Development mining

Development mining is composed of excavation almost entirely in (non-valuable) waste rock in order to gain access to the orebody. There are six steps in development mining: remove previously blasted material (muck out round), Scaling (removing any unstable slabs of rock hanging from the roof and sidewalls to protect workers and equipment from damage), support excavation, drill rock face, load explosives, and blast explosives. Horizontal developing openings: Horizontal development opening are of two types: y y Primary Horizontal developing openings. Secondary horizontal developing openings.

Primary Horizontal developing openings Horizontal openings for primary development play a major role in the development of mine. Horizontal opening for development are applicable for mineral deposits in mountainous terrain. The deposit can be outcropping coal seam or that can be reached most conveniently by a horizontal tunnel (adit or drift) nearby. Secondary horizontal developing openings: Secondary development openings can be driven within the deposit, as it is the practice in flatlying coal seam or outside the deposit. eg. : drifts, entries, crosscuts, technology of construction: 1) Drilling and blasting method 2) Mechanical system with roadheaders, continuous miners, TBM etc.

DRILLING Rock excavation in the great majority of underground mining operations is carried out using drill-andblast techniques. About 85% of the holes drilled in underground mines are produced using conventional percussive drills. A small fraction of the holes are drilled with down-hole drills. The remaining, roughly 15%, of these holes are drilled with small diameter, rotary drills. Most of these small-diameter holes are drilled in coal mines for the emplacement of roof bolts. In surface mines, the vast majority of the rock is excavated by drill-andblast methods. The machines used most commonly for excavating the blastholes in these mines are large-diameter rotary drills.

Drilling pattern at the face:

Different types of cuts: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Burn cut Wedge cut Fan cut Drag cut Coroma