Ассемблер на примерах. Базовый курс

Rudolf Marek
Ucime se programovat
V jazyce Assembler pro PC
Computer Press
Brno
, -
2005
.
. .
: , 2005. 240 : .
ISBN 5-94387-232-9

.
,
.
.
,
(Windows, DOS, Linux), ,
.
, ,
-
, ,
.
. .
.. ..
Copyright Computer Press 2004 Ucime se programovat
vjazyce Assembler pro PC by Rudolf Marek, ISBN: 80-722-6843-0.
All rights reserved

(812) 567-70-25, 567-70-26
(044)516-38-66
www.nit.com.ru
9'i795943ll872326
ISBN 5-94387-232-9
.
, 2005
,
, , 2005
0 0 0 .
000350 23 1999 .
198097, . -, . , . 29.
08.08.05. 70x100 1/16.
. . 15 . .
5000 . 293
-
190005, -, ., 29
10
1 .
11
1.1.
1.2. .
12
15
2. 8
19
2 . 1 . 0
2.2. 86
2.3. :
2.4. 80386

2.5.
20
22
23
25
25
27
27
27
28
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
30
31
33
34
35
4.
36
4.1. MOV
4.2.
4.3.
4.3.1. ADD SUB
4.3.2. INC DEC
4.3.3.
4.3.4.
NEG
CBW
CWD
CDQ
CWDE
4.3.5.
MUL IMUL
DIV IDiV
4.4.
AND
OR
XOR
NOT
( )
37
39
40
41
43
44
46
46
46
47
47
47
48
48
50
51
51
52
52
53
53
5.
5.1.
5.2. IF THEN
5.2.1. TEST
5.2.2. JMP
5.2.3. Jx
5.3.
IF GOTO
LOOP ,
.
LOOPZ LOOPNZ
5.4.
?
PUSH POP:
PUSHA/POPA PUSHAD/POPAD:

PUSHF/POPF PUSHFD/POPFD:

CALL RET:
INT IRET:
6.
6.1.
CLI STI
STD OLD
6.2. XCHG
6.3. LEA
6.4.
STOSx
LODSx
CMPSx
SCASx
REP REPZ
6.5. / (I/O)
IN OUT
. NOP
6.6.
SHR SHL
SAL SAR
RCR RCL
ROR ROL
6.7.
DB, DW DD
RESB, RESW RESD . .
TIMES . .
INCBIN . . . . . . . .
EQU
SEG
6.8.
ALIGN

55
56
57
57
58
59
63
63
65
66
67
67
68
70
71
71
73
76
77
77
77
78
78
79
79
80
80
80
80
84
84
86
86
87
89
89
90
90
90
91
91
92
92
93
93
93
94
94
95
96
7.
7.1.

7.2.
7.3.
97
.
.
8.
8.1.
8.2. .

8.3.

(swapping)

8.4.

8.5.

, BIOS
9. NASM
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.

NASM
~ %define, %undef
~ %macro %endmacro
%assign
%if
? %ifdef, %infndef
%include
9.5.
BITS
SECTION SEGMENT .,.
EXTERN, GLOBAL COMMON

CPU

ORG
9.6.
:
98
98
99
99
100
101
101
102
107
111
112
113
113
114
114
115
116
116
117
117
120
120
121
122
123
123
123
124
125
126
126
127
128
128
129
130
130
131
131
131
132
132
134
134
134
135
135
bin ~
OMF 16-
Win32 32-
aout aoutb UNIX
coff .out
elf UNIX

10. DOS
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
10.5.
10.6.
10.7.
10.8.
10.9.
10.10.
10.11.
10.12.
10.13.

DOS
1 MB
DOS

. Hello, World!

-

/
(SEEK). ,

(MKDIR, RMDIR)
(CHDIR)
(GETCWD)

10.11.1.
10.11.2. grdb.exe

grdb

1 1 . Windows
11.1.
11.2.
11.3.
11.4.
11.5.
Windows-
11.2.1. API
11.2.2. Hello, World! Windows

DOS- Windows

136
136
137
137
138
138
138
139
140
142
143
144
146
146
147
148
153
153
154
154
155
158
160
161
162
163
163
163
163
165
165
166
166
166
167
168
168
169
169
172
172
180
185
186
187
187
187
188
190
190
190
12. Linux
12.1.
12.2.
12.3.
12.4.
12.5.
12.6.
12.7.
12.8.
12.9.
12.10.
12.11.
12.12.
12.13.
12.14.
12.15.
12.16.
12.17.
.

-
Hello, World! Linux
: Asmutiis
Asmutiis
/ (I/O)

(MKDIR, RMDIR)
(CHDIR)
(GETCWD)
. .
IOCTL

. ALD
GAS

13.
,
13.1.
13.2.
13.3.
13.4.

-?
13.2.1. - (32- )
13.2.2. - (16- )
-
Pascal-
191
192
193
194
194
195
195
197
199
200
201
201
202
202
203
206
207
209
209
210
210
210
211
212
215
216
216
217
218
219
220
223
224
226
14.
229
15.
230

86
.
,
, 0301 ,
,
, .

.

, ,
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
DOS, Windows Linux, ,
,
.
, ,
.
:
, ,
;
;
;
;
, ;
Netwide
Assembler (NASM);
DOS, Windows Linux;

( ).

, - 514 ,
Asmutils
Linux- MPlayer.
10
jnsiBc
,
1. ,
( 2) ,
(1) (0).
,
,
( 8 16
). ,
.
1.1.

,
, . , ,
, :
,
0. ,
, .
, ,
,
:
= *z" -h *z"-i + ... -h *z4a *z^
n
n-1
a^ , a Z ,
10.
, 1234 :
1234 = 1*10^ + 2*10- -h 3*10^ -h 4*100

, .
12
1.

, . ,
1100, ,
, 12,
. (1100)2, ^^
: . ,
, 1100
:
(1100), = 1*2^ + 1*22 + 0*21 + 0*20
8+4 , (1100)2 ^^^ 12. ,
, . ,
12 .
, ,
15, (1111)2 = 1*^"^ + 1*"^ + 1*' + 1*^ = 15.
16 :
1000
1001
10
10
1010
11
11
1011
100
12
1100
101
13
1101
110
14
1110
111
15
1111
, , 16
(10000)2 ( 8)
( 7).

, :
(77), = 7*8^ + 7*8 = 63
8 ATARI, ZX Spectrum . , .
10 ,
5 A-F:
= 10, = , = 12, D = 13, = 14, F = 15
13
, :
10 12 .
:
(524D)^, = 5*16^ + 2*16^ + 4*16^ + 13*16^ =
= 20 480 + 512 + 64 + 13 = 21 069
(DEAD)j^ = 13*16^ + 14*16^ + 10*16^ 4- 13*16 = 57 005
(DEADBEEF)j, = 13*16^ + 14*16^ + 10*16^ 4- 13*16^ +
4-11*16-^ + 14*162 + 14*16^ 4- 15*16 = 3 735 928 559
(COOl)^, = 12*163 4- 0*162 4- 0*16^ 4- 1 = 49 153
, ,
, , .

.
,
0. , 14
:
14/2 = 7
7/2 = 3
3/2 = 1
1/2 =
, 0.
,
(1110)2 13 :
13/2 = 6
6/2 = 3
3/2 = 1
1/2 = 0
, ,
0. , (1101)^.

123456 :
123456/16 = 7716
7716/16 = 482
14
1.
482/16 = 30
30/16 = 1
14 =
1/16 =
, 123 456 = (lE240)j^.

,

:
$0
h.
A-F, ,
, , ,
, ODEADh.
, 0x1234, $01234 01234h
(1234),,.

d. , 1234 1234d
(1234),.
, ,
1100b (1100),.
q: 12q (12)^^.

..., ..., .
( d h)
,
, .
1.2. .

. bit
binary digit .
1 , .
,
.
,
,
(), .
, : 1^
.
15
() ,
. 0.
( ). LSB-
{Least Significant Bit ).
MSB- {Most Significant Bit ).
,
(nibble). ,
, ,
, .
, , IBM,
.
(word)
(dword double word). PC-
:
1 = 8
1 (word) ~ 2 = 16
1 (dword) = 4 ~ 32
,
,
. 255 (
2'"^ 256 ).
, .
0 65 535 ( 2'^ = 65 536
). 4 294 967 295 (2^^ =
4 294 967 296 ).
-, ,
. 0-1
(0-0x1)
]
^
0-255
( - OxFF)
7
L.
2
1 0
BaiiT(byte)
1
- 65535
( - OxFFFF)
15 8 7 0
^ (word)^
1
1
1 - 4294967295
1 ( - OxFFFFFFFF)
31
16 15

(dword)
. 1.1.
16
1.
, ,
. .
, (KB, Kb, ).
, SI,
1000, 1024. 1024?
,
. 1024 2'^.
(, MB, Mb, ), G (, GB, ), (, , )
(, , ) 1024
, , 1 = 1024, , 1 = 1 * 1024 - 1024 * 1024 = 1 048
576 . , , .

, .
.
, .
.
ASCII- (American Standard Code for Information Interchange).
128 , ,
.
ASCII (. 1.2).

. ,
40 01. , 0x41
( 65 ) '' ASCII-.
ASCII- 0x20 ( 32d).
32 .
LF , OxD
CR .
CR LF ,
,
\. ,
-: , Windows ( DOS)
(CR, LF OxD, ), UNIX
(LF ).
128 256
. , ,
, ,
, ..
, 866 ( DOS)
1251 (Windows).
17
>..
0
3
V
00
10
16
1
i
17
18
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
DO
F0
3Z
33
7
1
6
19
20
21
22
20
34
35
36
37
23
1
38
39
10
11
12
13
14
15
4.
26
27
28
29
30
31
45
46
47
>
62
63
24
25
40
41
48
49
50
51
52
S3
54
55
56
57
(Of)
64
+
43
44
58
59
60
61
<
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
34
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
109
110
0
111
116
117
119
X
120
115
V
118
113
129
114
112
121
122
126
127
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
133
123
i
139
<
144
145
146
147
148
149
151
152
153
154
155
150
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
181
178
183
184
185
200
201
96
128
176
L
177
192
194
208
193
209
210
211
180
179
f
195
196
197
212
213
1
214
230
246
229
>
<
242
243
244
245
226
240
241
141
142
143
156
157
159
158
e:
171
172
173
174
175
186
JL
187
188
189
191
J,
202
203
190
JL
ir
206
170
216
217
218
231
232
233
247
248
249
215
140
1
124
169
ff
199
228
225
198
227
224
182
108
125
1
204
220
219
205
1 1
221
222
207
223
CO
234
235
236
237
238
250
251
252
253
254
255
. 1.2. ASCII
18
42
239

86
...
86
80386
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
,
(
), ,
.
, ,
,
.
2.1. ...
ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator And Calculator),
.
, ,
.
ENIAC EDVAC
(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), 1946 .
, , :
, ,
. EDVAC,
,
. :
1. :
(), , , /.
20
2. 86
2. (
ENIAC), .
3. ( )
( ,
,
).
4. ,
(1 1 ).
5. ,
( ),
(
). ,
, ( ,

).
6.
Oump) .
7. ( , )

.
, ,
.

. 1950- ,
, , .
,
. : .
(). ,
^ ,
J.
\
1
4- ^
L > -
. 2.1.
21
, ,
.
: .
1970- ,
.
? !

, , Apple.
Apple ,
,
.
1981 IBM
IBM PC XT.
, .
IBM PC XT 8-
Intel 8088.
(PC, Personal Computer),
.
2.2. 86
16- 86, 8086,
Intel 1978 . 5, 8
10 20- 1
.
8- , Intel
8088, 8086,
8- .
1982 Intel 80286,
, ,
24-, . 16
. (
),
.

, ,
.
86.
, 1986 , Intel 80386 DX,
( ) 32-.
80386 SX, 80386 DX,
22
2. 86
16- .
20, 25 33 . 80386
,
80387.
1989 Intel
80486DX, 80486DX/2 80486DX/4,
. 80486SX, 80486DX,
.
8 -.
1993 Pentium.
, ,
, 20 8086.
, 86, Intel,
: AMD, Cyrix, NEC, IBM.
80386,
.
2.3. :

.
, ,
, (
, pin).
, ,
.
. ,
.
7 :
( , )

.
,
. (1 0)
. , 16- 8-
24 (16 8) ,
. , 27 (00011011 )
8- ,
(LSB), 1, ; 1,
^ ..
23
, .
,
: , - ()
.

. :
,
.
- ()
.
, ,
(, )
.
, ,
, , (, ),
. ,
(barrel-shifter),
.

, .
,
reg
| |
. 2.2.
24
2. 86
. ,
.
:
, .
, .
( ).
. ,
,
. ,
.
2.4. 80386
80386 32-, ,
4 (2^^ ).
32-,
32 ( int
32-).
,
(. 2.3) .
.

. ,
, EDX (, , ). ,
,
(. 2.4).
80386 80286,
16-. 80386 ,
?
16- ( 80286)
16 , . ,
( 80386, 80286) 8-
AL.
0x12345678,
0x5678 (0x56 0x78 AL), 0x1234
.

: , , ,
BL ..
25
80386
1
1 AL
31
16 15
8 7
31
03
I
ES
1
1 CL 1
16 15
8 7
31
DX
1
DH 1 DL
16 15 8 7
31
16 15
FS
EDI
GS
15
0)
SS
0
15
DI
31
15
SI
ESI
15
>
31
15
( BL 1
16 15 8 7
"^ S
EDX
DS
X
0)
CS
> 2
16 15
15
31
16 15
31
16 15
ESP
SP
EIP
CRO
IP
31
X
-
CR1
16 15
313029
03
31
>1
31
. 2.3. 80386
"'
31
16 15
1 AL
8 7
. 2.4.
26
2. 86

80386 ESI, EDI ( SI, DI 16- ).
:
, .. : (Source
Index), (Destination Index), (Base Pointer).
: ESI, EDI
.
, .
.
ESI, EDI 16- 32-
.

.
(,
).
( )
. 16-, ,
80286.
: CS (Code
Segment, ) EIP (IP) ,
; SS (Stack
Segment, ) ESP (SS:SP) .
DS, ES, FS, GS (Data, Extra, F G )
.

ESP (SP) ,
(86- ).
.
EIP (IP, Instruction Pointer) .
, .

, .
(
) EFLAGS. ,
- .
32 ,
:
27
ZF (Zero Flag) 1,
.
SF (Sign Flag) ~- 1,
.
OF (Overflow Flag) 1,
(overflow),
, .
CF (Carry Flag) 1,
( ,
).
IF (Interrupt Flag) 1, .
DF (Direction Flag)
, .
,
.
80386 80387 (
),
.

.

, .
,
,
.
.
16- 32- ,
()) .
2.5.
,
,
,
.
.
. .
, .
28
2. 86
, (
) .
. , .
.
86 256
. 256 (
) .
.

IRQ (Interrupt Requests). ISA
16 (IRQO IRQ15).
,
.
,
, ,
, .

IRQ0-IRQ15.
: ,
() ,
. (maskable),
(non-maskable).
IF 0. ,
- NMI, ,
, .

, .

.
29
3.1.
,
.
, . RISC
(Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
. RISC
RISC I. ,

(, ),
.
RISC- .
( ,
),
. RISC
,
.
, CISC
(Complex Instruction Set Computer)
. CISC ,
. 86-
CISC.
0x1234 .
MOV , 0x1234=
,
( 7 ).
. MOV , 0x1234
:
31
0x11:
01111:08, 0x34, 0x12
0x1114:
0x1111.
, , 3
. MOV.
08? 08
10111000b.
1011 MOV. 1011,
, MOV. (1)
, 16-.
. ( AL,
, ,
8-).
,
. ,
, IP ( ) 0x1111.
,
, ,
.
, ,
0x1111 ( 08),
() . , ,
, 16- -
, 0x1112 0x1113 (
, 0x1234).
.
.
, .
IP 3 ( 3 ),
, ,
0x1114 .
, ,
IF. (0),
; (1),
,
.
, ,
.
, .
32
3.
3.2.
, , .
;
, .
, .
(,
0x123), (
).
, 32-, 16-, 8-
. ,
(). MOV , 0x1234
: , 16-
.
,
, .
.
.

:
reg8-oepa 8- ;
regl6-oepa 16- ;
reg32-oepa 32- ;
m ;
immS 8- ;
imml6 16- ;
imm32 32- ;
segreg .
, : reg8/imm8-oepa
8-
8- .
, ,
: /18-
( 8- )
8- .
33
3.3.
, , , .
, ,
,
( ).
,
, : [].
, ,
, [ESI], ,
.
, , [0x594F].
,
. ,
. ,
ESI, , ,
[ESI].
, ESI
( 0) .
, , (,
1 ) ?
, . ,
,
[ESI -I- 1].
: [ 4- 4- 4].
, 4 ,
.
(, Effective Address) ,
( ).
80386
, :
[ 4- * 4]. 1
:
[ -
+ * 8 + E S I ]
[ESI]
, , [ESI -1- 4].
, 16- 32-
[], [],... [].
80286
, SI, D1,
.
34
3.
, .
. ,
()
. :
ES:[ESI]
:
[ES:ESI]
,
,
.
3.4.
, , ,
. :
_ []

. ,
.
. BYTE (8-
), WORD (16-) DWORD (32-).
,
.
,
. ,
, :
mov dword [ 0x12345678 ] , 0
mov word
[ 0x12345678 ] , 0
mov b y t e
[ 0x12345678 ] , 0
; 4 ,
; 0x12 345 67 8
; 2 ,
; 0x12345678
; 1
; 0x12345678
.
.
4 ,
0x12345678. ,
.
( : 00000000) 0x12345678.
35
MOV
86,
, ,
. ,
,
.
4.1. MOV
- ,
: .
, .
MOV, move (
), ,
:
MOV ,
MOV:
mov ,[number]
number
mov [number],bx
mov bx,ex
mov a l , 1
mov dli^cl
mov e s i , e d i
mov word [number]

number

AL 1
DH
CL
EDI
ESI
16- 1
"number''
86
. ,
number_one, number_two,
:
mov [number_two], [number_one]
/!!!
37
,
:
mov ,
[number_one]
mov [number_two],
/ 16-
/ ''number_one"
;
;"number_two"
MOV :
mov , 1
;! -
/.
BL
, , :
mov ,
mov a h ,
/
;''"
;
8- .
MOV ,
, . ,
, MOV ah,
. 8-
, BL, 16 . , 16-,
.
: ,
BL (AL):
mov ,
mov a l ,
; = , AL =
; AL BL
16- 32- .

MOV :
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
38
/8,;regS
r/ml6 ,regis
/32 ,reg32
8,:r/mS
regis ,r/ml6
32 ,r/m32
8 ,.
immS
regis ,imml6
32 , imm32
/,:immS
r/ml6 ,immlS
/32 , imm32
4.
4.2.
. ,
, 0x12345678,
, 32- counter.
0x12345678 co
unter:
mov e b p , 0x12345678
mov [ c o u n t e r ] , ebp
; 0x12345678
;
; " c o u n t e r ' ' ()
, ,
. , ,
, , , ,
.
?
.
, , : ,
,
, :
0804808
BD78563412
mov e b p ,
0x12345678
0804808F
892DC0900408
mov dword [ + 0x80490c0] , ebp
,
, .
.
counter
(0804900).
, mov ebp, 0x12345678,
:
= 0x00000000 - 0x00000000 - 0x00000000 edx = 0x00000000
esp - 0xBFFFF910 ebp ^ 0x00000000 e s i = 0x00000000 edi = 0x00000000
ds = 0x0000002B es = 0x0000002B fs = 0x00000000 gs = 0x00000000
ss = 0x0000002B cs = 0x00000023 eip = 0x0804808A eflags = 0x00200346
Flags: PF ZF TF IF ID

0x12345678.
(0804900), :
Dumping 64 b y t e s of memory s t a r t i n g a t 0x080490C0 i n hex
080490C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
39
MOV, 0x12345678
0804900
:
Dumping 64 b y t e s of memory s t a r t i n g a t 0x080490C0 i n hex
080490C0: 78 56 34 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 xV4
(0x12345678)
0804900, - . , 86-
LITTLE_ENDIAN,
(little-end-first,
). BIG_ENDIAN (, Motorola)
:
(big-end-first, ).
.
, LITTLE_ENDIAN BIG_ENDIAN :

,
.
, , .
, , , ... ,
.
( )
, .
, ,
,

, (htonl, htons, ntohl, ntohs).
counter ,
, 0x12345678.
4.3.
MOV
, .

. 80386
, ,
80386.
.
40
4.
4.3.1. ADD SUB

(ADD) (SUB).
ADD , MOV:
ADD 1 , 2
ADD 1,
.
SUB:
SUB o l , 2
, 1-2, 1, 1 .
:
mov
mov
mov
add
,
,
dx,
dx,
ex
/ 8
;
; DX, DX =
;DX = DX +
( )
,
DX, DX. ADD
DX 4- DX,
.
ADD SUB:
add , 8
sub e c x , e b p
add b y t e [number]
sub word [ n u m b e r ] , 4
add dword [ n u m b e r ] , 4
sub b y t e [ n u m b e r ] ,
sub a ] i , a l
al
EAX = EAX + 8
ECX = ECX - EBP
4
number
1
( 0-2 55)
number = number 4
2
( 0-6553 5)
00000004
"number"
AL
"number"
AL ,

, AL (8- )
(255), 8?
mov a l , 255
add a l , 8
; AL 2 5 5 , OxFF
; 8
AL 7.
41
OxFF
11111111
AL
+
00001000
imm8
00000111
AL
. 4.1. 255 (OxFF) + 8
0x107 (263 ). ?
AL 8- (
255). , , ,
CF .
,
. ADC (Add With
Carry ) SBB (Subtract With Borrow
):
ADC 1, 2
SBB 1, 2
;1 = 1 + 2 + CF
;1 - 1 -- 2 - CF
, ADD SUB,
CF.

. ,
. EDX:EAX ( :)
. 16 , DX 16
. 80286 32-
, 32- .
: DX:AX OxFFFF ( = OxFFFF, DX = 0).
8 DX:AX:
mov
mov
add
ado
, Oxffff
dx,
, 8
dx,
; = OxFFFF
;DX =
; = + 8
; DX
ADD 8 .
, CF.
DX CF.
ADC CF DX (DX 1).
OxFFFF 8 (0x10007) DX:AX
(DX=1, =0007).
42
4.
DX
0x0000
OxFFFF
ADD , 8
0x0008
0x0000
0x0007
0x0000
ADC DX,
0x0001
0x0007
. 4.2. OxFFFF 0x0008
80386 32-
:
mov ,
add ,
Oxffff
8
; - OxFFFF
; = + 8
OxOOOOFFFF |
0x00000008
imm32
0x00010007
. 4.3. 32- 80386
32-
0x10007. 64-
EDXiEAX , DX:AX.
4.3.2. INC
DEC
.
INC , DEC .
, ADD SUB,
:
INC 1
DEC 1
;1 - 1 + 1
;1 = 1 - 1
! CF.
, , (
43
) , ,
.
AL :
;AL = AL + 1
add a l , 1
;AL = AL + 1
inc a l
16- number:
inc word [number] ;
/ word
4.3.3.

.
,
, , .
.
255.
-128 127. 127
,
128 255: -1 255 (OxFF), -2 254 (OxFE) ..
-50 206. :
1
, . 1
(mapping).
2 ( 65535).
-32768 32767.
4 , -2 147 483 648 2 147 483 647.

(integer).
256(0x100)
: 4, -4,386, -8000
45000 , ,
16 (2 ).
, ,
16 .
: 2 16.
2^^ = 65 536,
65 535. :
65 536 / 2 = 32 768. ,
-32 768 32 767 (
!).
44
206(0)
t
128

1
. 4.4.
1
4.
, 4, <0, 32 767 >,

4. -4
, <-32 768, 0>.
65 536 4 = 65 532. 386
. -8 000 ,
65 536 8 000 = 57 536 -8 000 .
, , 45 000 ,
.

ADD SUB. ,
, -6 7
2 . 7 , -6
65 536 6 = 65 530 (OxFFFA). ,
(7 65 530)? :
mov ,OxFFFA
mov d x , 7
add a x , d x
; = -6, 65 53 0 OxFFFA
;DX = 7
;AX = AX + DX
65 530 -h 7 = 65 537 = 0x10001,

, .
, !
,

.
. NASM
,
:
mov , -
mov dx, -
add a x , d x
; = -
; DX =^ -
; =^ + DX
: 0xFFF4 ( CF, ).
0xFFF4 = 65 524.
: -12 (65 536 65 524 = 12).
.
, ,
(,
):
mov , [ - 1 ]
/
; ,
-1 OxFFFF,
: MOV , [BX-hOxFFFF].
CF, , .
45
4.3.4.

NEG
80386 ,
.
NEG (negation, ):
NEG /8
NEG r/ml6
NEG r/m32
NEG,
. NEG ,
.
: 8, 16 32 .
neg
neg
neg b y t e [number]
; ,
; , 8-
;
/ 8- number
:
,
.
.
.
.
,
. ,
.
CBW
CBW () AL ,
AL
( 0x00 OxFF = lib,
AL). ? ,
, .
15
AL
I I I I 1 I 1 I
, AL
I I I I I I I II I I I
15
87
1}
, 4.5. CBW
46
4.
CWD
CWD DX,
:.
CWD
DX
DH I DL
I AL
DH
DL
DX
AL
. 4.6.
CWD
CDQ
CDQ EDX,
EDXiEAX.
CWDE
CWDE ( )
,
, .
CWDE
1 AL
'
, AL 1
. 4.7.
CWDE
:
mov a l ,
cbw
-1
;AL = - 1 ( OxFF)
;
CBW OxFFFF,
- 1 . (1) ,
AL .
47
.
mov ,
cwd
; = 4
; DX
4. , CWD,
DX:AX.
DX ,
0. DX.
CWD DX,
, , 0x8000.
4.3.5.
:
.
MUL, DIV.

ADD SUB.
:
IMUL IDIV.
, MUL DIV.
.
,
.
, :
.

,
, .
ADD SUB, MUL, DIV, IMUL, IDIV
.
MUL IMUL
MUL
:
MUL /8
MUL / m l
MUL / 3 2
8- 8-
. AL. (
) .
48
4.
(/8)
* AL - >
16- 16-
. .
DX:AX.
(r/ml6)
* -> DX:AX
32- ,
EDX:EAX.
(/32)
* - > EDX:
.
1: , CL,
:
mov a l ,
mul 1
bh
;AL = AL
; = AL * CL CL
.
: 486^ DX:AX:
mov ,
mul
486
; = 4 8 6
; * - > DX:AX
2: , 8-
r a d i u s l , 16- d i a m e t e r l :
mov a l , 2
mul b y t e [ r a d i u s l ]
mov [ d i a m e t e r l ] , a x
AL = 2
AX = r a d i u s * 2
d i a m e t e r < - AX
, 16-
DX:AX, - 32- ?
16- ,
32- .
IJVIUL ,
. , IMUL
, MUL,
.
,
,
. ,
.
imul e d x , e c x
imul ebx, [stliing]
EDX - EDX * ECX

3 2-
''stiling" ,

49
imul ,
; - *
, IMUL
, .
, ,
:
imul
imul
imul
edx,ecx,l
ebxsthing],9
ecx,edx,11
EDX = ECX * 7
' ' s t h i n g " 9,

= EDX * 11
DIV IDIV
MUL, DIV
:
DIV /8
DIV r/ml6
DIV r/m32
, (
MUL). 8- ()
8- .
. : AL, - .
/ (/8) -> AL, -^
16- 16-
. DX:AX.
DX:AX (DX , ).
DX:AX / (r/ml6) ^ , -> DX
32- EDX:EAX,
EDX: ( , EDX).
EDX:EAX / (r/m32) -^ , -^ EDX
IDIV ,
, DIV.
.
1: 13 2, BL, :
mov
mov
div
mov
50

1,2
1
bx,
- 13
CL - 2
CL
,

4.
2: ,
16- diameterl, radiusl,
.
mov
mov
div
mov
,[diameterl]
,2
[radiusl],al
; = d i a m e t e r l
; 2
;
;
4.4.
: (, AND),
(, OR), (XOR) (NOT).
.
AND
AND 1 2.
1. ,
ADD: 8-, 16- 32- ,
.
AND 1 , 2
AND (. 4.1).
4.1
AND
aANDb

(1 AND 0).
mov
mov
and
al,1
bl,0
al,bl
AL = o n e
BL = z e r o
AL = AL a n d BL = 0
TOT , :
mov 1 , 1
and a l ,
; A L =- o n e
; AL = AL a n d 0
1 and 0
51
.
OR
OR 1 2.
1. ,
AND.
OR o l ,
OR (. 4.2).
OR
1
1
4.2
aORb

.
( ) mask 1.
or byte
[mask],1
XOR
1 2.
1. , .
:
XOR 1 , 2
XOR (. 4.3).
XOR
4.3
XOR b
: (( ) )
X.
mov al,0x55
al,
al, ,
52
AL - 0x55
AL = AL
AL 0x55
4.
NOT
,
.
:
NOT r/m8
NOT /ml
NOT r/m32
NOT (. 4.4).
NOT
4.4
NOT
NOT
NEG:
mov al,00000010b
mov bl,al
not al
neg
AL = 2
BL = 2

11111101b - OxFD (-3)

: 11111110 = OxFE (-2)
( )

. , 16- 16
1.
. 16
, (/)
1 . , ,
.

, , ,
. ,

.
: , ..

.
53

. ,
, ,
.
(
) OR.
,
, . ,
,
10000001. , OR
X ^ X.
( 0),
, ,
, ,
AND. 1 AND X X,
.
.
. AL .
1. .
or a l ,
10101010b
; 1
. , AL, 0- 7-
, .
.
and a l ,
01111110b
; 1
;
XOR ,
. 1 ,
( 1, 1 0),
0. XOR , .
XOR
: XOR
(),
(XOR) .
54

IF THEN

: ,
.
,
, .
5.1.
.

.
, , .

,
,
.
,
, .
1
2
. 5.1.
56
5.
5.2. IF THEN

IF-THEN.

.
, .
, 5.2.
5 . 2 . 1 . TEST
TEST .
, , 8,
16 32 .
1 , 2
compare, .
SUB: 2 1. ,
.
,
.
TEST ,
.
. TEST
.
:
, 4
d l , a h
[ d i a m e t e r l ] ,
; 4
; DL
; " d i a m e t e r l "
57
, [ d i a m e t e r 1 ]
cmp ,
t e s t , 00000100b
/ " d i a m e t e r l "
;
; '
; ( )
5.2.2. JMP

jmp
. ( IP
CS),
. :
JMP [_]
JMP GOTO,
.
, jump, .
,
. (
) ,
. :
, ,
.
:
(short), (near) (far).
jmp. ,
near.
(
) .
() 8- ,
-128 127 .
8-
(1).
(near) .
IP,
( 64 );
EIP,
4 .
far IP CS,
.
CS.
58
5.

. ,
, .
.
:
mov , 4
new_loop:
mov b x ,
; == 4
; new_loop
;
new_loop ,
:
jmp new_loop
; new_loop

new_loop.

, :
:
jmp s t a r t
/ s t a r t
finish:
; ' ' f i n i s h "
...
;-
start:
; ' ' s t a r t "
jmp f i n i s h
/ " f i n i s h "
:
, .
, 128 .
2 ,
3 , 5 , .
,
s h o r t , :
near_label:
; " n e a r _ l a b e l "
...
;
jmp s h o r t n e a r _ l a b e l
; " n e a r _ l a b e l "
5.2.3. Jx

.
,

59
.
.
. :
, , ,
.
:
Jx _
:
jz
jc
js
jo
is_true
is_true
is_true
is_true
;
;
;
;
;0F = 1
is_true,
is_true,
is_true,
is_true,
ZF = 1
CF = 1
SF = 1
, :
jnz i s _ t r u e ; i s _ t r u e , ZF =^
JNC, JNS JNO.

, ( ,
jump) (. . 5.1).

1==2
1=2
1!=2
1<>2
JE(JZ)
JNE(JNZ)
Jump,

Jump,

Jump,
0
Jump,
0
JE(JZ)
JNE(JNZ)
Jump,

Jump,

Jump,
0
Jump,
5.1
1>2
1<2
1=<2
1>=2
JA(JNBE)
JB(JNAE)
JNA(JBE)
JNB(JAE)
Jump,
Jump,
Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

JNL(JGE) 1
JG(JNLE)
JL(JNGE)
JNGCJLE)
Jump,
Jump,
Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

Jump,

.
(
). ,
: equal , above , below ,
zero , greater , less . , JE Jump
if Equal (, ), JNE Jump if Not Equal (,
), JA Jump if Above (, ) ..
60
5.
MUL DIV,
. ,
.

128 : .
128 ,
, jmp,
:
jz far_jump
; ZF = 1, far_jump
;
far_jump:
jmp far f i n i s h
; ''"
, IF-THEN
. i f _ t h r e e ,
3.
, .
:
,3
; 3
JZ,
:
jz i s _ t h r e e
/ " i s _ t h r e e " , = 3
,
(JZ JNZ )
. = 3, jz
i s _ t h r e e ,
jz .
CL AL.
, BL 1, AL ,
CL, BL=2, AL CL, BL=3.
cmp a l , c l
jz write_l
cmp a l , c l
ja write_2
mov b l , 3
end_if:
; AL CL
; w r i t e _ l , AL - CL
; AL CL
; w r i t e _ 2 , AL > CL
; - 3 BL
/ , IF
write_l:
mov
jmp end_if
write_2:
mov bl,2
jmp end_if
; w r i t e _ l
;BL = 1
/ end_if
; write_2
;BL = 2
; end_if
61
)4
'
. 5.3.
(jmp end_if),
. :
; w r i t e ^ l ,
.
jmp end_if .
:
mov 1
a l , c l
j e end_if
mov b l , 2
cmp al,cl
ja end_if
mov bl,3
end_if:
; BL = 1
; AL CL
/ , AL = CL
;BL = 2
; AL CL
; , AL > CL
;BL - 3
/
, ,
. MOV ,
:
mov b l , 1
cmp 1 , 1
j e end_if
mov b l , 2
ja end_if
mov b l , 3
end if:
62
BL = 1
AL CL
, AL
BL = 2
, AL
BL = 3

CL
CL
5.
,
:
if (al =- cl) bl = 1 e l s e if (al > cl) bl = 2 e l s e bl = 3;
5.3.
, ,
, . ^
.
. 5.4.

, :
( FOR),
;
( WHILE), ,
;
( UNTIL), ,
.
IF GOTO
(
). ,
, .
, ,
. ,
- .
63
FOR :
FOR_START:
1 = 0
FOR_LOOP:
I-I + l
IF I < 10 THEN
GOTO FOR_LOOP
FOR_FINISH:
;
/
;
; ()
;
;
;
;
;

.
1. :
,
.
(
10 .
( ),
10,
10,
1=1
1=1+ 1
10
. 5.5. FOR
. ,
IF GOTO,
FOR. ( I)
:
for_start:
mov ,
for_loop:
64
/
;
5.
...
inc

jnz for_loop
for_finish:
;
; 1
/ 10
; , 1:_1
; = 10,
FOR. , ,
, , I.
for_start:
mov dword [i],0
for_loop:
...
;1 dword 1 = 0
;
;
inc dword [i]

cmp dword [ 1 ] 0
jnz for__loop
for_finish:
/ i 1
; i 10
; , for_loop
; ,
,
, ,
.
,
DEC ZF .
: (-),
, 1. ZF , ,
:
for_start:
mov ,10
f_1:
...
dec
jnz for_loop
for_finish:
; = 1 0
;
;
; 1
; , for_loop
; ,

:
for
( i = 0 ; i < 10;i++)
{}
LOOP ,
, 80386, , 86- CISC (

), . ,
,
. ? CISC-,
65

LOOP:
LOOP
MUL, LOOP .
, .
( ). . LOOP
() ,
, . 128
( ).
FOR LOOP:
for_start:
mov
for_loop:
...
; = 10 10
;
;
loop for_loop
; , ,
; for_loop
for_finish:
;
, ; .
.
LOOPZ LOOPNZ
LOOPZ
. , :
, , 10 , ,
3.
, .
LOOPZ
LOOPNZ
LOOPZ :
,
ZF . LOOPE.

:
for_start:
mov ,10
for_loop:
- 10

FOR
-
66
5.
,3
loopz for_loop
for
3?
=-1; , =3 ,
f o r _ l o o p
= 3 ,
finish:
LOOPNZ ,
: ()
ZF 0. LOOPNE.
5.4.

- ,
.

, .
?
, . , .
, , .
, ,
. ,
, . FIFO (First
In First Out) , .
FIFO
\(\^ 1
|(b|0|Q|G^|
&
|(b|0|Q|C?|
|(bH|Q|(?|
\^(?\ 1
. 5.6. FIFO
67
LIFO (Last In First Out)

, . ,
- , ,
. , - .
, ,
.
LIFO
(bUD
GkDK?
(bkDC?
(bUDQ (?
(bUD
. 5.7. LIFO
LIFO. , ,
.
- ,
. SS:SP (SS:ESP)
(Stack Segment) (Stack Pointer).
,
. ,
,
, SP (ESP).
16- 32- .
PUSH POP.
PUSH POP:
PUSH 16-
32- . :
PUSH 1
68
5.
:
push
PUSH
:
sub e s p , 4
mov [ s s : e s p ] , e a x
; ESP 4 ( 4-
;)
;
( sizeof,
) push 1
:
(E)SP=(E)SP-sizeof(ol)
o l -> S S : [ ( E ) S P ]
, POP,
( ).
, PUSH ( ,
32- , 32 ).
POP MOV ADD:
mov e a x , [ s s : e s p ]
add e s p , 4
/
; " "
; dword
:
push
push e s i
;
; ESI
pop
pop e s i
;
; ESI

ESI: , ESI,
(
ESI) ,
, ESI.

16- .
mov ,0x1234
mov bx,0x5 67 8
push
push bx
...
pop bx
; - 0x1234
; - 0x5 67 8
/
/
/
/
69
OxFOOO
OxFOOO
0
0
(
)
PUSH
OOiOO
AX=1234
BX = 5678
OxFOOO
0
0
SP=OxFFFC
34
OxFFFE
00
\'^\
lOoJ
AX=1234
BX = 5678
SP--OxFFFA
OxFOOO
ll
[rfol
0|0J
POPBX
PUSH BX
?? ,??
?? I ??
SP=OxFFFE
ll
78 56
OxFFFC
34
12
OxFFFE
00
lOoJ
00 1 00
34|12|
SP=OxFFFC
00 1 00 1
OxFFFE
AX=1234
BX=5678
AX=1234
BX = 5678
. 5.8.
PUSH
0x0000. SS:SP. , SP
OxFFFE. PUSH
2 OxFFFC, ( )
0x1234. , PUSH BX,
SP 2 (OxFFFA)
0x5678. POP BX 0x5678
, 2. OxFFFC,
0x1234.
, 8- .
IP (EIP) , ; PUSH/POP:
-, , .
PUSHA/ PUSHAD/POPAD:

. PUSHA,
. PUSHA
16- .
.
PUSHA
80386, 32- (
).
PUSHAD POPAD.
70
5.
( ):
(),
(),
(E)DX,
(),
(E)SP,
(),
(E)SI,
(E)DI
:
pusha
/
; ,
;
;
P U S H F / P O P F M P U S H F D / P O P F D :

. 16- 16-,

PUSHF POPF. ,
32-, 32- PUSHFD
POPFD.
16
,
PUSHF POPF.
,
;
pushf
;
...
; ,
add d i , 4
;,
popf
/
jz equal
; = , ''equal"
CALL RET:
.
:

.
CALL,
RET. :
CALL _
RET
CALL
. , ,
. JMP, CALL
71
IP (EIP).
.
JMP, CALL .
near. f a r ,
CS IP (EIP).
RET,
IP (EIP).
,
CALL.
CALL far,
IP (EIP), CS:
RETF, RET.
:
RETF RET , ,
IP (EIP) CS.
13 ,

, .
, ,
, .

.
add_it.
.
,
. ADD ,
:
add_it:
push
add eax,ebx
mov ,
pop
ret
/
; = +
;
;
;
add_it 4 8:
mov , 4
mov e b x , 8
c a l l add i t
- 4
- 8
add_.it

(
pop )? RET 72
5.
, ,
, .
, RET:
, ,
.
a d d _ i t ,
POP PUSH:
add_it:
mov G c x , e a x
add e c x , e b x
ret
/ ( )
/ ( ) ,
/
/
INT IRET:
. ,

, .
,
.
, :
.
.
, ,
.
, .
INT 8- ,
.
INT
,
(ISA PCI). ,
, (IRQ, interrupt
requests). 16 ,
16 ISA .
, , ,
.
.
DOS, IRQ ( ) 8 ().
,
, ,
, , .
CS, ()1 .
73

. .
, .

, .
, ,
CS ()1.
.
, DOS,
21- (0x21) , :
i n t 0x21
DOS

IRET, ()1, CS
. :
IRET
, 21-
(. 5.9). ,
16- .
0000:0000
INTOO
^
INT01
\ /
IN 1 UX^l
0000:0x84(0x21*4)
. 5.9. CS IP
.
INT,
. .
:
pushf
;
push CS
; CS
74
5.
push i p
; .
/ . :
;11 here
;here:
,
: JMP far.
: ,
,
0x0000:0x0000.
. IP ( ),
CS.
0x21 00000:(021*4),
:
jmp f a r
[0x21*4]
/
; , , DS=0,
;
;: 0x0000)
INT PUSHF
CALL far:
pushf
c a l l far
[0x21*4]
/
/ CS IP
/ ''jump''

. ,
.
75
XCHG
LEA

/ (I/O)
?^1^ vV'l 1!1?6 '>.

86.
.
6.1.

. ,
IF ID, .
CLi STI
CLI (Clear Interrupt) STI (Set Interrupt)

IF. ,
.
(1), . CLI (0)
. ,
STI:
cli
...
sti
; - DOS!
;
/ - , ,
/
/
STD CLD
STD CLD DF.

,
. CLD (
), STD ( ).
77
:
STD
CLD
6.2- XCHG

. ,
, , , ,
XCHG (exchange ),
.
XCHG 1 , 2
MOV, 1 2.
8-, 16- 32-,
, MOV.
xchg ,
xchg
xchg
xchg
xchg
/
;
ebx,ecx
;
al,ah
;
dl,ah
;
b y t e [ v a r i a b l e ] , 1 /
.
NOP

AL
DL
CL
6.3. LEA

Load Effective Address,
.
(
). ,
, .
LEA 1 ,
[2]
LEA , ,
:
lea edi,
[ebx*4+ecx]
; EDI ,
; EDI = '^4+
, LEA,
:
. LEA
, .
78
6.
6.4.
(
), ( , ).
43
C
0x6F 0x6D 0x70 0x75 0x74 0x65 0x72 0x00
. 6.1.
86- ,
.
, , LOOP,
.

. 8-
, .
(byte). ,
16- , W (word).
32- , D
(double word).
, ,
.
(DF).
STOSx
STOSx (STOre String) :

STOSB
STOSW
STOSD
STOSB AL ,
ES:(E)DI,
( DF) (E)DI,
AL . DF==0, (E)DI
1, 1.
- D1 EDI .
, STOSW, ,
, (E)DI / 2. STOSD
, E(DI) / 4.
79
clcl
stosw
; DF,
/ ES:[DI] ES:[EDI] (
/ ) (E)DI 2
LODSx
LODSx (LOaD String) :

LODSB
LODSW
LODSD
:
AL, .
DS:(E)SI. DF ,
SI 1/2/4 (, W, D),
1/2/4.
CMPSx
CMPSx ( String) :
CMPSB
CMPSW
CMPSD
CMPSB , ES:(E)DI,
DS:(E)SI SI DI
DF. CMPSB CMPSD ,
, SI DI
(2 4).
SCASx
SCASx (SCAn String) :

SCASB
SCASW
SCASD
SCASB/W/D AL/AX/EAX
[ES:(E)DI]. (E)DI
DF.
REP REPZ
REP (Repeat) .
: ,
80
6.
- .
LOOP: ,
() . ()
. REP
MOVS STOS:
rep
movsb
:
stosb
{) D S : ( E ) S I
E S : ( E ) D I .
- memcpy()
; () AL E S : ( E ) D I .
; - memset()
REPZ ( REPE), LOOPZ,

. ,
() , ZF .
REPNZ ( REPNE).
SCAS CMPS:
repz
scasb
:
repz
cmpsb
; SCASB
; CMPSB
,
, strlen().
I
. 6.2. - strlen()
81
,
ES:(E)DL ( +
) . ES:(E)D1
, () .
6.L
6.1. |1|11|:
strlen:
push
,
dec
eld
repne scasb
neg
pop
ret

(=0),
: mov ,
=
= - 1. OxFFFFFFFF
DF = , ,

( )

ES:(E)DI
/0
ES:(E)DI
0x11
. 6.3. ES:(E)DI
strlen
16-
: .
,
, . , ES:(E)DI
.
CALL,
.
call strlen
; s t r l e n
82
6.
,
strcmp().
>
. 6.4. - strcmp
: ES:(E)DI,
DS:(E)SI. ,
, ,
. strcmp () 6.2.
6.2,, s t i ^ ^ ^ ^ j
strcmp:
push edx
push edi
call strlen
miov edx, eex
mov edi,esi
;push ds
;push ds
;pop es
call strlen
;pop ds
cmp ecx,edx
jae .length_ok
EDX
EDI

EDX
ED1 = ESI
DS

ES (ES - DS)

DS
?
, ()

83
mov ecx.edx
.length_ok:
pop edi
eld
repe cmpsb
pop edx
ret
;
; EDI
;DF -
; ,
/
;
; EDX
;
strcmp ,
DS ES .
,
.
, .
. 6.5
.
ES:EDI
L1
/
ES:EDI
EI
ECX = OxA
DS:ESI
/
DS:ESI ^-
. 6.5. strcmp
6.5. / (I/O)
/
/.
( )
.
IN OUT.
IN OUT
IN , OUT
, .
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
84
al,
ax,
eax,
al,
ax,
dx
dx
dx
iininS
immS
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
dx, a l
d x , ax
d x , eax
immS, a l
iiranS, ax
6.
IN /,
DX, AL/AX/EAX. ,
AL/AX/EAX DX, .
OUT . ,
IN, : .
/,
, . 6.1.
1 0000-001f :dma1
1 0020-003f:pic1
0040-005f: timer
0060-006f:keyboard
1 0070-007f: rtc
6.1
DMA (Direct Memory Access)

(RTC, real time clock)
0080-008f : dma page reg
DMA page register
OOaO-OObf: pic2
OOcO-OOdf: dma2
1 OOfO-OOff: fpu
DMA-

1 0170-0177 :ide1
- (Secondary)
1 01f0-01f7:ide0
- (Primary)
0213-0213 : isapnp read
(plug-and-play) ISA
0220-022f: soundblaster
1 0290-0297 :w8378Id
1 0376-0376 :ide1
IDE- ()
03c0-03df:vga+
1 03f2-03f5 : floppy
1 03f6-03f6 : ideO

IDE- ()
03f7-03f7: floppy DIR
()
03f8-03ff: lirc_serial
0a79-0a79 : isapnp write
(plug-and-play) ISA
()
0cf8-0cff:PCIconf1
PCI
4000-403f: Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI
ACPI
5000-501f : Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI
ACPI
eOOO-eOlf: Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 USB
USB
fOOO-fOOf: Intel Corp. 82371 AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE
85

. :
in al,0x60
;
; ( - )
. NOP
No Operation,
, .
?
/, .
: ,
, .
NOP. ,

:
jmp short delayl
delayl:
2 ,
:
jmp s h o r t $+2
; 2
.
,
, .
,
,
JMP .

0x80:
out 0x80,al
6.6.
,
. .
() ,
. () ,
.
, .
86
6.
( ) ,
.
,
.
, .
SHR SHL
SHR SHL
.
.
5 0101b. 2
10, 01010b.
, , , , 5
10: , .
. ,
16 (2 4)
4 .
iiiiiiî:
'
iiiiiSi%
\. 6.6. 5 2
,
.
SHL :
SHL 1 , 2
, .
, .
.
, CL
. 32 ,
, 32.
CF,
. CF (SF)
87
(OF). ,
,
( SF OF 1).
, SHL, :
SHR 1 , 2
CF, .
SHR . 6.7.
-^-
SHR
SF
. 6.7. SHR
,
.
: SHR, 16,
:
shr , 4
; 4
:
BBL.
16- ,
16 . CF,
,
JC. CF , BL.
mov ,0
mov ex
repeat:
shr
jnc not_one
inc
not_one:
loop repeat
; BL=0
; = 1
; 1 ,
/ CF
; ,
; BL 1
; 16
BL
, 0.
88
6.
SAL SAR
SAL SAR
( ). SAL ,
SAR .
:
SAL 1 , 2
SAR 1 , 2
SAR , ,
. , , CF.
, SHL SHR.
SAR
SF
. 6.8. SAR
RCR RCL
(). RCR
, SHR,
CF.
CF. RCL RCR,
.
:
RCR 1 , 2
RCL 1 , 2
RCR
SF
. 6.9. RCR
444H-H-4-4 4-R1
RCL
SF
. 6.10. RCL
89
.
ROR ROL
: ROR
,
CF; ROL .
ROR 1 , 2
ROL 1 , 2
RCR RCL.
^TTTW
ROR
SF
, 6.11, ROR
6.7.
, , ,
. MOV , [number],
,
number. ,
.
.
(
). ,
.
.
:
, .
DB, DW DD
DB (define byte), ^
. :
db 0x55
db 0x55,0x56,0x57
db '',0x55
db 'Hello',13,10,'$'
90

: 0x55,
0x56, 0x57

.
0x61, 0x55
.
0x48, 0x65, , ,
0x6F, OxD, , 0x24
6.
, ,
DW (define word):
dw 0x1234
dw '.'
; 0 3 4 , 0x12
;01, 0x00:
DD (define double word) ,

:
dd 0x12345678
;078 0x56 0x34 0x12
dd 1.2 3 45 672 0 ;
, number:
number dd 0x1
; number
; 1
number ,
0x00000001 .
RESB,
RESWM RESD

. ,
, .

, . ,

, .
: RESB ( ),
RESW ( ) RESD ( ).
:
resb 1
resb 2
resw 2
resd 1
number
resd 1
buffer
resb 64
;
;
;
;
;
'number''
;
;
1
2
4
4
4
(2 )
64
buffer

, NASM,
. RESx.
TIMES
TIMES ,
.
91
, DUP
Borland TASM. ,
.
, 64 Hello:
many_hello: times 64 db 'Hello'
, ,
. ,
32
TIMES:
b u f f e r db " H e l l o "
times 32-($-buffer)
db ' '
;
;
/
32-($-buffer) 27, $-buffer

, 5.
TIMES ,
:
t i m e s 5 i n c
;5 INC
:
inc
inc
inc
inc
inc
INCBIN
.
:
i n c b i n "sound.wav''
i n c b i n ''sound .wav" , 512
i n c b i n "sound.wav'\ 512,80
;
; 512
; 512
; 80
EQU
, .
.
EQU :
f o u r EQU 4
92
/ .
;
6.
SEG

,
16- . ,
.
SEG
, :
mov a x , s e g c o u n t e r ; ,
; c o u n t e r
mov e s , a x
/
;.
;
mov b x , c o u n t e r
; ()
; c o u n t e r . ES:
; c o u n t e r
mov c x , e s : [ b x ]
/
;

, .
SEG .
6.8.
, ,
.
, , ,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
ALIGN
, ,
, .
, .
.
,
, . , 93
, .

.
, .
, .
ALIGN.
, , ,
:
align 4
/ , 4
a l i g n 16
/ , 16

,
,
. , ?
MOV, ?
XOR ( ,
0):
,
; 0,00
,
mov ,0
; 08,0,0,0,0
, XOR ,
, .
:
,
; =
inc
; 1
1. DEC
INC, - 1 .

, ,
INC , ADD. ,

add ,4
; 4
:
inc
; 1
inc
inc
inc
94
6.
, INC, DEC ,
64- , .
INC DEC,
.
,
.
LEA,
. :
l e a ebx ecx+Gdx'^4 + 0x500]
l e a +*4~1]
lea ebx,[eax+eax*8]
lea ecx,[eax+ebx]
;
; + EDX*4 + 0x500
; = *5 - 1
; = ^-9
; = +
- 0.
, OR
TEST. ,
, 0
jz is_zero
; ?
; ? i s _ z e r o
:
or ,
jz is_zero
; OR
; (ZF),
; ? i s _ z e r o
OR ,
. , :
OR , (ZF) 1.
,
0.
jz:
dec
j z now_zero
; ,
, .
TEST, ,
, .
SF 1, ,
1. , TEST
: , SF
( 1 (1 AND 1 = 1)
, SF = 1):
95
t e s t ,
js is_negative
; TEST
;
;, SF=1

(, LOOP ).
:
, .
,
. near,
128 , (short).
- .
96
,
.
- ,
. ,
, .
7.1.
,
.

: 32- , numb e r l number2, r e s u l t .

, .
, r e
sult:
mov
mov
add
mov
,[number1]
ebx,[number2]
eax,ebx
[result],eax
number1 dd 8
number2 dd 2
result dd 0

= number2
- +
result
; numberl
/ 8
; number2
; 2
; r e s u l t
, :
mov e a x , [ n u m b e r l ]
add e a x , [ n u m b e r 2 ]
mov [ r e s u l t ] , e a x
98
; = ''numberl"
;EAX - EAX + number2
; r e s u l t
7.

: 32- . EDI
, .
EDX.
32- ,
EDI. 4 ,
, , 4 .
mov e d x , [ e d i ]
add e d x , [ e d i + 4 "
/ EDX
/ , EDX
EDI:
mov e d i , n u m b e r s
...
mov e d x , [ e d i ]
add e d x , [ e d i + 4 ]
/ EDI numbers
/ -
/ EDX
/
numbers dd 1
/ numbers
/ 1 2,
/ EDX 3
/
/
dd 2
, .

: 8- , ESI
. ^
8- ,
32- .
,
.
mov esi,array
mov ebx,0
mov eax,ebx
again:
mov al,[esi]
inc esi
add ebx,eax
cmp a1,0
jnz again
array db 1,2,3,4,
/ ESI
/EBX =
/EAX =
/ AL
/ .
/ = +
/AL ?
/ again, AL
,6,7,8,0 / .
/ () 3 6
99
. 7.7. -
: , .
, .
SHR, CF,
, .
p u s h
shr ,1
pop
j c odd
even:
/
; CF
/
; CF = 1, odd
; ,
odd:
; , --
, :
test 1
j z even
; 1, TEST
;ZF ( ) , t e s t
; , - ,
;
odd:
even:
; ,
, AL, .
.
100
7.

: , AL,
,
.. .
, 0x15, 00010101b.
: 10101000b, 08.
, .
AL , 61
,
, .

. , SHR ( ; ),
CF ( ) , RCL,
. 8 ,
.
mov , 8
theloop:
shr 1
1
loop theloop
; = 8
/ AL
; CF
;
;
; 8
1 ,
1 ,
CF
: ,
.
,
10 (). AL ,
. :
, YES.
, :
mov bl,OxA
div
ah,
jz yes
:
;BL = 10 -
; BL
; = 0 ?
; , YES
; ,
yes :
101
7.2.
, .
:
.
,
.
? 10
, (.
ASCII, . 1.2). ,
. :
#includG < u n i s t d . h >
void main(void) {
u n s i g n e d i n t number;
char remainder;
number=12345678;
w h i l e (number != 0)
{
r e m a i n d e r = (number % 10) + ' 0 ' ;

/ * r e m a i n d e r = number mod 10 + c h a r ( '0 ) * /
number /==10; / * number = numbe]r d i v 10
p r i n t f ( " % c " , remainder) ;
}
}
^y^ ^ v
4 ^ 0>^
|
10
^r
1
j
1
. 7.2. -
102
7.
, , :
12345678, 87654321,
, .
?
, , ,
, .
,

. , .
,
.
.
,
EDI ( ),
.
( ).
c o n v e r t .
while
, ,
.
.
convert , 7.1.
7,1. *)|^1::|^
( ) i J ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ H
convert:
mov ,
mov
.divide:
mov edx,
div ebx
;ECX = 0
;EBX = 010
add e d x , ' 0 '

push edx
inc ecx
cmp eax,0
jnz .divide
EDX - 0
EAX EBX, EAX,
EDX
ASCII-

? ( ?)
, .divide
,
,
.reverse:
pop eax
'
103
mov [ e d i ] , al
add e d i , 1
dec ecx
cmp ecx,0
jnz . reverse
ret

,

?
?
?
.
, .
MOV ecx, XOR , .
, 10 (
0), 10 BL:
.
OR , (
TEST , ).
:
mov [edi],al
add edi,1
:
stosb
, .

LOOP. , 7.2.
7.2.
( )
convert:
,
ebx,ebx
mov bl
.divide:
edx,edx
div ebx
add d l ^ O '
push edx
inc ecx
or eax,eax
jnz .divide
104
ECX - 0
EBX = 0
EBX - 010
EDX = 0
EBX, ,
EDX
ASCII-

? ( ?)
, .divide.
, ,

7.
. reverse:
pop
stosb
loop .reverse
ret

AL ,
EDI, EDI 1
=-1, ,
?
, .
,
:
MOV b y t e
[edi],0
LOOP RET.
b y t e ,
, EDI.
. ,
.

(, , , EDX EDI). ,
,
.
:
mov , 0 x 1 2 3 45 67 8
mov e d i , b u f f
c a l l coPxVert
; ,
;
; EDI
;
;
, ,
. ,
. EDI
DI ( ). CALL
.
.
convert
. ,
.
, ASCII-
. , ASCII-
(.2).
16, F, ASCII-
, 9. :
105
9, .
ASCII- ,
HexDigit:
HexDigit:
cmp d l
jb .less
add d l , ' A ' - I O
ret
.less:
or d l , ' 0 '
ret
; DL 0 - 1 5 ,
;
;
/ DL 10
;,
;10 '', 11 '' ..
;
;
;
convert, 10
0x10, 16.
,
. ,
N- ,
.
, , ,
. ,
PUSHAD POPAD.
, 7.3,
:
7,3,
( )
NumToASCII
= 32-
-
edi = -
:

NumToASCII:
pushad
xor esi,esi
convert_loop:
106

ESI - :
7.
edxêdx
div ebx
call HexDigit
push edx
inc esi
test eax,eax
jnz convert_loop
eld
write_loop:
pop eax
stosb
dec esi
test esi,esi
jnz write_loop
mov byte [edi],0
popad
ret
EDX - 0
EAX EBX , EAX,
EDX
ASCII
EDX

? ( - 0)
,
DF:

/
/ ES:(E)DI
/
;? (ESI = 0)
; ,
;
/
/
/!!!
7.3.
, .

(readln, scanf),
.

c o n v e r t _ c h a r , '0'-'9' 0-9,
''-' ''- 10-15 (OxA-OxF). ,
, AL,
ASCII-.
.
.
convert_char:
sub al,'0'
1 0
jb done
add al,'0'
and al,0x5f
/ ASCII-
/ 10,
/
/
/ JB ,
/
/AL =
/
107
sub al,'A'-IO
and al,OxOf
done :
ret
10
0-15.
F,
4 AL
; ;

: ,
.
, .
ASCII- .
0-9, :
done; , .
ASCII (. 1.2)
, (
),
( 0x5F).
, '' , ' .. , ,
AND
0x00 OxOF.
,
. , . ,
, , ,
. , , ,
.
,
,
NEG ().
.
:
= a^*z" + a^_j*z"~^ -f ... -h a^*z^ -f- ^*7^ (n )
, 1234 :
1234 = 1*10^ + 2*10^ + 3*10^ -h 4*10^
, 0x524D
:
(524D)^^ = 5*16^ + 2*162 + 4*16^ + 13*16^ = 21 069
, :
convert_char,
,
. ,
108
7.
,
. ,
, .
1234 :
1234 = ((((1)*10 + 2)*10 + 3)0) + 4
, ,
, ..

.
-^S^
?.
NEG
. 7.3. -

7.4.
109
7.4.
ASCIIToNum
esi = ,
0x0
=
:
=
ASCIIToNum:
push esi
xor ,
xor ebx,ebx
cmp byte [esi] , ' - '
jnz .next
inc esi
.next:
lodsb
or al,al
j z .done
call convert_char
imul ebx,ecx
add ebx,eax
jmp short .next
.done:
xchg ebx,eax
pop esi
cmp byte [esi] , ' - '
jz .negate
ret
.negate:
neg eax
ret
110
;
; =
; = :
; ?
; ,
;
; '- '
; AL
; ?
/
; AL
; ,
;
;
/
/ ESI
/ ?
/,
/,
/
/!!!
,
,
() .
.
8.1.
1950- .
:
, ,
, .
,

.

.

(1960- ).
.
,
.

.
,

. .
,

.

. ,
, ,
, ,
1964 .
112
8.

: , , ,
, ?
.
8.2.
.
, ,
.
,
, . ,
, - ,
.
.
( ,
) .
.
init
xdm
Xfree86
<-
xdm
window
maker
^-
sshagent
xterm
. 8.1.
, .
UNIX (Linux) init.
, .
DOS
COMMAND.COM.

. (kill),
. ,
( init), .
113
,
.
,
. , .

,
.
, ,
.
, - ,
,
. ,
.
.
,
, , , ,
.
. ,
,
. ,
, .

.
,
(, process control block).
UNIX
:
, ,
.
: ,
.
,
.
.
,
, : - ,
, .
, ,
, , (-).
114
8.
>
()
()
. 8.2.
DOS , DOS
:
.
:
.
( , ..).
.
.
.
(PID, Process ID).
.
.
.
.

, (,
) , .
(Round
Robin). .
.
,
.

. ,

. ,
115
->
\ I
J
1, 8.3. Round Robin
,

.
.
8.3.
, pea
.
.

.
, ,
, .

.
. 8.4.
116
8.

, .
, .

. ,
. .

,
. , ,
.

.
,

.
(swapping)
,
.

.
( !) .
, .
.
, () ,
,
.

: ,
.
,
, .

.
,
, ,
.
, 4 .
,
.
117
. 8.5.

(MMU, Memory Management Unit),
.

,
.
. 8.6.
. ,
, ()
.
(read/write/execute) .
.
()
(. 8.7).
118
8.
. 8.7.
MMU ,
.
.
.
,
( 1) ()
.
,
( ) , .
( 0),
( MMU) (Page
Not Found), .

.
,
, .
, ,
, 119
. ,
.
.

() ,
.
86-
4 . ,
, ,
, , .
.
8.4.
,
, .
, .
,
.
, ? ,
,
. ,

, .

,
,
, , , .
,
.
.
,
.
, .
- (IBM 390, AS/400).
, .
,
, .
DOS
UNIX.
120
8.

.
.
( ).
, .
.
,
, , .
,
. DOS \, UNIX /.
.
.

.
,
, . ,
.
UNIX /
:
, /
.
,
(stdin). (stdout)
(stderr). 1,
2.
,
/. ,
,
. DOS,
UNIX, ,

. DOS UNIX
:
Is > f i l e l
( ) filel
Is, , ,
. Is
,
.
, .
121
(),
().
, /
(. 8.8). ,
. , , .
,
: , .
1 Z.
2
5
6
/i
3
2
1
3
2
1
Pvic. 8.8.
, .
, ,
512 . /
.
.
,
. ,
, . ,
.
60 (
).
, ,
.
(
) ,
. ,
, .
122
8.

, .
, . : ,
, , . -
, .
(partition table).

( )
( ) .
, .
8.5.

.
, ROM (read-only memory). ROM
/ (BIOS, Basic Input Output
System). BIOS
, ,
POST (Power On Self Test).
BIOS
. BIOS
, , ,
( 0), CD-ROM .. ( 0)
.
MBR (Master Boot Record). BIOS
MBR
.

, ,
.
.
( ) .

,
: .
123
.
, BIOS
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System /)

PC.
.
DOS BIOS
.
BIOS
,
. BIOS
(. 8.1).
BIOS
8.1
0x10
( )
0x13
0x14
0x15
0x16
0x17
( )
BIOS,
BIOS .
BIOS ,

.

. 8.9,
124
NASM
NASM
NASM
(Netwide Assembler), (
) LGPL.
http://nasm.sourceforge.net.

MASM (Microsoft Assembler) TASM (Turbo Assembler Borland),
NASM
, .
9.1.
( )
:

(, ).
. (;),
.
, ,
'V ( ).
(
).
9.2.
,
. NASM
.

. , ,
126
9. NASM
MOV , [array+4].
:
Array, 4.
, :
add
dl,''~10
' ' - 1 0 ,
ADD dl, 55.
,
. (. 9.1)
.
, NASM,

1
^
'

+ -
*/%//%%
+ - ~
9.1
OR
XOR
AND

, , (
), ,
, (NOT)
:
mov
,{(5*6+2)+(04 0<<2))/8
; :
;MOV , 0 2 4
:
mov 1,~1
;: mov 1,11111110b
;: mov
1,OxFE
9.3.
JMP CALL,
, . ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
127
. , NASM,
.
,
, .
(, )
, ? ,
,
.
: ,
.
subprog:
/ subprog
;
.11_1:
/
;
subprog2:
; subprog2
.local_loop:
9.4. NASM
,

.
,
.
. ,
, , ,
.
NASM ,
.
%.
( ).

, %i
(%idefine %define ..).
%define, %undef
, ,
.
:
128
9. NASM
%define
average(a,b)
((()+(b))/2)
:
mov
al,average(3,7)
, :
mov
al,5
%define , :
%define
%define
SECIN_MIN
60
SEC_JN_HOUR SEC_IN_MIN * 60
, :
%define
USEMMX
, , , ,
%if def () %ifndef ( ).
%undef.
%macro %endmacro
%defme ,
( ). , ,
%macro %endmacro.
. ,
. %endmacro .
%macro subtract 3
sub %1,%2
sub %1,%3
%endmacro
s u b t r a c t :
subtract ,,[variablel]
:
sub ,
sub ,[variablel]
. NASM
. ,
2-3 , 2 3 .
,
:
%macro a d d i t
a d d %1,%2
add %1
%endmacro
2-3
129
a d d i t , ,
, ,
0:
a d d i t
:
add e a x , e b x
add ,
%assign
%assign ()
. ,
. ,
%assign i i+1
1. %assign
.
%if
, NASM
. ,
.
:
%if<ycnoBHe>
; i f e l i f
; , .
%elif<ycnoBHe2>
; % e l i f %else
; ,
êlse
; ,
; %else %endif
êndif
%elif %else .
%elif, %else ( ) .
.
: =, <, >, < = , > = , (,
, , , , ).
= = ! = = .

1 1 , ^ ^ , && (OR, XOR, AND), .
130
9. NASM
? %ifdef, %infndef
%ifdef .
:
%define TEST_IT
%ifdef TEST_IT
cmp eax,3
%endif
, %ifdef ( ,3)
, TEST_IT
%define.
%ifdef %ifndef.
,
.
%include
%include ,
. .
%include
:
%include
macro.
,
, . ,
:
% i f n d e f MACROS_MAC
% d e f i n e MACROS_MAC
;
%endif
.
, .
9.5.
NASM ,
. NASM , MASM TASM,
.
131
.
BITS
,
.
16- (BITS 16) 32- (BITS 32).
,
NASM.
, 80386,
.
.
16- . 80386
32- . , 32-
16- ?
, . 3,
. Intel
, 32- ,
? .
16- MOV ,01234 08,
0x34, 0x12.
32- MOV ,000001234
0x66, 08, 0x34, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00.
16- () 32-
0x66 (
0x67). 16- .
32-.
32- 32 . 08, 0x34, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00 (
0x66) MOV ,000001234.
BITS ,
.
SECTION SEGMENT
, ,
: , (
) (, ,
,
).
SECTION
SEGMENT.
132
9. NASM
.text,
.data, .bss.
, ( 9.1)
9,1
;T^^^^nporpafj^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
; ,
; , ,
;()2005 .. <ivan(iivanov. >
SECTION .text
/ .text
;
mov ,2
= 2
mov ebx,5
= 5
add ,ebx
= +
add ,[statl]
= + statl
mov [dynl],eax

dynl
SECTION .data
; DB, DW and DD
;
.data
statl: dd 1
SECTION .bss
,
. .bss
RESB, RESW RESD,
,
. ,
RES* ,

dynl: resd 1
;
(.stack).
, .
SECTION SEGMENT
.
.

. , ,
.
133
.
EXTERN, GLOBAL COMMON
13 (
) ,
,
.
EXTERN (extern) .
,
, - .
.
GLOBAL

().
COMMON GLOBAL
, .bss.
COMMON
,
.
CPU

CPU,
.
80386, CPU.
,
86- .
CPU
,
.
CPU 808 6
/
; I n t e l 8086
; . . 286, 386, 486, P e n t i u m . . .
ORG
ORG
, .
, ORG - (
), ORG
0x100. DOS
, 0x100.
134
9. NASM
,
NASM ,
.
MASM TASM, NASM
ORG .
ORG: ORG,
. MASM TASM
:
ORG
;
;
ORG 510
DW 055
; NASM ORG
; TIMES:
ORG
;
;
TIMES 510-($-$$) DB
DW 055
9.6.
Netwide Assembler (NASM)
86- . NASM

, .

~f. ,
.
:
.
()
.
, (
)
.
135
, (linking),
.
, ,
, ,
( EXTERN GLOBAL),

.
bin
bin .
.
.
, he 11 . asm:
; ,
/ 0x0.
; DB " H e l l o w o r l d ! " ,
;
s t r i n g : db " H e l l o w o r l d ! " , O x d ,
, -f:
nasm - f b i n h e l l o . a s m
h e l l o , Hello world.
- , hello
,
ASCII-, .
bin (, ,
). ALIGN,
, . ,
, 16:
section .text align-16
b i n ,
DOS (. .SYS) .
BITS 16.
, bin,
ORG.
OMF 16-
OMF (Object Module Format) ,

Intel, Turbo Assembler.
MASM NASM .
136
9. NASM
OMF .obj,
OBJ. .obj
.
, obj 16-
, NASM 32- .
NASM 32-
Borland, 32- ,
, Microsoft.
OBJ , ,
SEGMENT (SECTION).
,
NASM.
, OBJ IMPORT,
11, Windows.
IMPORT DLL,
DLL.
OBJ- ( ).
,
. (entry point)
( ) ..start:.
OBJ,
-f obj.
Win32 32-
Microsoft Visual -+
32- Win32.
COFF (Common Object File Format),
. ,
COFF,
coff, .
Win32,
-f Win32.
aout aoutb UNIX
a.out (Assembler and link editor OUTput files)

Linux.
a.outb BSD- (NetBSD, FreeBSD OpenBSD). NASM ,
-f aout Linux -f aoutb BSD.
137
.
coff .out
COFF (Common Object File Format)

a.out.
UNIX, Windows NT,
( ) , , DJGPP.
- + .
-f coff,
COFF. .
elf -- UNIX
ELF (Executable and Linkable Format)

, . UNIX-
. ,
Linux, Solaris 86, UnixWare, SCO-UNIX UNIX
System V, .
..
-f elf.

.
,
, ..
,
.
NASM
-g. OBJ ELF.
138
DOS

DOS
DOS
640 KB
( 1981)
DOS ( MS-DOS, Microsoft Disk Operating System)
IBM PC.
/,
8- 16- .
DOS .
, .
,
UNIX .
DOS 640 , ,
.
(
8086),
,
, . 80286 80386
. , ,
. ,
.
10.1.
8086 20-
2^^ (1 ) . ,
16-: 20
?
. ,
,
16- , 16.
140
10. DOS
SI
15
DI
15
AL
8 7
+ + + + + + + + + + ++\
20-
. 10.1.
,
:
mov a l ,
[ds:si]
; AL
; d s : s i
, DS = 0559, SI 0x100.
20- , :
0559 * 0x10 (0x10 16) + 0x100
: 05590 4- 0x100 =
0550.
, (,

) (offset).
, 0550
, , 0558 0x200.
, , .
16-,
64 . ,
64 , .

. ,
, 10.4.

16- .
DOS-, DOS, 86- .
141
10.2. DOS
, - ,
DOS 1 .
10.1. ,
, .
10.1
1
(:)
1 0x0000:0x0000
1 0x0040:0x0000
BIOS
1 ????:
DOS kernel ( )
????:
, ,
????:
()
C0MMAND.COM
1 ????:
(TSR, Terminate and Stay Resident)
????:
1 ????:
1 :
0x06000:0x0000
1 0x06800:0x0000
(,
.)

( )

( )

0 x 0 0 8 0 0 : 0 x 0 0 0 0 - :
ROM
(Read Only Memory)
OxFOOO:OxOOOO
ROM BIOS

. . 256
, , 4 . 1 .
, 0x400 (.. 0x0040:0x0000),
BIOS. ,
, .
, - ,
Ralf Brown Interrupt List .

.
COMMAND.COM,
.
TSR .
, ,
142
10, DOS
.
, ,
.
,
DOS (
), .

.
, .
640 , ..
:. 640 1
.
64 .
.
800:
, . 00800:00000

. . ASCII , .
,
ROM (Read Only Memory): BIOS BIOS
.
10.3. 1 MB
640 ,
, [ .
80286 24- ,
20 , .. 1 .
OxOFOOO,
BIOS. BIOS ,
OxFFFF.
20 ,
1 .

,
OxOFFFF. 1
, - 21- 1.
- , 20 (21- 20,
). 20 21-
64 .
143
64 ,
. 640 1
, ROM-. -
?
, . Lotus, Intel Microsoft
, LIM EMS (Expanded
Memory Specification). 640 1
64 KB, , 16
. (page frame), EMS
1 .
80286 EMS- ,
80386
.
1
XMS (Extended Memory Specification).
HIMEM.SYS,
1 1
.
, . ,
.
10.4. DOS
DOS
.
,
.SYS. .

CONFIG.SYS.
.
( .
. ) .

. 64 , 256
.
(.. 64 KB).
0x100.

(CS, ES, DS SS),
SP OxOFFFE,
0x100,
.
144
10. DOS
0x100 .
PSP (Program Segment Prefix).
PSP-
. 0x80 ,
.
-, 0x1234
(. .10.2):
-
10.2
(:)
0x1234:0x0000
, .

0x1234:0x0080
0x1234:0x0100
0x100 -
0x1234:0x7???
()
01234:0????
()
01234:0????
0x1234:0xFFFE
(.bss)

. ,
, 64 .
.
.
,
. , ,
, (call far),
(CS IP).
(retf). ,
SEG
. ,
, .
, .
, (..
)?
,
0x0000:0x0000,
0x0000:0x0000 OxOOOO:OxFFFF,
0x1000:0x0000 .
, (..
0x0000, 0x1000 ..),
(relocation table).
145
.
,
,

.
, .
10.5.

. ,
, ,
.
0x21.
. DOS
. ,
, .

,
.
DOS 04,
.
:
:
:
= 04
AL =
, AL
, ,
.
, , .
, exit .
( 10.1).
1|||||1|||||^^
D Q | | >
SECTION .text
; DOS.
; ,
;
org 0x100
; , 0x10 0
146
10. DOS
mov ah,04
mov al,
int 0x21
;
;
;
f i n i s h . a s m .
,

.
f i n i s h . asm nasm:
nasm -f bin - finish.com finish.asm
-f , -
f i n i s h . com.
f i n i s h . c o m ,
finish Enter.
.
. Hello, World!
.
,
.

, $ (0x24).
:
:
:
= 0x09
1 DS:DX = , $
DOS
0x02, ASCII DL.
:
:
= 0x02
DL = ASCIi-
, ,
Hello, World! .
f i n i s h , asm.
. d a t a hello,
, Hello, World!, CR (OxD)
LF (), ,
$ ( 10.2).
147
.
10.2. ^ DOS
SECTION .text
; "Hello, World!'
; {EOL - End Of Line)
org 0x100
;
mov ah,0x9
/ DOS
mov dx,hello
; DX
int 0x21
; DOS
mov ah,0x4C
/ DOS
mov al,0
;
int 0x21
;
SECTION .data
hello DB "Hello, World!",0xd,0xa,'$'
;
DS:
.
h e l l o . asm
nasm -f bin - hello.com h e l l o . a s m .
h e l l o .

DOS
0x01, getchar readkey
Pascal.
:
:
1 = 0x01
:
AL ,
()
0x01 .
( 0x08 ,
).
AL ,
(extended) ASCII-, Page
Up, Page Down, , End, F1..F12 ..
0x01 AL ASCII-
.
,
Enter. DOS , , .
148
10. DOS
:
:
=
1 DS.DX =

,
.
,
(1-254), (ASCII 7) Enter.
, OxOD (
Enter).
mov ah,
mov dx,string
int 0x21
/ ,
; DX ()
; DOS
s t r i n g db 5 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0
mov a h ,
;
mov d x , s t r i n g
; DX () s t r i n g
i n t 0x21
; DOS
s t r i n g db
5,0,0,0,0,0,0
int 0x21
Enter.
7 , 4
Enter. ,?,
Enter, string ^ :
s t r i n g db
5,3,0x65,,0x67,OxOD,
,
OxD,
(ABC), OxD.
.
1: ,
.
Enter ( 10.3).
DOS- 0x01,
. , ,
DOS- 0x02.
149
I^MiliiHliMi^^^^'^'^
1|||||1|111111^
;
SECTION .text
again:
;DOS-
mov ah,0x01
;
DOS
int 0x21
;
DL
mov dl,al
;
"Enter"?
cmp d l , OxD
; ,
jz endprog
;DOS-
mov ah, 0x02
; DOS
int 0x21
;
jmp again
endprog:
;DOS-
mov ah,0x4C
; DOS
int 0x21
;
echo . asm. echo . com

nasm -f b i n - echo.com echo.asm
2: ,
Enter ( 10.4).
DOS- ,
,
DOS- 0x02.
|||
SECTION .text
;
; .
org 0x100
COM
mov ah,
DOS-
mov dx,string
DX
int 0x21
DOS
xor ax,ax

mov al, [string+1]
inc dx

add dx,
,

mov s i,dx
DX SI
150
10. DOS
std
/
/
print_next_char:
lodsb
/ DS:SI SI 1
s i , s t r i n g + l
/ ? ( )
j b endprog
/ ,
mov d l , a l
/ DL
mov a h , 0 x 0 2
/DOS-
i n t 0x21
/ DOS
jmp p r i n t _ n e x t _ c h a r
/
endprog:
mov ah,0x4C
/DOS-
mov al,0
/
int 0x21
/ DOS
SECTION .data
string db 254,0
t i m e s 253 db ' '
/
/
r e v e r s e , asm ,
:
nasm - f b i n - r e v e r s e . c o m
reverse.asm
,
.
, .
,
.
mov a h ,
mov d x , s t r i n g
i n t 0x21
/DOS-
/ DX
/ DOS
, Enter,
. ,
.
,
mov a l , [ s t r i n g + 1 ]
/
/
DX
string. () ,
DX + 2 + _ 1 (

, ).
D X + 2 , ,
OxOD ( Enter). ,
.
151
, 2 1 1,
. ,
.
i n c dx
add d x , a x
mov s i , d x
;
/ ,
/
/ DX SI
, ,
AL, ,
, .
. LODSB
, SI,
.
1: ,
.
std
print_next_char:
lodsb
/
/
/ DS:SI SI 1
LODSB AL , [DS:SI] , SI
1 . LODSB
s t r i n g + 1 , SI
( ).
(JZ), ,
, .
, .
s i , s t r i n g + 1
j b endprog
/ ?
/ ,
. , AL,
DL, DOS .
LODSB, .
mov d l , a l
mov a h , 0 x 0 2
i n t 0x21
jmp p r i n t _ n e x t _ c h a r
/
/ DL
/DOS-
/ DOS
/
04,
endprog:
mov ah,0x4C
mov al,0
int 0x21
152
/DOS-
/
/ DOS
10. DOS
,
SECTION . d a t a
s t r i n g db 2 5 4 , 0
t i m e s 2 53 db ' '
,
.
( , 254 ),
. TIMES,
253 .
10.6. -
8, ,
. DOS
. - -
.
() ,
.
.
DOS Windows
: 8 3
. Windows ,
256- , .
, 8-1-3.

0x3D.
DS:DX (DS , DX ). AL
.
(AL=0).
.
CF=1, CF=0.
:

= 0x30
DS:DX = ,
0x0
AL = :
AL = 0
AL = 1
AL = 2
:
CF = 0 ,
= ,
CF = 1 ,
= :
- 0x0002
= 0x0003
153
,
:
:
:
CF = 0

=
=
CF = 1 ,
=
, ,
, .
( 10.5).
illli^HiiiiiiHRW
SECTION-.text
org 0x100
mov ax, 0x3D00
mov dx,file_name
int 0x21
jc error
mov bx,ax
mov ah,
int 0x21
mov al,0
endprog:
mov ah,4Ch
int 0x21
error:
mov al,1
jmp short endprog
^^
; DOS ,
;-
; , DS
;
; DOS
;? , error
; ,
;
/ DOS
; DOS
; :
;
; DOS
; DOS
; :
/
;endprog
SECTION . d a t a
f i l e _ n a m e db ' ' t e x t . t x f , 0 ; t e x t . t x t

, 10.5 ,
:
. DOS- 0x3F.
154
10. DOS
.
(
),
.
:
:
= OxSF
=
DS:DX =

=
:
CF = 0
= ,
( , EOF)
:
CF = 1
=
.
, ,
DS:DX.
, :
.
( ,
, ).
CF = 1,
.
, ,
DOS 0x09. , ; $, 0x09.
, 0x09,

,
/, .
0x0001.

0x40. ,
:
:
:
= 0x40
=
DS:DX =
= ,
:
:
CF = 0
= ,

:
CF=1
=
155
DS:DX , ,
. ,
: .
, ,
. , , ,
.
, t e x t . t x t
.
, t e x t . t x t ,
0x3D.
, .
0x40.
.
10.6.
%define B_LENGTH 80
%define STDOUT 0x0001
SECTION .text
org 0x100
mov bp,STDOUT
mov ax, 0x3D00

mov dx,file_name
int 0x21
jc error
mov bx,ax
read_next:
mov ah,0x3F
mov dx,buffer
mov cx,B._LENGTH
int 0x21
jc error
or ax,ax
jz end_reading
mov ex,ax
156
;
/

. DS
DOS
? , error

DOS

DOS
? , error
?
,
,

,
,
10. DOS
mov ah,0x40
xchg bp,bx
int 0x21
xchg bp,bx
jmp read_next
end_reading:
mov ah,
int 0x21
mov al,0
endprog:
mov ah,4Ch
int 0x21
; DOS
;
; ,
/
;
; DOS
;
; read__next,
;
/ DOS
; DOS
; :
; DOS
;
; DOS.
;
error:
:
mov al,1
endprog
jmp short endprog
SECTION .data
file_name db ''text . txt'\ 0 ; t e x t . t x t
SECTION .bss
b u f f e r RESB BLENGTH
;
;
; b u f f e r B_.LENGTH
l i s t i t . asm
nasm l i s t i t . a s m -- l i s t i t . c o m - f
bin
t e x t . t x t
:
echo I ' l l
BE BACK! > t e x t . t x t
t e x t . t x t
.
,
.
.
, !
157
.
/
0x3D ,
, ,
.
:
/
= 0x60
AL = 0x00 ( 0)
=
=
DX =
DS:DX =
:
:
CF = 0
=
= (. )
:
CF=1
=

: ,
(
).
DX.
.
4 ( DL):
DL = , (
).
DL = 0001b , .
DL = 0010b ( ),
.
4 ( DH):
DH = , .
DH = 0001b , .
,
DX 0x0012.
, ,
.
( )
, DOS UNIX, ,
, DOS :
158
0:
1:
2:
3:
1,
1,
1,
1,
.'
.
.
.
10. DOS
4: 1, .
5: 1, .
6-15: .
0x20:
.
.
,
.
= 0: .
= 1: .
= 2: .
(CF=0)
( 0x3D).
:
= 1: .
= 2: .
= 3: .
l i s t i t .asm ( 10.6) ,
. ( )
.
, . ,
:
mov , GCOOh
DOS CO/
:
AL

mov , 0x2 0

mov d x , 0x12
mov s i , other_file_name
DOS
i n t 0x21

jc error

mov b p , a x
, MOV bp,STDOUT.
:
:
mov a h , 0x3
mov b x , b p
i n t 0x21
/ DOS
;
, , :
o t h e r _ f i l e _ n a m e db " t e x t l . t x t " ,
;
159
text.txt textl.txt.
, ,
,
.
.asm :
nasm -f bin - copy.com copy.asm
(SEEK)
,
, .
(, 1 2
), /.
seekQ, DOS 0x42.
:

= 0x42
AL =
=
CX;DX =
:
:
CF = 0
DX:AX =
=
:
CF=1
=
.
CX:DX. ,
, ,
4 ( FAT16 2 ).
16 , DX 16 .
AL ,
CX:DX :
AL = 0: (SEEK_SET),
CX:DX.
AL = 1: (SEEK_CUR).
AL = 2: (SEEK_END).
DX:AX.
SEEK
. 0x42 :
mov
mov
xor
xor
int
160
,0x4202
bx,filedes
dx,dx
ex,ex
0x21

=
DX =
-
DOS
10. DOS
DX:AX
.

,
.
0x41:
:

= 0x41
DS:DX =
:
:
CF = 0
:
CF=1
=
,
, .
0x43:
:

= 0x43
AL = 0x00
DS:DX =
:

=
AL = 0x01
DS:DX =
:
CF = 0
=
:
CF=1
=
0x56.
,
, ,
.
:

= 0x56
DS:DX =
ES:DI =
:
: CF = 0
:
CF=1
=
: text.txt
.
. :
( 10.7).
161
10.7. ||:^^^^11<||1^
SECTION . t e x t

o r g 0x100
/ DOS 0x5 6
mov a h , 0x5 6
;
DX
mov d x , s r c
; DI
mov d i , d e s t
i n t 0x21
;
mov a x , 0 x 4 c 0 0
i n t 0x21
SECTION . d a t a
s r c db " t e x t . t x t ' \ 0
d e s t db ' 4 t e x t . t x t " , 0
rename.asm .
, .
,
. :
SECTION .data
dest db '' \ "
src db "text.txt'\0
.
, , .

Windows 95 8- .

, 84-3, . , LinuxRulez
LINUXR~1.
,
Windows. Ralf
Brown Interrupt List (http://www.ctyme.com/rbrown.htm).

0x70. AL
( ), ,
AL, .
, 0x3D
:
0706, .
162
10. DOS
10.7.

. MKDIR, RMDIR, CHDIR .. ,
.
(MKDIR, RMDIR)
0x39,
. .
,
.
:

= 0x39

=
DS:DX =
:
: CF = 0
:
CF=1
=
(CHDIR)

(CHDIR). DOS,
, .
, DOS .
:
:

=
DS:DX =
: CF = 0
:
CF=1
=
(GETCWD)
,
. 0x47 ,
.
:

= 0x47
DL = :
DL = 0x00
DL = 0x01 :
: CF = 0
:
CF = 1
=
DS:SI = ,

163
,
0x19:
:

= 0x19
:
AL = :
AL = 0x00 :
AL = 0x01 :
10.8. pwd,
,
10.8. ,

SECTION .text
org 0x100
mov ah,0x19
int 0x21
add byte [buffer],al
xor dl,dl
mov ah,0x47
mov si,buffer+3
int 0x21
mov ah,0x40
mov bx,0x0001
mov cx,BUFF_LEN
mov dx,buffer
int 0x21
mov ax,0x4c00
int 0x21
SECTION .data
buffer db "A:\"
times 64 db " "
db OxOD,OxOA
BUFF_LEN equ $-buffer
164
DOS
DOS
'' ,

DOS
'':\"
DOS
DOS

; DOS
; DOS
; DOS
;
;
/ $ ,
; .
/ ,
10. DOS

:
:

=
DL = 0x00 :
DL = 0x01 :
AL=
10.8.
, DOS,
.
DOS,
. ,
04.

04.
, .
, 1,
.
:

= 04
=
ES = ,
:
: CF = 0
CF=1
=
=

16 .
- 64 (
0x1000 ). 0x1000
:
;
mov ah, 04
;- ; ES
mov bx, 0x10 00
;
i n t 0x21
jc e r r o r

0x48, .
165
0x48
. ,
. .
:

= 0x48
=
:
CF = 0
=
:
CF=1
=
= ( )
, 64 , .
, ,
04.
mov ah,0x4 8
mov bx,0x1000
int 0x21
jc error
push es
mov es,ax
; DOS
; 4 KB
; DOS
; CF = 1, ,
;
/
; ES
; ES

()
. 0x49:
:

= 0x49
ES =
:
: CF = 0
CF=1
=
10.9.

argc ( ) argv (
). DOS ,
0x81 .
OxOD 166
10. DOS
0x80 ( ).
.

. : ,
0x81 ( 10.9).
.. , | ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
SECTION .text
%define STDOUT 1
org 0x100
mov ah,0x40
mov bx,STDOUT
mov dx,0x81
xor ex,ex
mov cl,[0x80]
mov di,ex
add di,dx
;
;
;-
; DOS
ine di
mov byte [di],OxA
ine
int
mov
int
ex
0x21
ax,0x4e00
0x21

CL
DI

[OxOD]
DI

0x0,
EOL
1

DOS
10.10.
, ,
: (CF=1), .
.
=0x59.
Ralf Brown Interrupt List.
10.3 .
DOS-
10.3
0x0002
0x0003
0x0005
167
. 10.3
0x0008
0x0009
OxOOOf
0x0010
0x0011
10.11.
10.11.1.

.
, : -
, .
(debugger).
- bug () ,
, ,
.
debugger.
, ,
..
DOS ( Windows)
debug.exe. Turbo Debugger, ^
Borland,
. IDA (Interactive
Disassembler) DataRescue.

( open, load).
, :
. : ( ,
) (
). , ,
( ) .
(
,
).
168
10. DOS

( step). .
,
, .
step-over,
,
. ,
.

go continue.
(
breakpoints). ,

.
, ,
..
(,
) .
(, , ,
, result), ,
. ,
,
.

grdb, .
10.11.2. grdb.exe

grdb (Get Real Debugger, )

.
: http://www.members.tripod.com/'-'ladsoft/grdb.htm.
, .
grdb.
C:\>grdb
GRDB v e r s i o n . C o p y r i g h t () L A D s o f t 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 2
History enabled
eax:00000000 ebxiOOOOOOOO ecx:00000000 edx:00000000 e s i : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
e d i : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ebp:00000000 espiOOOOFFEE e i p : 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 e f l a g s : 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
NV UP E I PL NZ NA PO NC
169
.
d s : 10FB e s : 1 0 F B f s : 1 0 F B g s i l O F B s s : 1 0 F B
1 0 F B : 0 1 0 0 74 I E
jz
0120
->
csilOFB
(->) ,
. pwd.com (
). 1
pwd.com (1 load, ).
.
->1 pwd.com
Size: 00000069
.
t. t
Enter:
->t
:00001900 ebx:00000000 :00000069 edx:00000000 esi:00000000
edi:00000000 ebp:00000000 espiOOOOFFEE eip:00000102 eflags:00000202
NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC
ds: lOFB es:10FB fs:10FB gsrlOFB ssilOFB cs:10FB
10FB:0102 CD 21
int
21
->
t ,
0x19. INT 21,
. ( CSiIP)
. t Enter
DOS, AL ^ .
->t
:00001902 :00000000 :00000069 edx:00000000 esi:00000000
edi:00000000 ebp:00000000 esp:OOOOFFEE eip:00000104 eflags:00000202
ds: lOFB es:10FB fs:10FB gs:10FB ss:10FB cs:10FB
10FB:0104 00 06 24 01 add
[0124],al
ds:[0124]-41
->
AL 02, ^ :.
ADD [buffer],al,
AL ''. , buffer
. :
buffef, () 0124.
d 124. d
- , ,
.
170
10. DOS
- > d 124
10FB:0120
10FB:0130
10FB:0140
10FB:0150
10FB:0160
10FB:0170
10FB:0180
10FB:0190
lOFBiOlAO
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-41
20-20
20-20
20-20
20-20
20
20
20
20
5
20
20
20
20
20-20
20-20
20-20
20-20
OD-OA
20
20
20
20
C7
20
20
20
20
06
20-20
20-20
20-20
20-20
8C-CD
20
20
20
20
01
20
20
20
20
00
20 : \
20
20
20
EB
60 26 8A 47-01 32 E4 40-Dl EO 03 D8-26 8A OF 32 '&.G.2.@. . . .&. .2

ED OB C9 74-OF 43 53 26-8B IF E8 C6-00 5B 73 41 . . .t.CS&
[sA
43 43 E2 F2-2E C7 06 8C-CD 03 00 EB-34 26 8A 47 CC
4&.G
01 32 E4 40-Dl EO 03 D8-26 8A 07 32-E4 Dl EO 40 .2
&. . 2 . . .@
->
ADD t. :\
:\ ( ). d:
->d
124
10FB:0120
-43 5 20-20 20 20 20-20 20 20 20 :\
,
.
t
g (go),
.
.
() .
,
, .
( step over),
.
,
:
->
100
lOFB-.OlOO
10FB:0102
10FB:0104
10FB:0108
lOFBrOlOA
lOFBrOlOC
lOFBrOlOF
lOFBiOlll
10FB:0113
10FB:0116
10FB:0119
4
CD
00
30
B4
BE
CD
B4
BB
B9
BA
19
mov
21
int
OG 24 01 add
D2
xor
47
mov
27 01
mov
21
int
40
mov
01 00
mov
45 00
mov
24 01
mov
ah,0019
21
[0124],al
dl, dl
ah,0047
si,0127
21
ah,0040
bx,0001
ex,0045
dx,0124
171
.
lOFBiOllC CD 21
lOFBiOllE 8 00 4C
->
int
mov
21
ax,4C00
q.
grdb
grdb . 10.4.
grdb
<filename> () []
1 <filename> []
t
<addr>
<addr>

addr.
0 F, 16

b<num>,addr
10.4
,
.

7. ,
,
.
, ASCIIToNum:
ASCIIToNum
Gsi = / cipoi^, 0x0
=
:
-
172
10. DOS
DOS,
16- . () SI,
ESI.
.
,
.
.
SkipSpace, .
,
, .
SkipSpace
SI =
:
s i = ,
SkipSpace:
.again:
lodsb
; AL D S : S I ,
/ S1
a l , ' '
;
jz again
; ,
ret
, ,
. ,
0x81, OxD.
. ,
, . ,

. ,

.
SkipNum
: SI =
: DI =
SkipNum:
mov di,si
.find_end_of_number:
inc di
cmp [di],'0'
;DI
;DI=DI+1
; ASCIT-
;
173
jb .end_found
cmp [di],'9'
ja .end_found
jmp .find_end_ofnumber
.end_found:
ret
; ,
; ASCII-
; 9
; ,
; ;
A :
mov si, 0x81
call SkipNum
mov [di],0
mov ecx,10
call ASCIIToNum
mov edx,eax
mov si,di
inc si
call Skipspace
call SkipNum
mov [di],0
call ASCIIToNum
add e a x , e d x
/ SI
;
/
;
;
; , SI
;
; EDX
/ SI
;
;
;
;
;
; , SI
/
/ ,
; EDX
.
,
.
. DI
, , .
SI,
DL
,
.
.
,
.
NumToASCII:
174
10. DOS
NumToASCII
= 3 2-
=
edi =
:

mov ebx,1
mov di,buffer
call NumToASCII
; EBX
; DI
;
/
,
. ,
. :
.
, .
mov a h , 0 x 4 0
mov d x , d i
; DOS
;
; DS:DX
;
mov , 2 5
i n t 0x21
mov , 0400
;
i n t 0x21
25 :
b u f f e r t i m e s 2 5 db ' '
.
SECTION .text
org 0x100
mov si, 0x81
call SkipNum
mov [di],0
mov
call ASCIIToNum
mov edx,eax
mov si,di
inc si
call Skipspace
call SkipNum
SI

, SI
EDX
SI

;
;
175
mov
[di],0
call ASCIIToNum
add eax,edx
mov
mov d i , b u f f e r
call NumToASCII
mov ah,0x40
mov dx,di
mov
int
mov
int
ex,2 5
0x21
ax, 0x4c00
0x21

, S1
,
EDX

DI

DX,
DI

DOS

SkipSpace -
S1
:
si = ,
SkipSpace:
.again:
/ AL DS:SI,
lodsb
; SI
cmp a1,' '
;
jz again
; ,
ret
SkipNum ~
: S1 =
: DI =
SkipNum:
;DI
mov di,si
. find_end_, of number
;DI=D1+1
inc di
/ ASCII-
cmp [di],'0'
; ,
jb .end_found
; ASCII- 9
cmp [di],'9'
; ,
ja .end_found
;
j mp .f i ndend_o f_numbe r
.end_found:
ret
176
10. DOS
; ***** *****
SECTION .data
buffer times 2 5 db ' '
;
.
:
nasm -f bin -o tes :.com t e s t . a s m
test asm 6: error: o p e r a t i o n s i z e not s p e c i f i e d
test asm 13 error : symbol 'Skipspace' undefined
test asm 15 error : operation s i z e not s p e c i f i e d
test asm 41 error : symbol ' a g a i n ' undefined
test asm 53 error : o p e r a t i o n s i z e not s p e c i f i e d
test asm 55 error ; o p e r a t i o n s i z e not s p e c i f i e d
r r o r : phase e r r o r d e t e c t e d at end of assembly.
test asm: 141 : eerroi
, . .
6:
mov [ d i ] , 0
;
, :
mov byte [ d i ] , 0
;
,
. ,
Skipspace SkipSpace. .
13 ,
6. 41 'again':
jz .again
53 55 .
'byte' .
, . ,
. :
mov ah,0x40
;
mov d x , d i
; DX, DI
mov ,2 5
/
i n t 0x21
/ DOS
,
0x01 10.
.
45 50. ; :
: \ t e s t 45 50
945
177
95, 945. ?
. grdb:
:>grdb
GRDB version . Copyright
->
() LADsoft 1997-2002
'1 test.com 45 5 ' :

->1 test.com 45 50
Size: 0000001
->
, ,
.
, ASCIIToNum .
ASCIIToNum MOV .
ASCIIToNum.
- > 1 t e s t . c o m 45 50
Size: 0000001
->
:00000000 :00000000 :0000001 edx:00000000 esi:00000081
edi:00000000 ebp:00000000 esp:OOOOFFEE eip:00000103 eflags:00000202
ds: lOFB es:10FB fs:lOFB gs:lOFB ss:10FB cs:lOFB
10FB:0103 E8 44 00
call
014A
->p
eax:00000000 ebx:00000000 ecx:OOOOOOEl edx:00000000 esi:00000081
edi:00000084 ebp:00000000 esp:0000FFEE eip:00000106 eflags:00000287
NV UP EI MI NZ NA PE CY
ds: lOFB es:10FB fs:10FB gs:10FB ss:10FB CS:10FB
10FB:0106 C6 05 00
mov
byte [di],0000
ds:[0084]-20
->p
eax:00000000 ebx:00000000 ecx:OOOOOOEl edx:00000000 esi:00000081
10FB:0109 66 B9 OA 00 00 00 mov ecx,OOOOOOOA
->P
eax:00000000 ebx:00000000 ecx:OOOOOOOA edx:00000000 esi:00000081
edi:00000084 ebp:00000000 esp:0000FFEE eip:0000010F eflags:00000287
10FB:010F E8 6D 00
call
017F
->p
eax:000003Bl ebx:00000000 ecx:0000000A edx:00000000 esi:00000081
178
10. DOS
NV UP EI MI NZ AC PE CY
ds: lOFB es:10FB fs:10FB gs:lOFB ss:10FB cs:10FB
10FB:0112 66 89 C2
mov
edx,eax
->
01,
45. 01 945.
? , ,
, .
, , SI:
->d s i
10KB:0080
20 34 35-00 35 30 OD-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01 45.50
10FB:0090 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
10FB:00A0 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
lOFBrOOBO 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
10FB:00C0 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
lOFBrOODO 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
lOFBiOOEO 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
lOFBiOOFO 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
10FB:0100 BE 81 00 E8-44 00 C6 05-00 66 B9 OA-00 00 00 E8 ....D....f
->
,
. :
( 20). :
SkipSpace,
.
. :
C:\test3
5
45 50
, .
ASCIIToNum:
->
:00000034 :00000000 :0000000 edx:00000000 esi:00000083
edi:00000084 ebp:00000000 espiOOOOFFEE eip:00000112 eflags:00000287
ds: lOFB esrlOFB fs:10FB gsilOFB ssilOFB csilOFB
10FB:0112 E8 6D 00
call
0182
->d si
10FB:0080
35-00 35 30 0D~01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01 5.50
10FB:0090 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01~01 01 01 01
10FB:00A0 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
lOFEiOOBO 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
lOFBiOOCO 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
10FB:00D0 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01~01 01 01 01
179
.
lOFB-.OOEO 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
10FB:00F0 01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01-01 01 01 01
.- BE 81 00 8-41 00 8 44-00 05 00-66 9 00 . . . .. .D. . . .f. . .
->
, SkipSpace,
, 5
5 + 0 = 5. LODSB SI
, , . ,

. :
SkipSpace:
.again:
lodsb
a l , ' '
jz again
dec s i
ret
/ AL D S : S I ,
/ SI
/
/ ,
, , ,
:
: \ t e s t 4 45 50
95
. !
!
10.12.
DOS ,
, .
, , .
.
.
,
, , .
0x33,
( , )
.
. ,
. , DOS
, DOS
( ). , -
180
10. DOS
DOS, ,
. , , ,
, .
,
Scroll Lock. ,
, .

.
DOS ,

.
, 0x60
- , ASCII- ,
, . -
Scroll Lock 0x46.
IRQ1,
- , ASCII-
.
BIOS.
, IRQ 1
(int 0x9), .
- 0x60. Scroll
Lock, - .
( )
.
; iret.

, .
, ,
.
color,
. (
) . , ,
0800 .
, : 0800:00001,
0800:00003, 0800:00005 .. .
, , 0x04.
80x25 ,
.
181
.
color:
push
push
push si
push es
xor si,si
mov ax, OxBSOO
mov es,ax
mov ex,80*25
.repeat:
inc si
mov byte [es:si],0x4
inc si
dec ex
jnz .repeat
pop es
pop si
pop ex
pop ax
ret
;
/,
;
/ SI
;
;
/
/ SI 1
/ 0x04
/ 1
/ 1
/ .repeat, >
/
.
, ,
04:
SECTION . t e x t
call color
mov a x , 0x4c00
i n t 0x21
color:
IRQ 1:
new_handler:
push ax
i n a l , 0x60
cmp a l , 0x4 6
jnz pass_on
call color
pass_on:
pop ax
jmp f a r [ c s : o l d _ v e c t o r ]
/ AX
/ -
/ 0x4 6 ( S c r o l l - L o c k )
/ , p a s s _ o n
/

o l d _ v e c t o r
( ).
182
10. DOS
CS,
.
old_vector,
.
setup.
setup:
cli
xor ax, ax
moV e s, ax
;
; AX
;
;
mov ax,new_handler
; new_handler
;
xchg ax,[es:0x9*4]
;
; .
;
/, -
mov [ds:old_vector],ax
;
/ old_vector
mov ax,cs
/ CS
xchg ax,[es:0x9*4+2]
/
/,
/
mov [ds:old_vector+2],ax
/ 2
/ old_vector
sti
/
ret
/

, .
0x31.
:

= 0x31
AL =
DX = ,

r e s i d e n t . asm
10.10.
10.10.
SECTION .text
org 0x100
jmp initialize
183
.
newhandler:
push
in al, 0x60
cmp al, 0x4 6
jnz pass_on
call color
pass_on:
pop ax
jmp far [cs:old_vector]
color:
push ax
push ex
push si
push es
xor si,si
mov ax, OxBSOO
mov es,ax
mov ex,80*25
.repeat:
inc si
mov byte [es:si],0x4
inc si
dec ex
jnz .repeat
pop es
pop si
pop ex
pop ax
ret
old_vector dd 0
initialize:
call setup
mov ax,0x3100
mov dx,initialize
shr dx,4
inc dx
int 0x21
setup:
cli
184
; AX
; -
/ 0x4 6 (Scroll--Lock)
; , pass_on
;
;
/
/
;
/,
/
/ SI
/
/
/
/ SI 1
/ 0x04
/ 1
/ 1
/ .repeat, >
/
DOS:
:

initialize
16
1

10. DOS
AX

mov ax,new_handler
new_handler

xchg ax,[es:0x9*4]

.

,

mov [ds:old_vector],ax

old_vector
mov a x , c s
CS
xchg ax :0x9*4+2]

,

mov [ds:old_vector+2],ax
2
old_vector
sti

ret

:
,
mov e s , a x
nasm -f bin - resident.com resident.asm.
, Scroll Lock
. (
)
DOS, - Windows.
10.13.
:
www.ctyme.com/rbrown.htiTi HTML-
(Ralf Brown's Interrupt List);
http://programmistu.narod.ru/asm/lib__l/index.htm
IBM PC .
185
11
Windows
Windows-
DOS-
Windows
""1"^'-
11.1.
- Microsoft Windows
DOS.
,
. UNIX-
(Linux, BSD .), Windows
(GUI) .
11.2. Windows-
Windows-
API-. API (Application
Programming Interface) ,
.
GUI , API

. ,
, .
,
Hello, World! .
.
11.2.1. API
DOS
0x21. Windows API.
API (DLL).
,
, : user32.dll, kernel32.dll ..
API , , Borland Delphi (
win32.hlp). Delphi, win32.zip
( , win32.hlp):
ftp://ftp.borland.com/pub/delphi/techpubs/delphi2/win32.zip
187
11.2.2. Hello, World!

Windows
.
API- MessageBoxA,
ExitProcess.
Windows API MessageBoxA :
int MessageBox(
HWND hWnd,
LPCTSTR IpText,
LPCTSTR IpCaption,
UINT
);
//
//
//
//
,
. ,
0. ,
. , .
, ,
. () ,
_.
API ExitProcess,
( DOS), .
Windows- ,
Win32.inc, API-
(, HWND LPCTSTR dword)
. :
%include w i n 3 2 n . i n c ;
,
, EXTERN
IMPORT:
EXTERN
IMPORT
EXTERN
IMPORT
MessageBoxA
;MessageBoxA
MessageBoxA u s e r 3 2 . d l l
;
ExitProcess
/ExitProcess
ExitProcess kernel32.dll
;

u s e r 3 2 . d l l

- k e r n e l 3 2 . d l l
, DOS, : .
SECTION CODE USE32 CLASS^CODE
SECTION DATA USE32 CLASS=DATA
;
;
, API.
13, ,
, ,
API.
188
11. Windows
STDCALL.
( , ),
( ).
PUSH,
CALL. .
ILL
1 1 . 1 .

^y^j^jiligîaiiMiiBiii
%include win32n.
EXTERN MessageBoxA
IMPORT MessageBoxA
EXTERN E x i t P r o c e s s
IMPORT E x i t P r o c e s s
SECTION CODE USE32
..start:
^^^ (âi J
;MessageBoxA
user32.dll
; a u s e r 3 2 . d l l
; E x i t P r o c e s s
k e r n e l 3 2 . d l l ; a - k e r n e l 3 2 . d l l
CLASS-CODE
/
; ,
/
p u s h UINT _
/ .
; :
p u s h LPCTSTR t i t l e
/
/-
p u s h LPCTSTR b a n n e r
/ - ,
/
push HWND NULL
/ / :
c a l l [MessageBoxA]
/ API.
/
/
p u s h UINT NULL
/ E x i t P r o c e s s
c a l l [ExitProcess]
/
SECTION DATA USE32 CLASS^DATA
b a n n e r db ' H e l l o w o r l d ! ' , O x D , O x A , 0
/
/ EOL
t i t l e db ' H e l l o ' , 0
/
, , NASM
Windows, : http://nasm.sourceforge.net. NASM
,
.
alink, : http://alink.sourceforge,net.
msgbox.asm. nasmw -fobj:
C:\WIN32>NASMW - f o b j
msgbox.asm
189
msgbox.obj,
alink:
:\WIN32>ALINK
- m s g b o x
- . Windows
. msgbox.exe,
.
11.3.
, ,
VM86, .
( , popf .),
( in out)
, ,
.
DOS BIOS .
11.4. DOS- Windows

DOS~poe Windows
MS DOS. DOS- cmd
( -^ -> cmd). VM86
DOS. NASM
C:\NASM, DOS,
:
cd
:\NASM
, DOS
8+3 (8 , 3 ).
,
; .
,
.txt .asm.
11.5.
,
Windows:
http://win32asm.cjb.net
http://rsl .szif.hu/~tomcat/win32
http://asm.shadrinsk.net/toolbar.html
190
Linux

:
Asmutils. Asmutils
. ALD
GAS
12.1.
Linux .
Linux , (-)
. Linux
86-.

, .
, Linux
. ,
, ,
,
.
86-
.
:
.
( )
(
).
.

. , ,
(. 8).
(, , 32- ),
Linux 4 . 4
. ?
(4 ), ,
, 4
. ,
, ,
.
192
12. Linux
12.2.
, 4
.
? ,
: , ,
() . , ,
. Linux
, ELF (Executable and
Linkable Format). ELF-.
,
.
:
0x08048000
.text
.data
( )
.bss
( )
.stack
OxBFFFFFFF (3 )
0x08048000 ( 128 ).
.
(
).
.bss .stack
, .
- ,
,
( 1 ).
( .text, .data, .bss).
.bss .stack,
? ,
. (page fault)
.

, .
193
12.3.

,
?
, .
:
.
,
. :
ESP
argc
argv[0]

(dword)

argv[1]

argv[argc-1]
NULL
env[0]
env[1]
env[n]
[
NULL
POP,
- . ,
(argc),
.
argc > 1, , ^
.

, .
12.4.
DOS
0x21. Linux :
0x80. ,
?
, 0x80
( ) .

.
194
12. Linux
DOS, (syscalls)
, .
; .
, , ..

: , , EDX, ESI EDI. 2.4.x
.
12.5.
.
, ,
. .
, ,
,
.
Linux man-,
, ,
.
12.6. -
DOS Windows Linux .
( Manual Pages )

, Linux. ,
man- ( Linux-) etc , man-
. .
, ,
. DOS
=04. ?
Linux. unistd.h,
/usr/src/linux/include/asm:
# i f n d e f _ASM_I3 8 6_UNISTD_H_
# d e f i n e _ASM_I3 8 6_UNISTD_H_
/*
* This f i l e c o n t a i n s t h e system c a l l numbers.
V
#define
,NR_exit
1
#define
NR_fork
2
195
.
#define
#define
#define
#define
NR_read
NR_write
NR_open
NR_close
3
4
5
#define _syscalll(type,name,typel,argl) \
type name(typel argl) \
{ \
long
res; \
asm
volatile (int $0x80 \
: =a ( res) \
: 0 { NR_##name), b ((long)(argl))); \
syscall_return(type, res); \
}
Linux.
NR_exit:
#define
NR_exit
, , , I.
( ) 2 .
, exit(). :
man 2 e x i t
man-:
_1(2)
Linux Programmer's Manual
_EXIT(2)
NAME
_exit, _Exit terminate the current process
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
void _exit(int status);
#include <stdlib.h>
void _Exit(int status);
DESCRIPTION
The function _exit terminates the calling process immedi
ately. Any open file descriptors belonging to the process
are closed; any children of the process are inherited by
process 1, init, and the process's parent is sent a SIGCHLD
signal. The value status is returned to the
parent process as the process's exit status, and can be col
lected using one of the wait family of calls. The function
_Exit is equivalent to _exit.
RETURN VALUE
These functions do not return.
196
12. Linux
'exit' ( DOS)
() .
.
:
mov
mov e b x , 0
i n t 0x80
; e x i t
;
/
12-7. Hello, World! Linux

. , 8
(STDIN, ), (STDOUT,
) (STDERR, ). Hello,
World! STDOUT
. STDOUT ,
, .
unistd.h, write().
:
man 2 w r i t e
WRITE(2)
Linux Programmer's Manual
NAME
write write to a file descriptor
SYNOPSIS
WRITE(2)
#include <unistd.h>
s s i z e _ t w r i t e ( i n t fd, const void *buf, s i z e _ t c o u n t ) ;
, -, ,
. ?
,
- . , ,
, ,
.
write : ,
, ( buf),
, .
,
.

nasm, Id,
197
.
Linux. ELF
-f elf.
Id , . 12. L
Id
-o<name>
-S
12.1
() <name>

Id ,
_start.
Hello, World! 12.1.
12.1. ^ World!
SECTION .text
global _start
_start:
mov eax,4
mov ebx,1
mov ecx,hello
mov edx,len
; .
;
;
; - write
; STDOUT 1
;
; Hello, World!
;
;
; 1 exit
;
;
int 0x80
mov eax,1
mov ebx,0
int 0x80
SECTION .data
hello db Hello, world!,
len equ $ - hello
/
;
;
:
nasm -f elf hello.asm
A :
Id -s - hello hello.
- . -s
,
.
198
12. Linux
:
./hello
Hello, World!
12.8. ;
Asmutils
Asmutils ,
.
LIBC.
Asmutils
.
NASM 86-.
, , Asmutils
(
).
: BSD (FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD), UnixWare, Solaris AtheOS.
Asmutils
,
.
12.2 , hello
Asmutils.
. |.~^^^^
u^xxv^^^de s_^ stem, ^nc

CODESEG
;
START:
;
;
sys_write STDOUT,helloen
;
; write
; write
sys_exit
; exit
DATASEG
;
hello db Hello, World!,
len equ $-hello
END
199
.

. FreeBSD,
MCONFIG.
Asmutils http://asm.sourceforge.net/asmutils.html,
Asmutils. Asmutils
GNU, .
Asmutils ,
.
.
, NASM (
RedHat-, Debian-).
asmutils-0.17.tar.gz.
/doc, /src /inc. MCONFIG.
, ,
, .
/src Makefile.
, ( ).
hello ( .asm).
make.
( ).
12.9. Asmutils
.

, .
sys_,
, man-. Linux
, man-. .
sys_exit :
mov
; 1 e x i t
mov ebx,0
;
i n t 0x80
/
.
rtn,
sysêxit [rtn], :
mov
; 1 e x i t
mov e b x , [ r t n ]
; r t n
i n t 0x80
;
200
12. Linux
,
, EMPTY
.
EMPTY .
12.10.
/ (I/O)
Linux , Linux UNIX-
, :
,
.

() ,
, .
Linux (man 2 open).
:
i n t open(const char ^pathname, i n t f l a g s ) ;
i n t open(const char ^pathname, i n t f l a g s , mode__t mode) ;
( ), ,
(/ .).
.

.
12.2 (
man-).

0_RDONLY
0_WRONLY
0_RDWR
0_CREAT
0_TRUNC
0_APPEND
12.2
0_LARGEFILE
,
( NFS)
4
201
0_CREAT,
. ,
.
, :
S_IRWXU
SJRGRP
S_IROTH
, name,
:
s y s _ o p e n name, 0_RDWR, EMPTY
t e s t eax,eax
; EAX
js .error_open
;
; 7

DB:
DB iny_f i l e _ w h i c h _ h a s _ a _ v e r y _ l o n g _ n a m e . t x t ,
| (
OR). , ,
, 700 (//
, ):
s y s _ o p e n name, 0_RDWR I 0_CREAT, S_IRWXU
t e s t eax,eax
j s . e r r o r _ o p e n / e r r o r _ o p e n ,
...
;

DOS, .
cIoseQ, sys__cIose.
.
, :
sys_close

.
, ,
, .
read:
202
12. Linux
s s i z e _ t r e a d ( i n t fd, void *buf, s i z e _ t c o u n t ) ;

,
, ,
, .
, .
sys_read ,
STDIN
.

, :
, , ,
, .
, :
s s i z e _ t w r i t e ( i n t fd, const void *buf, s i z e _ t c o u n t ) ;
,
Enter
. ,
ASCII.
, , ,
Ctrl -i- .
Enter read
, .
'' 'z' '' 'Z'.
STDOUT.
Asmutils
CODESEG, DATASEG,
UDATASEG.
system.inc ( 12.3).
%include system.inc
%define MAXIDATA 10
CODESEG
START:
again:
;
sys__read STDIN, read_data, MAX_DATA
test eaxêax
;? ( EAX)
203
.
j S endprog
add
compare_next:
dec ecx
cmp byte [ecx],'a'
jb no_conversion
cmp byte [ecx], ' '
ja no_conversion
sub byte [ecx],0x20
; ?
;? EAX
;
;
; ,
;
; + 1
;
; < '',
/,
;
; > 'Z'
;
;
; 0x2
no_conversion:
cmp e c x , r e a d _ d a t a
jz p r i n t i t
?
? ,

jmp s h o r t compare_next ;

printit:
.

,

,
EDX,
w r i t e
s y s _ w r i t e STDOUT,read_data, e a x
jmp s l i o r t a g a i n
; .
endprog:
; 2 5 5
s y s _ e x i t 2 55
/
UDATASEG
r e a d _ d a t a r e s b MAX_DATA
END
;
, ,
MAXIDATA.
sys_read.
.
.
.
:
3, ( 204
12. Linux
, ).
POP .
, (). ,
.
, ,
, .
.
12.4.
12.4. |||
%include system.inc
%define BUFFLEN 409 6
CODESEG
START:
pop eax
;; EAX
;
cmp eax,3
; 3
jae enough_params
;; ,
mov eax,255
; , 255
endprog:
;
sys_exit eax
enough_params:
pop ebx
/ .
; ,
;
pop ebx
; .
sy s_open EMPTY, 0__RDONLY I 0_LARGEFILE
;
test eax,eax
;? ...
j s endprog
mov ebp,eax
; EBP
pop ebx
; EBX
sys_open EMPTY,0_WRONLYI0_LARGEFILEI0_CREATI0_TRUNC,S_IRWXU
; ,
; 700
test eax,eax
js endprog
/?
mov ebx,eax
; EBX
copy_next:
xchg ebp,ebx
; EBX EBP,
; EBX A
sys_read EMPTY,buff,BUFF_LEN
/ 1
test eax,eax
/
205
j s end_close
jz end_close
xchg ebpêbx
;?
; ?
; ,
; -
s y s _ w r i t e EMPTY,EMPTY,
/ ,
/
t e s t ,
j s endprog
/?
jmp s h o r t c o p y _ n e x t /
end_close:
s y s _ c l o s e EMPTY
/
xchg e b p , e b x
/
s y s _ c l o s e EMPTY
jmp s h o r t e n d p r o g
/
UDATASEG
buff r e s b BUFF_LEN
/ 4
END

/ . ,
,
, ,
.
/
Iseek:
off_t l s e e k ( i n t f i l d e s , off_t o f f s e t ,
i n t whence)/
, , ,
, ,
:
SEEK_SET ;
SEEK_CUR ;
SEEK_END .
Iseek
.
: Iseek, :
sys_lseek [fd]. , SEEK_END
,
, .
206
12. Linux
, ,
, ? DOS
. UNIX-
,
:
.

UNIX-
.
, : ,
,
. ( ) ,
,
. ,
( ).
link:
i n t l i n k ( c o n s t char ôldpath, const char *newpath);
,
( ).
(symlinks).
, .

.
, .

, .
symlink:
i n t symlink(const char ôldpath, const char ^newpath);
, link.
, .
unlink,
. ,
.
int unlink(const char ^pathname);
.
, .
rename:
i n t rename(const char *oldpath, const char ^newpath);
207
link:
(, ) .
,
.
symhard. asm,
( 12.5).
1 2 .
. ,
, ,
.
12.5. ^:%include system.inc
CODESEG
START:
pop ebx
cmp ebx,2
jz ok
endprog:
sys_exit 0
ok:
pop ebx
pop ebx
sys_link EMPTY,one
sys_symlink EMPTY,two
jmp short endprog
DATASEG
one DB 1,0
two DB 2,0
END
;
;
; , ~
;,
;
;,
;
;

;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
Makefile make.
.
1 2. 1
, 2 . - , ,
,
.
208
12. Linux
./symhard ./symhard
, Is -1,
chown, chmod rm .
12.11.
DOS, Linux ,
. Asmutils
, .
(MKDIR, RMDIR)
mkdir:
i n t mkdir(const char ^pathname, mode_t mode);
, ,
.
, open.
12.6 my_directory
/tmp.
[ 12,6:
%include system.inc
CODESEG
/
START:
/
sys_mkdir name, S_IRWXU / , 07 00
sys_exit 0
/
DATASEG
name DB /tmp/mydirectory
END
.
( chmod) -:
q . , 0700
700q.
RMDIR,
:
i n t rmdir(const char ^pathname)/
209
.
(CHDIR)
chdir:
int. chdir (const char *path) ;
,
sys__exit
sys_chdir name
(GETCWD)
getcwd, ,
Linux 2.0 ( 2.4-2.6).
: ,
, , :
long sys_getcwd(char *buf, unsigned long s i z e )
, :
sys_getcwd path,PATHSIZE ; path
;
mov esi,ebx
; ESI
; EDX
xor edx,edx
.next:
inc edx
EDX path
AL, ESI
lodsb
?
or al,al
?
jnz .next
mov byte [esi-1] , n

sub esi,edx

sys_write STDOUT,esi,EMPTY STDOUT
EDX
sys_exit_true

12.12. .
.
lOCTL

read.
Enter .

(, ).
IOCTL.
210
12. Linux

, ,
IOCTL.
IOCTL Input/Output Control /
. IOCTL,
,
/.
Linux (
), IOCTL- TCGETS TCSETS. ,
TCGETS, ,
. man-
termios.
, , Asmutils.
,
,
ICANON ECHO. 0.
TCGETS,
TCSETS.
B_STRUC,
system.inc.
mov e d x , t e r m a t t r s
; EDX
s y s _ i o c t l STDIN,TCGETS
/
mov , [ t e r m a t t r s . c__lf lag]
/
push
;
and ,~(ICANONI ECHO)
; ECHO ICANON
mov [ t e r m a t t r s . c _ l f l a g ] ,
/
s y s _ i o c t l STDIN, TCSETS
/
pop dword [ t e r m a t t r s . c _ l f l a g ] /
UDATASEG:
t e r m a t t r s B_STRUC t e r m i o s , . c _ l f l a g
, .
12.13.
,
. ,
. DOS, ,
,
.bss ( ,
).
.bss , .
211
- ,
(
heap.asm Asmutils).
,
.bss, :
void * brk(void *end__data_seginent) ;

.bss. .bss.
,
. :
sys_brk
;
add ,____
;
sys_brk
;
.bss .
12.14. . ALD
UNIX-
gdb, -
, .
,
ALD (Assembly Language
Debugger).
, ,
GNU.
http://aId.sourceforge.net. 86-
ELF ,
.
ALD
.
aid:
aid
Assembly Language Debugger 0.1.3
Copyright (C) 2000-2002 Patrick Aiken
ald>
convert:
ald> load convert
echo: ELF I n t e l 80386 (32 b i t ) , LSB, Executable, Version 1
212
12. Linux
(current)
Loading debugging symbols...(no symbols found)
ald>
,
. ALD
S (step).
:
ald> S
= 0x00000000
esp - OxBFFFFSCC ebp
ds - 0x0000002B es ss - 0x0000002B cs Flags: PF ZF TF IF
08048082
5A
= 0x00000000 = 0x00000000 edx = 0x00000000

-- 0x00000000 esi - 0x00000000 edi = 0x00000000
0x0000002B fs = 0x00000000 gs = 0x00000000
0x00000023 eip = 0x08048082 eflags =0x000000346
pop
edx
, , pop edx.
0x8048082.
ZF ( ).
( s), Enter.
, int 0x80,
( = 0x00000003):
ald>
= 0x00000003 = 0x00000000 - 00804908 edx =
esp - 0XBFFFF8D0 ebp - 0x00000000 esi = 0x00000000 edi - 0x00000000
ds = 0x00000023 es - 0x0000002 fs - 0x00000000 gs = 0x00000000
ss = 0X0000002B' cs = 0x00000023 eip = 0x0804808D eflags =0x00000346
Flags: PF ZF TF IF
0 8 0 4 8 0 8 D CD80
int
0x80
EDX ( = lOd)
10 . ,
.
(examine): :
a l d >
Dumping 64 bytes of memory starting at 0x080490C8 in hex
080490C8: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
080490D8: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
080490E8: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
080490F8: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
213
s
int 0x80. ,
Enter. , :
a l d >
Dumping 64 bytes of memory starting at 0x080490C8 in hex
080490C8: 61 73 6D 20 72 75 6C 65 7A OA 00 00 00 00 00 00
asm rulez
080490D8:
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
080490E8:
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
080490F8:
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00
,
. .
, ,
Ctrl+.
help , help
_ . . 12.3
ALD.
ALD
12.3
load <filename>
()
set args <args>
step [n]
() . step
s
next [n]
step,
disassemble

. d.
!^ , d 0x08048061
continue
( )
exannine

.
.
, , , edx 0x08048000
register
help
. ,
, , help examine
break <addr>
(breakpoint) addr
Ibreak
quit
. q
ALD (
, breakpoints). 214
12. Linux
,
.
.
0.1.7
( ),
.
,
^ -g nasm.
Asmutils MCONFIG DEBUG=.
12.15. GAS
UNIX
GAS. gcc, -
.
gcc,
. :
.
GAS NASM: NASM-
( MASM TASM) Intel, GAS
AT&T, Intel
.
Hello, World!,
AT&T ( 12.7).
|1|0^
GAS
.data
#
msg:
.ascii Hello, world!\n#
len = . - msg
#
.text
#
# start ,
#
.global start
#
start:
movl $len,%edx
movl $msg,%ecx
movl $l,%ebx
#
#
#
#
s t d o u t :
-
-
~ STDOUT - 1
215
movl $4,%
i n t $0x80
movl $0,%ebx
movl $ 1
i n t $0x80
#
#
#
#
#
#
'write'

:

'exit'

12.16.

Linux, http://!inuxassembly.org.
(, ),
.
Web-, 514
( httpd.asm).
12.17.
NASM :
-V
-f <f mt>
-fh
- <name>
1
216
-1 <path>
<fmt> (. 9)

<name>

-?
Pascal-

, .
,
, .
,
Pascal.
13.1.

(, ):
.
,
: .
,
.

. ,
,

, .
,
CALL,
RET. CALL
PUSH, .
( CALL)
.
,
.

(E)SP .
, , ,
. ,
218
13.
,
.
,
, RET.
- ,
.
13.2. -?

() SP ,
, .
()
, .
().
() ,
() (E)SP.
,
().
(E)SP
.
.
()
()
>
,
.
()
<-
. 13.1. (stackframe)
219
, , ,
(), -.
(
, ), .
(), , -.
,
.
13.2.1. - (32- )
.
32- ,
Linux:
i n t a d d i t ( i n t , i n t b) {
i n t d = a + b;
r e t u r n d;
}
i n t main(void) {
i n t e;
e = addit(0x55,0xAA);
}
0x55 addit,
.
( main) :
080483F4
080483F5
080483F7
080483FA
080483FD
08048402
08048404
08048409
0804840
0804840
08048411
08048413
08048414
55
895
8318
83C4F8
68000000
655
E8C7FFFFFF
83410
890
8945FC
89
5D
p u s h ebp
mov dword
sub dword
add dword
p u s h Oxaa
p u s h 0x55
c a l l near
add dword
mov dword
mov dword
m.ov dword
pop ebp
retn
ebp, esp
e s p , 0x18
esp,
OxfffffffS
+0xffffffc7
e s p , 0x10
e a x , eax
[ebp+Oxfc], eax
e s p , ebp
main EBP (
) .
ESP, . , SUB ADD,
0x18 0x8 ,
. , 8
.
220
13.
,
, .
,
. PUSH (0x55
) . , CALL, addit.
addit.
(. . 13.1).
addit
. 13.1
1 0XBFFFF860 = ESP
0x08048409 ( )
1 0XBFFFF864
0x00000055
0XBFFFF868
0XBFFFF86C -0xBFFFF84
main
0XBFFFF888
0xBFFFF88C = EBP
0XBFFFF8C8 - LIBC
0XBFFFF890
0400392
32~ ,
, CALL.
32- ,
addit. ,
. ,
main,
, main.
main .
addit:
080483D0
080483D1
080483D3
080483D6
080483D9
080483DC
080483DF
0804832
0804835
0804837
0804839
080483F0
080483F2
080483F3
55
895
8318
84508
8550
8D0C02
894DFC
8B55FC
89D0
07
8DB42600000000
89
5D
push ebp
mov d w o r d e b p , e s p
s u b dword e s p , 0x18
mov e a x , d w o r d [ e b p + 0 x 8 ]
mov e d x , d w o r d [ e b p + O x c ]
l e a ecx,
[eax+edx]
mov d w o r d [ e b p + O x f c ] , e c x
mov e d x , d w o r d [ e b p + O x f c ]
mov d w o r d e a x , e d x
jmp s h o r t +0x7
lea esi,
[esi+OxO]
mov d w o r d e s p , e b p
pop ebp
retn
221
addit .
, - main.
addit:
ESP. SUB d,
a-f-b.
addit,
SUB (. 13.2).
addit
1
13.2
no
|0xBFFFF844=ESP
1 0XBFFFF848 - 0xBFFFF854
I 0xBFFFF858 = EBP 4 (+OxFFFFFFFC) : d

0xBFFFF88C ~ main
( -)
0xBFFFF85C = EBP
|0xBFFFF860 = EBP + 4
0x08048409 ( main)
|0xBFFFF864=EBP + 8
0x00000055
|0xBFFFF868 = EBP + 0xC
1 0xBFFFF86C - 0xBFFFF84
main
10xBFFFF888
: main
0xBFFFF88C
0xBFFFF8C8 - LIBC
0XBFFFF890
0400392
, (dword)
,
. , d,
.
main. addit,
main main.
addit EDX
:
080483D6
080483D9
84508
8550
mov , dword
mov e d x , dword
[ebp+0x8]
[ebp+Oxc]
0x8?
- ,
8 ( -)
. ,
8 + 4 = 12 .
. 13.3 ( ),
.
222
13.

13,3
[ - 4]
[ + 0]
[ + 4]
[ + 8]
[ + ]
addit 0x55. ,
, .
addit ,
EDX, LEA.
. addit -
:
080483F0
080483F2
89
5D
mov dword e s p , ebp

pop ebp
,
- jnain.
(main),
.
.
, (char, short),
, 4 .
13.2.2. - (16- )
, -, 16-
, :

(4 ), (2 );
32- 16- (..
, SP ESP ..);
, DX:AX.
,
32- , (
80286 ).
16- -
. ,
.
223
- medium, large huge

CALL FAR, CALL NEAR.
,
, .
,
2 , FAR.
FAR- RETF, RETN.
NASM ,
, -
-.
13.3. -

_. , printf
_printf. ELF
( Linux), .
-, printit,
plus
. printit ,
printf.
Linux.
- :
const i n t plus == ;
void p r i n t i t ( i n t ) ;
i n t main(void) {
printit(5) ;
}
plus 6.
printit. main,
printit 5.

plus printf:
extern plus
extern printf
gee
ELF, .
include , arg
endproc, :
%include misc/c32.mac
224
13.
printit.
: push ebp mov ebpêsp. arg
. ,
arg ,
4 ( 32.).
printit
%$what arg
:
mov ,[ebp + %$whatj
add ,[plus]

plus
push

printf
push strl
-~
call printf
p r i n t f
endproc
e n d p r o c ,

( PIX ) ^-
13.1.
1 3 . 1 . 6|1<>1^
%include misc/c32.mac
section .text
extern plus
extern printf
global printit
proc printit
%$what arg
mov eax,[ebp + %$what]
add eax,[plus]
push eax

. plus
. printf
printit
printit,
what

^ plus

printf
push strl

call printf
printf
endproc
endproc ,

{ PDC )

section .data
; ,
strl db SUM - %d.,OxOA 0x0
;
; ^^
225
printit.asm :
nasm - f e l f
printit.asm
- main.
gcc, printit.o:
gcc - p r i n t i t main. p r i n t i t . o
printit, ,
SUM = 11.
16- ,
16.. endproc
NEAR FAR-. FAR-
:
% d e f i n e FARCODE
.
, ,
:
%macro cglobal 1
global _%1
%define %1 _%1
%endmacro
%macro cextern 1
extern _%1
%define %1 _%1
%endmacro
cglobal cextern
global extern.
.
13.4. Pascal-

. ,
( ) - ( 16 ). .
,
,
.
, , .

, FAR-.
, ,
226
13.
retf , ,
.
(. 13.4).

[-...]
13.4
[ + 0]
(2 )
[ + 2]
IP (2 )
[ + 4]
CS (2 )
[ + 6]
[ + ...]
, .

writeln , addit
.
{$L a d d i t . o b j }
uses c r t ;
v a r p l u s : integersf u n c t i o n a d d i t (x: i n t e g e r ) : l o n g i n t ; f a r ; e x t e r n a l s begin
p l u s := 6;
writeln('SUM = ', a d d i t ( 5 ) ) ;
end.
addit, , .

external. , addit
, ^ longint
(4 ) FAR. $L,
addit,
.
addit, addit.asm.
Borland Turbo Pascal
obj, ,
. CODE, CSEG
, _, CONST ,
_DATA,
DATA, DSEG, , _BSS.
.text, .data .bss,
, -,
, .
227
addit 16- ,
integer 2 . longint (4 )
DX:AX. ,
-, 16..
addit 13.2.
13.2/
SECTION ._
%define PASCAL
% include mi s/1.mac
extern plus
global addit
proc addit
%$what arg
xor dx,dx
mov ax,[bp+%$whatj
add ax,[plus]
adc dx,0
endproc

FAR-

plus
addit
addit
-

what
DX
= what
= - p l u s

arg
. 16- 2 .
longint ,
, 4 .
, :

C S :007
55
push
bp
895
mov

C S :0077
bp, sp
CS
:0079
:007
31D2
84606
xor
mov
dx,dx
ax,[bp+0 6
CS
.007
03065200
add
ax, [0052]
CS
0082
0086
0088
0089
81D20000
89
5D
02 00
adc
mov
pop
retf
dx,0000
sp, bp
bp
0002
CS
CS
CS
CS
DX-0
1-

p l u s

e n d p r o c
e n d p r o c
e n d p r o c

.
228
,
,
, , , .

,
,
.

,

(, SSE, 3DNow),
.
, ;

~- DOS, Windows Linux.
,
,
.

.
&i
^v
'-I %
15.

MOV
XCHG

PUSH
POP
ADD
SUB
MUL
1
DIV
INC ( 1)
DEC ( 1)
AND ( )
OR ( )
1
XOR
NOT

TEST
SHR ()
SHL ()

RCR
RCL
JMP ~

LOOP , () 0
JZ (ZF)
JC (CF)

JNZ (ZF)
JNC (CF)
CALL
RET
INT
REP , () 0
MOVSx

i
CMPSx
SCASx
231

003
004
005
006
007
008
009
Oil
012
013
014
015
016
017
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
1 HZV
04
85 ^
06
07
86
09
?
811
81OF
19
11
1>!
13
14
15;
16
17
18
1^
Ifi
IB
1
1
IE
IF
28
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
4 y.}i
041 25
042 2fi
044
845
846
047
848
049
050
851
052
2B
2C
2D
2E
2F
36
31
32
33
34
:-1
854
55
856
857
058
859
060
61
862
063
36
37
38
39
3B f
3C <
M) =
3E >
3F ?
4 P
41
42
43
44 D
45 E
46 F
4? G
4 H
4? I
4 J
4B
4C L
4D M
4E N 1
4P 0
58 p !
51 Q 1
52
s:<
54
55
1 643
0&i. 01 Q
002 82 Q
*
K
-i
t11
41
5
^
t
r
i
t1-
f*
i.
T
"
^
^
^
1
f
>
*^_J
Plh4
865
066
867
866
069
878
71
nvv
873
074
875
876
077
878
879
OSO
881
082
884
085
0
1
2
3
4
h
6
7
8
9
f
JJ J
56
087 57
08g 53
089 59
090 5
091 SB
092 5C
093 5D
094 5E
095 5F
9 WA
097 61
098 2
099 63
100 G4
101 &5
i02 66
103 7
14 hK
105 5?
106 &
107 ISR
108 6C
109 &D
110 6E
111 Gr
112 70
113 71
114 72
11b /
116 74
117 75
118 76
119 77
120 78
I2i 7
122 7ft
123 7B
124 7Z
125 7D
i;!fi 7h
127 7F
128
1 086
J"
1
1
j
!
!
z[
12? 81 u
\
]
1 135
i 13&
13
131
132
133
134
137
138
W'i
d.
140
141
142
143
144
145
14b
147
143
149
d
e
f
9'
h
i
J
1<
1
IFirt
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
PI
P
Cr
r
I
u.
IfiK
i
V
%.'
X j
v 1
z
<
1
>
"
'^
159
1&9
161
1G2
163
154
1&5
1&&
167
1&9
IhV
179
171
82
83
04
85:
86
87
88
89
8
KH
8C
8D
8E
e
a
a
a
a
9
i
1 172 ^
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
1.
1
i.
ffi
^
n
183
184
185
106
187
188
189
19
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
o
r
90
91
92
v:^
94
9
9fi
97
98
99
9ft
9B ^
9C
9D V
9b ..
9F X
fil 1
2
ft3 U.
A4
ftG "
6
A7 ~
8
flV
ftft
Ji
1
2
4
5
7
8
9
<
^
i
\
\
\
\\
1
1
^1
II
il
J
BF
.1 JL
2
\
4
5 \
6 1=
7 \\
Li
>?1
CV II
^
202 Cfi
203 11
204 \\
205;
206
207
20
209
210
211
CF
CF
1
2
7.1 7. D4
213 5
214 6
X.
II
^
L1
1 215
216
217
216
219
228
221
222
223
224
D7 \\
245
246
247
24G
249
258
251
252
253
254
D3 i
D? -*
DI) 1
1(3 I
DC
DD 1
DE 1
DF
9 I
K1
E2

4
5
6 J.I
7 X
5

F.r.
E D Jtf

E F II
F9 =
F1 +
F2 >
F3 L
4 f
F5 J
F6 -f
F7 ~
F9 "
F9 FA FD NT
FC
FD =
FE 1
'J\^}
KK
/!!
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
''
234
235
26
237
238
239
248
241
242
243
V.44
. 15.1. ASCII ( )
232

Ассемблер на примерах. Базовый курс

Загружено:

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Доступные форматы

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Ассемблер на примерах. Базовый курс

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Rudolf Marek

, 123 456 = (lE240)j^.

mov dword [ + 0x80490c0] , ebp

4.3.1. ADD SUB

. 4.1. 255 (OxFF) + 8

. 4.2. OxFFFF 0x0008

. 4.3. 32- 80386

, 4, <0, 32 767 >,

65 530 -h 7 = 65 537 = 0x10001,

EDX - EDX * ECX

; ' ' f i n i s h "

inc dword [i]

, 80386, , 86- CISC (

LIFO (Last In First Out)

?^1^ vV'l 1!1?6 '>.

CLI (Clear Interrupt) STI (Set Interrupt)

STD CLD DF.

0x6F 0x6D 0x70 0x75 0x74 0x65 0x72 0x00

STOSx (STOre String) :

LODSx (LOaD String) :

SCASx (SCAn String) :

REPZ ( REPE), LOOPZ,

(RTC, real time clock)

0080-008f : dma page reg

DMA page register

0213-0213 : isapnp read

03f7-03f7: floppy DIR

0a79-0a79 : isapnp write

4000-403f: Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI

5000-501f : Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI

eOOO-eOlf: Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 USB

fOOO-fOOf: Intel Corp. 82371 AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE

DD (define double word) ,

32-($-buffer) 27, $-buffer

: 32- , numb e r l number2, r e s u l t .

r e m a i n d e r = (number % 10) + ' 0 ' ;

add e d x , ' 0 '

1, 8.3. Round Robin

BIOS (Basic Input/Output System /)

OMF (Object Module Format) ,

a.out (Assembler and link editor OUTput files)

COFF (Common Object File Format)

ELF (Executable and Linkable Format)

(TSR, Terminate and Stay Resident)

mov ax, 0x3D00

grdb (Get Real Debugger, )

60 26 8A 47-01 32 E4 40-Dl EO 03 D8-26 8A OF 32 '&.G.2.@. . . .&. .2

-43 5 20-20 20 20 20-20 20 20 20 :\

'1 test.com 45 5 ' :

nasm -f bin - resident.com resident.asm.

11.2.2. Hello, World!

11.4. DOS- Windows

12-7. Hello, World! Linux

u^xxv^^^de s_^ stem, ^nc

s s i z e _ t r e a d ( i n t fd, void *buf, s i z e _ t c o u n t ) ;

= 0x00000000 = 0x00000000 edx = 0x00000000

set args <args>

I 0xBFFFF858 = EBP 4 (+OxFFFFFFFC) : d

|0xBFFFF868 = EBP + 0xC

mov dword e s p , ebp

- medium, large huge

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