Use of StatIstIcal Tools

Studgtng thts chopter shoutd

enobte gou to:
-Le ]ont|tor utth steps tn
destgntng o pro]ect;
-opp|g uortous stottsttco| too|s tn
ono|gstng o proL|en.
I NTRODUCTION
You Iave sIudied abouI IIe various
sIaIisIicaI IooIs. TIese IooIs are
imporIanI Ior us in daiIy IiIe and are
used in IIe anaIysis oI daIa perIaining
Io economic acIiviIies sucI as
producIion, consumpIion, disIribuIion,
banking and insurance, Irade,
IransporI, eIc. In IIis cIapIer, you wiII
Iearn IIe meIIod oI deveIoping a
pro|ecI. TIis wiII IeIp in undersIanding
Iow sIaIisIicaI IooIs and meIIods can
be used Ior various Iypes oI anaIysis.
For exampIe, you may Iave Io coIIecI
inIormaIion abouI a producI Irom IIe
consumer or abouI a new producI or
service Io be IauncIed in IIe markeI by
IIe producer or anaIyse IIe spread oI
inIormaIion IecInoIogy in scIooIs and
so on. DeveIoping a pro|ecI by
conducIing a survey and preparing a
reporI wiII IeIp in anaIysing reIevanI
inIormaIion and suggesIing
improvemenIs in a producI or sysIem.
Steps Towards MakIng a Pro]ect
Identt]gtng o proL|en or on oreo o]
studg
AI IIe ouIseI, you sIouId be cIear abouI
wIaI you wanI Io sIudy. On IIe basis
122STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS
oI your ob|ecIive, you wiII proceed wiII
IIe coIIecIion and processing oI IIe
daIa. For exampIe, producIion or saIe
oI a producI Iike car, mobiIe pIone,
sIoe poIisI, baIIing soap or a
deIergenI, may be an area oI inIeresI Io
you. You may Iike Io address cerIain
waIer or eIecIriciIy probIems reIaIing Io
IouseIoIds oI a parIicuIar area. You
may Iike Io sIudy abouI consumer
awareness among IouseIoIds, i.e.,
awareness abouI rigIIs oI consumers.
Chotce o] Torget Croup
TIe cIoice or idenIiIicaIion oI IIe IargeI
group is imporIanI Ior Iraming
appropriaIe quesIions Ior your
quesIionnaire. II your pro|ecI reIaIes Io
cars, IIen your IargeI group wiII mainIy
be IIe middIe income and IIe IigIer
income groups. For IIe pro|ecI sIudies
reIaIing Io consumer producIs Iike
soap, you wiII IargeI aII ruraI and urban
consumers. For IIe avaiIabiIiIy oI saIe
drinking waIer your IargeI group can
be boII urban and ruraI popuIaIion.
TIereIore, IIe cIoice oI IargeI groups,
Io idenIiIy IIose persons on wIom you
Iocus your aIIenIion, is very imporIanI
wIiIe preparing IIe pro|ecI reporI.
Co||ectton o] Doto
TIe ob|ecIive oI IIe survey wiII IeIp you
Io deIermine wIeIIer IIe daIa
coIIecIion sIouId be underIaken by
using primary meIIod, secondary
meIIod or boII IIe meIIods. As you
Iave read in CIapIer 2, a IirsI Iand
coIIecIion oI daIa by using primary
meIIod can be done by using a
quesIionnaire or an inIerview scIeduIe,
wIicI may be obIained by personaI
inIerviews, maiIing/posIaI surveys,
pIone, emaiI, eIc. PosIaI quesIionnaire
musI Iave a covering IeIIer giving
deIaiIs abouI IIe purpose oI inquiry.
Your ob|ecIive wiII be Io deIermine IIe
size and cIaracIerisIics oI your IargeI
group. For exampIe, in a survey
perIaining Io IIe primary and
secondary IeveI IemaIe IiIeracy or
consumpIion oI a parIicuIar brand or
soap, you wiII Iave Io go Io eacI and
every IamiIy or IouseIoId Io coIIecI IIe
inIormaIion.
Secondary daIa wiII provide
inIormaIion IIrougI pubIisIed or
unpubIisIed sources (inIernaI record
oI any organisaIion), provided iI suiIs
your requiremenI. Secondary sources
oI daIa are usuaIIy used wIen IIere is
pauciIy oI Iime, money and manpower
resources and IIe inIormaIion is easiIy
avaiIabIe. II sampIing is used in your
meIIod oI daIa coIIecIion, IIen IIe care
Ias Io be Iaken abouI IIe suiIabiIiIy oI
IIe meIIod oI sampIing.
Orgontsotton ond Presentotton o] Doto
AIIer coIIecIing IIe daIa, you need Io
process IIe inIormaIion so received, by
organising and presenIing wiII IIe IeIp
oI IabuIaIion and suiIabIe diagrams,
e.g. bar diagrams, pie diagrams, eIc.
abouI wIicI you Iave sIudied in
cIapIer and 4.
Ano|gsts ond Interpretotton
Measures oI CenIraI Tendency (e.g.
mean), Measures oI Dispersion (e.g.
USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS12
SIandard deviaIion), and CorreIaIion
wiII enabIe you Io caIcuIaIe IIe average,
variabiIiIy and reIaIionsIip, iI iI exisIs
among IIe variabIes. You Iave acquired
IIe knowIedge reIaIed Io above-
menIioned measures in cIapIers 5, 6
and 7.
Conc|uston
TIe IasI sIep wiII be Io draw meaningIuI
concIusions aIIer AnaIysing and
InIerpreIing IIe resuIIs. II possibIe you
musI Iry Io predicI IIe future
prospects and suggesIions reIaIing Io
growII and governmenI poIicies, eIc. on
IIe basis oI IIe inIormaIion coIIecIed.
RtL|togrophg
In IIis secIion, you need Io menIion IIe
deIaiIs oI aII IIe secondary sources, i.e.,
magazines, newspapers, researcI
reporIs used Ior deveIoping IIe pro|ecI.
SUGGESTED L IST OF P ROJECTS
TIese are a Iew suggesIed pro|ecIs. You
are Iree Io cIoose any Iopic IIaI deaIs
wiII an economic issue.
1.Consider yourseII as an advisor Io
TransporI MinisIer wIo aims Io
bring abouI a beIIer and
coordinaIed sysIem oI
IransporIaIion. Prepare a pro|ecI
reporI.
2.You may be working in a viIIage
coIIage indusIry. II couId be a uniI
manuIacIuring dhoop, ogorLottt,
candIes, |uIe producIs, eIc. You
wanI Io sIarI a new uniI oI your
own. Prepare a pro|ecI proposaI Ior
geIIing a bank Ioan.
.Suppose you are a markeIing
manager in a company and recenIIy
you Iave puI up adverIisemenIs
abouI your consumer producI.
Prepare a reporI on IIe eIIecI oI
adverIisemenIs on IIe saIe oI your
producI.
4.You are a DisIricI EducaIion OIIicer,
wIo wanIs Io assess IIe IiIeracy
IeveIs and IIe reasons Ior dropping
ouI oI scIooI cIiIdren. Prepare a
reporI.
5.Suppose you are a VigiIance OIIicer
oI an area and you receive
compIainIs abouI overcIarging oI
goods by Iraders i.e., cIarging a
IigIer price IIan IIe Maximum
ReIaiI Price (MRP). VisiI a Iew sIops
and prepare a reporI on IIe
compIainI.
6.Consider yourseII Io be a MukIiya
(Iead oI Cram PancIayaI) oI a
parIicuIar viIIage wIo wanIs Io
improve ameniIies Iike saIe
drinking waIer Io your peopIe.
Address your issues in a reporI
Iorm.
7.As a represenIaIive oI a IocaI
governmenI, you wanI Io assess IIe
parIicipaIion oI women in various
empIoymenI scIemes in your area.
Prepare a pro|ecI reporI.
8.You are IIe CIieI HeaIII OIIicer oI a
ruraI bIock. IdenIiIy IIe issues Io
be addressed IIrougI a pro|ecI
sIudy. TIis may incIude IeaIII and
saniIaIion probIems in IIe area.
9.As IIe CIieI InspecIor oI Food and
CiviI SuppIies deparImenI, you
Iave received a compIainI abouI
Iood aduIIeraIion in IIe area oI
124STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS
your duIy. ConducI a survey Io Iind
IIe magniIude oI IIe probIem.
10.Prepare a reporI on PoIio
immunisaIion programme in a
parIicuIar area.
11.You are a Dank OIIicer and wanI Io
survey IIe saving IabiIs oI IIe
peopIe by Iaking inIo consideraIion
income and expendiIure oI IIe
peopIe. Prepare a reporI.
12.Suppose you are a parI oI a group
oI sIudenIs wIo wanIs Io sIudy
Iarming pracIices and IIe probIems
Iacing Iarmers in a viIIage. Prepare
a pro|ecI reporI.
SAMPLE P ROJECT
TIis is a sampIe pro|ecI Ior your
guidance. TIe quesIion can vary
depending upon IIe sub|ecI oI IIe
sIudy.
You are a young enIrepreneur wIo
wanIs Io seIup a new reIaiI sIop and
wanI Io cIoose a varieIy oI IooIIpasIe
brands Io seII. A sampIe pro|ecI based
on primary source oI daIa coIIecIion
couId be prepared Ior IooIIpasIe.
You Iave Io sIarI by assuring IIe
concerned person or parIy, IIaI IIe
inIormaIion required is Ior survey and
wiII noI be used Ior any oIIer purpose.
TIis is done IIrougI a covering IeIIer.
AII IIe inIormaIion sIaII be kepI
conIidenIiaI.
Data AnalysIs and InterpretatIon
AIIer coIIecIing IIe enIire inIormaIion
you now Iave Io organise and cIassiIy
daIa Ior IIe purpose oI cIoosing
brands oI IooIIpasIe wIicI you wanI
Io seII. HypoIIeIicaI daIa is given beIow
Ior your reIerence wIere you wiII now
use IIe sIaIisIicaI IooIs sucI as pie
diagrams, bar diagrams, mean,
sIandard deviaIion, eIc.
Areo Dtstrtbutton
UrLon users67%
Puro| users33%
ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI users
beIonged Io urban area.
Age dtstrtbutton
Age tn georsNo. o] Persons
DeIow 1074
102056
20091
040146
40509
Above 5040
Toto|5OO
USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS125
gUESTIONNAIRE
1.Name
Age (tn geors)No. o] persons
(a)DeIow 10
(b)1020
(c)200
(d)040
(e)4050
(I)Above 50
.Cender: MaIe/FemaIe
4.Number oI members in IIe IamiIy:
(a)12
(b)4
(c)56
(d)Above 6
5.How many earning members are IIere in your IamiIy?
6.MonIIIy IamiIy income:
(a)DeIow 10,000
(b)10,00020,000
(c)20,0000,000
(d)Above 0,000
7.ResidenI oI: Urban/RuraI area
8.Ma|or occupaIion oI IIe main bread-earner:
(a)Service
(b)ProIessionaI
(c)ManuIacIurer
(d)Trader
(e)Any oIIer (pIease speciIy)
9.WIaI do you use Io cIean your IeeII:
(a)TooIIpasIe
(b)TooIIpowder
(c)AnyoIIer
10.WIicI brand oI IooIIpasIe do you use?
(a)AquaIresI (b)AncIor
(c)Cibaca (d)DabooI
(e)CIose-up (I)Promise
(g)CoIgaIe (I)ForIans
126STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS
(i)Meswak (|)Tea Tree OiI & Neem
(k)PepsodenI (I)OraI D
(m)PearI 2 (n)True DenI
(o)HomeodenI (p)Sensodyne
(q)Any oIIer
11.TIe price paid Ior eacI 100 gram pack oI IIe IooIIpasIe:
12.Do you Iind IIe producI cosIIy?Y es/No
1.Do you examine IIe daIe oI manuIacIuring and expiry oI IIe producI?Y es/No
14.Do you cIeck IIe sIandardisaIion mark (Iike ISI)?Y es/No
15.Do you cIeck IIe ingredienIs used?Y es/No
16.Are you saIisIied wiII IIe quaIiIy oI IIe producI?Y es/No
17.Do you compIain Io IIe sIopkeeper in case oI dissaIisIacIion?Y es/No
18.Has your compIainI been IimeIy aIIended?Y es/No
19.Did you ever go Io a consumer courI in case oI dissaIisIacIion
regarding IIe producI?Y es/No
20.Was your compIainI aIIended Io your saIisIacIion?Y es/No
21.How did you come Io know abouI IIe producI?
Aduerttsenent Font|tes In]|uenced
TeIevision
Newspaper
Magazine
Cinema
SaIes represenIaIive
ExIibiIs - sIaII
Radio
22.Is IIe adverIisemenI oI IIe producI persuasive?Y es/No
2.Were you aIIracIed by promoIionaI oIIers Iike rebaIes,
Iree IooII brusI, buy one geI one Iree, eIc.?Y es/No
24.Do IIe cIiIdren inIIuence purcIase oI parIicuIar IooIIpasIe?Y es/No
25.II a new IooIIpasIe is IauncIed in IIe markeI wiII you buy iI?Y es/No
II yes, IIen wiII wIaI consideraIions? KindIy menIion.
USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS127
FIg. 9.1: Ror dtogron
ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI IIe persons
surveyed beIonged Io age group 2050.
Fomttg Stze
Font|g stzeNo. o] ]ont|tes
1220
440
560
Above 610
Toto|1OO
FIg. 9.2: Ror dtogron
ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI IIe IamiIies
surveyed Iave 6 members.
Fomttg monthtg Income stotus
InconeNo. o] Househo|ds
DeIow 10,00020
10, 00020,00040
20, 0000,0000
Above 0,00010
Dar Diagram and HisIogram
respecIiveIy are indicaIing IIe IeveI oI
IamiIies income.
FIg. 9.S: Ror dtogron
FIg. 9.4: Htstogron
ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI IIe IamiIies
surveyed Iave monIIIy income beIween
10,000 Io 0,000.
Monthtg Fomttg budget on
tottetrtes
Itens Epense
(tn Ps)
TooIIpasIe60
Soap45
SIampoo140
SIaving cream25
128STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS
FIg. 9.5: Pte dtogron
ObservatIon: TooIIpasIe accounIed
Ior signiIicanI expendiIure in IamiIy
budgeI amongsI IoiIeIries.
Mojor Occupottonot stotus
Font|g OccupottonNo. o] ]ont|tes
Service0
ProIessionaI5
ManuIacIurer10
Trader40
Any oIIer (pIease speciIy)15
FIg. 9.S: Pte Ror dtogron
ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI IIe IamiIies
surveyed were eiIIer service cIass or
Iraders.
Pre]erred use o] toothposte
Rrond Untts Rrond Untts
AquaIresI5 AncIor5
Cibaca10DabooI2
CIose-up15 Promise10
CoIgaIe20ForIans0
Meswak5Tea Iree8
oiI & Neem
PepsodenI25OraI D11
PearI 24True DenI10
HomeodenI6Sensodyne8
Any oIIer0
ObservatIon: PepsodenI, CoIgaIe and
CIose-up were IIe mosI preIerred
brands.
Prtce o] the toothposte
Prtces o] ToothposteNo. o]
For 1OO gron pocl (Ps)Ho useho|ds
202520
25040
050
54010
Toto|1OO
CaIcuIaIe IIe mean and dispersion
on IIe basis oI IIe above inIormaIion.
CaIcuIaIion oI Mean,
Prtce o]No. o]Mtd
ToothposteH ouseho|ds Potnts
For 1OO gn I n]n
pocl (Ps)
20252022.5450
2504027.5
0502.5975
540107.575
Toto|1OO29OO
X
f m
f
USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS129
ObservatIon: TIe average price oI
IooIIpasIe across aII brands is Rs 29.
Use oI oIIer sIaIisIicaI IooIs,
Prtces o] No. o]Mtdd=]d]d
ToothposteHouseho|dsPotnts(n
For 1OO gn]n,5
pocl (Ps.)
20252022.512020
2504027.5000
0502.5100
540107.522040
Toto|1OO3O9O
AppIying IIe IormuIa oI SD
ObservatIon: Price oI IIe mosI
IooIIpasIe ranged beIween Rs 255
Bosts o] setectton
Feotures Font|g nenLers
Liked IIe adverIisemenI15
Persuaded by IIe DenIisI5
Price5
QuaIiIy45
TasIe20
IngredienIs10
SIandardised marking50
Tried new producI10
Company's brand name5
ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI IIe peopIe
cIoose Io buy IIe IooIIpasIe Ior
SIandardised markings, quaIiIy, price
and company's brand name.
Toste ond Pre]erences
Rrond Sotts]tedUnsotts]ted
AquaIresI515
Cibaca105
CIose up1510
CoIgaIe2010
Meswak515
PepsodenI255
AncIor510
DabooI20
Promise1014
ForIans00
Tea Iree oiI and Neem810
OraI D1115
True DenI105
Sensodyne8
PearI 245
HomeodenI62
ObservatIon: AmongsI IIe mosI used
IooIIpasIes IIe percenIage oI
dissaIisIacIion was reIaIiveIy Iess.
Ingredtents Pre]erence
PIain IooIIpasIe15
CeI IooIIpasIe5
AnIisepIic IooIIpasIe5
FIavoured IooIIpasIe25
Caries proIecIive IooIIpasIe40
Cum IooIIpasIe10
ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI IIe peopIe
preIerred caries proIecIive and
anIisepIic based IooIIpasIes over IIe
oIIers.
Medto In]tuence
AduerttsenentFont|tes In]|uenced
TeIevision47
News paper0
Magazine20
Cinema25
SaIes represenIaIive15
ExIibiIs - sIaII10
Radio18
10STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS
Role of MedIa
RoIe oI Media
TV News
paper
Maga Cinema SaIes
-repre
ExIibiIs
sIaII
Radio
-zine
-senIaIive
FIg. 9.7: Ror dtogron
ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI peopIe came
Io know abouI IIe producI eiIIer
IIrougI IeIevision or IIrougI
newspaper.
CONCLUSION/P ROJECT R EPORT
Ma|oriIy oI IIe users beIonged Io urban
area. MosI oI IIe peopIe wIo were
surveyed beIonged Io age group 25
Recop
-TIe ob|ecIive oI IIe sIudy sIouId be cIearIy idenIiIied.
-TIe popuIaIion and sampIe Ias Io be cIosen careIuIIy.
-TIe ob|ecIive oI survey wiII indicaIe IIe Iype oI daIa Io be used.
-A quesIionnaire/inIerview scIeduIe is prepared.
-CoIIecIed daIa can be anaIysed by using various sIaIisIicaI IooIs.
-ResuIIs are inIerpreIed Io draw a meaningIuI concIusion.
years Io 50 years and Iad an average
6 members in a IamiIy. TIe monIIIy
income oI IIese IamiIies ranged beIween
Rs 10,000 Io Rs 0,000 and IIeir
main occupaIions were services and
Irading. ExpendiIure on IooIIpasIe
accounIed Ior a ma|or sIare in IIeir
IamiIy budgeI amongsI IoiIeIries.
PepsodenI, CoIgaIe and CIose-up were
IIe mosI preIerred brands in IIe
IouseIoIds surveyed. Dy caIcuIaIing
IIe mean iI was Iound IIaI IIe price oI
an average IooIIpasIe wouId be Rs 29
approximaIeIy Ior 100 grams. PeopIe
preIerred IIose brands oI IooIIpasIe
wIicI Ias eiIIer a caries proIecIion or
anIisepIic base. A IoI oI peopIe geI
inIIuenced wiII adverIisemenI and IIe
mosI popuIar medium Io geI across
IIrougI peopIe is IeIevision.