POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

S.T.U.USMANI SENIOR ENGINEER POWERGRID

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Power Line Carrier Communication

The method involves superposition of radio frequency channel on a power circuit without interference of / or from power system

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

PLCC Equipment
Transmits and receives simultaneously speech and multiplexed teleoperation and teleprotection signals in SSB technique over high voltage lines

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Advantages
Economical Reliable Lower attenuation over long distances Convenient maintenance at line terminals

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Frequency Range

Operates over band of frequencies between 30 Khz and 500 Khz.

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Reasons for low Frequency Limit of 30 Khz Harmonics, switching & lightning surges and corona presents components in the frequency band between 100 hz and 30kHz Signal to noise ratio will be quite poor. Very difficult to separate power frequency and radio frequency components (mv) Cost of coupling equipment is high

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Reasons for high frequency limit of 500 Khz

Above 500Khz, The radiation losses are very high. Interference to and from other services increases

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Mode of Operation Mode of Operation

On-off mode (Used to block tripping in an unfaulted line Section) Frequency Shift Mode (Used for either blocking or transferring tripping) Sing Side Band Mode(Functions combined on a SSB Channel, Audio Tones are used to modulate the carrier

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Modulation

Process whereby the amplitude or frequency or phase of a carrier wave is varied as a function of the instantaneous value of another wave.

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Amplitude Modulation

The Amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the signal.

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Amplitude Modulation AM Waveform

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Advantages of Single Side Band

More Carrier channels can be accommodated in any given frequency range Better signal to noise ratio Greater selectivity permitting closer channel spacing.

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Frequency Modulation
The instantaneous frequency of the carrier wave is varied as a function of the instantaneous value of the modulation signal.

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Frequency Shift
Frequency Modulation by a square wave modulating signal. This method is extensively used in the system of pulse transmission employed in the teleprinting, telemetering, Line protection, Supervisory control, etc.

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Signal to Noise Ratio

Ratio of single power to total noise power at any point. Ratio above 10db is considered satisfactory for frequency shift operation.

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Attenuation
Propagation loss and increases in the propagation length of the line. Ratio between the voltages, currents or power at any two points is a measure of the attenuation between these two points.

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Attenuation of Line for Carrier Signal Depends on:

Phase to Phase Clearance Phase to ground clearance Humidity of Air Carrier Frequency

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Characteristic Impedance

Ratio of applied voltage to the resulting current, flowing into the line.

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Matched Line Matched Line

For maximum power transfer the line should be terminated with a resistive load equal to its characteristics impedance when all the energy from the line is absorbed by the load If the terminated load is not equal to the characteristic impedance part of the energy traveling down the line will be reflected back.

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Major Carrier Components

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

PLCC System

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Methods of Coupling
Phase to Ground Phase to Phase for carrier by-passing Phase to Phase (Inter Phase) Phase to Phase (Inter Circuit) Three Phase Insulated earth wire coupling Intra-bundle coupling

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Phase to Ground Coupling

Radiation losses are high as earth forms part of the circuit Noise pick-up is higher Increased cross talk Used for smaller line sections. Used where noise level is low. Most economical

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Phase to Ground Coupling Carrier By-Pass

Disadvantage Grounding or opening the coupled phase wire at the end of the lined section will cause mark reduction in signal level. Use of outside phase wire for ground coupling results higher attenuation in long lines.

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Circuit Breakers
Bus Line Trap

Coupling Capacitors Single Conductors Insulated Cables L Line Tuner

Typical Short Bypass carrier

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Phase to Phase Coupling

Advantage
Higher Dependability Lower line attenuation Less Radiation Suitable for long lines where carrier protection is involved

Disadvantage
Initially Expensive

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Phase to Phase Coupling Inter Circuit Coupling

Possible only when both circuits are strung on same structure

Advantage
One Circuit can be taken out of service and grounded

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Three Phase Coupling

Advantage
Additional Redundancy Better performance during system distributions Ideal for long series compensated EVH line.
Disadvantage

Initially Expensive

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

ZT ZB ZL

Notes: ZB=BUS INPEDANCE INCLUDING ADJECENT ANGLES LT (LINE TUNER) ZT=LINE TRAP IMPEDANCE ZL=LINE SURGE IMPEDANCE T
ZT

R (Transmitter Receiver)

ZB

SHUNT LOAD PATH

ZL
TRANSMITTER

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

System Losses
RF hybrid loss Coupling loss (Line Tuner loss + Coupling Capacitor loss) Shunt loss caused by carrier power flowing back through the line trap and station bus and ground Transposition loss

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

RF Hybrid Loss

Inherent dissipation of signal power (3.5 db) Also small transformer loss and a mismatch loss

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Coupling Loss
Caused by resistive component of line tuner and coupling capacitor impedances ( 3 dB)

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Shunt Loss
Carrier loss through the line trap impedance and any shunt path to ground (3 dB)

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Carrier losses for the system

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Wave Trap:Provided in the Coupled Conductor

Propose
Offers high impedance to carrier signal Offers nil impedance to power frequency To minimize loss of carrier energy To minimize mutual interference between adjacent line sections

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Wave Trap Types

Single-frequency Traps Double-frequency Traps Broad-band Traps

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Wave Trap
(Double frequency resonant type)

C1 Tuning capacitor LA- Vacuum type arrester

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Drain Coil
Mounted in the base of coupling capacitor Provides low-impedance path for power frequency current and high-impedance for carrier frequency signal Carrier loss introduced by drain coil is <0.5db

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Coupling Capacitor
Purpose
Coupling carrier Equipment to EHV line Offers high impedance at power frequency Offers very low impedance for high frequency

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Coupling Capacitor: Provided with the coupled Phase

Caution
One end of the coupling capacitor must be securely earthed to prevent over voltage up to the magnitude of the operating voltage on the equipment side of the capacitor. Capacitor voltage transformer used for measurement of voltage are used for carrier coupling.

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Line Matching Unit

To match the carrier equipment output impedance and the overhead line impedance with a view to ensure maximum power transfer from carrier equipment to the line.

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Line Matching Unit

Ensures maximum power transfer from the carrier set to the line. Provides an impedance match with low losses between the coaxial cable and the transmission line

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Power Line Tuning Coils Coaxial Cable

f L f H f L C

(CC)
S

Coupling Capacitor

Drain coil, etc.

Trap Circuit Protective Unit

Double Frequency Tuner for one Coaxial Cable

TUNING COILS
T2 F1 F1 F2

POWER LINE

CC

COUPLING CAPACITOR

C S

T2 F2

F2

F1

Trap Circuits

Protective Unit

Double Frequency Tuner for two Coaxial Cables

Frequency Response Curves of Line Tuners

f Single frequency Resonant line tuner

Twoffrequency Resonant line tuner

3rd order 2nd order f Wide band line-tuner Band pass type

f Wide band line Tuner high pass type

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Coaxial Cable
Low loss concentric cable to connect the line matching unit and carrier transmitter receiver assembly Generally grounded at terminal equipment end.

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Protective Device
Consists of drainage coil, arresters, grounding switch. Provides protection of carrier equipment & personnel against undesirable high voltage Drainage coil connected between carrier current lead and ground to present low impedance path to ground only to power frequency current passed by the coupling capacitor. Drainage coil prevents loss of carrier frequency energy

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Teleprotection
Teleprotection required for high speed relaying which is facilitated by: Comparing fault conditions at line terminal High speed simultaneous clearing of faults from both ends of the faulty section Blocking unwarranted isolation in the event of fault in the line section.

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Teleprotection
Phase Comparison Scheme
Carrier is employed to compare the phase relation between current entering one terminal of a transmission line section and leaving another

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Teleprotection
Trip Transfer Scheme
With the initiation of tripping of a line at one end, a signal is sent out over the carrier simultaneously to the other end and cause remote end beaker also to trip.

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Teleprotection
Directional Comparison Scheme
A Blocking signal is sent out in the opposite direction of fault to prevent tripping of the remote end circuit breaker which is also sensing the fault.

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Teleprotection
High Speed Relying Provides
Improved transient stability of the system Reduced line damage & possible melting of conductor Minimum outage time with the help of high speed autoreclosing

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Teleprotection
Criteria for Selection of Teleprotection
Reliability Security Transmission Time Information signal should be of sufficient strength to overcome any line disturbance

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Possible utilisation of carrier channel with 4kHz. gross bandwidth

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Modulation Scheme

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Transmitter of Protection signaling equipment

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Utilisation of Audio Frequency Band

F1

F2

A typical tone channel

Fc-60 Fc-30 Fc Fc+30 Fc+60

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Receiver of Protection signaling equipment

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