a. Kiddies and Schoolgirls.

(preston, 2006) This study identified four main factors that indicated when females were portrayed as children or schoolgirls. The first factor consists of very young models appearing to be between twelve and seventeen years old. The second factor contains models associated with cartoon characters or posed with toys or other paraphernalia of children. The third factor includes young models shown in poses suggesting both sexuality and innocence. The fourth factor is comprised of models depicted with a "schoolgirl" or "schoolboy" motif, defined as stylistic indicia of the preparatory school uniform the body-sourced language associated with childishness into five carefully articulated subcategories: (1) the model has his or her hand to the mouth showing surprise, embarrassment, sexual uncertainty, or general stupefaction; (2) the model is biting his or her lip; (3) the model is staring! off the frame of the picture or away from the camera; (4) the model is posed in a shy or awkward pose such as a coy, tumed-in toe; and (5) the model appears otherwise mentally drifting or bored. i c. Fading with Age. ' As baby boomers age, the depiction of aging people becomes even more relevant to any social critique. Thus, this study takes the depiction of older adults as its third category. This study uses two elements to measure the depictions of older people (intended to appear as age 40 or older) in magazines: (1) the older person is dealing with petty, insignificant things;

and (2) the older person is affirmatively made to look dignified. The second category was further divided into three descriptors of dignity: physically robust; financially secure, accomplished, or wise; and up-to-date or knowledgeable about technology. d. Pacified. ' To track displays of passivity, this study examined the following elements: (1) the model appears primarily interested in his or her appearance (decorative); and (2) the model is at rest, lounging, or inactive. The second category is divided into three types of images: the passive model is pictured in a context that is not obviously at home or at work; the passive model is at home; and the passive model is in a workplace