Ap Tanillos

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fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En princ
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i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {referencia a las operaciones. Sin
embargo nosotros seguiremos el convenio}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {habitual y lo denotaremos simplemente por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
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ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el producto es conmutativo, el anillo se lla
ma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conmutativo}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En e
l caso}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en que la
operaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on producto tenga elemento neutro, el anillo
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0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El elemento neutro para la suma se denota
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d\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En todo grupo abeliano (
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+) se puede intro
ducir una estructura de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3200\*\tx3546\f
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tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {bc}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac}\par\pard\li1533\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1533\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1986\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {ii}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0 = 0}\par\pard\li1466\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1466\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1986\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {iii}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1466\ri0\s
\charscalex100 {iv}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab
}\par\pard\li1546\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1546\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \*\tx1986\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {v}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {1)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\

cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\mar
glsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri
0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraremos la primera a\uc1\u642
57Xrmaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on y dejamos el resto para el lector,}\par\p
ard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que debe utilizar razo
namientos similares.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Aplicando los axiomas tenemos que (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bc}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= ((}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) +}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\p
ar\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4266\*\tx4746\*\tx7000\*\tx7306\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Sumamos a cada miembro}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bc}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y consegui
mos pasar}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bc}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
l otro lado de la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4760\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {igualdad con el signo contrario.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\
par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3040\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Corolario 1.2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as d
e un elemento no es trivial si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {6}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {es un entero positivo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {na}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {es la suma de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {veces el elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\par\pard\li
5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li4466\ri0\sl-226\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {na}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {es negativo entonces de\uc1\u64257Xnimos}\par\pard\li5386\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li4
373\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {na}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {=}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X \uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-360\sl
mult0 \*\tx3320\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
on 1.3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m, n}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {se cumple:}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {na}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mn}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {na}\fs24\cf0\f0

\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ma}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ma}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mb}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \*\tx2853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al le
ctor.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1189
3\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
d\li1746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c
on la suma y el producto habitual es un anillo conmutativo y con}\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unidad. Asimismo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {son anillos.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2480\*\tx8400\*\tx8626\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un
n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero natural el conjunto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los m}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplos de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\tab \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {anillo conmutativo sin elemento unidad.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-2
00 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anill
o y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un conjunto
cualquiera. Consideramos el conjunto}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Apli(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X, A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {) que esta constituido por las aplicaciones}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {f}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {. Dadas}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3666\*\tx4093\*\
tx4720\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos funciones}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de
\uc1\u64257Xnimos su suma y su producto por}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormulas:}\par\pard\
li4160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4160\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5786
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\par
d\li4280\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx5786\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {) =}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Con estas operaciones, Apli(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X, A}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {) es un anillo. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {es conmutativo,}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en lo es este anillo, y si}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene unidad, la f
unci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on que a todo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \*\tx3333\*\tx3666\*\tx7386\*\tx7666\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elemento de}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {le hace corres
ponder la unidad de}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca

lex100 {es el elemento}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {neutro de Apli(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X, A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {).}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un anillo, el conjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
M}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) de las matrices 2}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 con elementos}\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un anillo con las operaciones matriciales
:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\c
ols3\colno1\colw4053\colsr-0\colno2\colw1933\colsr-0\colno3\colw5106\pard\li2786
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2786\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\
pard\li2960\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{4}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {b}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-386\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li186\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {4}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16
826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw3880\colsr-0\colno2\colw120\colsr-0
\colno3\colw1200\colsr-0\colno4\colw373\colsr-0\colno5\colw5520\pard\li2840\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2840\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {(}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\s
uper \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\
li3013\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {4}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{
\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {4}}\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {

a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\su
b \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {4}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene unidad, este anillo tiene unidad, siendo esta la mat
riz iden-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tidad}
\par\pard\li5440\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {1 0}}\par\pard\li4906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Id =}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\pard\li5613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0 1}\par\p
ard\li1973\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pero aunque el anillo
sea conmutativo, las matrices no forman un anillo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conmutativo. Puede comprobar el lector que las
matrices}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5466\colsr-0\colno2\colw480\colsr-0\colno3\colw5146\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0 0}}\par\pard\li4586\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4906\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\par\pard\li173\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0 0}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no conmuta
n en general, siendo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos
del anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\
pard\li1973\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este ejemplo se puede
generalizar para matrices cuadradas de orden}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn1682
6\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
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slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teor\uc1\u305Xa de anillos}\par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
lex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un
grupo abeliano, el conjunto de sus endomor\uc1\u64257Xsmos es un ani-}\par\pard
\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llo. La suma, es la suma
como aplicaciones y el producto la composici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\
pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de aplicaciones. La u
nidad es el endomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo identidad y en general}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el anillo no ser}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {a conmutativo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li19
73\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx2520\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {E}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un espacio vectorial, el conj

unto de las aplicaciones lineales de}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un anillo. Es el anillo End(}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2946\*\tx8893\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son
anillos, introducimos en el producto cartesiano}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {las}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {operaciones:}\par\pard\li3853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3853
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a,
b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) + (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16
\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, b}{\super \fs16\up4\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sup
er \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, b}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li3973\ri0\sl-346\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, b}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {) = (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aa}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, bb}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {es un anillo, llamado}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {producto directo}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los anillos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\
ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Z}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {) el conjunto de n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros complejos cuya
parte real e imaginaria}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {son n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros enteros.}\par\pard\li4146\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4146\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ib}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\}}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
l-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {) consideramos las operaciones habituales como n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {umeros com-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{plejos, tendremos un anillo conmutativo y con unidad denominado ani-}\par\pard\
li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llo de los}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {enteros de Gauss}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx2280\*\tx25
86\*\tx6560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un espacio top}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ologi
co, el conjunto}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {) de las funciones}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {continuas de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
es un anillo con la suma y el producto funcional.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\sl

mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para probarlo debemos recordar que la suma y e
l producto de dos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{funciones continuas es continua.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En general y sal
vo que se diga lo contrario, siempre supondremos que los}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillos son conmutativos y tienen unida
d.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \*\tx3120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {on 1.2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo con unidad. Decimos que un elemento
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2146\*\tx
2893\*\tx5293\*\tx5480\*\tx6266\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {unidad}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si existe otro elemen
to}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tal que}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ba}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {. El conjunto de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {unidades de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{se denota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el anillo es conmutativo, basta imponer sol
o la condici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 1. El ele-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {, que se demuestra f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acilmente que es }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico (problema 1.3), se denota}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \*\tx2226\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y se dice que es el}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{inverso}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Como sabemos por la proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {on 1.1}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el cer
o nunca es invertible.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3320\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {on 1.4}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las unidades de un ani
llo forman un grupo respecto a la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {multiplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpa
ge

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d\li1746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {on.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {) de modo evidente. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{son invertibles, su producto tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}\par\pard\li13

86\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx8080\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {admite inverso. El in
verso de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es invertible,}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {en lo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4866\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {es, siendo su inverso el mismo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li17
46\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
lex100 {Las unidades de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {son}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}
\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cualquier n}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {umero no nulo es invertible.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L
as unidades de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) son}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {, i,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par
\pard\li2960\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a b}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3146\colsr-0\colno2\colw7946\pard\li1973\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \*\tx2280\*\tx2653\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {M}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-360\slmult0 \*\tx720\*\tx4360\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c d}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {es una matriz con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes en}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, de\uc1\u64257Xnimos su}\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {determinante como el elemento de}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li4666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li4666\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {det(}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {M}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
ad}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bc}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se demuestra, siguiendo el mismo esquema que en }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebra lineal, que}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\*\tx3360\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la matriz}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es invertible si y solo si su determinante es
una unidad}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3773\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Las unidades de}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) son las funciones que no son nunca nulas.}\par
\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx4973\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esto es as\u
c1\u305X debido a que 1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/f}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {es continua si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {nunca es nula.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
746\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Entre los anillos, existen un

os muy especiales. Son aquellos donde adem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as}\par\pa
rd\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del concepto de multipl
icaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, existe un concepto de divisi}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {on. Denotamos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2160\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al conjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X \{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los
elementos no nulos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
mult0 \*\tx3120\*\tx4186\*\tx4453\*\tx6973\*\tx7346\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D
e\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 1.3}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Un anillo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {donde todo elemento de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs14\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una unidad, se}\par\par
d\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llama}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {anillo con divisi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {. Si el anillo con divisi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es conmutativo
se denomina}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuer
po}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {El elemento 0 no puede ser invertible en ning}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {un anillo, debido a que}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {0 = 0 para todo elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son cuerpos.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-21
0 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {) es un cuerpo. Esta formado por los n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u
meros complejos cuya parte}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {real e imaginaria son fracciones.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2693\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8730X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw288
0\colsr-0\colno2\colw8213\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2) el conjunto de n}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros reales que se pueden escribir en la}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx3333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {son racionales. Este anillo es un cuerpo. Lo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede probar el lector directamente, o r
emitirse al problema 4.9 para}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {una demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {as elegante.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3120\*\tx4520\*\tx5226\*\tx5880\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 1.4}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Un elemento}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {es un}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {divisor de cero}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {si existe otro ele-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {mento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {de tal modo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {= 0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En propiedad
, si el anillo no es conmutativo deber\uc1\u305Xan diferenciarse divi-}\par\pard\
li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sores de cero por la derec
ha y por la izquierda.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 1.5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un anillo sin
divisores de cero se denomina}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo \uc1\u305Xnt
egro}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx7466\*\tx8320\*\tx8546\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {En un anillo \uc1\u305Xntegro se pueden simpli\uc1\u64257Xcar factores
. Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}
\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx2360\*\tx2560\*\tx2840\*\tx6053\*\tx692
0\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {. Para demostralo escribimos}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac}\tab \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0 y sacamos factor}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {com}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = 0 y como}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {6}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0 concluimos que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0. Decimos que en}\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo se cumple la}{ }\fs2

4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ley de cancelaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si se pueden simpli\uc1\u64257Xcar factores.}\par\pard\li1
746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo cuerpo es un anillo \u
c1\u305Xntegro.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri
0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
\uc1\u305Xntegro.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{En general todo anillo que est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e contenido en}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305Xntegro.}\
par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M}{\sub \fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) no es \uc1\u305Xntegro. Por ejemplo}\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\col
w4986\colsr-0\colno2\colw120\colsr-0\colno3\colw1093\colsr-0\colno4\colw4893\par
d\li4146\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {0 0}}\par\pard\li4320\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{0 1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 0}}\par\pard\li173\
ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0 0}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {=}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0 0}}\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0 0}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn168
26\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
973\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El producto directo de dos an
illos no nulos nunca es \uc1\u305Xntegro.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx6013\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E
l anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) no es \uc1\u305Xntegro. Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {f}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {on que se anula para}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx3053\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8805X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {0 y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {una funci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on que se anula para}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8804X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {0. Su producto se anula}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {en todo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-25
3\slmult0 \*\tx3320\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {on 1.5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo anillo integro y \uc1\u64257Xni
to es un anillo con divisi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se
a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {integro y \uc1
\u64257Xnito. Consideremos un elemento cualquiera}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Tene-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {mos la aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li440
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx5346\*\tx5946\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u955X}{\
sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5346\*\tx5
933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc
1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
lex100 {La ley de cancelaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on prueba que}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u955X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {es inyectiva. Como el conjunto es \uc1\u64257Xnito,}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {en es epiyectiva. As\uc1\u305X 1 pertenece a la imagen de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u955X}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {y entonces existe}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx4546\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {un elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {tal que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {= 1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ex
iste un resultado, llamado}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {teorema de Wedderburn}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, que a\uc1\u64257Xrma incluso}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as. Todo
anillo con divisi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, es necesariamente conmutativo.
Por lo tanto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to
do anillo integro y \uc1\u64257Xnito es un cuerpo. Este teorema no lo demostrare
mos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en estas not
as.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx3120\*\tx3413\*\tx3680\*\tx6693\*\t
x6973\*\tx7626\*\tx8560\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {on 1.6}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un anillo, un subconjunto}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un}\tab \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {subanillo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si con}\par\p
ard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las operaciones induci
das}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {posee estruc
tura de anillo. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d
iremos que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1666\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {suba
nillo con unidad}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-426\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Naturalmente todo subanillo es un anillo con las
operaciones inducidas.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx3320\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 1.6}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Un subconjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {es un subanillo si y solo si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {implica que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slm
ex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pertenece
a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un subgrupo adit

ivo. Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambi}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {pertenece, la operaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es cerrada y cu
mple la asociatividad, puesto que se}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx54
93\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cumple para todos los elementos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los subanillos pueden contener o no a la unidad.
Tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en puede ocurrir}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que un subanillo de un anillo no conmutativo,
sea conmutativo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\
ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {En todo anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{, el conjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y
el 0 son subanillos, llamados}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {subanillos}\par\pa
rd\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {triviales}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {. Los dem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as subanillos se llaman}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {propios}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li197
harscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es subanillo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
R}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \*\tx2280\*\tx2613\*\tx
6640\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un espacio topol}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ogico, el
conjunto}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {) de aplicaciones}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {continuas es un subanillo del conjunto Apli(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{X,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) de todas las
funciones}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-453\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplos}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {de un entero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {forman un subanillo sin unidad de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anil
lo, posiblemente no conmutativo. Llamamos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {centro}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {y}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {denotamos por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Centro}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) al conjunto de
elementos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {qu
e conmutan}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con t
odos los elementos del anillo}\par\pard\li2653\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Centro}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tales que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {ar}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para todo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\}}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
El centro de un anillo es un subanillo. Adem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as siemp
re es conmutativo.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn
666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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d\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx3320\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 1.7}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La intersecci}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de subanillos es un subanillo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl
x100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {8}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\*\tx2200\*\tx3440\*\tx3706\*\tx3933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{una colecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, posiblemente in\uc1\u64257Xnita, de
subanillos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1720\*\tx2360\*\tx2786\*\tx3
853\*\tx4813\*\tx5040\*\tx5253\*\tx5453\*\tx6866\*\tx8320\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X \
uc1\u8745X}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8712X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\super \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}
}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces}\tab \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pertenecen a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {B}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {para todo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. C
omo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx6400\*\tx7013\*\tx7266\*\tx7813\*\t
x8373\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los conjuntos dados son subanillos tenemos que}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f

s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {. Tanto la suma como el producto de elementos de la intersecci}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on siguen}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx6453\*\
tx7253\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {perteneciendo a la intersecci}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on. Concluimos que}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\super \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}}\fs14\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {i}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un subanillo. Si}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx7626\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todos los subanillo
s tienen unidad, su intersecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {en.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\
ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3120\*\tx3560\*\tx3813\*\tx5773\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 1.7}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{un subconjunto de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{. A la intersecci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de todos los}\par\pard\li1386\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx4373\*\tx5560\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {subanillos que
contienen a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se
le llama}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {subanillo generado}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {por el subconjun-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {to}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para el estudio de los subanillos generados nos re
mitimos al cap\uc1\u305Xtulo 4}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {que trata sobre polinomios.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un subanillo de
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, de}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {R}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El conjunto
2}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los m}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplos de 2 es un subanillo de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que no tiene}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unidad.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La interse
cci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de los subanillos 2}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y 3}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {es precisamente 6}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {, pues un}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero es m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ult
iplo de 2 y de 3 precisamente cuando es m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplo de
6.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \*\tx6960\*\tx7186\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el conjunto de matrices cua
dradas de orden}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {y con elementos en}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {un anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,
el conjunto de las matrices diagonales es un subanillo. Del}\par\pard\li1973\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mismo modo, el conjunto de matrices
triangulares superiores es otro}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {subanillo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El menor subanillo de}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que contiene tanto
a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como a}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es justamente}\par\par
d\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\

pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx3880\*\tx4146\*\tx8800\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Los subanillos de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {son precisamente los conjuntos de la forma}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\
li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sabemos por teor\uc1\u305Xa
de grupos que estos son los }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unicos subgrupos y es}\
par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {acil comprobar que tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en son subanillo
s.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
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sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx3120\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 1.8}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sean}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos anillos. Una aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
si cumple:}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {) +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch

arscalex100 {ab}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si adem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {as se cumple}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {(1) = 1}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diremos que es un}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos con unidad}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {. De ahora en adelante cuan-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {do utilicemos la palabra}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mor\uc1\
u64257Xsmo}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entenderemos que es un mor\uc1\u64257Xs
mo de ani-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llos
con unidad.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo es tambi}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de grupos se cumple}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(0) = 0 y}\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Adem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ser}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a inyectivo si y solo si su n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ucleo es nulo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx3320\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {on 1.8}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La composici}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {on de mor\uc1\u64257Xsmos es mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo biyectivo, entonces}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722
X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {es tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo.}\par\pard\li174
harscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sean}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs
16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {00}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mor\uc1\u64257Xsmos. Entonces}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {)(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u981X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs2

4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)) =}\par\pard\li3493\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)) +}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)) =
(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) + (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u981X}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {An}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {alogamente con las otras propiedades.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para demostrar la segunda a\uc1\u64257Xrmaci}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on utilizamos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u98
1X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx5080\*\tx5560\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de grupos biyectivo
y por lo tanto}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {es mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de grupos. Del mismo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult
0 \*\tx7093\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {modo se prueba que conserva el producto y
la unidad.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmul
-306\slmult0 \*\tx3120\*\tx3533\*\tx5053\*\tx5226\*\tx5506\*\tx5853\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 1.9}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Un}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {isomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo biyectivo. Si}\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1693\*\tx2013\*\tx5773\*\tx7306\*\tx8400\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los iso
mor\uc1\u64257Xsmos se denominan}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {automor\uc1\u6
4257Xsmos}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del anillo}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Dos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
*\tx7840\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillos entre los que exista un isomor\uc1\u
64257Xsmo, se dir}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a que son}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {isomorfos}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conjunto de todos los automor\uc1\u64257Xsmos
del anillo se denotar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Aut(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx3040\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 1.9}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El conjunto de automor\uc1\u64257Xsmos de un anillo forma
un grupo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {respec
to a la composici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

7;32768}}
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\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un subanillo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. La}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {inyecci}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {i}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2440\*\tx2760\*\tx4360
\*\tx4613\*\tx4893\*\tx5213\*\tx8013\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un conjunto y}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un punto determinado d
e}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. A cada}\par\p
ard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3093\*\tx3333\*\tx3493\*\tx3800\*\tx8640\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aplicaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {f}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {R}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {le hacemos corresponder el n}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {umero real}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pa
rd\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx6080\*\tx8280\*\tx8613\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Tenemos as\uc1\u305X construido una aplicaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\t
ab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de Apli(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X,}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) en}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {R}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981
X}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\
li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo.}\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Consideremos el anillo de los enteros de Gauss}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). La conjugaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}
\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {compleja}\par\pa
rd\li4413\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx4773\*\tx5546\*\tx6226\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx5546\
*\tx6133\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ib}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ib}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un mor\u
c1\u64257Xsmo de anillos con unidad}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {transforma elementos}\par\par
d\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {invertibles de un anillo
en elementos invertibles del conjunto imagen}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(problema 1.18). De esta manera se induce un mor\u
c1\u64257Xsmo de grupos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {U}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {U}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\supe
r \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) entre las uni
dades de los anillos.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un anillo arbitrario, existe un }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {unico mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {. Di-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {cho mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo se llama}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {caracter\uc
1\u305Xstica}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y se representa por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {ch}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Naturalmente debe de cumplir:}\par\pard\li4253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4253\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ch}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1) = 1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ch}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
ex100 {lo que prueba su unicidad.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ch}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {es mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo, en particular es mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de grupos. Su
n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {ser}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a de la forma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d
onde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un n}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero natural. Al natural de\uc1\u64257Xnido}\par\pard\l
i1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por la f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {ormula}\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Ker(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ch}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se le denomina}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{caracter\uc1\u305Xstica del anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ch}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {es inyectivo decimos que}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {la caracter\uc1\u305Xstica del anillo es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {nula}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs

24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {) y sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una
funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on. La aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\
par\pard\li4666\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx5626\*\tx6253\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u966X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1
\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li5213\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
*\tx5626\*\tx6213\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gf}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
lex100 {es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
0 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 1.10}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\
u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \*\tx3426\*\tx4053\*\tx8053\*\tx8960\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {subanillo
, entonces}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {es subanillo. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{\super \fs1
6\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {es subanillo,}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\
par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {subanillo.}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect
\sectd\sbkpage

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pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Tenemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) puesto que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \*\tx3386\*\tx4386\*\tx7280\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mor\uc1\u642
57Xsmo. Si tanto}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {como}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son el
ementos del subanillo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {, concluimos por}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {la proposici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 1.6 que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es subanillo. La demostraci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {on del otro resultado}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2666\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {es an}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aloga.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problemas}\par\pard\li1386\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.1}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Veri\uc1\u642
57Xcar si son anillos o no lo son los conjuntos que a continuaci}\fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s
e indican. Las operaciones son las habituales. Indicar si son conmutativos y si
tienen}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unidad.}\
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los enteros pares}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
sl-453\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los racionales positivos}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw8706\colsr-0\colno2\colw2386\pard\li3306\ri0\sl-226\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8730X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8730X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3493\colsr-0\colno
2\colw5386\colsr-0\colno3\colw2213\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {El conjunto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {(}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {formado p
or los n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros complejos de la forma}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{b}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsx
n16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {donde}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son n}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {umeros enteros.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {El conjunto de las funciones}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C
}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8734X}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {R}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diferenc
iables y de clase}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8734X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El co
njunto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{de las}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {partes de un conjunto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde la suma es la diferencia}\par
\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sim}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {etrica y el producto la intersecci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on. Rec
ordemos que la diferencia sim}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {etrica}\par\pard\li1973
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de dos subconjuntos es}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {B}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8746X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.2}\tab \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnimos en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una nueva suma y una nueva multiplicaci}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {on por las}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {f}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormulas}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5560\colsr-0\
colno2\colw5533\pard\li3346\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 1}
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9702X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Demostrar que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
s un anillo con esas nuevas operaciones.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P
roblema 1.3}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar la unicidad del elemento
neutro para la multiplicaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar la unicidad del elemento in
verso.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\
slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.4}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {[Ley distributiva]}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Utilizando inducci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on demostrar:}\par\p
ard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {y}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {y}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {xy}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {xy}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\par\p

\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La expresi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on anterior puede e
scribirse}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\cols4\colno1\colw5253\colsr-0\colno2\colw546\colsr-0\colno3\colw346\colsr
-0\colno4\colw4946\pard\li5000\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}
\par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}\par
\pard\li4693\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\par\pard\li4920\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {) =}\par\column\pard\li106\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{n}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}\pa
r\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {xy}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {i}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn
133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marg
lsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Volviendo a utilizar inducci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on probar la le
y distributiva para un n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero arbitrario}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de sumandos.}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw
4680\colsr-0\colno2\colw946\colsr-0\colno3\colw333\colsr-0\colno4\colw5133\pard\
li4000\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4000\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {n}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {n}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\s
lmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pg
hsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw3893\colsr-0\colno2\colw346\c
olsr-0\colno3\colw720\colsr-0\colno4\colw560\colsr-0\colno5\colw5573\pard\li3800
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-14
6\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=1}\par\column\pard\li360\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {x}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(
}\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}\fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {=1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {y}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}\par\pard\li666\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=1}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {j}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pg
hsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.5}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que en un anillo se cumplen las propi
edades de las po-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{tencias:}\par\pard\li2266\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2266\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \*\tx3813\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\supe
r \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nm}}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {,}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{m}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs1
6\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {m}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\
super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conmutan}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3066\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.6}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un n}\fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {umero primo pre\uc1\u64257Xjado de antemano. Sea}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el subconjunto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}
{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {formado por las fracciones que en su forma irredu
cible no tienen a}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{como factor}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw3653\colsr-0\colno2\colw586\colsr-0\colno3\colw280\c
olsr-0\colno4\colw6573\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{del denominador}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {n}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tales que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no divide a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16
826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Probar que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{es un anillo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.7}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {[Cuaterniones]}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Introduciremos en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\super \f
s16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una estructura de a
nillo. La suma de dos elementos se realiza}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {componente a componente. Para la multiplicaci}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {on escribimos los elementos en la forma}\par\pard\li1386\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bi}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {cj}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {dk}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y de\uc1\u64257Xnimos}\par\pard\li3360\ri0
alex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bi}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {cj}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d
k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
i}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{\super \fs1

6\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}\par\par
d\li3000\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3000\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aa}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {bb}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cc}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{dd}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) +
(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cd}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0
}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dc}{\su
per \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {i}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li3000\ri0\sl-400\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac}{\super \fs16\
up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {ca}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {db}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bd}{\s
uper \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {j}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {ad}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {da}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bc}{\super \fs16\up3\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {cb}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta multiplicaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on se puede
realizar aplicando la bilinealidad del producto y te-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {niendo en cuenta la siguientes propiedade
s:}\par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}{\super \fs16\up3\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {k}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {, ij}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {k, jk}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i
, ki}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j, ji}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ij, kj}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jk, ik}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ki}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {junto con esta suma y este producto es un anillo no co
nmutativo y con}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
unidad. Este anillo se denota por}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {y sus elementos se llaman}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuate
rniones}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los cuaternio
nes tienen un subanillo isomorfo a}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{ }\fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {y otro subanillo isomorfo a}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}
harscalex100 {El subconjunto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, i,}{ }\fs22\cf

0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i, j,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j, k,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\}}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {junto con el producto forma un grupo}\par\
pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u64257Xnito, lla
mado}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grupo cuaterni}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx2253\*\tx4693\*\tx4880\*\tx6800\*\tx7080\*\
tx7266\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conjugado}
{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del cuaterni}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\tab \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{bi}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cj}{ }\fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dk}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {es}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {q}\ul0 \tab \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {=}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8722X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bi}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
722X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cj}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722
X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dk}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li19
73\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx9066\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {qq}\ul0 { }\fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
b}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Dicho n}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{umero real se llama}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {norma}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {del cuaterni}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {q}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es nula si y solo si el cuaterni}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {on es nulo.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn66

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

d\li1973\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {q}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces es invertible y su inverso viene dado por la f}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormula}\par\pard\li5746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li4360\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {q}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\s
ub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {q}\ul0 \par\par
d\li5000\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up2\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{b}{\super \fs16\up2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{\super \fs16\up2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}{\super \fs16\up2\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13}\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Se cumple la f}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormula}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
ul {q}\ul0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {}\
ul0 { }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {q}\ul0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {q}\ul0 {\sub \
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\ul {q}\ul0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {an}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aloga a la propiedad que cumplen los}\par\pard
\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {umeros complejos.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.8}\tab \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[Anillos de Kummer]}\par\pard\li5506\ri0\sl-133\slmult
0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {2}\ul0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {\uc1\u960
Xi}\ul0 \par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx2320\*\tx5586\*\tx5760\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u958X}\tab \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {la raiz}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {-}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esima de la unidad (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u958X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
e}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pa
rd\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El conjunto de n}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros complejos que se pueden expresar en la forma}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u958X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9
58X}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u958X}{\super
\fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un anillo, denominado}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u958X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
. Este anillo se denomina anillo de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kummer}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3066\*\tx6280\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema
1.9}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Encontrar todos los subanillos de}\tab \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {. Encontrar los divisores de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {cero y las unidades de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2

13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3200\*\tx3626\*\tx3
893\*\tx8240\*\tx8506\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.10}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {un anillo de tal modo que todo elemento de}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {A}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cumpla}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {. Demostrar que}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {es conmutativo. (Los elementos cuyo cuadrado coincide con}\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ellos mismos se denominan}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {idempotentes}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.11}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[Binomi
o de Newton]}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pro
bar que en todo anillo conmutativo es v}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alida la f}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormula del}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {binomio de Ne
wton}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li5200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16
826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5093\colsr-0\colno2\colw480\colsr-0
\colno3\colw5520\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs16\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {=0}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{n}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx293\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el caso no conmutativo tambi}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {en es cierta si los dos elementos del binomio}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conmutan.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3200\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Problema 1.12}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Probar que el producto d
e un divisor de cero y otro elemento es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un divisor de cero (suponer}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conmutativo).}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el producto de dos elementos es un divisor
de cero, entonces alguno de los dos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {es un divisor de cero.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3200\*\tx7653\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Problema 1.13}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Probar que un anillo}{
}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305Xntegro
si y solo si}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8727X}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es cerrado por la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {operaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
de multiplicaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Probar que un anillo es \uc1\u305Xntegro si y solo
si se satisface en }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el la ley de cancelaci}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3200\*\tx4453\*\tx5133\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pr
oblema 1.14}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un elemento}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nilpo
tente}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super
\fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {para cierto n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero}\par\pard\li13

86\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {natural. Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es nilpotente, entonces}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {1 +}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son inver
tibles.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
d\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx3200\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.15}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {un elemento idempotente (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\su
per \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). El conjunto}\par\pard\li412
harscalex100 {S}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\{}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ara}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tal que}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-21
0 {es un subanillo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li138
6\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3200\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.16}\tab \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo. Los puntos \uc1\u64257Xjos del mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}\pa
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\{}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tales qu
e}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forman un s
ubanillo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-3
06\slmult0 \*\tx3200\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.17}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Demostrar que el conjunto de matrices reales de la forma}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {b}\par\pard\li4986\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5453\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forman un anillo isomorfo al cuerpo de los n}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros complejos.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\par
d\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx32
00\*\tx3613\*\tx3853\*\tx4546\*\tx8773\*\tx8986\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Probl
ema 1.18}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u981X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\su
per \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u6
4257Xsmo de anillos. Demostrar que si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \f

s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {invertible, entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
) =}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}
0 \*\tx3200\*\tx3613\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.19}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {invertible. La aplicaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {de\uc1\u64257Xnida como}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\sub \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {axa}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un endomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo d
e anillos. Este endomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo se llama}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
ndomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo interior}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri
\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.20}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[Caracter\uc1\u
305Xstica]}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5786\*\tx7040\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {En este ejercicio haremos un estudio de la}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {carater\uc1\u305Xstica}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en el caso en el
que el}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo n
o posea unidad.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si en un anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existe un n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {umero natural}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{que cumple}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {na}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=
0}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para todos los}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos del anillo, al menor de esos n}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros se le denomina caracter\uc1\u305Xstica del}\par\pard\l
i1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si no existe el natural antes mencion
ado decimos que la caracter\uc1\u305Xstica}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es nula.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En un anillo \uc1
\u305Xntegro la caracter\uc1\u305Xstica es siempre o nula o un n}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {umero primo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En un anillo \uc1\u305Xntegr
o todos los elementos no nulos tienen el mismo orden consi-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {derados como elementos del grupo adi
tivo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A,}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {+)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Un anillo tiene caracter\uc1\u305Xstica no nula si existe un natural}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y un elemento}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cumplan}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n
a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1
\charscalex100 {En el caso en el que el anillo tenga unidad demostrar que las do
s de\uc1\u64257Xniciones}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {dadas de carater\uc1\u305Xstica coinciden.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\s
alex100 {Problema 1.21}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En un cuerpo}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {denotamos}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a/b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al elemento}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {ab}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10

0 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Demostrar las}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {propiedades de las operaciones con fracciones.}
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\par
d\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx3200\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.22}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo sin unidad. De\uc
1\u64257Xnimos en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las operacione

s}\par\pard\li3800\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3800\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, n}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {) + (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b, m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{) = (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {b, m}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li3666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li3666\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {a, n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)\uc1\u729X(}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {b, m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ab}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ma}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nb, mn}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {es un anillo con unidad y la aplicaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o
n}\par\pard\li4586\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx4933\*\tx5413\*\tx5973\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Z}\par\pard\li5013\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx5413\*\tx6013\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {1)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-226\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos inyectiv
o.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-226\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {tiene caracter\uc1\u305Xstica}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, se puede introducir, con las mismas operaciones,
una}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {estructura d
e anillo en}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {. Este anillo que hemos construido tiene tambi}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{en}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {caracter\uc1\
u305Xstica}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\p
ard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx
3200\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.23}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[
Anillos de Boole]}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Un}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo de Boole}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {es un anillo con unidad donde todo elemento es idempotente}\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\
super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2293\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
un anillo de Boole.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Las partes}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {de un conjunto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {es un anillo de Boole.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Apli(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un anillo de Boole.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-413\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo anillo de Boole es conmutativo.}\par\pard
0\*\tx5906\*\tx6533\*\tx7000\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En todo anillo de Boole
se cumple}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {+}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{= 0}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para todo elemento del}\par\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo. Por lo tanto un anillo de
Boole tiene caracter\uc1\u305Xstica}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs22\cf0\f0

ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si un anillo de Boole es integro,
entonces necesariamente es isomorfo a}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Por}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo tanto todo ideal primo es maximal y v
iceversa.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-2
26\slmult0 \*\tx7480\*\tx8106\*\tx8666\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La imagen de u
n anillo de Boole es un anillo de Boole. Si}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u981X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos y}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}
{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es de Boole, entonces su imagen tambi}\fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {en es un anillo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {de Boole.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1973\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {teorema de representaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de Stone}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a\uc1\u64257Xrma que para todo anillo de Boole}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existe un conjunto}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de tal forma que}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es isomorfo a un subanillo de}{ }\fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973
\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para la demostraci}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {on cons}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultese [12].}\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3200\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.24}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Consideramos
el anillo de las matrices de orden dos y coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes}\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {complejos. En dicho anillo consi
deramos el subconjunto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {de las matrices de la forma}\par\pard\li4386\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx5466
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ib}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
id}\par\pard\li4546\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5466\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {id}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ib}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx3080\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Demostrar que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {es isomorfo al anillo de cuaterniones.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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d\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx3200\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.25}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[Determinante]}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M}{\sub \fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el anillo de las m
atrices cuadradas de orden 2. Dada}\par\pard\li4986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li4986\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}{\super \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\

x100 {16}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrs
xn133\cols3\colno1\colw4453\colsr-0\colno2\colw693\colsr-0\colno3\colw5946\pard\
\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la adjunta de su
traspuesta es}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \*\tx306\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {M}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \*\tx493\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}\par\pard\sect\se
0\colsr-0\colno2\colw6293\pard\li4306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li43
06\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \*\tx826\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21}}\par\pard\li16
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx906\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pgh
sxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M N}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {N M}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= det(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
M}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) Id}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li
1973\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar la f}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ormula}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {det(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {M M}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
) = det(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) det(}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx5613\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {det(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una unidad, ento
nces}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es invert
ible. Calcular la matriz inversa}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\s
lmult0 \*\tx2533\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es invertible, entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {det(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una unidad.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3200\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pro
blema 1.26}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {U}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}
\*\tx3200\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.27}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Encontrar divisores de cero en el anillo de partes de un conjunto.}\par\par
00\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.28}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea
}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un cuerpo y}{ }
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un espacio vectoria
l de dimensi}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sobre}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs20\cf0\f0\c

harscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Consideramos los anillos}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {n}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{End(}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {. Demostrar que si damos una base de}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {E}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {tenemos un isomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {M}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {End(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {E}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Ver si el rec\u
c1\u305Xproco es cierto.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3200\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 1.29}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {un conjunto arbitrario. Consideremos el anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {P}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de las}\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2346\*\tx2640\*\tx3666\*\tx6893\*\tx7160\*\tx7440\*\t
x7733\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {partes de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\t
ab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el anillo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Apli
(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}{\super \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {. A cada subconjunto}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {le asociamos la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3440\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {funci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
8594X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de\uc1\u64257Xnida como}\par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}{\
sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {U}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5160\colsr-0\colno2\colw5933\pard\li4320\ri0\sl-226
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{U}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {U}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrs
xn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \*\tx1746\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es la}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {funci}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on caracter\uc1\u305Xstica}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
del subconjunto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que la funci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on}\par\pard\li4333\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \*\tx5160\*\tx5706\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {P}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {) :}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Apli(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {)}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\mar
grsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5160\colsr-0\colno2\colw960\colsr-0\colno3\colw4973\pa
rd\li4560\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
lex100 {es un isomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\cha

rscalex100 {U}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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3\margtsxn666\margbsxn440\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl640\slmult0 \fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cap\uc1\u305Xtulo 2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
i1386\ri0\sl-573\slmult0 \fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ideales}\par\pard\li1746\ri
0\f0\charscalex100 {Sabemos por teor\uc1\u305Xa de grupos que no a todo subgrupo}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de un grupo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se le puede asociar el grup
o cociente}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G/G}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Es necesario que el subgrupo sea}\par\par
d\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {normal para que la const
rucci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on no dependa de los representantes tomados.}\p
ar\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Del mismo modo, no
es posible hacer cociente con cualquier subanillo. Ello}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nos conduce a la introducci}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {on de los ideales.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\
u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 2.1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U
n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un subc
onjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u88
34X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cumple:}
\*\tx2186\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un s
ubgrupo aditivo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char

scalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ar}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son e
lementos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el anillo es conmutativo, solamente es necesario comp
robar que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\
li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo ideal es la vez un su
banillo (en general sin unidad). Sin embargo no}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todos los subanillos tienen que ser ideales.}\pa
r\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el anillo no es
conmutativo es necesario dar otra de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
on.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slm
ult0 \*\tx3120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {on 2.2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un subconjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
ideal por la derecha}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si:}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2186\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un subgrupo aditivo.}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para todo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {y todo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s
e tiene}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ar}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {An}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alogamente se de\uc1\u64257Xne el
concepto de ideal por la izquierda. Debido a}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esta de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on, en algunas ocasiones se llama}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideales bil}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ateros}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a los ideales de}
\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los anillos no c
onmutativos.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sin
embargo supondremos, salvo menci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on expl\uc1\u305Xcit
a de lo contrario, que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {todos los anillos son conmutativos.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El cero y el total son ideales. Estos ideales se llam
an}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideales triviales}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {del}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Los ideales que no
son ni el nulo ni el total se denominan}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {propios}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li5160\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {17}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbkpage

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f0\charscalex100 {Si una unidad}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {pertenece a un ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dicho ideal es el total pues con-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \*\tx3293\*\tx8346\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cluimos que 1}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multiplicando por el inverso y por lo tanto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {I}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sea cual}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. As\uc1\u305X ning}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un ideal pro
pio de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contiene
unidades.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-3
60\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los
subconjuntos de la forma}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son ideales de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como se comprueba}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl
-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acilmente.
Adem}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as estos son los }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un
icos ideales, pues como sabemos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {todo ideal debe ser subgrupo aditivo y no existen en}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{as subgrupos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q
ue los mencionados.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2426\*\tx2706\*\tx5626\*\tx5853\*\tx6120\*\tx6400\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {un anillo conmutativo. Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un elemento cualquiera no}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nulo. Los m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u
ltiplos de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son d
e la forma}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El conjunto de}\par\p
ard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todos los m}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {ultiplos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {se denota por (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {) y es un ideal. Se dice que es}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideal principal}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {generado por el elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa

r\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los cuerpos solo ti
enen ideales triviales pues todo elemento no nulo es}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {invertible. Reciprocamente, si un anillo so
lo tiene ideales triviales para}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {cada elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {el ideal principal (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {) es el total y por lo tanto existe}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cumple}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ba}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 1.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4173\*\tx4946\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dad
a una funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {su}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {soporte}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {es el cierre del conjunto de}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {puntos donde no es nula. Decimos que una funci}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {on se anula en el in\uc1\u64257Xnito}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si su soporte es un conjunto acotado. Dado el a
nillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {) sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el conjunto de todas las funciones que se
anulan en el in\uc1\u64257Xnito.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {es un}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {ideal pues es un subgrupo y el producto de una funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {on que se anula}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {en el in\uc1\u64257Xnito por cualquier otra funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {on, siempre se anula en el in\uc1\u64257Xnito.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\
{El conjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) formado por las funciones que se anulan para}
\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {= 0 forman un ideal.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sean}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos anillos. Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {ideales. El subconjunto}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal del producto directo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {. El rec\uc1\u305Xproco tambi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}\
par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es cierto (pru}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ebese).}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La importancia de
los ideales radica en que sirven para de\uc1\u64257Xnir anillos}\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cocientes. Con m}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {as precisi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, tenemos el siguiente}\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\t
x2946\*\tx3400\*\tx3613\*\tx7906\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 2.1}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {un ideal de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars

calex100 {. En el grupo cociente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {se puede in-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {troducir una estructura }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unica de a
nillo que hace que la proyecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {onica}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{sea un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene unidad tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en la t
endr}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
Sabemos que en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{se puede introducir una estructura de grupo abeliano}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con las condiciones pedidas. Para que la p
royecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {A/I}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {sea mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos, la }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unica de\
uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on posible de producto en}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li4320\ri0\s
ex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1

00 {)}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal esta de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {on no depende de los representantes elegidos.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En efecto si}\par\pard\li3386\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \*\tx6213\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {a}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up4\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {r,}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\par\p
ard\li3426\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx6173\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {b}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s,}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {I}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {De esto concluimos que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs14\
up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rb}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rs}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {. Entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4560\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {puesto que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rb}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rs}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \*\tx3120\*\tx4573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {on 2.3}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que acabamos de construi
r se llama}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo co-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ciente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {odulo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejempl
os}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \*\tx3240\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el ideal}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {I}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el total el anillo cociente es el anil
lo trivial 0. Si el ideal}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el ideal nulo, entonces el anillo
y su cociente son isomorfos. Debido}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {a esto, los ideales triviales carecen de inter}\fs24\cf0\f0\c

harscalex100 {es.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4346\*\tx4746\*\tx5093\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Consid
eremos el ideal}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {. El anillo cociente se denota en este}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {caso por}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Z}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El estudio cl}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {asico de las}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {congruenci
as}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el estudio de este}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4986\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no es p
rimo el anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\t
ab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no es \uc1\u305Xntegro. Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {n}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{\s
ub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{\sub \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una descom-}\par\pard\li1973\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx7066\*\tx7920\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {posici}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {on en producto de factores. Entonces 0 =}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u960X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{\sub \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-3
06\slmult0 \*\tx7026\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Con mayor generalidad podemos a\
uc1\u64257Xrmar que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{n}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305Xntegro si y solo si}\par\pard\li
1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {es primo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3320\*\tx3773\*\tx4066\*\tx8333\*\tx8613\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Proposici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 2.2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un
anillo. La intersecci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de ideales de}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es de}\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nuevo un ideal de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demos
traci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2200\*\tx5466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Sea}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una colecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de ideales
de}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Su intersec
ci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es un subgrupo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as si}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X \uc1\u8745X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tene
mos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para todo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {. As\uc1\u305X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X \uc1\u8745X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-30
6\slmult0 \*\tx4333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {concluimos que es un ideal.}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn168
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx3120\*\tx3813\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 2.4}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un subconjunto de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. A la intersecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de todos l
os}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx4013\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {idea
les que contienen a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {se le denomina}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideal generado}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {por el subconjunto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {En virtud de la proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on anterior este ideal
existe y es }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3320\*\tx3760\*\tx4520\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 2.3}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {un subconjunto posiblemente in\uc1\u64257Xnito. El con-}\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx7586\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {junto de todas las comb
inaciones lineales de elementos de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {es el ideal generado por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
harscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {h}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {i}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {\{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
a}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale

x100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. La suma debe ser \uc1\u64257Xnit
a.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este conjunto
es un subgrupo aditivo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {. Si multiplicamos un elemen-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx2
480\*\tx5640\*\tx7880\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {h}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {por un elemento cualquiera}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del anillo obtenemos}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {r}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {s}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {) =}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
721X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra}{\sub \
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {s}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. As\u
c1\u305X hemos probado que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {h}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ide
al. Adem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as todo ideal que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contenga a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
S}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {debe contener a las combinaciones lineales de e
lementos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx7013\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De este modo
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {h}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {i}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el menor ideal que contiene a}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el caso en que el conjunto}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {este formado solo por
un elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, el}\
par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideal generado se
denota por (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) y se d
ice que es un ideal principal.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3120\*\tx4293\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De
\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 2.5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Un ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
s}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u64257Xnito-generado}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {si existe un conjunto \uc1\u64257Xnito}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
S}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx4120\*\tx4333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {tal que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {h}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Un ideal}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {principa
l}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si existe un elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, no necesa-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {riamente }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico, tal
que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que dos elementos del anillo}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {generan el mismo ideal p
rin-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cipal, (}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = (}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Si el anillo es \uc1\u305Xntegro, debe
de existir un elemento invertible}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {u}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tal que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bu}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\

pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3120\*\tx3573\*\tx3800\*\tx4266\*\tx6706\*\t
x7866\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o
n 2.6}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {dos ideales. Llamamos}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideal
suma}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y denotamos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {al ideal generado por el conjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8746X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {. De modo an}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alogo se de\uc1\u6425
7Xne}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la suma de
un n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero \uc1\u64257Xnito o in\uc1\u64257Xnito de i
deales.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2906\*\tx3880\*\tx6400\*\tx6800
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Llamamos}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {producto}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de dos ideales, al ideal}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {IJ}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {generado por todos los}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos de la fo
rma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {J}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En particular esto nos permite}\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de\uc1\u64257Xnir las potenci
as de un ideal.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Decimos que dos ideales son}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {primos entre si}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuando}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {Dado un anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {, sea \uc1\u931X (o \uc1\u931X}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si existe peligro de confusi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {on) el conjunto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {de los ideales de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {. En este conjunto la inclusi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on establece una re
laci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {orden. Dados dos ideales}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {el menor ideal que los contiene es precisamente}\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx7386\*\tx8293\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
. En el conjunto ordenado, la suma de ideales es el}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {supremo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de dos o}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {general de un n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{umero arbitrario de ideales.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16

fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El mayor elemento contenido en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
J}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {. Este es el}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u305Xn\uc1\u64257
Xmo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los dos ideales en cuesti}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on. A
n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alogamente se procede con un n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {umero \uc1\u64257Xnito o}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {in\uc1\u64257Xnito de ideales.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dos ideales son primos entre s\uc1\u305X, cuando s
u supremo es el conjunto total.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Resumiendo todas estas consideraciones tenemos}\par\pard\li1386\
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 2.4}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dado un anillo
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, el conjunto}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u931X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de sus idea
les es un}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ret\uc1\u305Xculo}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw7213\col
sr-0\colno2\colw3880\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3626\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {cuyo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {primer elemento}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {es el ideal cero, su}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\par\column\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, el conjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {supremo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de una fami
lia de ideales es la suma de dichos ideales, y el}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u305Xn\uc1\u64257Xmo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la intersecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {on de los ideales.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Veamos ahora como se comportan los ideales bajo la acci}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on de los mor-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u64257Xsmos.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx2946\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 2.5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos}\par\pard\li1613\ri0\sl-453\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) Si}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f

0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {1}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}
{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {. En particular el n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo}\par\p
ard\li1986\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ker(}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(0)}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un i
deal.}\par\pard\li1533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1533\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \*\tx2306\*\tx2560\*\tx2880\*\tx3173\*\tx4520\*\tx5093\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {ii}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal,}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un subanillo, aunque en
general no}\par\pard\li1986\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3733\*\tx3973\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {ser}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a un ideal. Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es epiyectivo si es un i
deal. En particular}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Im(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\p
ar\pard\li1986\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un subanillo.}\par
\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx2013\*\tx5866\*\t
x6093\*\tx6360\*\tx7426\*\tx7640\*\tx7906\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs14\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {(}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es un subgrupo aditivo. Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{I}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) y}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Entonces}\par\pa
rd\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2306\*\tx4986\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {) =}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puesto que}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sup
er \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es ideal. Conc
luimos que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4106\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {lo que demuestra que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {ii}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pertenecen a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {), entonces existen}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {, no necesariamente}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn1682
6\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3000\colsr-0\colno2\colw8093\pard\li1
400\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {. Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) lo que p
rueba que es subanillo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2280\*\tx5480\*
\tx5693\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es epiyectivo y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
r}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, existe}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tal que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El mismo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {argumento demuestra que en el caso epiyectivo la imagen d
e un ideal es un}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2093\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {ideal.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx5213\*\tx7013\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 2.6 (Correspondencia)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:
}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la proyecci}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oni-}\par\pard\li1386\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx7746\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ca. Existe una correspon
dencia biun\uc1\u305Xvoca entre ideales de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e ideales de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que contienen a}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\
sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un ideal del cociente.
Entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es un ideal de}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que contiene}\par\pa
rd\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {I}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Del mismo modo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u960X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\
sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {)) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {es un ideal por ser la proyecci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {onica}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx7746\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {epiyectiva. Esto prueba que la correspondencia es biun\uc1\u305X

voca.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1189
*\tx6613\*\tx6800\*\tx7080\*\tx7440\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 2.7 (Fact
orizaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica)}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16
\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo.
}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Entonces existe
un isomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ker(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Im(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
harscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\
ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sabemos por teor\uc1\u305Xa de gru
pos que existe un isomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de grupos entre}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los anillos mencionados. Solo falta comp
robar que ese isomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo respeta la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multiplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on y que
conserva la unidad. Pero esto se demuestra exactamente}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \*\tx5706\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {igual que en el caso de grupos a
belianos.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \*\tx3040\*\tx3360\*\tx3640\*\tx5706\*\tx7013\*\tx7293\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Corolario 2.8}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene caracter\uc1\u305Xstica}

\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene un subanillo
}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {isomorfo a}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {. Si el anillo es \uc1\u305Xntegro la caracter\uc1\u305Xstica debe s
er necesariamente}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{prima.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ch}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {el mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo caracter\uc1\u305Xstica. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es la caracter\uc1\u305Xstica de}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2680\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {n}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8764X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Im(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ch}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par
\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3546\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sabemos que
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305Xntegro si y solo si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es primo. Como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305Xntegro,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\
slmult0 \*\tx6560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {necesariamente todos sus subanillos
son \uc1\u305Xntegros.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx6386\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 2.9 (2}{\su
per \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {teorema de is
omor\uc1\u64257Xsmo)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sean}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideales de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {J}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Entonces se tiene un isomor\uc1\u64257Xs
mo entre los anillos}\par\pard\li4253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li42
53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A/J}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I/J}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8764X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {J}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) denota la clase de equivalencia m}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {odulo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
del elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de\
uc1\u64257Xnimos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{una aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li4400\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\*\tx5093\*\tx5733\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/J}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\par\pard\li4346\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx5093\*\tx5680\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{\su
b \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {I}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Dicha aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on no depende del repres
entante y por lo tanto esta bien}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {de\uc1\u64257Xnida. Es mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos epiyectivo

y su n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo esta formado por los}\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u960X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) tales que}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. De este modo su n}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I/J}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {y concluimos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx6373\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aplicando el teorema de factorizaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx6560\*\tx6880\*\tx7386\*\tx
8986\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 2.10 (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}{\s
uper \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {er}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {teorema de
isomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {I, J}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son ideales de}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {entonces se tienen un isomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}\par\pard\li4133\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {J}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/J}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8764X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I/}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
7;32768}}

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3\margtsxn666\margbsxn666\cols3\colno1\colw4120\colsr-0\colno2\colw4813\colsr-0\
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\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teor\uc1\u305Xa de an
illos}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\s
Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u6
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cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*
\tx760\*\tx1346\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\
u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {J}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-320\slmu
lt0 \*\tx760\*\tx1453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{\sub \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}\fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {J}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Comprobar que no depende de los representantes y que es m
or\uc1\u64257Xsmo. Su}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2760\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {J}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard
0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problemas}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pr
oblema 2.1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[Elementos nilpotentes]}\par\pard\li
1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {A}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conmutativo y con unidad. Un elemento}{
}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {nilpotente}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si existe}{ }\fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {N}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tal}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super
\fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {. Probar que el conjunto de elementos nilpotentes de}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forman un ideal.}\par\pard\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 2.2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En un

anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los ideal
es cumplen las siguientes propiedades:}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) +}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {+ (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973
arscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J
}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213
{I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 0 =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\pa
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
ex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0 = 0}\pa
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\p
ar\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {J}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {K}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-30
6\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 2.3}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {[Anulador de un elemento]}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {un anillo y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {un elemento. El conjunto}\par\pard\li3613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li3613\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ann}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {tales que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {= 0}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forman un ide
al, llamado}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anulador}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {del elemento}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard
\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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d\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 2.4}\t
ab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que el conjunto de matrices de la forma
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {a}\par\pard\li5066\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5386\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {0}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {24}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}{ }\fs2

2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros reales es un ide
al por la izquierda del anillo del}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {M}\fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. De-}\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mostrar que no es ideal por la der
echa.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\s
lmult0 \*\tx3066\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 2.5}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Si}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {:}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {0}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos y}{ }\fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un cuerpo, entonces
}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es nulo o inyectivo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmu
x100 {Problema 2.6}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {A}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo y}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {S}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un subgrupo de}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. De\uc1\u64257Xnimos en}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la relaci}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2880\*\tx3346\*\tx3826\*\tx4426\fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {de equivalencia}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8764X}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8660X}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {. Demostrar que el conjunto cociente se puede}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dotar de una estructura de anillo, que h
aga que la proyecci}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{onica sea mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {si y solo si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {es un ideal.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 2.7}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {un anillo e}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {un ideal bil}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atero.}\par\pard\li2640\ri0
f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tales que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ar}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {para todo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un subanillo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3066\*\tx4213\*\t
x4400\*\tx6826\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 2.8}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {El conjunto}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {=}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 2}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bi}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {con}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\t
ab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal de los enteros}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
l-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de Gauss.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\chars

calex100 {Problema 2.9}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar la ley distrib
utiva para ideales.}\par\pard\li4266\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li426
6\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {K}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {IJ}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {IK}\par\pa
rd\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3
920\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {IJ}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}\tab \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para todo par de ideales.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Generalizar los resultados para un n}\fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {umero arbitrario de ideales, incluso un n}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {umero}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in\
uc1\u64257Xnito.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3200\*\tx4813\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 2.10}\t
ab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo epiyectivo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl
x100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) +}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {J}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }
0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
ex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\c
calex100 {I}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
745X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0
f0\charscalex100 {Problema 2.11}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[Comutador]}\pa
r\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2160\*\tx2426\*\tx5946\*\tx7186\*\tx7493\*
\tx7706\*\tx8093\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo no conmutativo. Llamamos}\tab \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conmutador}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}\tab \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {b}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al elemento}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}\f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {] =}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ba}\fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {. Sea}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A, A
}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el ideal bilatero
generado por el subconjunto de todos los}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conmutadores.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {es conmutativo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8660X}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A, A}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch

arscalex100 {] = 0}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
7;32768}}

d\li1973\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx2440\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es conmutativo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8660X}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A, A}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {]}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {25}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn1
33\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \
*\tx3200\*\tx3613\*\tx5346\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 2.12}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {R}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, e}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el ideal de las funcion
es que se anulan en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx5760\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {el in\uc1\u64257Xnito. Demostrar, por contradicci}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {on, que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {no es \uc1\u64257Xnito generado.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3200\*\tx3613\*\tx3853\*\tx4253\*\tx4
560\*\tx4826\*\tx7213\*\tx7413\*\tx8373\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 2.13
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981
X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos e}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {I}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {ker(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un ideal.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult

0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Entonces existe un }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {uni
co mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos}\par\pard\li4666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li4666\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que hace conmutativo el
diagrama}\par\pard\li5266\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5266\ri0\sl-21
0 {\uc1\u981X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5386\colsr-0\colno2\colw240\colsr-0\colno3\colw5466\
pard\li4600\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li4493\ri
\li4493\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\par\pard\li46
93\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {c}\par\pard\li4493\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A/I}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-3
86\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8727X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn
16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn440\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-640\slmult0 \fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cap\uc1\u305Xtulo 3}\
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-573\slmult0 \fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ideales
maximales y primos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li138
6\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx3120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u6425
7Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 3.1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un ide
al}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {maximal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si los }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {unicos ideales que lo con-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tienen son el mismo y el total.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-21
0 {Si consideramos el conjunto \uc1\u931X de todos los ideales distintos del tot
al de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ordenados por inclusi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, los
ideales maximales son los elementos maximales}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de este conjunto ordenado. Aplicando el}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {lema de Zorn}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {veremos que tod
o anillo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {posee i
deales maximales.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2946\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 3.1}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {posee ideales maximales.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrac
i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {una cadena de ideales de \uc1\u931X. Dados dos ideales de la cadena}{ }\fs24

\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{\super \fs24\up
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1680\*\tx358
6\*\tx4600\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\
tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {debe cumplirse}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u88
34X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}{\su
per \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{\super \fs24\u
p0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2200\*\tx25
20\*\tx2826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8746X}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {. Este conjunto es un ideal. Veamos por ejemplo que es}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx8626\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {subgrupo. Si}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X \uc1\u8
746X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u945X}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {I}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
Podemos suponer}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u945X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {I}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {.}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3813\*\tx5280\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Por lo tanto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u946X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puesto que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{I}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es s
ubgrupo aditivo. As\uc1\u305X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u8712X \uc1\u8746X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por el lema de Zorn, existen en \uc1\u931X ele
mentos maximales. Queda probada}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx5093\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la existencia de ideales maximales.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3040\*\tx4240
\*\tx4480\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 3.2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Todo ideal}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {distinto del total est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a contenido en un ideal}\pa
r\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {maximal.}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
594X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la proyec
ci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica. En}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existen ideales maxi
ma-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {les Sea}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {un ideal maximal de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es maximal y contiene}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx6146\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c

harscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aplicando el teorema de correspon
dencia.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-413
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {26}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 3.3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo elemento}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no invertible est}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a contenido en un ideal ma-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ximal.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demo
straci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) no es el ideal total puesto que
}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no es invertibl
e. Este ideal est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a con-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\
slmult0 \*\tx6680\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tenido en ideal maximal y por lo ta
nto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambi}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {en.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0
alex100 {Existe otra de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on distinta d
e ideal maximal, que en muchos aspectos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as operativa. El siguien
te teorema prueba que ambas de\uc1\u64257Xniciones son}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {equivalentes.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213
scalex100 {Teorema 3.4}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es maximal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8660X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un cuerpo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dem
ostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Recordemos q
ue un cuerpo es un anillo que solo tiene ideales triviales.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aplicando el teorema de corresponden
cia tenemos que}\par\pard\li2786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2786\ri
0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Idea
les que contienen a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\}}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Ideales de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1693\*\tx7106\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{es maximal, existen dos ideales que contienen a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y por lo tanto el}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cociente tiene dos ideales. Esto implica qu
e el cociente es un cuerpo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es cuerpo, vemos que solo hay dos ideales que cont
ienen a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, que}\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3706\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entonces
maximal.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
0\slmult0 \*\tx3040\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 3.5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super
\fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u64257
Xsmo epiyectivo de anillos. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up
3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un cuerpo, el n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {ucleo es un ideal maximal.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Sabemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Ker(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es
isomorfo a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aplicando el teorema de facto-}\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3373\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rizaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-2
00 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
l-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero primo, ent
onces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {es maximal. Para probarlo, anali-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \*\tx4946\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {zamos su cociente. Como}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {es \uc1\u305Xntegro y \uc1\u64257Xnito, es cuerpo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl
-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u966X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {R}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo \uc1\u8220X
tomar valores en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8221X. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo , tenemos por el teorem
a de factorizaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8764X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {R}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que es cu
erpo. Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es maximal.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
*\tx2853\*\tx3133\*\tx3480\*\tx7320\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo epiyectivo. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
m}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
834X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es maximal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
658X}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx4413\*\tx8733\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {1}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{\sup
er \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es maximal e
n}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Esto es debid
o a que la operaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u981X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {serva el orden.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {no es epiyectivo este resultado es falso. Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {i}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la inclusi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\par
d\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {natural. La antiimagen d
el cero, que es maximal en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {, no es maximal}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {es un cuerpo si y solo si 0 es un ideal maximal.}\par\pard\li17
charscalex100 {Como generalizaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on del concepto de n}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero primo, se puede introducir}\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el concepto de ideal primo. La idea
es que cuando el ideal sea principal, el}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {concepto coincida con la idea de n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {umero primo. Recordemos que un n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero}\par\p
ard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es primo si cuando div
ide a un producto, divide a alguno de los factores.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\
calex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 3.2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Un ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {primo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Existe otra de\uc1
\u64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de ideal primo que se obtiene directa
mente de esta.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U
n ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es primo
si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6\uc1\u87
12X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {implica que}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6\uc1\u8712X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. De esta forma el co
mple-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mentario d

e un ideal primo es cerrado por la operaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de mult
iplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sin embargo la caracterizaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
on m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as importante de los ideales primos viene}\par\p
ard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dada por el siguiente}
\*\tx2946\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 3.6}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Un ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es primo
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8660X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un anillo \uc1\u305
Xntegro.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-33
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) Si}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {) = 0 entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{) = 0. Tenemos que o bien}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {o bien}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pertencen a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960
X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {) es nulo o bien lo es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {). As\uc1\u305X el anillo no tiene}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {divisores de cero.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8656X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) Si existieran}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tales que}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y ni}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ni}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an en}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, tendr\uc1\u305Xamos}\par\pa
rd\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {) = 0 y dos dos elementos no ser\uc1\u305Xan nulos, lo que contradice la}\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4800\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hip}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {otesis de que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305Xntegro.}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 3.7}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo id
eal maximal es primo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \*\tx5280\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Todo cuerpo es un anillo \uc1\u305Xntegro.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
x100 {Corolario 3.8}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un mor\u
c1\u64257Xsmo de anillos. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs16\up3\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es integro, el}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{ucleo es un ideal primo.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
El teorema de factorizaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {onica nos dice que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Ker(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {) es isomorfo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a Im(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Com
o la imagen es un subanillo de un anillo \uc1\u305Xntegro, necesariamente}\par\pa
rd\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2600\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305Xnt
egra.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
lmult0 \*\tx3320\*\tx3760\*\tx4493\*\tx4693\*\tx5160\*\tx7333\*\tx7693\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 3.9}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {e}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I, J}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos
ideales tales que}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {IJ}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
. Entonces}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs2

2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {. Entonces existe}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {que no pertenece a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {. Dado}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx4480\*\tx5840\*\
tx6706\*\tx8120\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un elemento cualquiera}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {J}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tenemos que}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {IJ}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Como}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a en}\par\pard
\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3893\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {, necesariamente}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {para todo elemento}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {. Deducimos entonces que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2200\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
533\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 3.10}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\super \fs14\up3\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de ani
llos. Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es primo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{es un ideal primo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par
\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {1}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{
\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Ocurre que como}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {p}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {es primo o bien un}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {elemento u otro est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {p}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {. Supongamos que est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0
\*\tx5920\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo que demuestra que dicho ideal es primo.
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf

0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un n}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {umero primo,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es maximal, luego}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es primo. A
dem}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {0 es primo por ser}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u305Xntegro.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx8986\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La c
aracter\uc1\u305Xstica de un anillo \uc1\u305Xntegro siempre es prima o nula. Si}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4000\
*\tx5240\*\tx5600\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene caracteristica}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Z}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
un subanillo de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,
que debe ser}\par\pard\li1946\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u305Xntegro pues}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{lo es. Aplicando el teorema}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {es primo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un anillo es \uc1\u305Xntegr
o si y solo si 0 es un ideal primo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2720\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lema 3
.11}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo conmutativo. El conjunto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de todos los elemen-}\par\pard\li138
6\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tos nilpotentes de}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {A/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
no tiene elementos nilpotentes.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn1

lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ar}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es nil
potente puesto que (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
)}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {r}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {s}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son nilpotentes, entonces exi
sten}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tales que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {r}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {= 0 =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aplicando la f}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormula del bi
nomio (problema 1.11) sabemos que (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
)}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}}\par\pard\li1386\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una suma de productos de distinta
s potencias de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y
de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En cada suman
do}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hay alguna po
tencia nula, por lo que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es nil
potente. Asimismo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nilpotente. Por
lo tanto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un
ideal.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2040\*\tx2586\*\tx2853\*\tx3346\
*\tx8386\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u96
0X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {A/}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
nilpotente, entonces (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {))}{\super
\fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0 para cierto}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Pero}\par\pard\
li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sup
er \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {a}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{) = 0. As\uc1\u305X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es nilpotente y existe}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tal que (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {a}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nm}}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx7826\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {lo que demuestra que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es nilpotente y por lo tanto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex

100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = 0.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li13
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3120\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u642
57Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 3.3}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El id
eal}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se denomina}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nilradical}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o simplemente}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {radical}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\
ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El anillo cociente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {A/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{se llama}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo reducido}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {y se denota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {red}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Existe ot
ra de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de nilradical. El teorema qu
e sigue prueba que son}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {equivalentes.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3080\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 3.12}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El nilradical de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es la intersecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de todo
s los ideales pri-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {mos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746
\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {r}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la i
ntersecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de todos los ideales primos de}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es nilpotente,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \*\tx8626\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tenemos que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {= 0}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para cualquier ideal primo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\supe
r \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs
14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {an}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Razonando por in
ducci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, concluimos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a en}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Por lo tanto}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {a}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a en la intersecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on de todos los primos. Esto demuestra la inclusi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o
n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Sea ahora}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{no nilpotente. Consideramos el conjunto \uc1\u931X de todos los ideales}\par\p
ard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {qu
e no contienen a ninguna potencia de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {. Como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {no es nilpotente,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {el conjunto \uc1\u931X no es vacio puesto que 0}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u931X. Aplicando el le
ma de Zorn, \uc1\u931X}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {posee elementos maximales. Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\

cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un elemento maximal. Probaremos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {m}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es pr
imo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x, y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, los ideales}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {+ (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {) contienen a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{en sentido estricto.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es ma
ximal, estos ideales no est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an en \uc1\u931X y contie
nen a alguna potencia}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno
1\colw5613\colsr-0\colno2\colw5480\pard\li3586\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {+ (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\column\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826
\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx3546\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {De este modo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
n}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {xy}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {). De esto se sigue que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {xy}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no pueden estar}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx
1720\*\tx5506\*\tx8693\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, pues de lo contrario}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {m}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {xy}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {. Queda as\uc1\u305X demostrado que}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{m}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {un ideal primo y que los elementos no nilpotentes no pueden
estar en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Se}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx
7306\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {concluye que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{\
super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, inclusi}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {on que demuestra el teorema.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\

f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 3.13}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Existe una biy
ecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on entre los ideales primos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {red}}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostr
aci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Utilizar el teor
ema de correspondencia y el hecho de que la antiimagen}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-3
20\slmult0 \*\tx5426\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de un ideal primo es otro ideal
primo.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
slmult0 \*\tx3120\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on 3.4}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un ideal. El}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r
adical de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rad(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es la intersecci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {on}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de todos
los ideales primos que contienen a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {. En particular}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {= rad(0)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
146\*\tx8533\*\tx8826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {on 3.14}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El radical de}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el conjunto de elementos de}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que}\par\par
d\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tienen alguna potencia e
n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\
0\charscalex100 {Pasando a los cocientes, m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odulo el
ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, el radic
al de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se trans
forma}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en el nilr
adical, y los elementos de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {con alguna potencia en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {se transforman}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4120\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en elementos nilpotentes.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\
calex100 {Corolario 3.15}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El radical de}{ }\fs24

\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es la antiimagen por la
proyecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica}\par
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del nilradical de}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkp
age\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn440\pard
calex100 {Cap\uc1\u305Xtulo 4}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Polinomios}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De todo
s los anillos que existen, los anillos de polinomios son probable-}\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mente uno de los m}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {as importantes. Hasta \uc1\u64257Xnales del siglo XIX se puede
decir}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que el }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebra es el estudio de los polinomios. Actualmente el
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebra com-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prende m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {ambitos. Sin embargo en }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebra conmuta
tiva y en geometr\uc1\u305Xa}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {algebraica los polinomios, en una y en varias variables, son fundame
ntales.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Construi
remos dichos anillos. Supondremos conocido el manejo elemental}\par\pard\li1386\
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de polinomios con coe\uc1\u64257X
cientes en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Muchos
de los resultados dados en esta}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {secci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on son la generalizaci}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {on y formalizaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de resultados
conocidos para}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
polinomios con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes reales.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 4.1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Un}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {de una variable sobre el anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {es un apli-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {caci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on casi nula}\par\pard\li4680\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1
\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El conjunto de todos los polinomios sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se denota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-21
0 {En nuestra de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on suponemos que 0}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. La imagen del n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se}\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {suele denotar por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{. As\uc1\u305X el polinomio ser}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a una sucesi}\fs24\cf0

\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li4546\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4
546\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, a}{\sub \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . .}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de elementos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Los elementos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son todos nul
os salvo un n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero \uc1\u64257Xnito}\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx5146\*\tx5386\*\tx6426\*\tx8240\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {de ellos. El mayor de los naturales}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tales que}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \
fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {= 0 se llama}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grado del}\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {y se denota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grado}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Por la mism
a de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de polinomios, todo}\par\pard
\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polinomio debe tener grad
o \uc1\u64257Xnito.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Introduciremos en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) las operaciones
de suma y producto de polino-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {mios. El lector debe veri\uc1\u64257Xcar que dichas operaciones i
ntroducen en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) una}\par\pard\li1386\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {estructura de anillo. Deber}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {a tener en cuenta que estas comprobaciones pue-}\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {den llegar a ser tediosas.}\p
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {32}\par\
colno3\colw3426\colsr-0\colno4\colw2160\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
00 {Teor\uc1\u305Xa de anillos}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\

4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {N}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-38
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {33}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son dos polinomios, su suma es
la aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li3120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3120\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3840\*\tx4346\*\tx4933\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {q}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {A}\par\pard\li3920\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx4346\*\tx4933\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {n}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {) +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
ex100 {Esta aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es casi nula y su grado siemp
re es menor que el mayor de los}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {grados de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {y de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\p
ar\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El producto se de\
uc1\u64257Xne como}\par\pard\li3160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3160
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3760\*\tx4266\*\tx4853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li3840\ri0
\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx4266\*\tx4853\*\tx6146\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{\su
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}\par\pard\li6066\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {+}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De nuevo la aplicaci}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es casi nula, pues su grado siempre es menor que la

}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {suma de los gra
dos de los dos factores.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2946\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 4.1}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El conjunto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con las operaciones introducidas es un ani-}\p
ar\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llo.}\par\pard\li1
746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3200\*\
tx8373\*\tx8986\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es conmutativo, tambi}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {en es conmutativo el anillo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene unidad, entonces}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en, siendo esta
el polinomio}\par\pard\li4693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4693\ri0\
sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . .}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A todo elemento de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {le podemos hacer corresponder un polinomio}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {, . . .}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx5920\*\tx6200\*
\tx6533\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tenemos de\uc1\u64257Xnida as\uc1\u305X una ap
licaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) que
es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {de anillos inyectivo. De este modo todo anillo se puede considerar como
un}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {subanillo de
su anillo de polinomios.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {En el caso en que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {tenga unidad, existe una notaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on standa
rd para los}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {poli
nomios. Para introducirla de\uc1\u64257Xnimos el polinomio}\par\pard\li4826\ri0\
0\charscalex100 {\}}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {i}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 1}\par\pard\li4386\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li5106\ri0\sl
-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0 si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 1}\par\pard\li1746\ri
0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Utilizando la de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de producto y aplicando un argumento inductivo}\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tenemos que}\par\pard
\li4866\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5146\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {1 si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1
1893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5146\colsr-0\colno2\co
lw5946\pard\li4253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs1
6\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0 si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {m}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsx
n666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
d\li1746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Con esta notaci}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {on el polinomio}\par\pard\li4546\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li4546\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{, a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, a}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . .}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li138
6\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se escribe}\par\pard\li3653\ri0
\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
a}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {34}\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\
sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La suma es \uc1\u64257Xnita puesto qu
e casi todos los}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son nulos. Los elementos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5373\*\tx5600\*\tx6973\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \
fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se denominan}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. La le
tra}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se denom
ina}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {variable}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Debe
mos te-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5893\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ner cuidado pues en matem}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {atica elemental}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es simplemente una letra
. Sin}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {embargo pa

ra nosotros ser}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a un polinomio.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El anillo de polinomios en dos variab
les}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {x, y}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) se de\uc1\u64257Xne como (}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {))(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {De modo inductivo se de\uc1\u64257Xnen los anillos de polinomios en varias v
ariables.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-3
06\slmult0 \*\tx3320\*\tx3866\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {on 4.2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305Xntegro}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305Xntegro. En g
eneral}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {x}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {, . . . , x}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305X
ntegro.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\
par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx8480\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x
}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{x}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,
el producto de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene}\par\p
ard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx8333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como coe\uc1\
u64257Xciente de grado}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al prod
ucto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {que no es nulo.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri
\li1386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx5600\*\tx7800\*\tx8173\*\tx8466\*\tx8853\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 4.3 (Propiedad universal)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Dados dos anillos}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {sea}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2560\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u64257Xmo de anillos. Para cada elemento}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existe un }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {unico}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos}\par\pard\li4453\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {que cumple}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs

24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {b}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para todo elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx2346\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cumple estas propiedades,
la }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unica de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {on posible para}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}}\par\pard\li4066\ri0\
lex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {b}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
8721X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Veamos que con esta de\uc1\u64
257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on obtenemos un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillo
s.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Que conserva
la unidad y la suma es claro. Para ver que conserva la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multiplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o
n debemos \uc1\u64257Xjarnos en que el producto de polinomios, si enten-}\par\pa
rd\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {demos que \uc1\u8220X}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8221X es un eleme
nto de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, no es nada
m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as que la aplicaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on d
e la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {propiedad d
istributiva.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es
m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as. La de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on de multiplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on dada en el anillo de polinomi
os}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx7413\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es l
a precisa para que las aplicaciones}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sean mor\uc1\u64257Xsmos.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-253\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para el estudio de la propiedad universal de lo
s anillos de polinomios en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {varias variables, vease el problema 4.7}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 4.4}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos,
existe un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {:}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {que extiende a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y que respeta la variable}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1746\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {B}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos, podemos
construir otro mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2760

\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de anillos de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) sin m}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as que componer con la inclusi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {on can}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \*\tx4546\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en su
anillo de polinomios.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl
x100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u966X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{es cualquier otro mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos tenemos que (}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u981X\uc1\u966X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
x100 {. As\uc1\u305X,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {si dos anillos son isomorfos, podemos construir un isomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo na
tural entre}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sus
anillos de polinomios.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx3040\*\tx4253\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 4.5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un subanillo. Si}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, el m\uc1\u305Xnimo subanillo}\p
ar\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx1720\*\tx2013\*\tx3626\*\tx3906\*\tx4346\
*\tx4546\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que contiene a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es la imagen de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {. Este subanillo se denota}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0
\sl-506\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {la inyecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {onica. La imagen de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {es un subanillo que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx2520\*\tx3186\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contiene a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {. Adem}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as si otro subanillo contiene a esos
dos elementos,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
debe de contener a todos los polinomios con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes en}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y de variable}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \*\tx7786\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {denota el n}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {, tenemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {/I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-400\sl
mult0 \*\tx3120\*\tx3573\*\tx3853\*\tx4146\*\tx5933\*\tx6146\*\tx6413\*\tx6706\*
\tx7013\*\tx8093\*\tx8706\*\tx9000\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 4.2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Un elemento}\tab \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {algebraico}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sobre}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ker(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es no nulo. Es}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {transcendente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si el n}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo si es nulo. El polinomio que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
26\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {genera dicho ideal es el}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {polinomio m\uc1\u305Xnimo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl
746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0
\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8730X}\par\pard\li2173\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 es algebraico sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pues}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a en el n}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo del mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La unidad imaginaria}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, es algebraica sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pues}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+
1 lo anula.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \*\tx2186\*\tx2413\*\tx2653\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son transcendentes sob
re}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. La demostraci}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de este hecho es}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {complicada y no la podemos ofrecer aqu\uc1\u305X.}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Otro resultado deducido de la propiedad universal e
s}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx3320\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Propo
sici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 4.6}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, la aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {on}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw6133\colsr-0\colno2\colw4960\pard\li4000\ri0\sl-44
0\slmult0 \*\tx5320\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {b}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
0 \*\tx5906\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \
fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8
594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \f
s16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {que consiste en \uc1\u8220Xsustituir\uc1\u8221X la indeterminad
a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo d
e ani-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llos.}\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbkpage
alex100 {Para denotar que en un polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se ha sustituido}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por un elemento}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
*\tx1613\*\tx5440\*\tx7533\*\tx8066\*\tx8333\*\tx8973\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del anillo, introducimos la notaci}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {on}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Naturalmente}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8712X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4293\*
\tx4573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un anillo que contiene a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como subanillo, tiene sentido
para todos los}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4800\*\tx5026\*\tx7293\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polinomios}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) sus
tituir la}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {po
r un elemento de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En
este caso}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Cada polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) de\uc1\u6
4257Xne una funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li4360\ri0\sl-213\slmu

lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4360\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx4680\*\tx5186\*\tx5893\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li4773\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx5186\*\tx5773\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8
594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s
in embargo debemos tener cuidado con esta construcci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
on, pues a diferencia}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {de lo que ocurre con los polinomios de coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes reales, exis
ten anillos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dond
e distintos polinomios inducen la misma funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\pa
r\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*
\tx3120\*\tx8053\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {on 4.3}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El elemento}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una ra\uc1\u305Xz de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {) =}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx4786\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {, un elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {es una ra\uc1\u305Xz si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
) = 0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx5240\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorem
a 4.7 (Divisi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on eucl\uc1\u305Xdea)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {un cuerpo y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y
}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos polinomios}
\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {grado}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8805X}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grado}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {q}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Exi
sten polinomios}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, que adem}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {as son }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unicos,}\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cumplen}\par\pard\li2920\ri0
alex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {qc}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {= 0}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grado}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {< grado}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {El polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{se llama}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cociente}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
El polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resto}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li

lex100 {La demostraci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on y el algoritmo para hallar e
l cociente y el resto que se}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx7600\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {emplea para polinomios reales, es v}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {alido en el caso general.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li13
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3040\*\tx3333\*\tx3546\*\tx4800\*\tx8653\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 4.8}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es cuerpo y}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, el resto de la
divisi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entre}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\s
l-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {es de grado cero o es nulo. Sustituyendo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\t
x3986\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esta expresi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on se a
caba.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
lmult0 \*\tx3040\*\tx3493\*\tx3733\*\tx6386\*\tx6613\*\tx7760\*\tx7986\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 4.9}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un cuerpo. Un elemento}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es ra\uc1\u30
5Xz de}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si y
solo si}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{divide a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Un poli
nomio de grado}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t
iene como mucho}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
raices.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsx

ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es el resto y es nulo
si y solo si (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) divide a
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\column\pard
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {37}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2253\*\tx8493\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {es una ra\uc1\u305Xz tenemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722
X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) donde el grado
de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es uno}\par
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx7453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menos que e
l grado de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Se ter
mina aplicando inducci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3080\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Teorema 4.10}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {es un dominio de ideales principales.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\
lex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx2200\*\tx2413\*\tx6466\*
\tx6680\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un ideal del anillo de polinomios. Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {q}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un polinomio no nulo y}\pa
r\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx6706\*\tx7266\*\tx7480\*\tx7733\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {de grado m\uc1\u305Xnimo entre todos los que pertenecen a}\tab \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {I}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx4453\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de grado mayor o igual que}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Aplicando el teo
rema de divisi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on eucl\uc1\u305Xdea}\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {qc}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {r}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, lo que prueba que}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{qc}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {es de grado menor que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, necesariamente}{ }\fs2

4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0. De este modo}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {qc}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y concluimos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el ideal}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {principal generado por}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Una vez visto este teorema, todos los
resultados correspondientes a la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {secci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de divisibilidad son automa
ticamente v}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alidos para los polinomios}\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sobre un cuerpo.}\par\pard\li1
746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea ahora}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un polinomio que genere un ideal ma
ximal (por lo tanto no}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {puede tener raices). El cociente de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {) m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odulo este ideal es un cuerpo. El}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se puede entender como un polinom
io con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes en este}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nuevo cuerpo. Pero en este nuevo cuerpo, el polinomio}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene como ra\uc1\u30
5Xz al}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elemento}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Hemos construido de este mo
do un cuerpo donde el polinomio}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {irreducible}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {tiene una ra\uc1\u305Xz. Resumiendo, hemos demostrado}\par\pard\li138
6\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx4586\*\tx
6880\*\tx7133\*\tx8960\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 4.11 (Kronecker)}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para todo polinomio}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{p}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sobre un cuerpo}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx31
86\*\tx5186\*\tx5413\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existe un cuerpo}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {K}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, que contiene a}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como subcuerpo, donde el po
linomio}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene un
a ra\uc1\u305Xz.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Considerando los factores primos de
un polinomio y repitiendo un n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero}\par\pard\li138
6\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u64257Xnito de veces el ar
gumento anterior, llegamos al siguiente corolario}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\sl
lex100 {Corolario 4.12}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para todo polinomio}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sobre un cuerpo}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, existe un cuerpo}\par
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1693\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que lo contiene, donde el polinomio tiene tantas raices
como su grado.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0
alex100 {Problemas}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 4.1}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[Fracciones algebraicas]}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {un cuerpo.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16

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d\li1973\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Toda fracci}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {on algebraica}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p/q}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {se puede escribir en la forma}\par\pard\li5106\ri0\sl-386\slmult0
\*\tx5920\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\par\
pard\li5306\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li5120\ri0\sl-200\slmul
t0 \*\tx5920\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\pa
r\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {grado}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{r}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {< grado}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {38}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li19
charscalex100 {Utilizando el lema de Bezout, demostrar que si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q
}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son primos entre s\uc1\u305X entonces}\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\c
olw5320\colsr-0\colno2\colw253\colsr-0\colno3\colw186\colsr-0\colno4\colw253\col
sr-0\colno5\colw5080\pard\li5080\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5080\ri
0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li5026\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pq}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
p}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\par\pard\li0\

ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Utilizar i
nductivamente este argumento para demostrar que toda fracci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {on propia}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{sobre los complejos se puede escribir como suma de fracciones simples.}\par\par
66\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 4.2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[Ani
llo eucl\uc1\u305Xdeo]}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Un anillo es}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eucl\uc1\u305Xdeo}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {si es \uc1\u305Xntegro y existe una funci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {on}\par\pard\li4733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4733\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u948X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc
1\u8594X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cumpl
e:}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \*\tx1906\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.-)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u948X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {) = 0}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8660X}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
arscalex100 {2.-)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u948X}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {xy}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u948X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u948X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.-) Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {son no nulos, entonces existen}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {que cumplen}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cx}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{+}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u948X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {r}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {< \uc1\u948
X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El elemen
to}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se denomina}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cociente}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {resto}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u948X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el la}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {norma}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El resto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el cociente pueden no ser }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{unicos.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-32
0\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}{ }\f
charscalex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {es eucl\uc1\u305Xdeo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx60
93\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {es un cuerpo,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u948X}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)

= 2}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grado}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {p}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{es eucl\uc1\u305Xdeo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \*\tx2453\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Z}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u948X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ib}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {b}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es e
ucl\uc1\u305Xdeo. Para demostrarlo, considerar que el}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a inc
luido en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
, que es un cuerpo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las unidades de un anillo eucl\u
c1\u305Xdeo son los elementos de norma 1.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un divisor de}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u948X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8804
X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u948X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un anillo eucl\uc1\u305Xdeo es un dominio de ide
ales principales. Para la demostraci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on,}\par\pard\li
1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consid}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {erese los elementos de norma m\uc1\u305Xnima del ideal.}\par\pard\li1973\ri
calex100 {Probar inductivamente que todo elemento del anillo eucl\uc1\u305Xdeo se
puede expre-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sa
r como producto de elementos irreducibles. Demostrar la unicidad de esta}\par\pa
rd\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {descomposici}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {on, salvo producto por unidades.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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d\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 4.3}\t
ab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[Racionalizaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on]}\pa
r\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2826\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos cuerpos. Sea}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {K}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebraico sobre}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}\par\pard
6\*\tx6040\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca

lex100 {K}\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx5386\*\tx5946\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {p}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {39}\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx6013\*
\tx8773\*\tx8986\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {valora en un cuerpo y por lo tanto e
l n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9
81X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal
primo. Como}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebraico,
dicho n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo no es nulo. El polinomio, cuyo coe\uc1\
u64257Xciente de mayor grado sea}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5880\*
\tx8986\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1, que genera este ideal es}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {polinomio anulador}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El cociente}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {k}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {/p}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2706\*\tx2893\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un cuerpo. Si}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es otro polinomio
, entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {es no nulo y por lo tanto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {invertible. El problema de la racionalizaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {on consiste en encontrar otro polinomio}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {r}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cumpla
:}\par\pard\li4626\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {/q}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Utilizar el lema de Bezout para resolver el problema de l
a racionalizaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
xn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5960\colsr-0\colno2
\colw680\colsr-0\colno3\colw4453\pard\li4213\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8730X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8730X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8730X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\mar
glsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4400\colsr-0\colno2\colw6693\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aplicarlo al caso}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(2}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y al caso}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(3}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
+ 5}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 + 2
)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn1
6826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 4.4}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[Algoritmo de Euclides]}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {polinomios sobre un cuerpo y supongamos que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex

100 {grado}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0
charscalex100 {grado}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aplicando la divisi}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {on eucl\uc1\u305Xdea obtenemos}\par\pard\li4693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li4693\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx6
786\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Repetimos el proceso, pero ahora con los polinomi
os}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {y obtenemos}\par\pard\li4653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li46
53\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {q}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+
}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx3960\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Seguimos el proceso con}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {q}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Com
o los grados de los polinomios van bajando, en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alg}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un momento la divi
si}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es exacta}\par\pard\li4640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
{q}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {c}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {m}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li19
73\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Recordando que el m}\fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {aximo com}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un divisor de dos polinomi
os es el generador de}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {ideal}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {demostrar que}\par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {m.c.d}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {((}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p, q}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {m}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Generalizar este resultado al anillo}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y a todo anillo eucl\
uc1\u305Xdeo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 4.5}\tab \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {[Polinomios reales y complejos]}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {teorema fund
amental del }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebra}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
\uc1\u64257Xrma que todo polinomio con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes}\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {complejos tiene al menos una raiz.
La demostraci}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on rigurosa de este teorema se debe}\p
ar\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a Gauss. De las di
stintas demostraciones daremos la que se apoya en la teor\uc1\u305Xa de}\par\pard
\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3640\*\tx5720\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {funcion
es complejas. El}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {teorema de Liouville}\tab \fs2

0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a\uc1\u64257Xrma que toda funci}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {on holomorfa y}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{acotada es constante.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\mar
glsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
alex100 {Si un polinomio de grado mayor que cero}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no tiene raices, entonces}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10

0 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {|}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {>}\par\pard\li2133\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \*\tx4040\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para alg}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un
valor de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, puesto que la funci}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on es continua.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1973\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx2253\*\tx2773\*\tx5293\*\tx6026\fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {no tiene raices la funci}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\tab \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/p}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {es holomorfa y por el argumento}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anterior est}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a acota
da. Luego es una constante. Esto implica una contradicci}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {on}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y necesar
iamente el polinomio tiene al menos una raiz.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aplic
ando inducci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, concluimos que todo polinomio tiene
tantas raices como}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {grado, contando las raices con su multiplicidad. Todo polinomio complejo se}\
par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {factoriza en poli
nomio de grado}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\p
*\tx2240\*\tx6600\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un polinomio con coe\uc1\u64257Xc
ientes reales y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{es una soluci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on compleja,}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces su conjugado,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\ul {a}\ul0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, tambi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {en es soluci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on. Las raices complejas de polin
o-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mios reales a
parecen por parejas conjugadas. El polinomio real es divisible entre}\par\pard\l
i1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el polinomio}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\ul {a}\ul0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {que tambi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en tiene coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes
reales.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-226
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los polinomios reales irreducibles son los
de grado}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o los d
e grado}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sin raic
es}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reales.}\par\
x3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 4.6}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[
Derivada de un polinomio]}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un
cuerpo. Por analog\uc1\u305Xa con el an}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alisis in\uc1
\u64257Xnitesimal de\uc1\u64257Xnimos la}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {derivada
}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de un polinomio
}\par\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0
\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como el polinomio}\par\pard\li4146\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charsca

lex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {na}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1973\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar las f}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {ormulas}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marg
lsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5920\colsr-0\colno2\colw5173\pard\li3680\ri
0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {)}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0
}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\super \fs16\u
p3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pq}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{
\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{pq}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si la deriv
ada de un polinomio es nula, necesariamente el polinomio es cons-}\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tante?. Analizar el caso de car
acter\uc1\u305Xstica positiva y de caracter\uc1\u305Xstica nula por}\par\pard\li19
73\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {separado.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0
alex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnir las derivadas de orden superior y generalizar (si es
posible) la f}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormula}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de Taylor.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Consider
ar el anillo de polinomios en varias variables e introducir el concepto}\par\par
d\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de derivada parcial. Ver
que las derivadas parciales conmutan. Generalizar alg}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{un}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resultado d
el c}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alculo diferencial a esta nueva situaci}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Un elemento}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {es ra\uc1\u305Xz m}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiple de un polinomio}{ }\fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
722X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs14\u
p2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {divide al polinomio.}\pa
r\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que si}{
}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una ra\uc1\u305X
z m}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiple, entonces es tambi}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {en ra\uc1\u305Xz del polinomio}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {derivado}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs16\up3\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-21
rscalex100 {Problema 4.7}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[Propiedad universal e
n varias variables]}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3346\*\tx5266\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, b}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{B}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsx
n16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

d\li1973\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que existe un }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}\par\pard\li4560\ri0\sl-466
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{b}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,b}{\sub \fs12
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x, y}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {41}\par\pard\
i0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx5786\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cumple}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {1}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,b}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, \uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \f
s12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,b}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs16\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,b}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p
ara todo elemen-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{to}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Generalizar esta propiedad a un n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero \
uc1\u64257Xnito de variables.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx7333\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar qu
e}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub
\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,b}{\sub \fs12\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x, y}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {))}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el menor subanillo de}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que contiene a}{ }\fs22\c
calex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*
\tx2586\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {b}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En general
este anillo se denota}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {, b}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Demostrar que existe un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {:}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs

20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x, y}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {(}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x, y}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}
{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que extiende a}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u981X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que conserva las variables.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213
scalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos a
nillos. Dos elementos}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, b}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {son}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebraicamente independi
entes}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sobre}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si el mor\uc1\u64257
Xsmo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{b}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,b}{\sub \fs12\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es inyectivo.}\par\pard\li1973
\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx6786\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x, y}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, demostrar que los polinomios}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son algebraicamente inde-}\par\pard\l
i1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pendientes sobre}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213
scalex100 {Problema 4.8}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si en la de\uc1\u64257X
nici}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de polinomios en una variable quitamos la res
-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tricci}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {on de que las aplicaciones sean casi nulas, obtenemos un nue
vo anillo, denotado}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[[}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {]]}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y llamado}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {anillo de series formales}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li19
charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{es \uc1\u305Xntegro el anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {[[}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]]}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en.}\par\pard\li1973
arscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
es una serie sin t}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ermino independiente, entonces}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no puede ser invert
ible.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx5386\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D
emostrar que la serie formal}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {tiene inversa. Hallar dicho inverso. Como}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polinomio}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no es invertible.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3066\*\tx4693\*\tx5240\*\tx70
53\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 4.9}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cons
ideremos en}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {el polinomio primo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El cociente del}\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx7946\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo de polinomios,
m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odulo el ideal}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0

\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {es isomorfo al anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {(}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-226\
slmult0 \*\tx3200\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 4.10}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
un cuerpo y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un p
olinomio irreducible de grado}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
l-226\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El cuerpo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
un espacio vectorial sobre}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {de dimensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
, \uc1\u960X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . . \uc1\u960X}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{1}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una base de este espacio vectorial.}\par\pard\li1386\ri
\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 4.11}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un anillo conm
utativo es \uc1\u305Xntegro}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8660X}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {es un subanillo de un cuerpo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx3200\*\tx3613\*\tx6840\
*\tx7400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 4.12}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un domi
nio de integridad. Sean}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {do
s polinomios con}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {. Si el coe\uc1\u64257Xciente de mayor grado de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {q}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es invertible en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, probar que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \*\tx3653\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existen polinomios}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
r}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cumplen}\par\pard\li3320\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cq}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{y }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ademas}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grado}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {< grado}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
00 {Son }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unicos esos polinomios?}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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i1386\ri0\sl-573\slmult0 \fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Divisibilidad}\par\pard\li1
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Realizaremos el estudio de la divisibilidad en el marc
o de los anillos de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {ideales principales, aunque muchas de las cuestiones estudiadas en este apar
-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tado son v}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alidas en anillos m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as genera
les. En este apartado cuando hablemos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de un anillo supondremos implicitamente que este anilo es
un dominio de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {id
eales principales.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Relacionados con la divisibilidad est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an varios co
nceptos. Por una parte el}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {estudio del m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aximo com}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {un divisor y del m\uc1\u305Xnimo com}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un m}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplo. Otro tiene}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que ver con el Teorema fundamental de la Aritm}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {etica que a\uc1\u64257Xrma que todo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero se p
uede escribir de modo }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico como multiplicaci}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {on de n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros}\par\pard\li1386\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {primos.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
arscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 5.1}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Un}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dominio de ideales principa
les}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(DIP) es un anillo conmu-}\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tativo, con unidad, \uc1\u305Xntegro
y donde todo ideal es principal.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un dominio de ideales p
rincipales.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl
-240\slmult0 \*\tx2493\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {k}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un cuerpo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {) es un DIP, como demostramos en el teorema}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.10.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo
}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo eucl\uc1\u305Xdeo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {es un DIP. Para la de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de an
illo eucl\uc1\u305Xdeo y pa-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {ra el estudio de sus propiedades elementales nos remitimos al proble
ma}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.2.}\par\par
20\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 5
.2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sean}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos elementos de un anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Decimos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {divide}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\
tx1613\*\tx3760\*\tx5400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y denotamos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si existe}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {que cumple}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Tam
bi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en se dice}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {es un}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u

ltiplo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\
par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {42}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbkpage
alex100 {Naturalmente la palabra divide en un anillo tiene siempre el sentido da
do}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en la anterio
r de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, pues como sabemos la divisi}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es un concepto que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no existe en los anillos, salvo para elementos
invertibles.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La
divisibilidad tiene unas propiedades elementales que pasamos a enun-}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ciar.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 5.1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {En un anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {se cumple:}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
746\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx2213\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.-}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2213\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2.-}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si y solo
si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es invertible
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.- Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {, entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bc}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para cualqui
er}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li17
charscalex100 {4.- Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {. Esta es la propiedad transitiva.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-21
rscalex100 {5.-}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si y solo si
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li174
6\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las cuatro primeras propiedades se deriv
an directamente de la de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\par
d\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Probemos la propiedad 5.
}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {para cierto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {. Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), lo que implica}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pa
rd\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Rec\uc1\u305Xprocamente,
si (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {),}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {para cierto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {, lo que prueba que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult
0 \*\tx4373\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y concluye la demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L
a propiedad 5 nos informa que el estudio de la divisibilidad es equivalen-}\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {te al estudio de la e
structura de orden del ret\uc1\u305Xculo de ideales. Aprovecharemos}\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nuestros conocimientos sobre
este ret\uc1\u305Xculo para demostrar cuestiones relacio-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nadas con la divisibilidad.}\par\pard\l
i1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sin embargo la analog\uc1\u3
05Xa no es completa pues puede ocurrir que dos ele-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mentos generen el mismo ideal.}\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3120\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 5.3}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dos elementos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {son}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {asociados}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\

charscalex100 {si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bu}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una unidad.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\s
ex100 {Esta relaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es de equivalencia. La utilidad
del concepto de elementos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {asociados se pone de mani\uc1\u64257Xesto en la siguiente proposici}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, que a la vez sirve}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para dar una nueva de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {on de este concepto.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3320\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pro
posici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 5.2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dos el
ementos son asociados si y solo si generan el mismo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideal.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11
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Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son asociados}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {bu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Luego todo m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ult
iplo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es m}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx7706\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Pero tambi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en tenemos que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {au}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {1}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. As\uc1\u305X todo m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplo d
e}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es m}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplo de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Concluimos que (}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4440\*\tx4
653\*\tx5213\*\tx5426\*\tx5613\*\tx5893\*\tx7706\*\tx7893\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Si (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = (}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), tenenos que}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {bc}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ad}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {. Sustituyendo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en la prime-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx276
0\*\tx3000\*\tx3280\*\tx5746\*\tx5973\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra expresi}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {=}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adc}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{. Podemos cancelar}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {al estar en un anillo \uc1\u305Xntegro y}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmu
lt0 \*\tx7173\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenemos que 1 =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars

calex100 {dc}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Esto prueba que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es invertible.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\s
En}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los n}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {generan el mismo ideal. Es costumbre tomar}
\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como generador a
l positivo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl
-320\slmult0 \*\tx2373\*\tx4800\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), las unidades son}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{, i,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Por lo tanto existe
n cuatro}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {generad
ores para cualquier ideal. Para la demostraci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de q
ue en efecto}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {) es un DIP nos remitimos al problema 4.2.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\sl
lex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
un cuerpo, los polinomios de grado cero (o sea los elementos}\par\pard\li1973\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx7253\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) son los invertibles. As\uc1\u305X que un
polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y to
dos los que se}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o
btienen multiplicando}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {por un elemento de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {generan el mismo ideal.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Sin embargo si hablamos de generador de un ideal en un anillo d
e}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {polinomios sie
mpre estaremos suponiendo que el coe\uc1\u64257Xciente de mayor}\par\pard\li1973
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grado es 1. Estos polinomios se
denominan}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unitarios}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{o}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onicos}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li17
46\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El estudio del m}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {aximo com}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un divisor y del m\uc1\u305Xni
mo com}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplo se}\pa
r\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede realizar para
conjuntos formados por m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as de dos elementos. Como}\
par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el introducir m}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as elementos no aporta nada nuevo y solamente complica
la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {notaci}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, nos centraremos en el caso de dos elementos.}\par\pard
0\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 5.
4}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sean}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \
fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Un elemento}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {d}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aximo com}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un divisor}\par\par
d\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si cumple:}\par\pard\li1
\charscalex100 {d}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {divide a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\s
ub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Naturalme
nte si un elemento es un m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aximo com}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {un divisor, todo elemento}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {asociado con el tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en. El m}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aximo com}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un divisor es un
elemento que divide}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2253\*\tx3413\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tanto a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. D
e hay proviene el apelativo \uc1\u8220Xcom}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un\uc1\u82
21X. Tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplo de cualquier ot
ro divisor com}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un. Resulta que en el caso de}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, es el}\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que tiene mayor valor absoluto (de
ah\uc1\u305X lo de \uc1\u8220Xm}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aximo\uc1\u8221X). Sin
embargo en un}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
nillo que carezca de un orden no tiene sentido hablar de \uc1\u8220Xm}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {aximo\uc1\u8221X.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghs
xn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
charscalex100 {El m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aximo comun divisor de}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el generador del}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideal suma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {) + (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746
arscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-2
00 {Sea (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = (}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {) + (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Tenemos que (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\s
ub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) lo que implica que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {d}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\
sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li174
6\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un elemento que divide tanto a}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {tendremos que (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u88
34X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {). Como}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {la suma es el menor ideal que contiene a los ideales, (}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {). Deducimos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2466\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\
tx5253\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 5.4 (Lema de Bezout)}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Dados dos elementos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, el m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a-}\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ximo com}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {un divisor}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {se puede expresar en la forma}\par\pard\li3466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li3466\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para ciertos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {x, y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {A}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \*\tx3120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {on 5.5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dos elementos}{ }\fs24\
alex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {primos entre si}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {primos relativos
}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si su m}\fs24\cf

0\f0\charscalex100 {aximo com}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un divisor es la unidad
. Esto es equivalente a que}\par\pard\li4493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li4493\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) + (}
charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\
{Aplicando el lema de Bezout a un par de primos relativos tenemos la}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ormula}\par\pard\li4573\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 =}{ }
charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\par\pard\
li1746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {on de esta f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormula (llamada}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormula de Bezout}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {) tenemos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3040\*\tx3640\*\tx4293\*\tx4586\*\tx5280\*\tx550
6\*\tx5706\*\tx6040\*\tx6280\*\tx6520\*\tx6746\*\tx6960\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Corolario 5.5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sean}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {a, b, c}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{c}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {son primos relativos,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\
rscalex100 {Utilizando el lema de Bezout}\par\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 =}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ax}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {cy}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0
\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Multiplicamos por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {b}\par\pard\li4586\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {abx}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cby}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-413\slmult0 \*\tx2106\*\tx2320\*\tx8853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {divide a cada suman
do del segundo miembro (pues divide a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx6666\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {divide a su suma, que no es otra que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li138
6\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx3120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u6425
7Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 5.6}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dados
dos elementos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, decimos que un elemento}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\par\p
ard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {es un}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m\uc1\u305Xnimo com}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {un m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {si}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsx
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
d\li1973\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{d}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {d}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {46}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsx
n16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si dos elementos son asoc
iados y uno es un m\uc1\u305Xnimo com}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un m}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {ultiplo,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {entonces el otro tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en. Salvo esa ambig}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {uedad, el m\uc1\u305Xnimo com}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{un m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico.}\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3320\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 5.6}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {El m\uc1\u305Xnimo com}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un m}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplo de dos elementos es el genera-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dor del ideal intersecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746
\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sean}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\s
ub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{los elementos en cuesti}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on y sea (}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\
sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\
par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tenemos que (}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {),}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Pero como la intersecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {on es el mayor ideal}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx6786\*\tx7066\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contenido tanto en (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\s
ub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) como en (}\fs22\

alex100 {), entonces (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Concluimos que}\
par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx2040\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para e
l estudio de la divisibilidad debemos introducir un concepto an}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {alogo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{al de n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero primo en la aritm}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {etica.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3120\*\tx5240\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 5.7}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un elemento}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {primo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si no es invertible y si}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ab}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8658X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o bien}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {o bien}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\pa
r\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un elemento}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {irreducible}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(o}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {no factorizable}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) si en toda factoriza-}\par\par
d\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, alguno de los factore
s es una unidad.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vamos a caracterizar a estos eleme
ntos por las propiedades de los ideales}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que generan.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2946\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teore
ma 5.7}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea A un anillo. Se cumple:}\par\pard\li
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.-}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {es irreducible si y solo si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {es un ideal maximal.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2213\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.-}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es primo si y solo si}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal primo.}\par\pard\li1746\r
scalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx2453\*\tx2906\*\tx322
6\*\tx5293\*\tx5586\*\tx7413\*\tx7733\*\tx8040\*\tx8733\*\tx8960\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {irreducible. Si (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {) tenemos que}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {invertible, (}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {

A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si el invertible es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los elementos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {son asociados y}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {generan el mismo ideal. As\uc1\u305X (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) coincide con (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) o es el total.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \*\tx4066\*\tx4386\*\tx6533\*\tx6866\*\tx7160\*\tx7493\*\tx8520\*\tx8760\*\t
x9066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {) es maximal y}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {pudiera factorizarse}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {donde ni}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {ni}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \*\tx5800\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fuesen invertibles, tendr\uc1\u305
Xamos que (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) en sentido estricto y (}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) no}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
alex100 {ser\uc1\u305Xa maximal. Como esta contradicci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on no es posible debe ser imposible}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {factorizar el elemento.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
0 {2}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {un elemento primo. Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0

\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Por lo tanto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\
tx1600\*\tx1760\*\tx1986\*\tx2200\*\tx2413\*\tx2573\*\tx4720\*\tx4946\*\tx5200\*
\tx5800\*\tx6000\*\tx6253\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {|}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, lo que indica que}\tab \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {) o}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8712X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). El ideal (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {) es entonces}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {primo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Si (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es primo y}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tenemos que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Luego
uno de los dos est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\s
lmult0 \*\tx6146\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) y por lo tanto alguno es divisible entre}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
lex100 {Corolario 5.8}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo elemento irreducible
es primo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \*\tx4946\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo
ideal maximal es primo.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
i1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3040\*\tx3346\*\tx3573\*\tx8320\*\tx8533\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 5.9}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no es invertible en un D
IP, existe un primo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {que lo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d
ivide.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {) est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a contenido en un ideal maximal (}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), que es primo. Tenemos en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tonces
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los conceptos de irreducible y de primo son di
stintos en muchos anillos.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Sin embargo en los DIP estos conceptos coinciden. Veamos el rec\uc1\u3
05Xproco del}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cor
olario anterior.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {on 5.10}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un DIP. Todo ideal primo y no nulo es m
aximal.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {) un ideal primo y (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\char

scalex100 {) un ideal que lo contenga, (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0
charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Te
nemos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {ac}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para alg}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{un elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. As\uc1\u305X}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {). Como (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es prim
o}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {deben estar en (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
). Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {a en el ideal se cumple que (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {). Si es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {el}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que est}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a tenemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aad}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
de donde se obtiene f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acilmente que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \*\tx5146\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una unidad y por lo tanto (}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard
0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3173\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corola
rio 5.11}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En un DIP un elemento es primo si y so
lo si es irreducible.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3173\*\tx6720\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 5
.12}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un DIP, todo cociente de}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que sea \uc1\u305Xntegro es un}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuerpo.}\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx8400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {um
ero primo, tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en es irreducible, por lo que}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {adem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de ser \uc1\u305Xntegro es un cuerpo. Este resultado
ya nos era conocido pero lo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {hemos demostrado con otros argumentos.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\
{Consideremos en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) el polinomio}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {+ 1. Como el polinomio carece}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \*\tx5786\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de raices, es irreducible. El cociente}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 1) es un cuerpo. De-}\par\pard\li
1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx3666\*\tx7493\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {signemos p
or}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la
proyecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica. El
elemento}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es soluci}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {del polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 1 en el nuevo cuerpo. Hemos enco
ntrado un cuerpo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{donde el polinomio tiene soluci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on y por lo tanto ya
no es irreducible.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Es f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acil ver que el cuerpo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 1) es isomorfo a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un cuerpo y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un polinomio irreducible. El anillo}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es
un}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuerpo.}{ }\f
charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es una raiz del polinomio en dich
o cuerpo. De este modo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {el polinomio}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {ya es reducible sobre dicho cuerpo. Tomando los factores}\par\pard\li1973\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de dicho polinomio y aplicando indu
cci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on vemos que siempre existe un}\par\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuerpo donde todo polinomio tiene

todas las raices y por lo tanto se}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {descompone en factores lineales.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\
{El teorema fundamental de la aritm}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {etica nos dice qu
e todo elemento de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es producto de n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
umeros primos. Adem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as esta descomposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {on, salvo el orden}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {y el producto por unidades, es }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {uni
ca.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El proceso p
ara encontrar la descomposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es el siguiente: tom
amos un}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {umero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {. Si es primo, hemos terminado. Si no es primo, tiene un factor}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {primo. Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
{es primo, hemos terminado. Si no lo es apli-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {camos el paso anterior al n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {umero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1
}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Este proceso se sigue inde\uc1\u64257Xnidamente,
}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pero debemos de
mostrar que en alg}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un momento se termina. En el caso
de los}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx8520\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros enteros, se demuestra que el proceso termina
puesto que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i
}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es me-}\par\pa
rd\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nor que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {. El mismo razonamiento es v}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alido tambi}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {en para anillos eucl\uc1\u305Xdeos.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sin embargo en el caso general de un DPI ar
bitrario necesitamos el siguiente}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2720\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lema 5.1
3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un DIP. Dada una cadena creciente de ideales principales}
\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8834X \uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {. . .}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, existe un entero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tal que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m > n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pa
373\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Consideramos el conjunto uni}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8746X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Este conjunto es un id
eal del}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo.
Por lo tanto est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a generado por un elemento (}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Como dicho elemento}\par\p
ard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pertenece a la uni}\fs2

2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, necesariamente estar}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a en
alg}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs14\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {I}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el
primer ideal}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx7693\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {que contiene a dicho generador. Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m > n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn168
d\li1746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Observaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {on}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
rd\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {49}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-400\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los anillos que cumplen la propiedad enunciada
en el lema anterior se}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {denominan}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillos noetherianos}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {. Existen anillos noetherianos que nos DIP.}\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx3080\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 5.14}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo elemento de un DIP tiene una factorizaci}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {on como pro-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {ducto de elementos primos. Dicha factorizaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {on es }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unica, salvo el orden y el}\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {producto por unidades.}\par\pa
rd\li1746\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\
\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Veamos primero la existencia de
la descomposici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on. Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Como el}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\

cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideal (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {) est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a contenido en un maximal, existe un el
emento primo (corolario}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {5.9) que divide a dicho elemento}\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Repetimos el proceso con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{
\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y obtenemos}\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\c
olno1\colw4800\colsr-0\colno2\colw293\colsr-0\colno3\colw480\colsr-0\colno4\colw
5520\pard\li3600\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {En general, aplicando inducci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\p
ard\li2946\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+1}{\super \fs2
4\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {+1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8658X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8658X}\par\column\pard\li293\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\
sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. . . p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Con los elementos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {podemos formar
una cadena puesto que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {i}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {|}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\par\p
ard\li3893\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\c
lex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {. . .}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. . .}\par\pard\li1386\ri0
\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La cadena estaciona en un elemento}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {. Pero dicho elemento debe ser primo,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pues si no lo fuera, la cadena seguir\uc1\
u305Xa ascendiendo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Por lo tanto}\par\pard\li4466\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. . . p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {i}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+1}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {es una descomposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on posible d

el elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como
producto de elementos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {primos.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0
\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Veamos la unicidad de la descomposic
i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. . . p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. . . q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {. Tenemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {divide a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y por tanto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {divide al producto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. . .
q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Como}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {es primo necesariamente divide a algun}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\
sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Reordenando dic
hos elementos podemos suponer sin perder ge-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {neralidad que divide a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Como amb
os son primos, necesariamente generan}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el mismo ideal y los elementos est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {an asociados. Tenemos entonces la ecuaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\
pard\li4093\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. . . p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. . . q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\p
ar\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como estamos en un
anillo \uc1\u305Xntegro, podemos cancelar}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y mediante induc-}\p
ar\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ci}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {on probamos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y
que los elementos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {an asociados. Luego,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx8053\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {salvo el orden y el producto por unidades, tenemos la unici
dad.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893
\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

d\li1386\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problemas}\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 5.1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {|}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {, entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {|}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ax}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {by}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para todo}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x, y}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {50}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn6
66\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-3
20\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 5.2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Demostrar que dos elementos son asociados si y solo si se dividen}
\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mutuamente.}\par
tx3066\*\tx5826\*\tx6026\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 5.3}\tab \fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Los elementos asociados con}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1
}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son precisamente las unidades del}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0
f0\charscalex100 {Problema 5.4}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que si
un anillo es \uc1\u305Xntegro, aunque no necesariamente un}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {DIP, todo elemento primo es irreducib
le.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

i1386\ri0\sl-573\slmult0 \fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Localizaci}\fs50\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\
i1746\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El prop}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca

lex100 {osito de este tema es construir anillos de fracciones. Las fracciones}\p
ar\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se construir}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an con elementos de un anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Estudiaremos en primer lugar un caso particular e importante:
el cuerpo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx6800\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {de fracciones de un anillo \uc1\u305Xntegro. Como siempre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {denota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8722X \{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\fs24\
i1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2586\*\tx5000\*\tx8960\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Lema 6.1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el conjunto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs14\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la relaci}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {a, b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
8764X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs
14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, b}{\super \fs14\up
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8660X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}
{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx6000\*\tx6
600\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de equivalencia. La clase de equivalencia de}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se denota por la fracci}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {a/b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Claramente es re\uc1\
u64258Xexiva y sim}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {etrica debido a la conmutatividad
del anillo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Veam
os que la transitividad}\par\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i4040\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a, b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8764X
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c, d}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8660X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {ad}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bc
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c, d}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8764X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e, f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8660X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cf}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tenemos que}\par\pard\li4453\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adf}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bcf}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {bde}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx2093\*\tx2386\*\tx
3746\*\tx6173\*\tx6560\*\tx6866\*\tx7173\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como}\tab \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305Xntegro
y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {= 0 obtenemos que}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {af}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {be}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {que demuestra que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx2973\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8764X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e, f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par

20\*\tx5306\*\tx6533\*\tx7680\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 6.1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El conjunto cocie
nte}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {/}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8764X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {se designa}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {A}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y se llama}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuerpo de fracciones del anillo}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-21
0 {Introducimos en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {A}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las operaciones:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw4640\colsr-0
\colno2\colw253\colsr-0\colno3\colw213\colsr-0\colno4\colw280\colsr-0\colno5\col
w5706\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-240\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\par\pard\li4453\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {b}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-2
{c}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\par\column\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ad}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cb}\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {db}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\ma
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {51}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg



lsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw4946\colsr-0\colno2\colw146\colsr-0\colno3\
colw213\colsr-0\colno4\colw266\colsr-0\colno5\colw5520\pard\li4746\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4746\ri0
\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl-333\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\par\column\pa
rd\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ac}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bd}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-306
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El lector comprobar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {a que en efecto dichas operaciones no dependen de los}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
l-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {representantes que tomemos y que}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {es un cuerpo con dichas operaciones.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vease problema 1.21.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El elemento neutro para la suma es 0}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1, el neutro para el produ
cto es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1, el opuesto del elemento}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es (}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el inve
rso}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b/a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3320\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 6.2}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\sect\se
6\colsr-0\colno2\colw5626\pard\li4253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li42
53\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4733\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {:}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li4760\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx493\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{E}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx480\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {a/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un
mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos inyectivo. Via este mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo, podemos co
nsiderar}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como un subanillo del
cuerpo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\
\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx1986\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {respeta la suma, el producto y el neutro gracias a la de\uc
1\u64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de las}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {operaciones con fracciones.}\par\pard\li1746\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2040\*\tx4120\*\tx7240\*\tx7480\*\tx8706\*\tx8960\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =
0 entonces}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 = 0
, lo que implica que}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {= 0 y que}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2520\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {inyectivo.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
1386\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx3320\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {on 6.3}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se puede inyectar en un cuerpo}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {tam-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bi}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en se puede inyectar en el cuerpo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el menor cuerpo q
ue contiene a}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}
pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li17
46\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo inyectivo. Si quer
emos prolongar este mor-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u64257Xsmo a todo el cuerpo de fracciones, la }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {unica de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on posible es asocia
rle}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a la fracci}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {el elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}
0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. As\uc1\u305X
de\uc1\u64257Xnimos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\

u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{por la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormula}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn1682
6\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4173\colsr-0\colno2\colw146\colsr-0\c
olno3\colw1933\colsr-0\colno4\colw4840\pard\li3813\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-106\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.\uc1\u9
81X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {)}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-3
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-386\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/b}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c/d}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {tenemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ad}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cb}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y a
plicando que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {respeta la multipli-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx7693\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {caci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {), lo que implica que la funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no depende de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los representantes que tomemos.}\par\pard\li1746\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx6853\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es rutinaria la comproba
ci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de que en efecto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u981X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {es mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puesto que en el cuerpo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las operaciones con fracciones son las habituales
.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Problema 1.21
).}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

d\li1746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx2960\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adem}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {as}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es inyectivo pues si}\par
\pard\li4160\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\par\pard\li3800\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{) = 0}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {= 0}}\par\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {b}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {53}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)
no es nulo, necesariamente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)
= 0 y como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {es inyectivo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{= 0}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y la fracci}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {es nula.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4933\*\tx5160
\*\tx6840\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por lo tanto cualquier cuerpo}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que contenga a}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, contiene tambi}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {en a}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx7786\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{, siendo este entonces el m\uc1\u305Xnimo cuerpo que contiene a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
x100 {Corolario 6.4}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un anillo es \uc1\u305Xntegr
o si y solo si es un subanillo de un cuerpo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
86\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El
cuerpo de fracciones de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), el cuerpo de fracciones
es precisamente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\

fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li1973\ri0
alex100 {Dado un anillo de polinomios, su cuerpo de fracciones est}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a formado por}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {todas las fracciones racionales.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un cuerpo, su cu
erpo de fracciones es isomorfo a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo cuerpo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contiene un cuerpo isomorfo a}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {o a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. E
n efecto, si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene caracter\uc1\u305Xstica positiva}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, existe un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo
inyectivo de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\su
per \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2466\*\tx5306\*\tx7
453\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene caracter\uc1\u305Xstica cero,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un subanillo de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {k}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y por lo tanto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Q}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ta
mbi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en es subanillo de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs14\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {p}{\super \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Q}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son los }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unic
os cuerpos que no poseen}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {subcuerpos.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 6.2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo. Un subconjunto}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {multiplicativo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si:}\par\pard\li1973\ri0
alex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {S}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6\uc1\u8712
X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {S}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {Un subconjunto multiplicativo tambi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
en se llama un}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sistema de denomina-}\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dores}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\p
ard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2413\*\tx6693\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un subconjunto
multiplicativo. En}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {introducim
os la relaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li2440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2440\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8764X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{a}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, s}{\
super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) si existe
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {00}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tal que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\super \fs12\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {00}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {as}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = 0}\par\pard
6\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lema 6.5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La anteri
or relaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es de equivalencia.}\par\pard\sect\sectd

ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Veamos la propiedad transitiva.}\
\*\tx4786\*\tx5986\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, s
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8764X}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b, t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8660X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {existe}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\sub \fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {at}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
bs}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = 0}\par\pard\li3026\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li3026\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4786\*\tx5986\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b, t}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8764X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {c, u}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u8660X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existe}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{s}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\tab \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bu}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ct}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = 0}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {54}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pgh
sxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Multiplicamos la primera igualdad por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{s}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {y la segunda por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\sub \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {. As\uc1\u305X conse-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {guimos eliminar la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {y nos queda}\par\pard\li4186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li4186\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ats}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cts}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {s}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {s}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-506\slmult0 \*\t
x7933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sacando factor com}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u
n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ts}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {obtenemos que (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8764X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c, u}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El conjunto cociente de esta rela
ci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de equivalencia la denotamos}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
. La}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {clase de eq
uivalencia de (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, s}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) s
e suele denotar por}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/s}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {y debemos pensar en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {ella como en una fracci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, donde los posib
les denominadores son los elementos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {y con nuestra notaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, introducimos las
operaciones}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\mar
grsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw4546\colsr-0\colno2\colw253\colsr-0\colno3\colw266\col
sr-0\colno4\colw280\colsr-0\colno5\colw5746\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\par\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {s}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li13\ri
0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-120\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {as}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs

24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {s}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {ss}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aa}\fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {0}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5293\colsr-0\colno2\colw293\colsr-0\colno3\colw550
6\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\par\pard\li4693\ri0\sl-226\slmu
lt0 \*\tx5026\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-146\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {ss}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\
pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx3320\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 6.6}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {El conjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {s}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {junto con las operaciones ind
ucidas es un}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ani
llo unitario. El neutro para la suma es}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{, el opuesto de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/s}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {es}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/s
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, el}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3853\
*\tx4653\*\tx7933\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {neutro para el producto}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {, entonces la fracci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a/s}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es invertible}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y su inverso es}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {s/a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-21
0 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unica di\uc1\u64257Xcultad es demostrar que las operaci
ones no dependen de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {los representantes . Todas las propiedades de esta estructura de anillo son}
\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3493\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonce
s evidentes.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmu
l-306\slmult0 \*\tx3120\*\tx4093\*\tx6266\*\tx8226\*\tx8546\*\tx8813\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 6.3}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El anillo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se dice que es el}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo de fracciones}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}\par\par
d\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {denominadores de}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Tenemos siempre una aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li4200
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4200\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4680\*\tx5
266\*\tx6066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{:}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {S}}\par\pard\li4706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5053\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {a/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn118

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

alex100 {que es mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos. Debemos observar que, a diferenci
a de lo que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ocur
r\uc1\u305Xa en el cuerpo de fracciones, esta aplicaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on puede no ser inyectiva si}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {el anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {no es \uc1\u305Xntegro.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx5600\*\t
x6040\*\tx6306\*\tx6466\*\tx6746\*\tx7226\*\tx7520\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Te
orema 6.7 (Propiedad universal)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un mor\uc1\u6
4257Xsmo de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2893\*\tx3440\*\tx5226\*\tx
5520\*\tx7920\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tal forma que}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sea invertible en}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para todo el
emento de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Enton
ces}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existe un }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}\par\pard\li4546\ri0\sl-320\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {que cumple}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-42
\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx2346\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {debe ser mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo, necesariamente se cu
mple}\par\pard\li2880\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
{as}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {s}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
l-426\slmult0 \*\tx6386\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por lo tanto adoptaremos como
de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {la f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormula}\par\pard\li4160\ri0\sl-413\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727

X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/s}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx3946\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tenemos que ver que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{no depende de los representantes.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/s}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/s}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\super \
fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {00}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {as}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = 0.
Aplicando}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a esta expresi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenemos}\par\pard\li3586\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
charscalex100 {s}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {00}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {)(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}
{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {)) = 0}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {y como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {00
}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es unidad es cancelable y obtenemos que}\par\par
d\li4160\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {s}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo que demuestra que}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727
X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/s}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/s}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0
}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Que conserva la suma, el producto y la unidad es de f}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {acil comprobaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li138
6\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\s
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-45
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no nilpotente.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8805X}\fs16\cf

0\f0\charscalex100 {0}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un subconjunto multiplic
ativo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las fracc
iones tienen como denominadores potencias de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En este caso}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el anillo se suele denotar}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en vez de}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un ideal
primo.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es multiplcativo. En este
caso}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {denota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Los denominadores en este caso no contienen
elementos de}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El conjunto}\par\pard\li4506\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/s}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {co
n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\par\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
Este ideal es maximal, pues todos los elementos que}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an en}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son invertibles. Ad
em}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as este es }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico ideal
maximal del}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ani
llo.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn13

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
d\li1973\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El cuerpo de fracciones
de un anillo \uc1\u305Xntegro.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {56}\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\
rscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el conjunto de todos los elementos de}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que no son divisores de}
\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx6760\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cero.}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {es un subconjunto multiplicativo y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {A}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\tab \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se denomina anillo total}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de fracciones de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En este caso la aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li
1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es inyectiva.}\par\pard\li13

4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 6.4}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {local}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {si tiene un }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico ideal maximal.}\par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todos los anillos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\su
b \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son locales. Decimo
s que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el localizado de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {el \uc1\u8220Xpunto\uc1\u8221X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {El proceso que nos transforma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se denomina}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {localizaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
t0 \*\tx3320\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
6.8}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u98
1X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\su
b \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el mor\uc1\u64257Xs
mo natural. Existe una corres-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {pondencia biun\uc1\u305Xvoca entre los ideales primos de}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {e ideales primos que no}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {cortan a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {, dada por la f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormula}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8592X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\
rscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-49
3\slmult0 \*\tx2853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al lector.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
1386\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problemas}\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 6.1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo \uc1\u305Xntegro
y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {su cuerpo de f
racciones.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si a una fracci}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {on}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/b}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se le mu
ltiplica denominador y numerador por un mismo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elemento no nulo de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, la fracci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on no camb
ia.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Generalizar el resultado anterior a los anillo}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs22\cf0\
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Utilizar los resultados anterio
res para simpli\uc1\u64257Xcar fracciones.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11
893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghs
xn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn440\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\s

18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-640\slmult0 \fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cap\uc1\u30
5Xtulo 7}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-21
0 {Espectro}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl
746\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En teor\uc1\u305Xa de anillos
se introduce la noci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de espectro para intentar con
-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {seguir que tod
os los anillos se puedan entender como anillos de funciones.}\par\pard\li1386\ri
\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 7.1}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {un anillo conmutativo. El espectro de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el conjunto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \*\tx3960\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los ideales primos de}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Lo denotaremos por}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El conjunto total}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no lo consideraremos ideal primo.}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para nosotros, de ahora en adelante, un ideal primo lo p
odemos entender}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
como un subconjunto de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {o como un punto del espacio Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {). Si pensamos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {en el ideal primo como un punto de Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), lo denotaremos por una letra,}\par\pard\
li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por ejemplo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si lo entendemos como un subcon
junto de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo deno
taremos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri
\f0\charscalex100 {Lema 7.1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {es un anillo \uc1\u305Xntegro. El cuerpo de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \*\tx8880\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fracciones de este anillo se denota}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y se dice
que es el}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuerpo residual}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {del}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p
unto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li
lex100 {Sabemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal primo que no es el total. As\uc
1\u305X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un anillo}\par\pard\
li1360\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx7866\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u305Xntegro y
no nulo. Su cuerpo de fracciones tampoco ser}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a nulo.
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf

0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dado un element
o}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y un punto}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del espectro, considera
mos la clase}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3573\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {de equivalencia de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odulo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{
\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Dicha clase de
equivalencia se denota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\
li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y se dice que es el valor
que toma la \uc1\u8220Xfunci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on\uc1\u8221X}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en el punto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Por lo tanto}\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tenemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {A/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Con ello vemos que todo elemento de}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se puede}\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entender como una funci}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on con dominio Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {), pero con el problema de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que el conjunto imagen cambia con el punto}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li5160\ri0\s
0\charscalex100 {57}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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*\tx5040\*\tx7106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on 7.2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Llamamos}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {puntos}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a los elementos de}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Llamamos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \*\tx2386\*\tx6053\*\tx6266\*\tx6760\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {funciones}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a los elementos de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Una funci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se anula en un punt
o}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = 0}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {on 0 se anula en todos los puntos.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
20\*\tx8960\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dado}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\

tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spe
c(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), el conjunto de f
unciones que se anulan en}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{precisamente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx5186\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si dos f
unciones se anulan en}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {, su suma y su producto tambi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en se}\par\pard\li
1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anulan en dicho punto.}\par\
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si un producto de dos funciones se anula en un punto, al
guno de los}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fact
ores se anula en el punto. Esta propiedad es consecuencia de la}\par\pard\li1973
\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {integridad de los anillos}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las fu
nciones invertibles son precisamente aquellas que no se anulan}\par\pard\li1973\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nunca, pues todo elemento no inve
rtible est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a contenido en un ideal}\par\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {maximal.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx6013\*\tx6453\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Decimos que un punto del espectro es}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {real}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuando su cuerpo residual}\par
\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sea el de los n}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros reales. An}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alogamente c
on cualquier otro cuerpo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si una funci}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {on se anula en todos los puntos, dicha funci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {on es nilpotente.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Recordemos que la intersecci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de todos los
ideales primos es el radical}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {del anillo y que est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a formado por los
elementos nilpotentes.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un anillo y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {su radical, los ideales primos de}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A/}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {correspondencia biun\uc1\u305Xvoca, pues todo ideal primo de}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contiene a}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Entonces}\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el espectro de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {A/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son can}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onicamente isomorfos.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
{De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 7.3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Dado un anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {se llama anillo reducido al cociente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\s
ex100 {Un anillo y su anillo reducido tienen el mismo espectro, pero como el}\pa
r\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo reducido no
tiene radical, no existen funciones no nulas que se anulen}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en todos los puntos.}\par\pard\li1746
arscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1

973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El espectro de un cuerpo tien
e un }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico punto.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsx
n11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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alex100 {El espectro de todos los anillos \uc1\u305Xntegros tiene un punto corres
pondiente}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al ide
al nulo. Dicho punto es denso puesto que el cero est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
a contenido}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en t
odo ideal primo. Ese punto se denomina}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {punto gen}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {erico}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li19
charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{es un cuerpo, el espectro de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{\super \fs14\up
3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {n}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puntos. Todos esos puntos}\par\pard
\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tienen de cuerpo residual
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973
arscalex100 {Espectro de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {. Est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a formado por todos los n}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {umeros primos positivos y}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por el cero. El 1 no pertenece puesto que el ideal que gen
era es el total.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Espectro de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {C}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {). Si un polinomio}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es primo,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {es de la forma (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal

ex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2680\*\tx2893\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {donde}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
As\uc1\u305X para cada punto de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {, Spec(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)) tiene un punto}\par
\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {complejo. Como es \uc
1\u305Xntegro tiene un punto gen}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {erico. El mismo esqu
ema}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es v}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {alido para cualquier cuerpo algebraicamente cerrado.}\par\pa
280\*\tx7493\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Espectro de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {R}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {). Los polinomios irreducibles sobre}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {R}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pueden ser de}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos tipos. El primer tipo es (}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) donde}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R
}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Los otros polinomios}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {irreducibles son los de segundo grado con r
aices complejas conjugadas.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Son de la forma (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {z}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {)(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) donde}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {C}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Para cada n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {umero real}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el espectro tiene un punto real, (}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Para cada n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {umero complejo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {z}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {situado en el semiplano superior el espectro
tiene un punto complejo,}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Tiene tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {en un punto gen}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {erico.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213
0\*\tx6373\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{\super \fs14\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {). A cada punto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}}\fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {n}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {le podemos asociar el ideal
}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{\sub \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {formado por las funciones qu
e se anulan en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El
ideal}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es maxi-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {mal. De este modo podemos considerar a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {R}{\super \fs14\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{como un subconjunto del}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {espectro de su anillo de funciones. El estudio de esta construcci}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on para}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {espacios top}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ologicos m}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {as generales tiene gran importancia en topolog\uc1\u305Xa,}\par\pard\

li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pues es la base de la llam
ada}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {compacti\uc1\u64257Xcaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {on de Stone-Cech}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-21
0 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un cuer
po a cada polinomio m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onico e irreducible le correspo
nde}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un punto del
espectro. Como el anillo de polinomios es principal esta}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {correspondencia es biun\uc1\u305Xvoca.
Adem}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as de estos tiene un punto gen}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {erico.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2506\*\tx4386\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un cuerpo y}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un polinomio, el espect
ro del anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {/p}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene un
punto cerrado por cada factor irreducible del polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2413\*\tx2680\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
s un dominio de ideales principales. Dos elementos est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{an aso-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ciados
si se obtienen uno del otro mediante la multiplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on por una}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unid
ad. A cada clase de equivalencia de elementos irreducibles le corres-}\par\pard\
li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ponde un punto del espectr
o y rec\uc1\u305Xprocamente. El espectro est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a formado
}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por los puntos
(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {recorre el conjunto de clases de elementos}
\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {irreducibles.}\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\
sect\sectd\sbkpage

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
alex100 {Consideremos el anillos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . . , x}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) de los polinomios en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {variables.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \*\tx2706\*\tx2933\*\tx4626\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dados}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {n}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d
e}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, consideramos
la funci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on del anillo de po-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {linomios en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de\uc1\u64257Xnida por las relaciones}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale

x100 {x}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {. El n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo de esta}\par\pard\li1973\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
on es el ideal maximal generado por los monomios (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x
}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {). De}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {esta forma}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede considerarse inyectado en el espe
ctro del anillo de}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {polinomios de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{variables. Es claro que todos estos puntos tienen como}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuerpo residual}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx8866\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si
en el ejemplo anterior tomamos elementos de una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del}\par
\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuerpo}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, tendremos mor\uc1\u64257Xsmos
del anillo de polinomios}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . . , x}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Ahora lo
s mor\uc1\u64257Xsmos no tienen porque ser epiyectivos, pero aun}\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as\uc1\u305X el n}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {ucleo si ser}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a un ideal primo debido a l
a integridad de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. E
n este}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {caso el c
uerpo residual no ser}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El espectro de un
anillo, adem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as de ser un simple conjunto, puede ser
}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dotado de una e
structura de espacio topol}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ogico. Vamos a de\uc1\u642
57Xnir la topolog\uc1\u305Xa}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {dando los cerrados del espacio.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
0\*\tx6533\*\tx7120\*\tx7440\*\tx7693\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xn
ici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 7.4}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un subconjunto de
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Los}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ceros}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}\tab \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son los puntos}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1653\*\tx1933\*\tx2880\*\tx7160\*\tx8653\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {x}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde se anulan todas las funciones de}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Se denota}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\par
d\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tenemos entonces}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tales que}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars

calex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = 0}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {par
a todo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u871
2X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2586\*\
tx5186\*\tx5400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lema 7.2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Dado un conjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {sea}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el
ideal que generan}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {=}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {< S >}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En-}\par\pa
rd\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\s
ub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= (}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2680\*\tx3160\*\tx8280\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u883
4X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenemos q
ue (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Todo elemento de}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se puede}\par\p
ard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx7186\*\tx7826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {escr
ibir como una combinaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on lineal de elementos de}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\
tx2880\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elemento de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {S}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tenemos que (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721
X}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}{\super \fs
22\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}{\super \fs22\up0\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {) =}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {a}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}{\super \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {s}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) aplicando}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que la proyecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica es mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de
anillos. Pero este }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultimo resultado}\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx7333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es nulo por lo que}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Concluim
os que (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{
\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li17
46\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Gracias a este resultado podre
mos siempre suponer que el subconjuto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\par\pard
\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal, lo que nos a
horrar}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a bastante trabajo en las demostraciones.}\par
\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En particular si}{ }

\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el conjunto de los puntos donde se anula}\par\pard\
li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Tamb
i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en lo podemos entender como el conjunto de ideales
que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contienen a}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li13
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 7.3}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Se cumple:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn1
d\li1386\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx1866\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.-}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(0)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {= Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {denota el ideal nulo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \*
\tx1866\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.-}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
09X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \*\tx1866\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.-}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para toda familia de ideales.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
\charscalex100 {4.-}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0

\charscalex100 {= (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8746X}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D
emostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.- La funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on ce
ro se anula en todos los puntos.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.- La funci}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 1 no se anula nunca.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {61}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn
133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\*\tx2146\*\tx7586\*\tx8160\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.- Si}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X \uc1\u8745X}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = 0 para todo elemento}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {f}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8712X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Por lo}\par\pard\li1840\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {tanto (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {)(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = 0 y como
todo elemento de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
s de esta forma,}\par\pard\li1840\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {0}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}\par\pard\li1840\r
i0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8721X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Entonces (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{
\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para todo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {j}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Tenemos entonces que}\par\pard\li184
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2666\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {j}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X \uc1\u8745X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {) lo que prueba la inclusi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on que nos faltab
a.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.- Sabemos p
or la proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 3.9 que si un ideal primo}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contiene a}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {J}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li1840\ri0\sl-320\slmult
0 \*\tx6333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces contiene a uno de los dos ideale
s.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\

lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Estas propiedades nos permiten dar la siguiente
de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on:}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\sl
lex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 7.5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Llamamos cerrados de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a los subconjuntos de la for-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {ma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {, donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {es un ideal. Estos cerrados forman la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t
opolog\uc1\u305Xa de Zariski}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\s
1746\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Siempre que nos re\uc1\u6425
7Xramos a la topolog\uc1\u305Xa del espectro, supondremos que}\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es la de Zariski.}\par\pard\li1386\
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 7.4}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se cumple la
f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormula}\par\pard\li4533\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {0}}\par\pard\li5280\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\par\pard\li17
charscalex100 {Este corolario prueba que los conjuntos (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forman una base de cerrados}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la topolog\uc1\u305Xa.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\
sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El complementario del subconjunto (}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se denota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {U}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\p
ard\li2333\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {f}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) tales que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo abierto de la topolo
g\uc1\u305Xa es uni}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de este tipo de abiertos, que f
orman}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces u
na base de la topolog\uc1\u305Xa de Zariski.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1

charscalex100 {El cierre de un punto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{es precisamente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-41
\*\tx4746\*\tx5000\*\tx5280\*\tx5546\*\tx5840\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un cer
rado (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contiene a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {x}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {x}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Esto es equivalente a qu
e}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1626\*\tx1933\*\tx8533\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {I}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
. Tomando ceros en esta expresi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on obtenemos que (}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {y}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx7773\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a contenido en todos los cerrados que
contienen a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx3040\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 7.
6}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un punto es cerrado si su ideal asociado es m
aximal.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-226
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es maximal el conjunto (}\fs22\

cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tien
e solo un punto, que es precisamente}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx86
66\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El cierre del punt
o}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coincide con}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, lo que implica que
es cerrado.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmu
x100 {Teorema 7.7}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El espectro es un espacio top}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ologico compacto.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demos
traci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea (}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una fa
milia de cerrados de intersecci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on vac\uc1\u305Xa. En
virtud de la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pro
posici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 7.3}\par\pard\li4186\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8709X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= (}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}}\fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {j}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {0}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Entonc
es}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{\sub \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
I}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}{\super \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puesto que}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {unico ideal que no est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a contenido en}\par\pard
\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ning}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {un ideal primo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Como 1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {, existe un n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero \uc1\u64257Xnito de fun
ciones tales que}\par\pard\li4413\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{f}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {f}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 1}\par
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx2466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {j}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la mi
sma proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on nos asegura que}\par\pard\li3106\ri0
\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\su
b \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up1
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8745X \uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n
}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}{\supe
r \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= (}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up1\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs12\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {n}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {0}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8709X}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
y una subfamilia \uc1\u64257Xnita de cerrados tiene intersecci}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars

calex100 {on vac\uc1\u305Xa. Esto demuestra}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \
*\tx4466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que el espectro es compacto.}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li174
6\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dado un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de a
nillos}\par\pard\li4653\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981
X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y un ideal primo}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, sabemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es un ideal primo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Esto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {nos permite de\uc1\u64257Xnir una aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {on}\par\pard\li3760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx4066\*\tx5386\*\tx5960\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5386\colsr-0\colno2\colw5706\pard\li4693\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx
653\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
x100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx5586\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u966X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {es otro mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo, (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X\uc1\u
966X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u966X}\fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo que pone de ma
ni\uc1\u64257Xesto que esta}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {construcci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es un funtor contravariante
.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
d\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx2946\*\tx3280\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorem
a 7.8}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8727X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {on continua.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx7640\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= (}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un cerrado de Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Veamos que (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {)}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es cerrado}\par\pard\li2733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2733\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {) tales que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213
{Aplicando el mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tenemos que este conjunto coincide con}\par\pard\li29
charscalex100 {\{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) tales que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {))}{
\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {63}\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {que es un cerrado de Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), pues coincide con el conjunto de ceros del}\par\par
d\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4040\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideal generado
por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Veamos ahora como se comporta el esp
ectro al realizar cocientes y pro-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ductos de anillos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3040\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corol
ario 7.9}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }

\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {la proyecci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {onica,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1706\*\tx7653\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Spec(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {establece un homeomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el cerrado}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmul
cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx8453\*\tx8960\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Aplicando el teorema de correspondencia, los ideales primos de}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se}\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {identi\uc1\u64257Xcan con los ideal
es primos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que
contienen a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. P
ero este conjunto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{es precisamente (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Dejamos al le
ctor la comprobaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de que en efecto es}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3546\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un homeomor\uc1\u6
4257Xsmo.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
33\slmult0 \*\tx2720\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lema 7.10}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Dado un producto de anillos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, los
ideales de este anillo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {son de la forma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmul
cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Denotemos por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la proyecci}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {on de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {en el}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esimo factor.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {es un ideal puesto que la proyecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica es epiyectiva.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dado un elemento (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\s
ub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, a}{\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), tenemos que tanto (}\fs24\
alex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0) como (0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{, a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) son}\par
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx6960\*\tx7186\*\tx8160\*\tx8746\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultiplos de dicho elemento. Por lo
tanto (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si y solo}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8712X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx5493\fs24\
alex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, lo que prueba que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\
sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
lt0 \*\tx3173\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 7.11}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Los ideales primos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son de la for
ma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la forma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es primo.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si hacemos el cociente de}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odulo el ideal}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenemos}\par\pard\li3386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li3386\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/I}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/I}{\sub \fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {64}\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para que este producto sea \uc1\u305Xn
tegro debe ocurrir que un factor sea nulo y el}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {otro factor sea \uc1\u305Xntegro. Pero esto equiva
le a decir que un ideal es el total y}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3
853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el otro un ideal primo.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
arscalex100 {Teorema 7.12}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El espectro del produ
cto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es la uni}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
disjunta de los}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
espectros de los anillos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\
sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li174
harscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Los resultados anteriores prueban que como conjuntos}\par\pard\li3306\ri0\s
ex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8853X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(La suma directa en la categor\uc1\u305Xa
de espacios topol}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ogicos es la uni}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {on disjunta)}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la proyecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on ca
n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica. Tenemos entonces que}\par\pard\li3546\ri0\sl

-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3546\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3933\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es u
n homeomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo con su imagen, lo que prueba que la igualdad tambi}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx5186\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {es cierta como espacios topol}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ogi
cos.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P
roblemas}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 7.1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Demostrar que se cumple las f}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormulas}\p
*\tx2280\*\tx2786\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U}\fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {U}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f g}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
0 {U}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= Spec(}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {si y solo si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {es una unidad.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx3933\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {U}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8709X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s
i y solo si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
nilpotente.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
l-306\slmult0 \*\tx3066\*\tx3506\*\tx3773\*\tx4053\*\tx4320\*\tx7413\*\tx7680\*\
tx7853\*\tx8146\*\tx8613\*\tx9000\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 7.2}\tab \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {un sistema de denominadores y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la}
\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aplicaci}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {on natural de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {en su localizado.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx344
0\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
981X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:
Spec(}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {)}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es inyectiva y que su imagen est}\fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a for-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {mada por los ideales primos que tienen intersecci}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {on vac\uc1\u305Xa con}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn66

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
f0\charscalex100 {Problema 7.3}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adem}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {as de la estructura topol}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ogica, aunq
ue asociada a ella, se pue-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {de de\uc1\u64257Xnir un relaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de orde
n en el espectro de un anillo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Decimos que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8804X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs12\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {U
n punto es m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as \uc1\u8220Xpeque\uc1\u732X}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {no\uc1\u8221X cuanto m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as \uc1\u822
0Xgrande\uc1\u8221X sea el ideal asociado.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta rel
aci}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de orden tiene elementos minimales. Un punto e
s minimal si no}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
existen puntos menores. Los elementos minimales son los asociados a los ideales}
\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {maximales del an
illo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cu}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ales son los ele
mentos maximales?}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn6

i1386\ri0\sl-573\slmult0 \fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Extensiones enteras}\par\pa
lt0 \*\tx3120\*\tx3586\*\tx3893\*\tx5200\*\tx5506\*\tx5813\*\tx6133\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 8.1}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {un anillo y}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {un subanillo con unidad. Un}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\
tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {si existe un polinomio unitario}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1
}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, con coe-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u64257Xcientes en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, que anula a dicho elemento.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\
lex100 {Si el polinomio es}\par\pard\li3480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li3480\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}
{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\par\pard\li1386\ri
calex100 {entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {cumple la ecuaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on polinomial}\par\pard\li3533\ri
calex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}\par\pard\li1746\ri
calex100 {El elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {es entonces una raiz de un polinomio cuyo t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {erm
ino de mayor}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gra
do es uno.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Observaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}
\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En general en te
or\uc1\u305Xa de anillos se denomina extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de un
anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\par\pa
rd\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todo mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo
de anillos con unidad}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. La
imagen de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {median
te}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un subanillo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En esta situaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
diremos que un elemento de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en
tero sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, si ent
ero sobre el subanillo imagen}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
).}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \*\tx3320\*\tx3773\*\tx4080\*\tx7746\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 8.1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {on entera de un anillo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El subani-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1746
\*\tx2600\*\tx5640\*\tx7146\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llo}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, generado por el anillo}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el elemento}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, es un m}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {odulo de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {generaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u64257Xnita sobre el anil
lo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li16
18\cf0\par{\trowd\trleft1666\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl0\trpaddr0\trpaddfl3\trpa
ddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone\clbrdrl\brdrnone\clbrdrb\brdrnone\clbrdrr\brdr
none\cltxlrtb\clNoWrap\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7640\clpadt0\clpadr0\clpadft3\clpadfr
3\cellx9840 \pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\widctlpar\intbl \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-93\widctlpar\intbl \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unitario}\fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si el coe\uc1\u64257Xciente de mayor grado es 1. Tambi}\f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}\cell\row}\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {se dice que el polinomio es}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onico}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li5160\
rscalex100 {66}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tenemos q
ue}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y e
n general}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca

lex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {b}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\par\column\pard
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {67}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\ma
i0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{\sub \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {r}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
b}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {r}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx5293\*\tx7760\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {por lo que los elementos 1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, b, . . . , b}{\s
uper \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {generan dicho m}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odulo.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3320\*\tx3773\*\tx4066\*\tx4373\*\tx4680\
*\tx6440\*\tx6653\*\tx6933\*\tx7226\*\tx8920\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposic
i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 8.2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un subanillo. Si}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobr
e}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces el mor\uc1\u64257Xsm
o}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u859
4X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que transform
a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no es inyectivo.}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri
calex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
entero sobre}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, exis
te un polinomio}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) que anula al elemen-}\par
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Pero como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\char

scalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) dicho e
lemento est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a en el n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucle
o de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, que
no}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4506\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pue
de entonces ser inyectivo.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\r
d\li1746\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx4133\*\tx
7800\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo elemento de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobre}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puesto que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anula a dicho}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elemento.}\par\pard\li3653\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8730X}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5733\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero real}{\super \fs1
2\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 es entero sobre}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Un polinomio que l
o anula es}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preci
samente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero complejo}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobre}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Encontrar un polinomio
que lo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anule. En
general, todo elemento de la forma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bi}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enteros,}\par\pard\
li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobre}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li5320\ri0\sl-240
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8730X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5520\colsr-0\coln
o2\colw5573\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Considera
mos el n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero real 1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. Un polinom
io que anula a dicho}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ele
mento es 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1. Si
n embargo dicho elemento no es entero sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {pues no existe ning}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un polinomio unitario
que lo anule.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si un n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {um
ero racional es entero sobre}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {entonces necesariamente es un}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elemento de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {. Demostremos este hecho.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-346\slmult
0 \*\tx2440\*\tx2893\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {r/s}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la fracci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o
n irreducible del n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero racional. Entonces dicho}\p
ar\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {umero cumple una ecuaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on del tipo}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols8\col
no1\colw3706\colsr-0\colno2\colw173\colsr-0\colno3\colw893\colsr-0\colno4\colw28
0\colsr-0\colno5\colw373\colsr-0\colno6\colw1226\colsr-0\colno7\colw333\colsr-0\
colno8\colw4106\pard\li3426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3426\ri0\sl-
240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\par\pard\li3426\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \f

s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n
}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {s}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186
\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\
sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\mar
glsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
d\li1973\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Multiplicamos por}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {para quitar denominadores}\par\pard\li3413\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3413\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{\sup
er \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {sr}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722
X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rs}{\super \
fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\
super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sacando factor com}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {deducimos}\par\pard\li332
harscalex100 {r}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X \uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rs}{\super \fs1
6\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
{s}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {68}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghs
xn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {s}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {divide a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {r}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{y por lo tanto divide a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {. Como la fracci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {irreducible, necesariamente}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 y el n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero es e
ntero.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el caso de los cuerpos, el estudio de la
dependencia entera se simpli\uc1\u64257X-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ca utilizando conceptos elementales de la teor\uc1\u305
Xa de espacios vectoriales.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Veamos un ejemplo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx2413\*\t
x2626\*\tx4013\*\tx4546\*\tx4760\*\tx5026\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un cuerpo,}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo que como espacio vectori
al sea}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4053\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
de dimensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u64257Xnita}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sobre el cuerpo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Los elementos 1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {, b, . . . , b}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {no}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
pueden ser linealmente independientes. Luego existe una combinaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
lineal no nula}\par\pard\li4226\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 +}{ }\fs24\c
lex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs
harscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Construimos de este modo un polinomio, de grado menor
o igual a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que}\p
ar\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3906\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anula al
elemento}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Pero e
n principio este polinomio no es unitario.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \
*\tx2280\*\tx2480\*\tx8733\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {i}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el grado del polinomio, entonces
podemos dividir entre}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenemos un polinomio cuyo t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {ermino de mayor grado es uno. Como}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\
tx5066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conclusi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, tenemo
s que si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es de
dimensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u64257Xnita sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todo elemento de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Llamamos}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {de un anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {a cualquier anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {que lo contenga.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f

0\charscalex100 {Estamos especialmente interesados en aquellos anillos}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tales que todos sus}\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos sean entero
s sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard
0\*\tx4973\*\tx5546\*\tx6546\*\tx8960\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u64257Xn
ici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 8.2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Una exten
si}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entera}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {si todo elemento de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {entero sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
En el caso de que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{sea un cuerpo, las extensiones enteras}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se denominan extensiones}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{algebraicas}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx3320\*\tx6146\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {El cuerpo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {es una extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on entera de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {R}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En general toda extensi}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx2213\*\tx2520\*\
tx2813\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de un cuerp
o, que sea de dimensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u64257Xnita, es una ext
ensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {entera. El rec\uc1\u305Xproco sin embargo no es cierto. Existe
n extensiones de}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{dimensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on in\uc1\u64257Xnita que son enteras.}\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbkpage

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

d\li1973\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es una extensi}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on entera.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {69}\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\
li1973\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx2240\*\tx2533\*\tx7733\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Z}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no es entera, puesto que existen elementos en}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que no son}\pa
r\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enteros sobre}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
ex100 {R}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tampoco es entero sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En general, los n}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {umeros reales (o com-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5160\
*\tx5453\*\tx7000\*\tx9093\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {plejos) que son enteros so
bre}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se denom
inan}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros algebr
aicos}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aquellos que no son enteros se denominan}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {transcendentes}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es un ejercicio f}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {acil demostrar que el conjunto de n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros
algebraicos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
numerable. Esto implica la existencia de n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros tra
nscendentes. Sin}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{embargo encontrar ejemplos expl\uc1\u305Xcitos de n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u
meros transcendentes no es}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {tarea f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acil. Se sabe, no obstante, que}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son n}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {umeros transcendentes.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hemos dado una de\
uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de elemento entero sobre}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Daremos ahora}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un criterio, o de\uc1\u64257
Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on equivalente, que nos ser}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {a }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {util en multitud de c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {alculos.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3320\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on 8.3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on. So
n equivalentes las siguientes}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {condiciones:}\par\pard\li1960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1960\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {) El elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {es entero sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{.}\par\pard\li1893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1893\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) El m}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {odulo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {es de generaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u64257Xnita s
obre el anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\p
*\tx6773\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) El element
o}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\fs24\cf0\f

0\charscalex100 {a incluido en un anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que es un}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {-m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odulo de}\par\pard\li2253\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {generaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
\uc1\u64257Xnita.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La implicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {) es justamente la proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 8.1. Para la
impli-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2133\*\tx2493\*\tx2840\*\tx4640
\*\tx4946\*\tx5240\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {caci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ii}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {) basta tomar}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Veamos entonc
es la implicaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iii}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {).}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un m}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {odulo de generaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u64257Xnita
que contenga al elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {. Deno-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ta
remos por (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . . , m}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) un conjunto de generadores de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odulo.}\par\pard\li1386\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tenemos que}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {bm}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {es un elemento de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {y por lo tanto se puede escribir, en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {principio de forma no }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{unica, como una combinaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on lineal de elementos de
l}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conjunto gener
ador.}\par\pard\li3906\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bm}{\sub \
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}
{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super
\fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {in}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\par\
pard\li1746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esto nos da un sistem
a de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ecuaciones
con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {incognitas.
Los elementos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ij}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forman una mat
riz cuadrada, donde los coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes pertenecen al anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pasamos los elementos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {bm}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al o
tro miembro y obtenemos un sistema equi-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {valente y homog}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eneo. La mat
riz de este sistema es precisamente (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ij}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {b\uc1\u948X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ij}}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn6
alex100 {Calculamos el determinante de esta matriz. Dicho determinante es un ele
-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mento de}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que tiene la forma de
un polinomio unitario}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
Si denotamos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por

\uc1\u8710X a dicho determinante, tenemos que \uc1\u8710X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {m}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0 pa
ra todo generador del}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odulo. Como el anillo tiene unidad, en partic
ular el 1 es combinaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl306\slmult0 \*\tx2493\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {m}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y
obtenemos que \uc1\u8710X1 = 0. Necesariamente \uc1\u8710X = 0 y hemos}\par\par
d\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx6240\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenido un pol
inomio unitario que anula a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl306\slmult0 \*\tx3040\*\tx4213\*\tx6293\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 8.4
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {una extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on. Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es de generaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {on \uc1\u64257Xnita como}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {odulo, entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {es una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on entera de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Observaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\
pard\li1746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx2053\*\tx2360\*\tx2666\*\tx2920\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es u
n cuerpo, los anillos \uc1\u64257Xnito generados son precisamente}\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aquellos que tienen dimensi}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u64257Xnita y este resultado ya nos era conocid
o.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \*\tx2586\*\tx3853\*\tx4426\*\tx7440\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lema 8.5}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {una cadena de anillos. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es de generaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard
\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u64257Xnita como}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {odulo y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
es de generaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u64257Xnita como}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {od
ulo, entonces}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en de generac
i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u64257Xnita como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odulo.}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li174
harscalex100 {Sea (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . . , c}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) un conjunto generador de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odulo. Denotamos}\p
ar\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por (}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {, . . . , b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
) un conjunto generador de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-m}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odulo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\

f0\charscalex100 {Dado un elemento arbitrario}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, tenemos que}\par\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde los}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u946X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
12X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cada}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {se puede expresar como una combinaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on lineal \uc1\u64257Xnita de los elemen-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\par\pard\li3440\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u946X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {im}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {m}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ij}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712
X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Sustituyendo esto en la anterior expresi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {on de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, obte
nemos que los elementos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx7453\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {c}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, i}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . . , m, j}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . . , n}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {generan}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-m}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {odulo.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\l
par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx3040\*\tx3493\*\tx3773\*\tx4066\*\tx4373
00 {Sea}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8834X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una
extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on. Si los elementos}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, .
. . , b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son}\pa
r\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enteros sobre}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces el anillo}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . .
. , b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es de generaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u6425
7Xnita.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-320
par\pard\li1666\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {El t}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ermino de mayor grado puede ser}{ }
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs14\up2\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dependiendo de si}{ }\fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es par o impar}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\s
bkpage
d\li1746\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Consideramos la cadena d
e anillos}\par\pard\li3066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3066\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u88
34X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X \
uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {, . . . , b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {71}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cada exten
si}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es de generaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \u
c1\u64257Xnita, pues si un elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobre}\par\pard\
li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx4333\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {, tambi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en es entero sobre}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . . , b}{
\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Aplicando inducci}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on y el lema}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3613
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anterior concluimos.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3040\*\tx3480\*\tx3760\*\
tx4040\*\tx4320\*\tx6226\*\tx6733\*\tx8920\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario
8.7}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab

\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on. Si}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son enteros sobre}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {so
n enteros sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\
\*\tx5066\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \
fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
son enteros, entonces}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {) es de generaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u64257Xnita y tod
os}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4813\*\tx6653\*\tx7706\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {sus elementos son enteros sobre}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En particular}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}
{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {, que son}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx6320\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {elementos de dicho anillo, son enteros sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Del corolario anterior se deduce que el conjunto de
todos los elementos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {enteros de una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es un subanillo de}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0
*\tx3853\*\tx4146\*\tx4440\*\tx7720\*\tx8000\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1\u
64257Xnici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 8.3}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se
a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834
X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una extens
i}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on. Denotamos por}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al con
junto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3466\*\tx3746\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {de los elementos de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {que son enteros sobre}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {. El conjunto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se denomina}\par\pard\li
1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {clausura \uc1\u305Xntegra}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como ya hemos anunciado,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {es un subanilo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {. Si en una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tenemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}{\super \fs24\up1\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, decimos que}\f

s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es integramente cerra
do (en B). Como ya}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {sabemos, si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u732X}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decimos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {En el caso de un dominio de integridad, si decimos que es \uc1\u305Xnte
gramente}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cerrado
estaremos suponiendo que dicho anillo es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u30
5Xntegramente cerrado}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
dada por su cuerpo de fracciones.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {En el caso de los cuerpos la cosa queda m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {as o menos as\uc1\u305X. En un cuerpo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no se diferencian los polinomios unitarios y no uni
tarios, pues si nos dan}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {un polinomio no unitario, simplemente lo dividimos entre el coe\uc1\u642
57Xciente de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {may
or grado y obtenemos un polinomio unitario. Los elementos algebraicos}\par\pard\
li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx7013\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sobre un cuerpo}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son los elementos
de un cuerpo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
que son raices de los}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx8266\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {los polinomios con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si todos los polinomios en}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tienen al}\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menos una raiz en el cuerpo ba
se, por inducci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on vemos que tienen tantas}\par\pard\
li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como su grado tambi}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {en en el cuerpo raiz. De este modo, si todo polinomio}\par\
pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene una raiz en el
cuerpo base, no pueden existir extensiones algebraicas}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(enteras) del cuerpo. Los cuerpos que no
admiten extensiones algebraicas se}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {denominan}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebraicamente cerr
ados}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghs
xn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 8.8}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobre}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobre}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-2
00 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cumple una ecuaci}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {on polinomial}\par\pard\li2986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li2986\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{\super \fs16\up4\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{\sub \fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {= 0 con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {B}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-3
06\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, , . . . , b}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {n}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\s
uper \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, c}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es de ge
neraci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u64257Xnita sobre}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, puesto que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entero sobre el anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . . , b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) y este }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ultimo anillo es de g
eneraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5
240\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u64257Xnita pues todos los elementos de}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son enteros. De es
te modo concluimos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4000\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
es entero sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\

tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
00 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u88
34X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una extensi}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la clausura entera de}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es integramente c
errado en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746
arscalex100 {Consideramos la cadena}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
B}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobre}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}
\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambi}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {en es entero sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {. De este modo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u732X}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {es integramente cerrado}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx2120\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ejemplos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305Xntegramente cerrado en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Sin embargo este mismo anillo no es}
\par\pard\li1946\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u305Xntegram
ente cerrado, cuando consideramos a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {incluido en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {o en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por lo tanto
al hablar de \uc1\u305Xntegramente cerrado debemos conocer con}\par\pard\li1973\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {precisi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on la extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on a la que nos referimos.}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {Dada la extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), su clausura \uc1\u305Xntegra coincide con los enteros}\p
ar\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de Gauss.}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Hemos visto que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {no es \uc1\u305Xntegramente cerrado en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, pues existen n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {ume-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ros tra
nscendentes. De este modo existe un anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que contiene e
stric-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tamente a
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y contenido en}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Este anillo (que

posteriormente veremos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {que es un cuerpo) no puede ser de dimensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \
uc1\u64257Xnita sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {, puesto que}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
en los racionales existen polinomios irreducibles de grado arbitraria-}\par\pard
\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mente grande (considerese
n los polinomios de la forma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2). Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un elemento de la clausura algebraica y
tal que el polinomio irreducible}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {que lo anula sea de grado}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Entonces el anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {) es de dimensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {n}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y debe est
ar contenido en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u732X}{\super \fs24\up1\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\


alex100 {Veamos ahora el comportamiento de las extensiones enteras bajo la ope-}
\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {raciones de loca
lizaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on y toma de cocientes.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3453\*\tx3906\*\
tx4200\*\tx4493\*\tx4800\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {on 8.10}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on entera de anillos. Dado un}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2146\*\t
x5506\*\tx6320\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideal}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {, seguimos denotando por}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al ideal}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {del anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {. En estas}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {condiciones tenemos una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I ,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {B/I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que es entera.}\par\pard\li1
\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\s
\charscalex100 {Consideramos el mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo natural de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
B/I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resultado de la compo-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on d
e la inclusi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica
y del paso al cociente. Resulta que el ideal}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\*\tx1600\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {a contenido en el n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo de dicho mor\uc1
\u64257Xsmo y por el teorema de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx6640\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {factorizaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {onica se induce una aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que hace conmutativo el}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {siguiente diagrama.}\par\pard\li5293\ri0\sl-213\s
0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
xn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5546\colsr-0\colno2
\colw5546\pard\li4546\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard
0\par\pard\li4693\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\par
tx5240\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0

\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\par\pard\li4426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {A/I}\par\column\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\par\pard\li280\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li280\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li280\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\par\pard\li493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li493\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {B/I}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\ma
rgrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \*\tx3040\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es inyectiva y consideraremos a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {A/I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {incluido en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {B/I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {via esta}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.
Hemos visto entonces que es una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard
\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx7146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0
lex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) un elemento del cociente}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {B/I}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El elemento}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobre}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Entonces cumple una ecuaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {on polinomial con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A}\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=
t0 \*\tx4120\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tomando clases m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {odulo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en e
sta ecuaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on obtenemos una ecuaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {on polino-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {mial unitaria para el elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {)}\par\pard\li2560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2560\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\
alex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = 0}\par\
x6040\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Luego el elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {) es entero sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
i1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3453\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Proposici}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {on 8.11}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {B}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {on entera y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un su
bconjunto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multip
licativo. Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
B}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una extens
i}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on entera.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893



alex100 {Podemos inyectar}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {haciendo corres
ponder al elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/s}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\su
b \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el mismo elemento d
e}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {. Esta correspondencia es claramente inyectiva.}\par\pard\li
1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {b/s}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un elemento de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {B}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Com
o}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobr
e}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Se cumple}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{
\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Multiplicando esta expresi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
por el inverso de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenemos}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols10\colno1\colw3186\colsr-0
\colno2\colw160\colsr-0\colno3\colw400\colsr-0\colno4\colw1173\colsr-0\colno5\co
lw386\colsr-0\colno6\colw960\colsr-0\colno7\colw666\colsr-0\colno8\colw253\colsr
-0\colno9\colw333\colsr-0\colno10\colw3573\pard\li2666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li2666\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\par\pard\li2866\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {s}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-17
3\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}

\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx866\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{s}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {n}}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\fs14\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {n}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {= 0}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn66
6\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \*\tx3346\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo elemento de}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {B}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {es soluci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de una ecuaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {on polinomial unitaria con}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3440\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
3\*\tx3893\*\tx4160\*\tx4720\*\tx6440\*\tx6693\*\tx7226\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Proposici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 8.12}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una exten
si}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {un conjunto multi-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\t
x5093\*\tx5813\*\tx7920\*\tx8493\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {plicativo. La clausu
ra algebraica de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {S}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es precisamente}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u732X}{\super \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs14\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {S}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(anillo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de fracciones de la clausura algebraica).}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {Debemos demostrar que (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}{\super \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{\super \fs22\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {S}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Para ello probaremos que cada con-}\par\pa
rd\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {junto es subconjunto de
l otro.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4333\*\tx6613\*\tx8253\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Como}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u732X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero sobre}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, tenemos que (}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}{\super \fs22\up1\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {)}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
entero sobre}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{S}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Esto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\t
x3493\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {demuestra que (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\

fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}{\super \fs24\up1\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}
}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}\fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {S}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Tomamos ahora un elemento}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b/s}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {S}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que sea entero sobre}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {A}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Ento
nces}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dicho eleme
nto cumple una ecuaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on polinomial}\par\pard\sect\se
20\colsr-0\colno2\colw160\colsr-0\colno3\colw240\colsr-0\colno4\colw1400\colsr-0
\colno5\colw386\colsr-0\colno6\colw800\colsr-0\colno7\colw893\colsr-0\colno8\col
w253\colsr-0\colno9\colw333\colsr-0\colno10\colw3506\pard\li2600\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2600\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\par\pard\li2800\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {s}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up3\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { (}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\par\pard\li320\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {s}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx306\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-333
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1386\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx3093\*\tx3293\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Denotemos por}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al producto de todos los denominadores. Multiplicamos
}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esta ecuaci}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on por (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {st}\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {)}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {y conseguimos quitar denominadores. Nos queda una}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ecuaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on poli
nomial para el elemento}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bt}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {donde los coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes pertenecen al}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. De este modo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bt}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {. Pero}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b/s}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bt/st}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que est}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a contenido en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx72

26\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la clausura algebraica. Hemos probado la otra incl
usi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\l
par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3173\*\tx3480\*\tx3760\*\tx7986\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 8.13}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es integramente cerrad
o en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {es inte-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {gramente cerrado en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

7;32768}}

alex100 {Haremos ahora un estudio de la correspondencia que existe entre el ret\u
c1\u305Xcu-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5520\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {lo de ideales de una extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on entera}{ }\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el ret\uc1\u305Xculo d
e ideales del anillo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Principalmen
te estudiaremos ideales primos, por lo que ser}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a inte
resante re-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cord
ar los siguientes hechos, que utilizaremos continuamente.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
\charscalex100 {El espectro de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/I}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {se identi\uc1\u64257Xca con los puntos del espectro de}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que}\par\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contienen al ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmu
espectro del localizado}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {S}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo podemos entender como el conjunto d
e}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ideales primos
de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que tienen i
ntersecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on vac\uc1\u305Xa con el conjunto}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213
6\*\tx4160\*\tx4453\*\tx8413\*\tx8680\*\tx8973\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De\uc1
\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 8.4}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Sea}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u88
34X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una exte
nsi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on. Decimos que un ideal}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {J}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {B}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a situado sobre un ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {J}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En
particular estaremos interesados en este concepto cuando ambos idea-}\par\pard\
li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {les sean primos. Resulta q
ue un ideal primo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a sobre un ideal primo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, donde}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {i}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {denota la inyecci}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Visualicemos este hecho. Consideramos la inclusi}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on}\par\pard\li5213\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}
\par\pard\li5306\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {T}\par\pard\li51
73\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\par\pard\li5226\ri0\sl-213\

i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-426\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pasando a los espectros obtenemos una aplicaci}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li4853\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmul
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u872
7X}\par\pard\li5280\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5280\ri0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \*\tx4520\*\tx4746\*\tx5906\*\tx6133\*\tx8986\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en
tre los espectros. Un ideal}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a sobre}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {p}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si al proyectarlo mediante}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\par\pard\li138
6\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenemos el ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este concepto se puede entonces generalizar a
cualquier mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de ani-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,
no necesariamente inyectivo.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Un problema fundamental de la teor\uc1\u305Xa es conocer cuando la
aplicaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entre los espectros es epiyectiva. Naturalmente en multit
ud de casos la apli-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {caci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on no puede ser epiyectiva.}\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sb
kpage

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7;32768}}
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4880\*\tx5173\*\tx5493\*\tx7493\*\tx7786\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Consideramos la extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El espectro de}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {R}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consta de un}\par\pard\li1
973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3986\*\tx4253\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {solo punto
y el de}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de i
n\uc1\u64257Xnitos. Es imposible que la aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on s
ea}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {epiyectiva.}\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u883
4X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). El espectro de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es el conjunto de los polinomios de la}\par\pard\li1973
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forma (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {. Los primos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) son de d
os tipos: (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li
1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {R}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {)(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {a}\ul0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)
con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. La aplicaci}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on entre espectros en}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {este caso es epiyectiva.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-21

0 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {el mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onico en el
localizado. Sabemos que el}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {espectro de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {S}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a forma
do por los ideales primos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {que no cortan}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx4493\*\tx474
6\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {. Dado un conjunto}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {arbitrario, la aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on entre e
spectros no}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ser}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a epiyectiva.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {A/I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la proyecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {on can}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {onica. El espectro de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {A/I}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se identi-}\par\pard\li1973\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u64257Xca con los puntos del
espectro de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que
contienen al ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{. Al hacer}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coci
ente perdemos puntos del espectro, por lo que en general, la apli-}\par\pard\li1
973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {caci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {on no ser}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a epiyectiva. Como ejercicio se puede ve
r que condici}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {debe cumplir}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para que la aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on si s
ea epiyectiva.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el caso caso de las extensiones e
nteras la aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on si es epiyectiva. Es-}\par\pard
\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to es lo que a\uc1\u64257
Xrma el}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {teorema de Cohen-Seidenberg}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {, llamado tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {teorema}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {del ascenso}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slm
ex100 {Proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 8.14}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una extensi}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on entera, donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un dominio}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de integridad. Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es cuerpo si y solo si lo es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmul
cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos qu
e}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es cuerpo. Ten
emos que ver que todo elemento de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es invertible.}\par\pard\li17
46\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2386\*\tx2920\*\tx4746\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no nulo. Como}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entero, cump
le una ecuaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on polinomial}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unitaria}\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-320\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs

harscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=
0}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Podemos supon
er que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es no nulo , pues en caso de que no lo fuera pode-}\par
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mos sacar factor com}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {y obtener un polinomio unitario con el t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {ermino}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4800\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {independiente no nulo. Como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305Xntegro, este nuevo polinomio tiene que}\par\pard\
li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anular al alemento}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ahora que tenemos el t}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {ermino independiente no nulo, sacamos factor}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {com}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un a}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en la expresi}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {on anterior.}\par\pard\li3440\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{
\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722
X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {b}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}
{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {0}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn
f0\charscalex100 {Multiplicando por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {vemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {es invertible y que su inverso es preci-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {samente}\par\pard\li3586\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\su
per \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {b}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\s
ub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1746
\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx4240\*\tx4520\*\tx6213\*\tx6453\*\tx6706\*\tx6973\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos ahora que}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\t
ab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es cuerpo y sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u945X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un elemento no nulo.}\par\pard\li138
6\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Naturalmente existe}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, pero est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {a contenido en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {. Debemos demostrar que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li17
46\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2866\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, es \uc1\u305Xntegro y satisface una e
cuaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on polinomial.}\par\pard\li2840\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2840\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {n}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
x100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs16\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {) +}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx5333\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Multiplicamos esta ecuaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on p
or}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\t

ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y obtenemos}\par\pard\li3360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3360\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u94
5X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\s
uper \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{\super \fs16\
up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-466\slmult0 \*\tx8333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como la parte derecha est}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {, pues es un subanillo, entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u945X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}\par\pard\li138
6\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3733\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pertenece al anillo}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
\*\tx4453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 8.15}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una ext
ensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on entera. Un punto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S
pec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li138
6\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es maximal si y solo si}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es maximal.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostr
aci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tenemos que la e
xtensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {B}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {es tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en entera. Uno es cuerpo si y}\par\pard
\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx8360\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {solo si lo es el
otro. De este modo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {es maximal si y solo si lo es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-466\
slmult0 \*\tx6973\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En otras palabras, esto signi\uc1\u
64257Xca que la aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{: Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {manda el espectro maximal dentro del espectro m
aximal.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Naturalm
ente la aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on no ser}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a en general inyectiva. Pero si podemos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a\uc1\u64257Xrmar que los primos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que se proyectan en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no pueden estar contenidos}\par\pa

rd\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unos en otros.}\par\par
73\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 8.16}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se
a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos primos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que se proyectan en un primo}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {entonces necesariamente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0
alex100 {Localizaremos en el conjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{. Abusando de la notaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on utili-}\par\pard\li1386\r
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {zaremos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {B}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para des
ignar el localizado de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pa
rd\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B
}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entera en v
irtud de la proposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on 8.11. El ideal}\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {maximal de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
, que es un anillo local, se identi\uc1\u64257Xca con el ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Los ideales}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \*\tx1920\*\tx8013\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{q}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, considera
ndolos dentro del localizado, se proyectan en}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Como la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {antiimagen es maximal, los dos ideales}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {deben ser maximales. Como}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-253\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {uno est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a contenido den
tro del otro, necesariamente coinciden.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893

*\tx3826\*\tx4120\*\tx4413\*\tx9040\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teorema 8.17}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on entera. Dado un i
deal primo}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existe un ideal primo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cumple}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8745X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostraci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {Consideramos el conjunto multiplicativo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {S}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {. Utilizando la notaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del corolario anterior tene
mos que la extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {es entera. Tomamos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {un ideal maximal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {del anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{\sub \fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Su antiimagen debe ser un id
eal maximal}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del
anillo local}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Pero el ideal maximal del localizado es precisa
mente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx
5520\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por lo que ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a situado sobre}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\
33\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Corolario 8.18 (Teorema del ascenso)}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on ente-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-32
0\slmult0 \*\tx4520\*\tx5133\*\tx8346\*\tx8946\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra. Da
dos dos ideales primos}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, exi

sten dos ideales primos}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tales que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {a situado sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmul
cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tenemos que}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {B/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es entera. Le aplicamos el teorema anterior}\par\pa
rd\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a esta extensi}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {on y obtenemos un ideal}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{\su
b \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {situado sobre}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {. Como siempre,}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {debemos identi\uc1\u64257Xcar los primos del cociente con los primo
s que contienen al}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4906\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {ideal por el que se hace cociente.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este teorema se puede generalizar a cadenas de pr
imos formadas por m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de dos eslabones, sin m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {as que aplicar inducci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
i1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problemas}\par\pard\li1386\
93\*\tx8413\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 8.1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Daremos ahora otra demostraci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de que el anill
o}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
es \uc1\u64257Xnito}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {generado si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
es \uc1\u305Xntegro sobre}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como el
polinomio anulador}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es unitari
o, podemos utilizarlo como dividendo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx65
60\*\tx8840\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en una divisi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
on eucl\uc1\u305Xdea. Dado un polinomio arbitario}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
q}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existen polinomios}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}\tab \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {cumplen}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {r}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Tomando valores en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {demostrar que la extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {es \uc1\u64257Xnita}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {es entero.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx3066\*\tx3480\*\tx3733\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema
8.2}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un dominio de integridad. Si el cuerpo de cocientes
}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}}\fs20\cf0

\f0\charscalex100 {es}\par\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u305Xntegro sobre}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {, entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {es un cuerpo.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\
ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx3066\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 8.3}\tab \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {es una extensi}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on entera de}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {A}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {B}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una extensi}\fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
ntera de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
t0 \*\tx3066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Problema 8.4}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Los dominios de factorizaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {unica son integramente cerrados.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
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i1386\ri0\sl-573\slmult0 \fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Complementos en forma de}\p
ar\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-586\slmult0 \fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {problemas}\par\par
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cuer
pos \uc1\u64257Xnitos}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un cuerpo \uc1\u64257Xnito con}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos.}\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale

x100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{induce la funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on nula.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-21
rscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
s la caracter\uc1\u305Xstica de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {, entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {p}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un subcuerpo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un espacio vectoria
l sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {. Demostrar que la dimensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de e
ste}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {espacio vect
orial es \uc1\u64257Xnita, y por lo tanto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs16\up3\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-21
0 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene cara
cter\uc1\u305Xstica}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {la aplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\*\tx5120\*\tx5573\*\tx6200\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\par\pard\li51
86\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx5573\*\tx6160\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-413\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de cuerpos, llamado}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {automor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de Frobenius}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-2
26\slmult0 \*\tx3186\*\tx5280\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Utilizando la}\tab \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teor\uc1\u305Xa de Galois}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{puede demostrarse el teorema funda-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mental de los cuerpos \uc1\u64257Xnitos, que a\uc1\u64257X
rma que para todo primo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {y para todo}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2786\*\tx6013\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todo natural}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {, existe un }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico cuerpo con}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos. Dicho cuerpo se}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acostumbra a denotar}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {F}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs12\up2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En particular}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs1
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {F}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {.}}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl
x100 {Funci}\fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9
66X}{ }\fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de Euler}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2960\*\tx3200\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {La funci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u966X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de Euler tiene como dominio el co
njunto de los n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {naturales.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u966X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1) = 1 por de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {on y para los n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umeros mayores}\par\pard
\li4040\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u966X}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cardinal}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {U}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}{\
sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {))}\par\pard\li51

charscalex100 {79}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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alex100 {\uc1\u966X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es el n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero de natura
les menores que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
y primos con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Est}\

fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a pue-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {de ser otra de\uc1\u64257Xnici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on d
e la funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es primo,}{ }\fs24\cf0
lex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son pr
imos entre si, entonces}\par\pard\li4573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i4573\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx5106\*\tx5720\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\c
calex100 {n}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8801X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mod (}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
lex100 {Este resultado se conoce como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {teorema de
Euler-Fermat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostra
r que si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son primos entre s\uc1
\u305X}\par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl-360\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nm}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8764X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {n}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx7146\*\tx8173\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Utilizar el resultado anterior para demostrar que}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u966X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mn}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u966X}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u966X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si los dos n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ume
ros son primos entre si.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es primo , entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
{p}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs16
\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {p}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
0\charscalex100 {Finalmente demostrar que si la}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{n}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs
14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\super \fs10\up5\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. . . p}{\super \fs14\up3\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {k}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}{\super \fs10\up4\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {r}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es la descomposici}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on en}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{factores primos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols7\colno1\colw5093\colsr-0\
colno2\colw240\colsr-0\colno3\colw613\colsr-0\colno4\colw240\colsr-0\colno5\colw
973\colsr-0\colno6\colw226\colsr-0\colno7\colw3706\pard\li3653\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3653\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u966X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(
1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
26\slmult0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teor\uc1\u305Xa de categor\uc1\u305Xas}\par
\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-186\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {p}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
)(1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {. . .}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8722X}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-1
86\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r}}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\ma
rgrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que los anillos conmutativos, junto
con los mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forman una}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {categor\uc1\u305X
a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las nociones categ}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {oricas de monomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo, epimor\uc1\u64257Xs
mo, e isomor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {coinciden con las introducidas en el texto.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {El producto directo de anillos es la suma directa en la categor\uc1\u305Xa d
e}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillos. Demos
trar este hecho probando su propiedad universal.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-400\slmult0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Funciones holomorfas}\par\pard\li1746
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx2200\*\tx6
573\*\tx7960\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{
\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el conjunto de g}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ermenes de funciones}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{holomorfas}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en el punto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {Dotar de estructura de anillo a este conjunto.}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\s
bkpage

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d\li1973\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u305Xntegro.}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {81}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\mar
glsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \*\tx4173\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {A cada elemento de}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se le puede hacer corresponder u
na serie de}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pote
ncias con radio de convergencia no nulo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {es un subanillo del anillo de las series formales con coe\uc1\u64257
Xcientes en}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {El anillo de fracciones de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \f
s16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se puede identi\uc1\u64
257Xcar con el anillo de g}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {erme-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nes de las funciones}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {meromorfas}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en el origen.}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Generalizar estos resultados a una}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {super\uc1\u64257Xcie de Riemann}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {arbitraria
.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Construir el a
nillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los g}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ermenes de funciones
holomorfas en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dimensiones complejas y generalizar los resultad
os.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al
gebras grupales}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
G}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un grupo \uc1\u64257Xnito denotado multiplicati
vamente y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un ani
llo con-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mutativ
o. El conjunto de todas las funciones de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {se denota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li17
46\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dado un elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {g}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {G}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, le podemos asociar la funci}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u710X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {qu
e}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se de\uc1\u642
57Xne como}\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx5226\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\}}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\par\pard\li4213
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u710X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}\par\pard
\li5226\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0 si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Abusando de la notaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, en general denota
remos por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a la f
unci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u710X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, la funci}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
s}\par\pard\li5093\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5093\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1189

3\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5373\colsr-0\colno2\colw5
720\pard\li4053\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0 si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {g}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsx
n666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En e
l conjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) se de\uc1\u64257Xne la sum
a de funciones habitual}\par\pard\li4000\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i4000\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {)(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
g}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard
\li4786\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {f}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{g}\par\pard\li5240\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\fs16\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}\par\pard\li1746\ri0
alex100 {Por lo tanto toda funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es combinaci}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on lineal de elementos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
G}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}
pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Probar que a toda com
binaci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on lineal de elementos de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {G}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {le corresponde}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
on, siendo esta correspondencia biun\uc1\u305Xvoca.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
7;32768}}
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7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
f0\charscalex100 {En dicho conjunto se introduce una multiplicaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {on, llamada}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {producto}\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de convoluci}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y denotado}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {f, g}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {) su producto de convoluci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\l
i1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es la funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx5226\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {f}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {g}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {z}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {) =}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}{\sub \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {f}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pa
rd\li5186\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {xy}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {=}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {z}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde la suma es \uc1\u64257Xnita debido a que el grupo
lo es.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Utilizand
o la notaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de las funciones como combinaciones li
neales de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elemen
tos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, este produ
cto es}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn
133\cols8\colno1\colw3213\colsr-0\colno2\colw386\colsr-0\colno3\colw773\colsr-0\
colno4\colw213\colsr-0\colno5\colw386\colsr-0\colno6\colw1253\colsr-0\colno7\col
w386\colsr-0\colno8\colw4480\pard\li3000\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i3000\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8721X}\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li146\ri0
\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
x100 {\uc1\u8721X}\par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li133\ri
0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{
\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}{\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8721X}\par\pard\li1013\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
i}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}{\sub \fs

16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {j}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx3306\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El co
njunto}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {G}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) con estas operaciones es un
anillo. Este anillo se}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marg
lsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4386\colsr-0\colno2\colw6706\pard\li1973\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llama}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con coe\uc1\u64257Xcien
tes en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\
scalex100 {El anillo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es conmutativo s
i el grupo lo es.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3080\*\tx3306\*\tx3586\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si a c
ada}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
12X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {le hacemos
corresponder la funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on \uc1\u710X}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {g}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, tenemos un}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de grupos de}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en las unidades de}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {G}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Este mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo es}\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {inyectivo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0
alex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el el
emento neutro, la funci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}\par\pard\li4813\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4813\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx5186\*\tx5773\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\
tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {G}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\*\tx5186\*\tx5853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un mo
r\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos inyectivo.}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede considerarse un subanillo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {) y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {G}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) un }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{algebra sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\p
*\tx2280\*\tx2533\*\tx2720\*\tx3013\*\tx3360\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de grupos, entonces existe un }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\
sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}{\super
\fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {que cumple}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f

0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para todo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {g}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {) para todo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {G}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2280\*\tx2560\*\tx2733\*\tx3026\
*\tx3386\*\tx3693\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
B}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos, entonces
existe un }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}\par\pard\li4533\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u872
7X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {B}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {que cumple}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{g}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {g}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
981X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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alex100 {Esta construcci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on puede generalizarse a gru
pos que no sean \uc1\u64257Xnitos. En}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {este caso las funciones deben ser casi nulas y las combina
ciones lineales de}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {elementos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {G}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u64257Xnitas.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {En vez de un grupo podr\uc1\u305Xamos haber considerado un monoide. Los poli-}
\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx7293\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nomios
en 1 variable son el }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebra asociado al monoide}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Los polinomios}\pa
r\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {variables son los asociados al m
onoide}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Anillos de Boole y espectro}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-2
866\*\tx5120\*\tx5293\*\tx5573\*\tx6066\*\tx6413\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo de
Boole. Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {:}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo de anillos,}\par
\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {denotamos su n}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}\par\pard\li1
\charscalex100 {Cada ideal primo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal maximal.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es primo,}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {A/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{es un cuerpo con dos elementos isomorfo a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}\par\pard\
li1973\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx2280\*\tx2506\*\tx2773\*\tx3053\*\tx6400\*\tx6666
\*\tx6840\*\tx7120\*\tx7613\*\tx7973\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es no nulo, existe un mor
\uc1\u64257Xsmo}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {:}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs14\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cumple}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-2
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = 1.}\par\pard\li197
harscalex100 {La correspondencia}\par\pard\li4160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li4160\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx6146\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hom(}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spec(}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11
893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5560\colsr-0\colno2\col
w880\colsr-0\colno3\colw4653\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u981X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u981X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\

es una biyecci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on entre los dos conjuntos.}\par\pard\
\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Anillos de Boole
y ret\uc1\u305Xculos}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li17
46\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo de Boole. De\uc1\u642
57Xnimos un orden en el anillo mediante la}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ormula}\par\pard\li4493\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u8804X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8660X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li1973\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {) el concepto de orden conjuntista dado por la inclusi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {on}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coin
cide con el orden que hemos de\uc1\u64257Xnido.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmu
elemento m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aximo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es 1 y el elemento m\uc1\u305Xnimo es 0.}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {El supremo de dos elementos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {se denota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8744X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {y es igual a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl
x100 {El \uc1\u305Xn\uc1\u64257Xmo de dos elementos es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8743X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}\fs24\cf0\
3\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx7146\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El complementario de u
n elemento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se de
nota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 1}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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d\li1973\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las operaciones}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8744X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8743X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son distributivas,
una con respecto a la otra}\par\pard\li4106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li4106\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8743X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8744X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= (}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8744X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
743X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8744X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li4106\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8744X}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8743X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {= (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8743X}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8744X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8743X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {c}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
0\charscalex100 {Hemos obtenido que todo anillo de Boole es un ret\uc1\u305Xculo
con elemento}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aximo y m\uc1\u305Xnimo, distributivo y donde todo elem

ento tiene un suplementa-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {rio. Estos ret\uc1\u305Xculos son llamados reticulos de Boole.}\par\par
d\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Partiendo de un ret\uc1\u
305Xculo de Boole y de\uc1\u64257Xniendo una suma y un producto}\par\pard\li1386
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con las f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {ormulas}\par\pard\li3960\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {= (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8743X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
8727X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u874
4X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8727X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8743X}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl-253\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ab}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8743X}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {b}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {se obtiene un anillo de Boole.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Anillo local}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
{Un anillo local es un anillo que posee un }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico ide
al maximal}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El}\
par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cociente}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {A/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el c
uerpo residual.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri
0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{p}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un anillo local. Describir su ideal maximal.}
\*\tx2426\*\tx2693\*\tx3933\*\tx4213\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo y}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un ideal que cumpla que
todo elemento que no}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sea una unidad. Entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es local y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es su ideal maximal.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\s
alex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u
na anillo y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un i
deal maximal. Si todo elemento de la forma}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
*\tx2613\*\tx3053\*\tx3266\*\tx3786\*\tx6360\*\tx6626\*\tx8693\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {1 +}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
con}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
12X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una uni
dad, entonces}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{es un anillo local y}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {es}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {maxi
mal.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \*\tx2613\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}
\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un cuerpo y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[[}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {]] el anillo de las series formales. El conjunto de}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todas las series formales sin t}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ermino independiente es el ideal generado}\par\pard\li1973
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {x}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Dicho ideal es el }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{unico ideal maximal y por lo tanto el anillo es}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {local.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
mult0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ampliaciones de cuerpos}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\s
ex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos cuerp
os. Decimos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
es un subcuerpo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {o tambi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {es una ampliaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
ex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y de}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sectd
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scalex100 {\uc1\u8730X}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \*\tx2453\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2) es una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {es un cuerpo y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {un polinomio irreducible, el cuerpo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una}\par\pard
\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {on de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\
\*\tx2466\*\tx4333\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
k}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un cuerpo y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{E}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el cuerpo de cocientes del anillo de polinom
ios.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el cuerpo de fracciones algebraicas.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {on de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\pa
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Generalizar el ejemplo anterior a los anillos de polin
omios en varias}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
variables.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \*\tx2426\*\tx2666\*\tx2960\*\tx3253\*\tx5440\*\tx5693\*\tx8346\*\tx
8573\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\tab \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on y sea}\tab \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un anillo que contie

ne a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y que}\
par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {e contenido en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {. Si la dimensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {L}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u64257Xnita, entonces necesar
ia-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mente es un
cuerpo. Si esta dimensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es in\uc1\u64257Xnita, pue
de ocurrir que}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no sea un cuerpo (ejemplo de los polinomios cont
enidos en su cuerpo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {de fracciones).}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx4026\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {L}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son dos extensiones, entonces la extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\*\tx5906\*\tx6426\*\tx7293\*\tx7840\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es de grado \uc
1\u64257Xnito si y solo si tanto}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}\tab \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {como}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {son de grado}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u64257Xnito. Adem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as se cumple la f}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {ormula}\par\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li4440\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {] = [}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {][}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {L}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {]}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si [}\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {] es un n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero
primo, entonces no existe ning}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un subcuerpo en}\par\p
ard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {que contenga a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea [}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {] de grado \uc1\u64257Xnito y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u945X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {E}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo}\par\pard\li4733\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4733\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx5373\*\tx6093\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722
X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \*\tx5373\*\tx5960\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no puede ser inyectivo y por lo tanto tiene n}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo. El generador del}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-306\slmu
lt0 \*\tx5840\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ucleo de e
ste mor\uc1\u64257Xsmo se denota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs16\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y se llama polinomio m\
uc1\u305Xmimo de}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx5506\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Resulta de la de\uc1\u64257Xn
ici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs16\cf0

\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el polinomio d
e menor grado que}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx6386\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {tiene como raiz a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {. Las otras raices de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se llaman conj
ugadas de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
t0 \*\tx5986\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aplicar el ejemplo anterior a la extensi}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {\uc1\u8730X}\ul0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {R}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y al elemento}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5746\cols
r-0\colno2\colw5346\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5053\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Hacer lo mismo con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2) y}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghs
xn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La intersecci}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {on de subcuerpos es de nuevo un subcuerpo. Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on y}{ }\fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un subconjunto de}{ }\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, el menor subcuerpo qu
e contiene a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y a
}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {se denota}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) y es una
extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Los elementos de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{) se pueden}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
cribir como fracciones algebraicas, donde las variables han sido sustituidas}\pa
r\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5546\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por elemen
tos de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Decimos qu
e}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u64257Xn
itamente generada si existe un}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16

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alex100 {conjunto \uc1\u64257Xnito}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . . ,
a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\}}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {tal que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\f

s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).. Si conocemos el conj
unto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u64257
Xnito normalmente denotamos a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) como}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, .
. . , a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Debe
mos de tener}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en
cuenta que el conjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {en general no es }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx6880\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el conjunto est}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a formado por un solo elemento}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, el cuerpo se denota}\par\pard\li1386\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) y decimos
que es una extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on simple de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
945X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el elemento primitivo}\par\pard\li1386\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {on y en general no ser}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {unico.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3173\*\tx3440\*\tx3720\*\t
x4013\*\tx5733\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un elemento}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u945X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {E}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es algebraico si}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u945X}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) es una extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {on de grado}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u64257Xnito. Si por el contrario la extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on e
s de grado in\uc1\u64257Xnito, el elemento se lla-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ma transcendente. Obs}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {ervese que los elementos algegraicos tienen polinomio}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m\uc1\u305Xnimo y sin embargo los trans
cendentes no lo tienen.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es de grado \uc1\u64257Xnito, entonces es \u
c1\u64257Xnitogenerada.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2973\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es algebraico, la imagen
del anillo de polinomios por el mor-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u64257Xsmo de evaluaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}
\par\pard\li4733\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx5373\*\tx6093\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8594X}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5373\*\tx5960\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X\uc1\u8
594X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\
sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coincide con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El cuerpo de fraccione
s algebraicas en una variable sobre un cuerpo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\
par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es \uc1\u64257Xni
togenerado. En efecto,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {genera dicho cuerpo, de ah\uc1\u305X la notaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
on}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) c
omunmente empleada para denotar a dicho cuerpo. Como dicha}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\

sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {notaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on
coincide con la empleada para el anillo de polinomios, debemos}\par\pard\li1973\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prestar atenci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {on y diferenciar por el contexto el conjunto al que nos}\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {referimos.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Utilizando argumentos sobre cardinalidad probar que}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Subset}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {R}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede ser \uc1\u64257Xnitamente generada.
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S}{\super \fs16\
up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es otro subconjunto, en
tonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {S}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {S
}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {K}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {S}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8746X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {S}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Utilizar inductivamente el resultado anterior para d
emostrar que si}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, . . . , a}{
\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son algebraicos
sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, .
. . , a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una
exten-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {on de grado \uc1\u64257Xnito sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
el conjunto de todos los elementos alge-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {braicos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un c
uerpo que contiene a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Una ampliaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se dice que es algebraic
a si todo elemento de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {es}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebra
ico sobre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es de grado \uc1\u64257X
nito, entonces es algebraica,}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {sin embargo el rec\uc1\u305Xproco no es cierto.}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpag
e

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*\tx3093\*\tx3920\*\tx4213\*\tx8613\*\tx8986\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Sea}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el conjunto de n}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {umeros algebraicos sobr}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\par\pard\li1973\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5386\*\tx5666\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a contenido estrictamente en}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y no puede ser de grado \uc1\u64257Xnito la}\par\
pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Q}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Veamos ahora algunos resultados referentes a las raices
de polinomios,}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
En general, sabemos que dado un polinomio}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes en}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, alguna}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \*\tx3053\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de las raices de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no est}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an e
n}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, sino en una ext
ensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {. Recordemos a}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {este respecto el teorema de Kronecker:}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dado un polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sobre un cuerpo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, existe una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {on}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, de gra
do}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u64257Xn
ito, donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene
al menos una raiz.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aplicando inductivamente el teo
rema de Kronecker se demuestra que}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx4386
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {existe una extensi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de grado \uc1\u64

257Xnito, donde}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
se descompone en fac-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {tores lineales.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2506\*\tx2800\*\tx3080\*\tx5480\*\tx6200\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {es una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {k}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se descompone en factores}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \*\tx4826\*\tx5093\*\tx5386\*\tx5680\*\tx6400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {lineales, al m\uc1\u305Xnimo cuerpo}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {se descompone en facto-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {res lineales se le llama cuerpo de descomposici}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {. En virtud del}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {teorema de Kronecker, todo polinomio tiene al menos un cuerpo de}\par
\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {descomposici}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {on.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostrar que si}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {L}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {L}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
son dos cuerpos de descomposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on (en princi-}\par\p
ard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pio obtenidos de difer
entes extensiones) entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son isomorfos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como cuerpos. En este sentido, el cuerpo de
descomposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on es }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico.
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {un n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero primo y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
umero natural. Consideramos el poli-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {nomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
sobre el cuerpo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El cuerpo de descomposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{on de este}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4520\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {polinomio se denota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {F}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {p}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y es un
cuerpo con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-480\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {es un cuerpo con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs16
\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos, entonces es
una extensi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z}\
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs24\up0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}\par\par
d\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aplicando teor\uc1\u305Xa
de grupos \uc1\u64257Xnitos, todos los elementos de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son raices}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \*\tx3826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y este polinoimio descompone en factores linea-}\p
ar\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {les. En ning}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un subcuerpo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {este polinomio descompone en factores}\par\pard\li1973\ri0

\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lineales. As\uc1\u305X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {E}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el cuerpo de descomposici}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de un polinomio e iso-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\
slmult0 \*\tx8813\*\tx9040\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {morfo entonces a}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {F}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Concluimos que para cada n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {umero primo}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {y}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cada n}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero natural}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, existe un }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico cuerpo con}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elementos.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Polinomios enteros y racionales}\par\pard\li1746\ri
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dado un polinomio}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes racionales, multipl
icando por los}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d
ivisores de los coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes, obtenemos un m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ultiplo del polinomio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {que tie-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ne todos los coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes enteros. Las raices de ambos polinomios son
las}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
7;32768}}
alex100 {mismas. Para el estudio de las raices podemos suponer que los polinomio
s}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx6533\*\tx6746\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {tienen coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes enteros. De ahora en adelante}\tab \fs22\cf0\f

0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {designar}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {a un polinomio}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes enteros.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2280\*\tx2546\*\tx4933\*\tx6213
\*\tx6480\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9
45X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una raiz entera de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u945X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un divisor del t}\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {ermino}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {independiente.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u945X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una raiz de}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces los n}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {umeros}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1)}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u945X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {1) y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(
1)}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 1)}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son enteros.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-2
00 {Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un po
linomio cuyo t}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ermino de mayor grado es 1. Si}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/b}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una}\par\pard\li19
73\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {raiz de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {p}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces necesariamente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a/b}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {umero entero.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li197
3\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx2413\*\tx2626\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+
}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { }{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs
14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un polinomio con coe\uc1\u64257
Xcientes enteros.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2413\*\tx2840\*\tx601
3\*\tx6226\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a/b}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una raiz irreducible. Entonces}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un divisor del t}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {ermino in-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {dependiente (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un divisor del t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {erm
ino de mayor grado (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\sup
er \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Multiplicand
o dicho polinomio por (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{n}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\p
ard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenemos un nuevo pol
inomio con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes enteros. Si hacemos el}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl
-306\slmult0 \*\tx8613\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cambio de variable}{ }\fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscale

x100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se tiene un polinomio en la variable}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes enteros y cuyo coe\u
c1\u64257Xciente de mayor grado es 1.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un polinomio}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con coe\uc1\u642
57Xcientes enteros es primitivo si el m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aximo com}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {divisor de todos sus coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes es 1. Esto es lo mismo qu
e decir que no se}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{puede sacar factor com}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un de los coe\uc1\u64257Xcie
ntes del polinomio.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Si nos dan un polinomio con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes racionales, lo multiplica
mos por}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los divi
sores de los coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes. El resultado es un polinomio con coe\uc1\u6
4257Xcientes}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ent
eros. A dicho polinomio le sacamos factor com}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un el m
ayor n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero que}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {podamos. Hemos obtenido un polinomio primitivo.}\par
tx2266\*\tx2493\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un polinomio con coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes rac
ionales, existe un polinomio}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {primitivo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u966X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {que cumple}\par\pard\li5653\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {a}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\ma
rgrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5666\colsr-0\colno2\colw133\colsr-0\colno3\colw5293\p
ard\li5200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{b}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u966
X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\p
ard\li1973\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dicho polinomio es }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unico salvo el signo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lema
de Gauss}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El producto de dos polinomios primitivo
s es un po-}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lino
mio primitivo.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un polinomio con coe\uc1\u64257Xcien
tes enteros que sea irreducible sobre el anillo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los enteros, es tambi}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {en irreducible sobre el cuerpo de los racionales.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por lo tanto para estudiar la irreducibili
dad podemos suponer que los}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes son enteros.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

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alex100 {Criterio de Einsentein}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dado un polinomio
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. . . a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs16\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {con}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c
oe\uc1\u64257Xcientes enteros, si existe un n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {umero p
rimo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cumpla:
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a) El t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ermino de mayor
grado}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no es divisible entre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}
harscalex100 {b) Todos los dem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as t}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {erminos son divisibles entre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {c) El t}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ermino independiente es divisible por}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pero no lo es ent
re}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1973\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx2986\*\tx3200\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ento
nces}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es irre
ducible sobre el anillo de los enteros. El criterio de}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Eisenstein es una condici}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {on su\uc1\u64257Xciente pero no necesaria.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li138
6\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs36\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Simplicidad de los anillos de m
atrices}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un anillo no conmutativo es simple si carec
e de ideales bil}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ateros no tri-}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {viales. Dado un cuerpo}{ }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {k}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consideramos el anillo}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de las matrices cuadrad
as}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de orden}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Probaremos que este a
nillo es simple.}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Sea}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el subconjunto de matrices que tienen nulos todos los coe
\uc1\u64257Xcientes}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx5213\*\tx7040\fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que no se encuentran en la columna}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {k}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. An}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alogamen

te}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {F}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}}\fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el subconjunto}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de las matrices que tienen nulos todos los elementos, s
alvo, posiblemente, los}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {de la \uc1\u64257Xla}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\
sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un ideal por l
a izquierda. De este modo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \
fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0
alex100 {F}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es u
n ideal por la derecha.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx2413\*\tx5386\*
\tx8493\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sea}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ij}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la matriz de coe\uc1
\u64257Xcientes}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {ij}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u948X
}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ij}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Dada una ma
triz}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el pro-}\
par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2653\*\tx3440\*\tx5093\*\tx5266\*\tx5960
\*\tx6173\*\tx7560\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ducto}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {E}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ij}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene como \uc1\u6425
7Xla}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la \uc1
\u64257Xla}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {j}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d
e la matriz}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, sie
ndo nulos}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todos
los dem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as t}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {erminos.}\par
tx7066\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {k}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {E}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ij}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}{
}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene en la posic
i}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ik}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {el elemento}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {jk}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {matriz}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, y todos los dem}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as elem
entos son nulos.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1973\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2266\*\tx2546\*\tx5306\*\tx8053\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Si}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una
matriz no nula de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {k}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y que adem}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {as c
umpla}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jk}}\
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0, y}\par\pard\li1973
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
k}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una matriz arbitraria, entonces}\par\pard\li46
00\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n}\par\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-173\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8721X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4866\colsr-0\colno
2\colw6226\pard\li4520\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4520\ri0\sl-186\s
lmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {i}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=1}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {ik}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
jk}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ij}{\super \fs24\up0\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale

x100 {C}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si una matriz no
nula}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712
X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {pertenece a un ideal por la izquierda}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\sub \fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {k}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8834X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {I}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-453\slmul
t0 \*\tx4320\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Del mismo modo si}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {A}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8712X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {F}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {perten
ece a un ideal por la derecha, todo}\par\pard\li1973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {el conjunto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {F}{\sub \fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {k}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pertenece a ese ideal.}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Concluir que el anillo de matrices es simple.}\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd
\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn440
\cols2\colno1\colw5626\colsr-0\colno2\colw5466\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
360\ri0\sl-693\slmult0 \fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I
ndice alfab}\fs50\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {etico}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
00 {}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebraicame
nte}\par\pard\li1786\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cerrados, 71
}\par\pard\li1786\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {independientes,
41}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebraico,
35}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algoritmo de
Euclides, 39}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amp
liaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, 84}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anillo, 1}\par\pard\li1760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u305Xntegramente cerrado, 71}\par\pard\li1760\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u305Xntegro, 6}\par\pard\li1786\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cero, 1}\par\pard\li1786\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cociente, 19}\par\pard\li1786\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con divisi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, 5}\par\pard
\li1786\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con unidad, 1}\par\pard\l
i1786\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conmutativo, 1}\par\pard\li
1786\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de Boole, 15, 83}\par\pard\l
i1786\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de fracciones, 54}\par\pard
\li1786\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de Kummer, 13}\par\pard\l
i1786\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de series formales, 41}\par
\pard\li1786\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eucl\uc1\u305Xdeo, 38
, 42}\par\pard\li1786\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {isomorfo, 9
}\par\pard\li1786\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {local, 56, 84}\
par\pard\li1786\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {noetheriano, 49}\
par\pard\li1786\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reducido, 30}\par
\pard\li1786\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {simple, 89}\par\pard
\li1786\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {trivial, 1}\par\pard\li13
86\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {anulador de una elemento, 23}\
par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {automor\uc1\u6425
7Xsmo, 9}\par\pard\li1786\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de Frob

enius, 79}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-2
40\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {binomio de Newton, 13}\par\pard\li1386\ri
calex100 {caracter\uc1\u305Xstica, 14}\par\pard\li1786\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {nula, 10}\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li5160\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {90}\par\column\pard\l
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {caracter\uc1\u305Xstica de un ani
llo, 10}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {categor\uc1\
u305Xa, 80}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {centro d
e un anillo, 7}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cero
s de un conjunto, 60}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{clausura \uc1\u305Xntegra, 71}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {cociente, 36, 38}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {coe\uc1\u64257Xcientes, 34}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {compacti\uc1\u64257Xcaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on de Ston
e-Cech, 59}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {congruen
cia, 19}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conjugado d
e un cuaterni}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, 12}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conmutador, 24}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {criterio de Einsentein, 89}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuaterniones, 12}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuerpo, 5}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de descomposici}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on, 87}\par\p
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a I. Basic Notions of}\par\pard\li1866\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
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s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Topics in Ring Theory}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. W.
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ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Abstract Algebra}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Wm
. C Brown Publishers.}\par\pard\li1506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
506\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx3773\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[5] David M. Burton.
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0\charscalex100 {. Addison-Weslay,}\par\pard\li1866\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
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li1506\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5746\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[6] S. Xambo F. D
elgado, C. Fuertes.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Introducci}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {on al }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra. Anillos,}\par\pard\li1866\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Factorizaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {on y Teor\uc1\u305Xa de Cuerpos}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Universidad d
e Valladolid.}\par\pard\li1506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1506\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx4480\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[7] Thomas W. Hungerford.}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Springer-Ve

rlag, 1974.}\par\pard\li1506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1506\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \*\tx2960\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[8] F. Kasch.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Modules and Rings}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. London Mathemat
ical Society, 1982.}\par\pard\li1506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li150
6\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[9] J. T. Kinght.}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Commutative Algebra}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Cambridge Un
iversity Press, 1971.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3546\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[10] A. I. Kostrikin
.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Introducci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on al A
lgebra}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Ediciones Mir, 1983.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\s
\charscalex100 {[11] Serge Lang.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Addison-Wesley.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5226\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[1
2] I. G. Macdonald M. F. Atiyah.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Introducci}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {on al Algebra}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Editorial Re
-}\par\pard\li1866\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {verte, 1980.}\
\*\tx4386\*\tx6906\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[13] Hedeyuki Matsamura.}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Commutative Algebra}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Benjamin Cummings,}\par\pard\li1866\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1980.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5026\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[14] D
aniel Hern}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {andez Ruiperez.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Algebra Lineal y Geometr\uc1\u305Xa}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Edicione
s}\par\pard\li1866\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Universidad de
Salamanca, 1987.}\par\pard\li1386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1386\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx4933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[15] E. F. Robertson T.
S. Blyth.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Abstract Algebra}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {. Champman And Hall.}\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
\cf0\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {93}\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbkpage

alex100 {[16] B. L. van der Waerden.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra (Vol
ume I)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Frederick Ungar Publisihing.}\par\pard\li13
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[17] Steven H. Weintraub William A. Adkins.}\tab \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra. An Approach via}\par\pard\li1866\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Module Theory}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Spring
er-Verlar, 1992.}\par}

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