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When the center of the gravity is maintained directly above the base of support, weight is balanced and stability can be maintained with the least amount of effort.
Basic Principles
Basic Principles
A person or an object is more stable when the center of gravity is close to the base of support.
Basic Principles
Enlarging the base of support in the direction of the force to be applied increases the amount of effort that can be applied.
Basic Principles
Forming an internal girdle , by tightening the abdominal muscles upward and the gluteal muscles downward, decreases the chance of experiencing a muscle or ligament strain or injury when lifting.
Basic Principles
Turning an entire body on a plane in the direction of the task to be performed reduces spinal torsion.
Basic Principles
Objects can be moved more easily on a flat surface than on a surface that is slanted or inclined against the pull of gravity.
Basic Principles
Lifting is easier and less tiring when the larger leg muscles rather than smaller back muscles are used.
Basic Principles
Friction between an object and the surface on which it rests should be minimized to facilitate motion.
Basic Principles
Less energy is expended when holding an object close to the body than at a distance; in this way an object is also easier to move.
Basic Principles
The body s weight should be used to assist in lifting and moving objects.
Basic Principles
Moderate speed using smooth, rhythmical movements, requires less energy than rapid, jerky, uncoordinated movements.
Basic Principles
When an object is pushed, soft objects (like body parts) absorb part of the force being exerted, thereby reducing the force applied and increasing the energy expended. However, when an object is pulled, all the force exerted is employed in moving the object.
Normal Mobility
Nursing activities such as lifting, transferring, positioning, ambulating, bending, standing, lying, sitting, and performing activities of daily living all require an understanding of proper body mechanics.
Normal Mobility
Body mechanics is the coordinated effort of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems to perform critical functions. It is related to body alignment, balance and coordinated movement when moving, lifting and bending.
Normal Mobility
Normal Mobility
The musculoskeletal system and nervous system function to maintain proper body alignment, posture, balance, and coordinated movement.
Normal Mobility
Assessing Mobility
Assessing mobility provides an opportunity to determine the patient s coordination and balance while walking and performing daily activities, and can indicate his or her ability to participate in an exercise program.
Assessing Mobility
Body Alignment
Assessment of the patient s body alignment can be performed with the patient sitting, lying, or standing.
Body Alignment
normal physiological change associated with growth and development. y Identifying alignment difficulties associated with poor posture. y Assessing patient knowledge regarding posture, identifying knowledge deficits, and determining learning needs. y Identifying the presence of factors affecting alignment.
Body Alignment
The head is erect and midline. The shoulder and hips are straight and parallel The vertebral column is straight. When observed laterally, the spine curves forming a reversed S . The abdomen is tucked in and the knees and ankles are slightly flexed. The arms hang comfortably at the person s sides. The feet are slightly apart to form a wide base of support, with the toes pointed forward. The center of gravity is midline from the middle of the forehead to a midpoint between the feet.
Body Alignment
straight. Body weight is evenly distributed on the buttocks and thighs. The feet are supported on the floor or a footstool. There is a 2 to 4 cm space between the edge of the chair and the popliteal space on the posterior surface of the knee. The forearms are supported on the armrests, in the lap, or on a table in front of the chair. Avoid using pillows at the back since they might interfere with proper alignment.
Body Alignment
curves. The joint are slightly flexed and supported. There should be support at the feet to prevent plantar flexion, commonly referred to as footdrop. Supports are provided along the thigh and ankles to prevent external hip rotation. A low pillow is placed under the head to prevent neck extension.
Body Alignment
back and hold the patient in position. y Bring the underlying arm forward, flex it, and rest it on a pillow in front of the body. y The top leg should be flexed and brought slightly forward for balance. y Support feet to prevent plantar flexion.
Body Alignment
When positioning patients in any position, a handroll should be placed in the patient s hand with the fingers and thumb flexed around the handroll, keeping the hands in a functional position.
Body Alignment
Many patients can automatically position themselves; however, they might not position themselves in the manner that promotes proper body alignment.
Damage to any part of the musculoskeletal system or nervous system increases the risk to body alignment: joint mobility may become impaired as well.
affecting efficiency of the musculoskeletal system, as well as affecting alignment, balance and appearance. y Mechanics affecting bone formation:
Modeling Remodeling Repairing
inflammation, degeneration, or articular disrupt y Impaired muscle development affecting body alignment, balance and mobility.
voluntary movement. y Musculoskeletal system trauma resulting in bruises, contusions, sprains and fractures.
Quiz
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Give the two methods in lifting. Cite one reason why we need to learn proper body mechanics? ___________ The point at which the mass of a body or object is centered; when weight on all sides is equal. __________________Area on which an object rests and that provides support for the object. What are these two forces that add resistance to many activities like lifting, reaching, pushing, pulling, and carrying an object. Cite at least two principles of body mechanics. Which is easier to push or to pull? ____________ is commonly referred to as footdrop. What should be placed in the patient s hand with the fingers and thumb flexed around keeping the hands in a functional position. Cite at least two nursing guidelines in moving and positioning patients. TRUE OR FALSE. Damage to any part of the musculoskeletal system or nervous system increases the risk to body alignment: joint mobility may become impaired as well.