( ) + ke kj Re i + j ( ) sin
Z 3 = Re i + j ( + ) ke kj Re i + j ( ) sin
Z 4+ = Re i + j ( ) ke kj Re i + j ( ) sin
(10.16.10) (10.16.2)

.
Re i + j = ( e ) e j ,

ke kj ( e ) sin

Z1+ = ( e )e j + ke kj ( e ) sin
(10.16.11)
Z 4+ = ( e )e j ke kj ( e ) sin
516
10.
( )
( e ) = ~e ,
Z1+ , Z 4+
e + ,
.
,

(10.16.12)
Z + + Z + = ~ cos
1
( )
Z 2 = e e j + ke kj e sin
(10.16.13)
Z 3 = e e j ke kj e sin

Z 2 + Z 3 = e cos
(10.16.14)
( )( )
e , e +
C3 ,
(10.16.11), (10.16.13).
(Z )
( e ) cos .

(10.16.15)
Z + Z + = ( )e j + ke kj ( )sin
2
4
j
+ ( e )e
ke ( e ) sin = e cos
(10.16.14) ,
(Z )
, .
(10.16.16)
Z + + Z = ~ cos
1
kj

, (Z) .
,

E = Z 2 + Z 3 = Re i ( + ) + Re i ( + + ) +
+ j 0e jarktgi Re i (sin ( ) + sin ( + )) +
+ (k 0e karktgj Re i ( + ) sin k 0e karktgj Re i ( + ) sin ) +
+ k 0e karktgj j 0e jarktgi Re i sin sin k 0e karktgj j 0e jarktgi Re i sin sin

,
E = Rei ( + ) + je ji Rei sin ( )
ke kj Rei ( + ) sin ke kj + ji Rei sin sin
517
10.

.

,
,
(10.16.16)
E = 2 Re i ( + ) cos + 2 je Ji Re i sin cos +
+ 2ke kj Re i ( + ) sin +
+ 2ke kj + ji Re i sin sin
( ) ,
( ),
( ), - (
).
105.
C3 ( e ) ( e )
C3 (Z ) (Z ) . ( e )
C3 ( e ) = 4i + 2j .
(Z )
(Z ) = 8i + 4j + 2k .
, ,

.

(Z ) .
( X Z ) = Rei cos cos

(YZ ) = j Rei sin cos
(Z Z ) = k Rei + j sin

.
( ) .

E + E + = 2 + W ,
2 = ~e cos + cos , W = 2(ke kj + ke kj )( e ) sin
(Z ) ( e )
.
( e ) (Z )

(Z 2 + Z 3 ) = Rei + j ( ) + ke kj Rei + j sin +
+ Re i + j ( + ) ke kj Re i j sin = 2 Re i cos( ) +
+ 2e kj Re i sin sin
518
10.
= 2 Re i cos( ) + 2e kj Re i sin sin
(10.16.17)
+ = Z1+ + Z 4+ = Rei + j ( + + ) + ke kj Re i + j sin +

+ Re i + j ( ) ke kj Re i j sin =
= 2 Re i cos( + ) + 2e kj Re i sin sin
+ = 2 Rei cos( + ) + 2e kj Rei sin sin
(10.16.18)
0
,
(10.16.12), ( 10.16.14).
(10.16.19)
0 = ~ cos + cos = Rei cos cos
106
.
,
. .
( ) ,
.
.

jZ , .

0 .
(10.16.6), -
(7).
(10.16.20)
= e j ke kj sin
.

( e ) .
( )

(10.16.21)
= e j ke kj
-
- .

+ , , 0 .
-S, -c, b.

. S
,
519
10.
K+ = + + 0 =
= Rei cos cos + 2 Rei cos( + ) + 2e kj Rei sin sin
K + - ,
.
.
.
K 0
, S.

(10.16.23)
K0 = 0 + 0
K0 = + +
(10.16.17), (10.16.18), (10.16.19),
, .
.

, .
(10.16.24)
D0 = K + +
K
- S
.
.

(10.16.25)
B = Re i + j + k + k1
(k1 = 1, ijkk1 = jikk1,.......)

B = Re i + j + k cos + k1 Rei + j + k sin k Re i + j + k sin =
= Re i + j + k ( + ) + k1e + k1k Re i + j + k sin
, ,
B1+ = Re i + j + k ( + ) + k1e + k1k Re i + j + k sin
(10.16.26)
B2 = Re i + j + k ( ) + k1e k1k Re i + j + k sin

B3 = Re i + j + k ( + ) k1e k1k Re i + j + k sin
B4+ = Re i + j + k ( ) k1e + k1k Re i + j + k sin

(10.16.27)
X = Rei + j cos cos
B
YB = k Rei + j sin cos

Z B = k1 Rei + j + k sin
(10.16.26)

520
10.
B1+ + B4+ = Re i + j + k ( + ) + k1e k1k Re i + j + k sin +
(10.16.28)
+ Re i + j + k ( ) k1e k1k Re i + j k sin =

= 2 Re i + j cos( + ) + 2e k1k Re i + j sin sin

B1+ + B4+ = 2 Re i j cos( + ) + 2e k1k Re i j sin sin
(10.16.28) (10.16.29)
(10.16.29)
B = Rei cos cos( + ) + e k1k Rei cos sin sin
(10.16.30)

.
B1+ (10.16.26)
-
+ (10.16.18),
(10.16.31)
B1+ = + e k + k1e k1k + sin
,
(10.16.26)

B1+ + B4+ = Re i + j + k ( + ) + Re i + j + k ( ) , ,
,
.
,
( B1+ + B4+ ) = Rei + j + k ( + ) + Rei + j k ( + ) = 2 Rei + j cos( + )

, ,
.

( B1+ + B4+ ) = 2 Rei j cos( + )

(10.16.31)
K + ,
D + K , D , K 0 , D 0 , .

(10.16.32)
B + K + = ( K + e k ) + + k e k1k K + sin
( )
( )
1
1
B1+ D + = ( D + e k ) + + k1e k1k D + sin
........................................................
( )
B1+ (D 0 ) = ( D 0 e k ) 0 + k1e k1k D 0 sin
B1+ K 0 = ( K 0 e k ) 0 + k1e k1k K 0 sin

........................................................
: p +
n 0 .
n 0 p + + E + ~ (10.16.33)
,
.
521
10.
.
(
),
(10.16.34)
B + = ( 0 e k ) 0 + k e k1k 0 sin
1
,

.
(10.16.17), (10.16.18), (10.16.19)
0 = ( Z1+ + Z 2 + Z 4+ ) + Z 3
Z 3 :

. (10.16.33) E ( Z 3 ) .

.

,
2Z1+ + Z 2 = 2 Rei + j ( + ) + 2ke kj Rei + j sin +
+ j
+ Rei + j ( + ) ke kj Rei

sin
(2ke kj ke kj ) Rei + j sin =

= (2k (1 + kj ) k (1 kj )) Rei + j sin =
= (2k 2 j k j ) Rei + j sin =
= (k Rei + j j Rei + j 2 j Rei + j ) sin =
= ke kj Rei + j sin 2 j Rei + j sin

,
.
2 Z1+ + Z 2 = 3 Rei + j cos + 3 j Rei + j sin

2 j Rei + j sin + ke kj Rei + j sin =
= 3 Rei + j cos + ke kj Rei + j sin j Rei + j sin

.

0 = (3 Rei + j cos + ke kj Rei + j sin ) + ( Z 3 ) + ( j Rei + j sin )
)
+ ke kj Rei + j sin ( + ) + (Z 3 )+ ( j Rei + j sin ( + )
( 0e k ) = 3 Rei + j cos( + ) +

(10.16.33).
522
10.

,

(10.16.35)
E = Re i + j ( + + ) ke kj Rei + j sin ( + ) +
+ k1e k1k (Rei + j ( + ) ke kj Rei + j sin ) sin

~ = k1e k1k j Rei + j sin sin j Re i + j sin ( + )

(10.16.36)
B( p ) = 3 Re i + j cos( + ) + ke kj Re i + j sin ( + ) +
+ k1e k1k (3 Re i + j cos + ke kj Re i + j sin ) sin

, ,
= 0
E = Rei + j ( + ) ke kj Rei + j sin
~ = j Rei + j sin
(10.16.37)
B ( p ) = 3 Rei + j cos + ke kj Rei + j sin

.
n 0 p + + E + ~
, B( p ), E ,~
k1e k1k .
,
, (10.16.37). B( p )
.
- K + ,
.
K+ 0 + + ,

i + j
2 Re
cos

2 Rei + j cos + Rei + j cos + (k j ) Re i + j sin =
= Rei + j + Rei + j ( ) + Rei + j + k

, ,

-.
K S0 0 + 0
K S0 + +
K L0 + + + 0
D0 K + +
,
.
523
10.

K + + +0
~
D+ K 0 + +
,
.

.
, , .
.
S, , b
, 0 , .
0 p +
0 n + 0
+ p + 0
.........................................
C p + + K
C 0 + +

.

,

.

, : ,
, , ..
,
.

.

( e ) = Rei + j .
Le , L , L .
(Z E ) = Re i + j + k .
(Z E ) ( e ) ,
(Z E ) = ( e )e k .
, ,
.
.
524
10.

( e ), (Z E ) ,
.

, 0 .

Le , L , L : S - , - , b -
..
S -
, -

.
(Z E ) ,
. - e .

e , , .
,
e + ~e = 2
, ( Rei )
,
.
,
.
(B ) = Re i + j + k + k1 . ,
[B(Z E )], [Z E ( )], [ ( )]

( ) = Rei + j = Rei cos j Rei sin i Rei sin =
= Re i ( ) j 0e jarktgi Re i sin = g jgL
(Z E ) = Rei j k
= Re i j cos k Re i j sin j Re i j sin =
= Re i j ( ) k 0e karktgj Re i j sin = g Z kg Ze
(B ) = Rei j k k1 = (Z E ) cos k1(Z E ) sin k (Z E ) sin =

= (Z E )e k k1 0e k1arktgk (Z E ) sin = g B k1g B
g = Re i ( ) ,
g Z = ( )e j ,
g B = (Z E )e k .
,
525
10.
. ,
, ,
. .
.

gL = (1 ji ) Rei sin = D 0e jarktgi ,
D = Re i sin
g Ze = D E (1 kj ) = D E 0e karktgj ,
D E = ( ) sin
g B = D B (1 k1k ) = D B 0e k1arktgk ,
D B = (Z E ) sin
:
: - jarktgi , karktgj , - k1arktgk .;
,
.

, ,
90
.
( D (1 ji ), D E (1 kj ), D B (1 k1k ) .
.
, ,
.
P + 107
, D B
.

... .

.
, .
.
0 P + , 0 n 0 ,....

.
, ,
.

(B ) = P + P~ +
...
-
.
,
,
( )( )
526
10.
,

.

, ,
,
.
,

.
10.17
, ,
,
,
. .
,
, ,
.

[] = Rei + j + k + k1 +... =
= X = R cos cos cos cos +
( )
+ (Y ) = iR sin cos cos cos +

+ (Z ) = j Rei sin cos cos +
+ ( ) = k Rei + j sin cos +
+ ( ) = k1 Rei + j + k sin
( X ), (Y ) -
(Z )
. ,

,
.
.
,
. (Z ), ( ), ( )

(Z ) = j sin cos cos
( ) = k ( )sin cos
( ) = k1(Z E )sin

.
. ,
,
..
527
10.
, []
.
, ,
. ,
[] .

. [B]
, .,
()
. []
.
, , -
.
10 33 .
[] ,

.
,
.
, .
( 10.16.11-10.16.16)
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
( )( )
Z + Z + = Rei + j + k

.
.
, ,
.
Z + = Re i + j ( + ) + k 0e karktgj Re i + j sin
( )
(Z )= Rei + j( ) + k
0e karktgj Re i + j sin

Z + + Z = 2 Re i + j cos + [k (1 + kj ) + k (1 kj )] Rei + j sin =
( ) ( )
= 2 Rei + j cos + 2k Re i + j sin = 2 Rei + j + k

[] .

.
.
,

528
10.
, -,
-, .

,
.
,
,
.
, ,

,
,
, .
,

,
.
.
,
.

.

dS 2 = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2
, ,
(x,y,z).
, ,

,
, .
, .
d = d Re i + j ,
,
dR = dS .
d = dei + je i z ,
d = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2 . , d 1 = de i + jzei ,
d1 d . , ,
( ) .
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
529
10.
, , ,
,

dS 2 = g ki ( x )dx i dx k ,
g ki -
, i, k .

.
. .
. (B.Rieman), .. ..
(K.F.Gauss) g ki ,
. ,
.
. .
.
. ,

dS 2 = c 2 dt 2 dx 2 dy 2 dz 2 , , t-.
, , ,

(Minkowski).
,
.
,
.
.

.
.
,
.
,
.

, ,
.
, ,
(Lorentz).
. ..

-.

= ctei + j + kj ( ei + jei ) =
= (ct + kj 2 + 2 )ei + j =
= c 2t 2 x 2 y 2 2 ei + j + k
= arctg
530
10.
x2 + y 2 + 2
ct
, , .
= arctgj

X 2 = x 2 + y 2 + 2 .

V
(10.17.1)
2
V i + j + karctgj c
= ct 1 e
c
V =V,
= ct 0e i + j + karctgj .

= Re i + j + k = Re i + j cos + k Re i + j sin j Re i + j sin =

= Re i + j ( + ) + k 0e karctgj Re i + j sin
(10.17.2)
(10.17.1) (10.17.2) :
Re i + j sin ( )
.
,
k 0e karktgj Rei + j sin = k Rei + j sin j Rei + j sin
.
( )
-
,
.
jZ
ji
iY
_
+ ij
q
C3 (~e )
ij
ji
-e
. 102. e .

D (1 + ji ) = D 0e
+ jarktgi
531
10.
.
( ) ,
.
( X ) = R cos cos
(Y ) = iR sin cos
(Z ) = j Rei sin
g = Re i ( + ) .
D = Rei sin
+i
jZ
+ ij
iY
e + ji
+ji
-e
C3 (~e )
ij
w
. 103. e .
jZ
iY
+ij

q1
+ji
C3 (~e )
+i
-e
e+ji
ij
. 104. .
532
10.
D (1 ji ) = D 0e jarktgi ,
.
g = Rei ( ) .
D = Rei sin .

g1 = ( e + ~e ) = 2 Rei cos . e
g = Re i ( + ) .
D (1 + ji ) = D 0e + jarktgi
D = Rei sin .
e
+ i
jZ
_
+ ij
iY

q1
+ji
C3 (~e )
-e
e+ ji
kZ E
_
ij
j ( + )
jZ
e+i
e
ji
jYE
_
+ ij
iY
q1
C3 (~e )
q
ij
X E
ji
-e
e
e
+i
jZ
j ( )
_
+ ij
iY

q1
+ji
C3 (~e )
-e
_
ij
.105.
e+ ji
533
10.
(Z ) = k Re sin
(Y ) = j Re sin cos
(X ) = Re cos cos
i +j
g = Re i ( + ) ,
, .

L+e = D (1 + ji ) = 0e jarktgi D ,
D = Rei sin ( )

(e )= D E (1 kj ) =
D = Re i ( + ) sin
E
0e karktgj D ,
E

L+e = DE (1 + ji ) = DE 0e jarktgi ,
DE = Rei sin
:
(
e L+e ) = D e (1 kj )(1 + ji ) = D e
0e karktgj 0e jarktgi ,
D e = Re i sin sin
1,i,j (Z )
.
g , g1 .
g , g1 -
-.
.
534
10.
+ i
jZ
iY
q1
kZ E
C3 (~e )
X
j ( + )
jYE
q1
C3 (~e )
X E
e
e
+i
jZ
j ( )
iY
_
q1
C3 (~e )
X
.106.
.
(Z ) .
. .
.
g = 2 Rei cos( )

(e + ) = D E + (1 + kj ) = D E +
0e karktgj ,
D + = 2 Re i sin sin
E
K+
+ (. 106.)
0 ,
,

g = g 0 + g + = Rei cos cos + 2 Re i cos( ) .
535
10.
jZ
+i
k1ZB
iY
q1
+ i
jZ
+ i
q1
q1
q
e
q1
j ( + )
C3 (~e )
X E
k k
+e 1
kZ E
X
jYB
jYE
kZ E
DB
C3 (~e )
j ( + )
k1kD B
C3 (~e )
iY
iY
jZ
kZ E
C3 (~e )
jYE
j ( + )
+i
jZ
j ( )
iY
q0
q+
q1
C3 (~e )
jYE
q1
X E
k k
e1
+DB
+ i
jZ
C3 (~e )
X
j ( )
iY
C3 (~e )
X E
e
e
+ i
jZ
q1
j ( )
k+
XB
C3 (~e )
iY
_
q1
-k1kD B
k+
C3 (~e )
X
k+
107 P + .
.

(Z B ) = k1 Rei + j + k sin
(YB ) = k Rei + j sin cos
( X B ) = Rei + j cos cos
(YB ), ( X B ) ,
( e ) ,
(Z E ) . (Z B )
(Z E ) .

(B + ) = D B (1 + k1k ) = D B
0e k1arktgk ,
D B = + sin

+ , ,
(YB ), ( X B ) . +
5 .
536
10.

+ , K + , D + ..

, 0 .
10.18.

.
1881 ,

( ). .
, .
.

:

V . L.
t1 , t 2 -
Ct1 = L + Vt1
Ct 2 = L Vt 2
,
2L
t = t1 + t 2 =
V2
C 1 2
C
( 108).
(Ct )2 = L2 + (Vt )2
2L
t=
V2
C 1 2
C

,

L1 = L0 1
V2
,
C2
L1 , L0 -
.

, ..
,
,
. ,

U = C V , .
537
10.
,
V
V 2 jarktgi C
U = C jiV = C 1
e
C2
V = C ,

U = C 0e jarktgi

Ct1 = L ei + jiVt1
t1 =
L e i
C 1
Ct 2 = L e
jarktgi
V
C
C2
L e i
jiVt 2 t 2 =
C 1
+ jarktgi
V
C
C2

V
jarktgi V
jarktgi
C
C
t = t1 + t 2 =
e
e
2
V
C 1
C2

L e i
jarktgi
V
V
jarktgi
C e
C = 2 cos arktgi V ,

t=
L ei
C 1
2 cos arktgi
C
V2
C2

(Ct )2 = L ei
t=
] + [ jiVt ]
2
2 L e i
C 1
V2
C2
, cos arktgi ,
C
, .
538
10.
cos arktgi =
C
1
1
V2
C2
,
.
.
.

.

,
.
539

1
2
3
4
5
.. , ...
. - , 1983, - 60. (/ , - ,
83,25).
.. , ...
. - , 1983, 60. (/ , - :
83.24).
.. , ...
: - , 1984, 57.
(/ , - : 84.61).
.. , ...
. - , 1984, 61. (/ .
- : 84.62 ).
.. , - .: , 1986.-120 (-
"". . 54).
. . . - .: , 1979, 624.
. . . . .
. - .: ,1965, 716.
. . . .
. - .: , 1987, 272.
. . . . .
. 1. . , - .: ,. 1969,
272.
.. . 1.
. - .: , 1983, 16.
10
11
. , . . . - .: ,
1979, 736.
12
. . , . . . . - .: , 1980,
728.
13
. . , .. . . .: , 1982, 376.
14
.. .
.
, , 1990 . 189 .
.. , .. . .
. 2.. - . 1983 . 510 .
15
540
16
17
.. . .. , ...
. . 4. -
.1989 . 725 .
.. . . 4.
. - . 1977 . 415 .
18
.. , ...
. . - . 1971 . 485 .
19
.
. .. -
.1974 . 351 .
.
.. . . .1976. 1005 .
20
21
. . . , . . . . -
. 2000 . 496 .
541

Елисеев - Введение в методы теории функций пространственного комплексного переменного Second edition

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Елисеев - Введение в методы теории функций пространственного комплексного переменного Second edition

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

..

z=Re =Re (z+j )

(6) =0, S=0,

= ei jirei = ei (1 ji ) = jei ( j j ) = jei ( j i ) = "

, , (z) /2. r= (. 8).

(1.13.) . (1.13.) (1.12.).

Re Re( ) = Re Re ' = a ' ;

d = Rei + j ei1 (1 ji ) = Rei + j 0e i1 jarctgi =

= dei + jdrei + iei ( + jr )d .

T ei + iei , rei + T ei , rei

(1.23.), (1.24.), (1.25.)

= e i j = e i cos1 jei sin1 = e i cos2 1 + sin 2 1 = 1.

[cos(re )+ j sin(re )]= e

ln[ ei (i j )] = ln + i + ln(i j ) = ln + i + ln 0 jarctg (i ).

ch = chz cos jshz sin . sh

sin(i j ) = sin i cos j cos i sin j =

cos(i + j ) = cos i cos j sin i sin j

. 19. C0, C1, C2, -

jR( z, ))( dz + jd ) = Q ( z, )dz R( z, )d +

Udx + Vdy + Pdz =

2) Udx + Vdy + Pdz = Udx + Vdy + Pdz ;

Udx + Vdy + Pdz = F (A) F ( B )

" 0 " = "(1 ji ) 0 ,

= const, r = const, = const, = .

ie i ( n +1) + j ( n +1) d + n +1 je i ( n +1) + j ( n +1) d .

J = n +1 ( n + 1)ijei ( n +1) + j ( n +1) n +1 (n + 1)ijei ( n +1) + j ( n +1) dd = 0

f ( ) f ( ) < , < , = ( ) > 0 , > 0 ,

l1 = Wei d iWei d R ei dr iRrei d ;

l2 = Wei dr + iei Wrd R ei d iRei d .

r = const; = var; = var .

jR )(ie i d + ei d + jirei d ) = l1 + jl2 =

= Wiei d + Wei d Rirei d +

jR )( iei d + jirei d + jdrei ) = l1 + jl2 =

= Wiei d + jrei Rd ei Rdr +

+ j iei Rd + irWei d + Wei Rdr.

l1 = ( iei W irei R )d ei Rdr =

= (Wei d + iei Wd ei Rdr iei rRd ) +

l1 = ei Wd e i Rdr (ie i W irei R )d =

= ln v + 4ki + 2k1j = ln v + 2ki + 2k1j,

dv = const = dei + jdrei

d * = dve 2i dd ie 2i rddr + jire 2i dd + jie 2i ddr.

= (U + jV ) ie 2i dd ire 2i ddr + jire2i dd + jie 2i ddr =

= ie 2i Udd ire 2i Uddr + ire 2i Vdd ie 2i Vddr +

JJ 1 = ie 2i d (Ud Urdr Vrd Vdr );

JJ 2 = ie 2i d (Vd Vrdr + Urd + Udr ).

ll1 ll2 C*, C*:

JJ = f (v )d = (U + jV )(de i + jdrei )(ie i d + jirei d ) =

2 (1 + ji )(1 ji ) 2 2(1 + ji ) 2(1 ji )

ji ) < ( a ) < lim z

r < R0 < R, n = 0,1,2,# d - -

lim (1 ji ) 0 (1 ji ) f ( ) = = e jarktgi e jarktgi . ,

f ( )d = [2ires = a f ( )]k + 2jres = a (1 ji ) f ( )

= 2 2 ji[ressg1 ( ) + ressg 2 ( )], -

> , > > .

= 2 ji[ressg1 (1) + ressg 3 (1 + 2 ji ) + ressg 4 (1 2 ji )] =

(cos cos , cos sin , sin cos , sin sin )dd ,

= cos cos , = sin sin , = sin cos , = cos sin . ,

2(cos cos + ji sin sin ) = e i + j + e i j =

(a + 2 cos cos ) 2 + 4 sin 2 sin 2

[(a + 2 cos cos )

[(a + 2 cos cos )

d = jiR 2 e 2i + 2 j dd = jiR 2 e 2i cos 2dd iR 2e 2i sin 2dd =

dS = jiR 2 e 2i cos2 sin 2 d

2iR 2 e 2i sin cosdd = jirdre2i d .

ll1 ll2 C, C: