WI-FI BASED POSITIONING SYSTEM

Presentation by:

RAVITHEJA.H.G 1KS08EC075

Todays Topic


          

Positioning Technology Global Positioning System Mobile Positioning System Wi-Fi Positioning System History of WLAN positioning Wi-Fi Positioning Techniques Cell ID based Positioning Triangulation Trilateration Wi-Fi Fingerprinting Applications of WPS Hybrid Positioning System

Positioning Technology
Positioning system is a navigation system that provides location information in all weather, anywhere within the coverage of the network. Positioning technology types : Global Positioning System (GPS) Mobile Positioning Systems  CDMA Network / CDMA2000  GSM Network Wireless Positioning Systems  Wi-Fi Positioning  Bluetooth  Sensor Networks & RFID Hybrid Positioning Systems

Global Positioning system (GPS)

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. A GPS receiver measures the distances from 4 or more satellites and utilize a mathematical method, called Trilateration to calculate the actual position.

Limitations of GPS
 Signal Propagation Errors : Blind Spot Problem: signals from the satellites would be blocked buildings (indoor), urban canyons, tunnels, flyovers, garageetc Multipath Problem: Non line-of-sight problem - signals reflected by buildings. Signal Delay caused by the Ionosphere and Troposphere.  Satellite errors : Although the clock used in GPS satellites are of high quality, they are not perfect. The clock error and satellite ephemeris error leads to few meters (tens of feet) of inaccuracy.  Receiver errors : These errors are due to GPS receiver clock mismatch and internal noise.

Mobile Positioning Systems (MPS)

Mobile Positioning or Mobile phone tracking refers to the attaining of the current position of a mobile phone, stationary or moving. Localization is determined via multilateration of radio signals between (several) radio towers of the network and the phone. Mobile positioning, which includes location based service that discloses the actual coordinates of a mobile phone bearer, is a technology used by telecommunication companies to approximate where a mobile phone, and thereby also its user (bearer), temporarily resides.
Transmitter

r2 r1

r3

Estimated mobile location

Applications and limitations of MPS

Applications :
 It is widely used in mobile phone navigation systems. The maps in mobile phone system basically use MPS technology.  It even used by Police Department to track a lost mobile phone.

Limitations :
 Though MPS is known for its accuracy in tracking it has some limitations when it comes to localized tracking. For example consider a localized area such as a university campus or an office. Navigation system using MPS in such a small area is expensive and complex.

Wi-Fi Positing System

Wi-Fi-based positioning system (WPS) emerged as an idea that can solve the positioning in certain situations (like indoors), taking advantage of the rapid growth of wireless access points in urban areas. Technology for both Indoor / Outdoor is required Outdoors GPS Environment Cell Phone PHS Wireless LAN RFID
Ultra Sonic

Indoor s

UWB 1m 10m 100m Estimation Accuracy

History of WLAN positioning

Start around 2000 (MS RADER)
Technology 2000:RADAR (Microsoft) Products 2003:AirLocation 2000:Ekahau (Hitachi) Service/Activities 2006/3:Loki 2003:PlaceLab (Skyhook Wireless) (Intel) 2005/7:Locky.jp (Nagoya Univ) 2006/7:PlaceEngine (Sony CSL) 2008/1:iPhone (Apple) now

2007/9:Digial Camera (Sony)

Positioning methods using WLAN

Most popular techniques used in Wi-Fi positioning : Cell ID (Proximity)

Triangulation

Trilateration

Fingerprinting

Proximity (Cell ID Based Positioning)

 Cell ID positioning or Proximity sensing is a positioning technique based on the unique ID/address of an Access Point.

 Each AP has a unique ID/address known as Media Access Control address (MAC address).  Depending on the signal strength, the location of the Client/User is determined by reporting back the position of the closest AP.

Wi-Fi positioning - Cell ID

Triangulation


In trigonometry and geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from known points. In Triangulation the angles ( and in figure ) of two sites A and B between the location in question are measured. With these angles it is possible to calculate the position of the desired location when the distance of the two points is known.

Client/User

Access Point

A d Known Distance B

Access Point

 Angles

and

are measured

 Angle , distance e and distance f are calculated using properties of Triangle  Therefore the Client/User location is estimated with respect to APs A and B

Trilateration
 In geometry, trilateration is the process of determining absolute or relative locations of points by measurement of distances, using the geometry of circles, spheres or triangles.  The same geometric concept is implemented in Wi-Fi positioning system.  The distance between the Access Point (AP) and Client/user is estimated by using the time taken to send a packet from the client to the AP or the strength of the signal received by the AP from the Client/User (RSSI Received Signal Strength Indication).

Wi-Fi positioning - Trilateration

equations for the three spheres

Solving the equations, we get

Restaurant

Airport Home

Company University RSSI

Station

Wi-Fi Fingerprinting


Wi-Fi Fingerprinting is one of the wide used Wi-Fi positioning technology based on RSSI . Wi-Fi Fingerprinting creates a radio map of a given area based on the RSSI data from several access points. Live RSSI values are then compared to the fingerprint to find the closest match and generate a predicted (x,y) location. The Fingerprinting technology works in two phases  Offline or Training phase  Online or Positioning phase

Offline or Training phase

The objective of the training phase is to build a fingerprint database. In order to generate the database, reference points (RP) must first be selected. The Signal Strength (SS) of all the Access Points at the reference point is tabulated in the database in the form of a vector. This process is repeated at all the chosen reference points.

Online or Positioning phase



Online or Positioning phase is the process of estimating the location of the Client/User. In the online phase, the Client/User unit measures the signal strength(SS) from all APs and this SSs vector is compared with the reference vectors in the database. Nearest Neighbour (NN) algorithm is used to estimate the location of the user/client.

Applications


Turn by turn navigation to any address. Locating people on a map displayed on the mobile phone. Receiving alerts, such as warning of a traffic jam. Location-based mobile advertising.

Hybrid positioning system

Hybrid positioning systems are systems for finding the location of a mobile device using several different positioning technologies. These systems are specifically designed to overcome the limitations of GPS, which is very exact in open areas, but works poorly indoors or between tall buildings. By comparison, cell tower signals are not hindered by buildings or bad weather, but usually provide less precise positioning. Wi-Fi signals may give very exact positioning, but only in urban areas with high Wi-Fi density.