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1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.3.1.
1.3.2.
1.4.

7
7
8
9
9
12
16

2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.

18
18
19
22
26
29

3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.

32
32
37
39
40
42

4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.

43
43
48
50

5.
5.1.
5.2.
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52
52
54
57

6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.5.1.
6.5.2.
6.5.3.
6.6.

59
59
66
67
68
75
76
78
81
82

7.
7.1.
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85
85
88

www.zeu.ru

 8.
8.1. ,
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90
90
96
99

9.
9.1.
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9.1.3. -
9.2.
9.2.1.
9.2.2.
9.2.3.
9.3.
9.3.1.
9.3.2.
9.3.3.

101
101
105
105
106
108
108
111
117
121
121
122
122

10.
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
10.5.

124
124
128
129
130
132

11.
11.1.
11.2.
11.3.

136
136
140
143

12.
12.1.
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146
146
149

151

152

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 , ,

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, ,
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14


0 D3
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www.zeu.ru

15

1.4.
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 .1.10 ,
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 2.

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18

2.2.

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23

 , ,
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.2.1. .

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2.4.
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www.zeu.ru

26

.2.11. ,
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27

.2.2. .

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www.zeu.ru

28

2.5.

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30

 .2.2 ,

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31

 3.

3.1.

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r1
r2
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2

1
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0 = 4 10 7

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= 2f
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, F F
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32

 :
F = r1 ,
2

F = r3 r2 ,
2

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r1 =

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2

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www.zeu.ru

33


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)

www.zeu.ru

M =
*

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*

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r2
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34

 (.3.3-3.4),

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Z& = Z& L ,
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Z = Z& L .
*

www.zeu.ru

35

U&

U I I :
&

&

&

U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& )

U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& )

U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& )

U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& )

(3.2)

U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& )

U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& )

6 6- 6- ,
,
.

www.zeu.ru

36

3.2.
-

.

( ), (.3.5).
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I& = 0
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37

 .
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I& + I& + I& = 0

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www.zeu.ru

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38

3.3.

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2.

= 100

/

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R
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www.zeu.ru

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39

3.4.

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www.zeu.ru

L = 0.05 10 6
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40



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3.5.
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Z&1 = R1 + jL1 , Z& , Z& , Z& ,
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www.zeu.ru

42

 4.

4.1.

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Z& 0 = R0 + jX 0

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*
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Z&1 = Z&1 L

Z& 0 = R0 + jX 0

Z&1 = R1 + jX 1
Z& 2 = Z&1

www.zeu.ru

43


.4.1
.
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I& =

E& E&
,
Z&1 + Z&1 + Z&1

I& = a 2 I& ,
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a = 12 + j 23 , a = 12 j 23 , a = 1 .
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2

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,
Z&1 + Z&1

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(,
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)
(Z& + Z& )Z& ,
(Z& + Z& ) + Z&
(Z& + Z& )Z& ,
Z& =
(Z& + Z& ) + Z&

Z&1 = Z& 2 =

E&

E& 1

www.zeu.ru

E&

+
Z&1 + Z&1 Z&1
=
.
1
1
+
Z&1 + Z&1 Z&1

44

U1

E1

Z1

I1

U2

Z2

I2

U0

Z0

I0

.4.2. .

.4.2
- ,
, .. .

, .4.3, .4.2.

.4.3. .
.4.2. .

()

(1)

(1,1)

(2)

U& = 0

U& = 0

U& = 0
U& = U&

I& = 0

I& = 0
I& = 0
I& = 0

I&1 , I&2 , I&0 U& 1 , U& 2 , U& 0

I& , I& , I& U& , U& , U&

www.zeu.ru

45

U& = U& 1 + U& 2 + U& 0

I& = I&1 + I&2 + I&0

U& = a 2U& 1 + aU& 2 + U& 0 ,

I& = a 2 I&1 + aI&2 + I&0

U& = aU& 1 + a 2U& 2 + U& 0

I& = aI&1 + a 2 I&2 + I&0

,
.4.2, ,
.4.3
.
.4.3. .

(1)

(1,1)

(2)

U& 1 + U& 2 + U& 0 = 0

I&1 = I&2 = I&0

U& 1 = U& 2 = U& 0

I&1 + I&2 + I&0 = 0

U& 1 = U& 2

I&1 + I&2 = 0

,
(.4.4).
www.zeu.ru

46

.4.4. .




I&1 = I&2 = I&0 =

Z&1

E& 1
+ Z& 2 + Z& 0

U& 1 = E&1 Z&1 I&1

(1)

U& 2 = Z& 2 I&2

U& 0 = Z& 0 I&0
I&1 =
Z&1

(1,1)

E&1
Z& Z&
+ 2 0
Z& 2 + Z& 0

I&2 =

E&1 Z&1 I&1

Z& 2

I&0 =

E&1 Z&1 I&1

Z& 0

U& 1 = U& 2 = U& 0 = E& 1 Z&1 I&1

I&1 = I&2 =

(2)

E&1
Z&1 + Z& 2

U& 1 = U& 2 = E&1 Z&1 I&1

.4.4 ,
, .4.2
.4.1
I& 1 =

E U& 1
Z&1 + Z&1

I& 2 =

U& 2
Z& 2 + Z& 2

I& 0 =

U& 0
Z& 0 + Z& 0

, (3.2)
,
I& = I& 1 + I&2 + I&0
I& = a 2 I& 1 + aI& 2 + I&0 .
I& = aI& 1 + a 2 I& 2 + I& 0

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47

4.2.
, (
)

.

.
, .

4 ,

.
, , ,
(.2.5).
, ,
I& = 0 , I& = 0 , I& = 0 .

. (3.2)
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& I&
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& I&

U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& I&

, , ,
.
( 4 ).

. .4.5.

(1),
(1,1), (2)
(3). (
110-500 )
(3),
(1).
, , -
( 6-35 )
(1,1), (2), (3) , , (1) .
(1,1) I& 0 , .. (1,1),
(2), (3) ,
.
, , (3), , ,
6-35
. , (3)
(1,1) (2).
www.zeu.ru

48

.4.5. .2.5.

(1)
( )
(1,1)
( ,)
(2)
( ,)
(3)

I& + I& + I& = 0

U& = (Z& Z& )I&

U& = (Z& Z& )I&

Z& Z&

I& B = 0 , I& C = 0

U& = Z& I&

U& = Z& I&

Z&

U& = (Z& Z& )I&

U& = Z& I&

I& = 0

I& + I& = I& ,

I& -

Z& Z&

U& = Z& I&

U& = (Z& Z& )I& + Z& I&

U& = (Z& Z& )I& + Z& I&

I& = 0

I + I& = 0
I& + I& + I& = 0

U& = 0

U& = (Z& Z& )I&

U& = (Z& Z& )I&
U& = (Z& Z& )I&
U& = (Z& Z& )I&

U& = (Z& Z& )I&

. Z&
Z& Z&

Z& Z&

.4.6 ,
, ( .2.2)
K ,
.

.4.6,
( .2.2)
N .
.4.6. .

., .,
. (6-35 )

K = 1 ,2,.

.,
.
(110-500 )

www.zeu.ru

N = 1 ,2,.

K = 1 ,2,.

N = 1 ,2,.

49

4.3.

.3.5
(3.2) .4.7,
.
.4.8-4.9.
.4.7. (3.2).

I& + I& + I& = 0
(
I& + I& + I& = 0
)
I& >> I& I& >> I&

&
I = 0 I& = 0
.4.8. (), .

)

1 & * & * &
1 & * &
(Z Z ) I L
Z I L
1
K = 1 ,2,.

2
3

N = 1 ,2,.

1 & * & * &

Z Z I L
3N

2 & * & * &

Z Z I L
9N

.4.8 I :
;

,
, .
.4.8 ,
( )
, ,
2
1
,
<
9 N 3N

.4.6.

www.zeu.ru

50

.4.9. .


(

)

* L
I& = j U&

* L
I& = j U&

* L
I& = j U&

* L
I& = j U&

* L
I& = j U&

* L
I& = j U&

K = 1 ,2,.

Z& + 2Z&
*

I& =

Z& Z& &

I
=

*
*
Z& Z&

I& =

(Z

I& =

(Z

Z& Z&

N = 1 ,2,.

Z& Z&
*

*
L

3N

I =
I&

I&

3
3
U& j
4
4

*
L

2N 3

*
Z&

Z& + 2 Z&
*

Z& Z&
*
*
*
Z& Z& Z&
*

I& =

Z&

*
Z&

I&

I&

&
I& = *
I
*
Z& Z&
Z&

Z&

I&

)(

& *

)(

& *

Z +
*
*
*
Z& Z& Z&

& *

*
2 Z&

I&

I&

Z +
*
*
Z& + 2Z& I&
&

I =
*
*
3
Z& + 2 Z&
& *

Z&

*
2Z&

+ 2Z& I&
Z&

I& = *
*
3
Z& + 2 Z&
*
*
+ 2 Z& I&
Z&

I& = *
*
3
Z& + 2Z&
*

:
-, .

www.zeu.ru

51

 5.

5.1.
&
, , I

.
I& , I& I& ,
D& I .
.4.9
,
I&

D& I =

X = L

I&
jX
=
,
&
R + jX
I

0 D
D
ln
ln

2 r2
s

= L

2s
0 s
ln L 0 ln ,
2 r2
2 d

d ( , 2r2 ).

,
I
I&
1
= =
.
&
2
I
I
1 + ( R X )

(5.1)

(5.1) R X
() L , R * X * (/).

s / d = 1 , d > d s / d 1 2 .
s >> r2 ( s / d >> 0.5 ),

( s / d 1 2 ). ,
.
(5.1) , ()
,
() ;
s / d .
.5.1 ,
, (5.1)
F (35, 50, 70, 95, 120, 150, 185, 240 2).
.5.1,
, , F
s
.
I / I
F s / d .
www.zeu.ru

52

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
0

10

12

.5.1.
F (2) s d .

www.zeu.ru

53

5.2.
.4.8
( )
*
*
U& = (Z& Z& ) I& L , U& = jX * I& L .
,
U = X * I L ,
(5.2)
X * =

0 s
2s
ln = 0 ln , d (
2 r2
2 d

s / d = 1 ,
d > d s / d 1 2 ).
.4.8
U& = Z& * I& L
*
*
*
*
U& = (R + jM ) I& L . R << jM ,
*
U& = jX I& L . ,
*
U = X I L ,
(5.3)
X * = M * =

0 D
2 D
.
= 0 ln
ln

2 r2
2 d

(5.2)-(5.3) ,
:
I ;
L ;
s / d ( (5.3), s ).
.5.2 5.3 (5.2)
(5.3) . U
I = 1000 L = 1000 .


U = U

I
L
.
1000 1000

,
., D (1, 3, 10 )
, .
D (10, 100, 1000 ). -
.5.3 D , .
.4.8
. ,
.5.2-5.3,
,
(. .5.1).

www.zeu.ru

54

200

150

100

50

0
0

10

12

.5.2. 6-500 , (5.2)

s / d 1000 1000 .

1000
900

D ( )

800
700
600
500
400

300
200
100
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

.5.3. 6-500 , (5.3)

1000 1000 d D .

www.zeu.ru

55

.5.1. (), .

)
1

K = 1 ,2,.

N = 1 ,2,.

www.zeu.ru

.5.2

I
L

1000 1000

.5.3

I
L

1000 1000

L
1
.5.2 I
U

3N
1000 1000

L
2
.5.2 I
U

9N
1000 1000

56

5.3. ,
,
.5.2-5.3 .5.1, I ,
.
, :
,
, ;
, I K
, I
, .. I K I .
.
, ,
-1 -2. ,
..
-1 -2.

.5.4. .

.5.4 :
-2 I 2 -1;
-1 I 1 -2.
I 1 I 2 , , Q = 1, 2
, .
I 1 I 2 ,
( ),
. -1 -2 ( -1, -2),
- .
,
( Z&1 Z& 2 ) Q

I& 2 =

E&
,
Z&1 + Z&1 Q

I& 1 =

E&
.
Z&1 + Z&1 Q

Q ,
.
www.zeu.ru

57


Q=2
Q =1

-2
I& 2 ,

-1
I&1 ,

17
12

20
15

I& 2 < I&1 , I&1 , ..

-1. ( Q = 2 )
, 20 / Q = 10 .
( Q = 1 ) ,
15 .
, .5.4
I K (3) = 15 .
.5.4
I K (1) , .
. (
-1), I K (1) I K (3)
,
-1 .
.
,
.

,
, .
,
. , , ,
(,
,

).

www.zeu.ru

58

 6.
6.1.
(
) :
P = P + P + P ,
P = I 2 R , P = I 2 R I I ,

P = U / 3 tg
2

U / 3 .

tg .
.3.3 R R
R = L F R = L F ,
, ,
P I
=
P I

F
.

, P / P 0 , .. .
:

,

( 90 0,
70 0);

, ..
(. 9- ).
,
P / P > 0 , ..
. :
, ,
, ;
,
, .
, 10 : F = 500 2, F = 95
2, = = 2 10 8 (), I = 186 , I = 115 .
P / P = 2.0 , ..
.
35 , : F = 630 2, F = 35
2, = = 2 10 8 (), I = 900 , I = 300 .
www.zeu.ru

59

 P / P = 2.0 ( 10
), .. .
,
, ,
!


.
R1
P = P + P = I R1 .
2

.3.7 L ,
,
Z&

*
Z&
1

L = (

Z&

&
&
) (Z Z )

Z&

Z&1 = R1 + jX 1
R1 = R +

X = L

Z& Z&

Z&

R
R
1+
X

0 D
D
ln
ln
2 r2
s

0 2s
ln .
2 d

P = I 2 R1 , P = I 2 R ,
P = P P = I 2 (R1 R ) .

DP =

P
=
P

R / R
2

R

1 +
X

(6.1)

, .
(6.1) .2.3.1 [5] , ,
(5.1)
DP

P I
=
P I
R

R
.
R

(6.1)
X
() L , R * X *
(/). R / R = F / F .
DP = P / P
. DP = 0

( )
.
www.zeu.ru

60

 DP > 0 ,
(6.1), .6.1
6-500 . ,
, DP 1.6 , .
.6.1 , s d

. DP = P / P
F F / F s / d .
F
s d , D P F ,
, , DP F / F :
, ,
I , F ;
P P ,
DP F , P .
DP F ,
,
,
. DP F .
, DP
, DI . DP
s / d 0
F F , .. ,
.
.6.1 P P
s d , (6.1),
.
s
, d .
, d ,
d = d + 2 , (. .3.2). ,
(r3 r2 ) 0 ,
d d = d 2 .

www.zeu.ru

61

.6.1. 6-500
F , F / F
s / d . P / P 1.6 .
F ,

P / P

2
3,0

2,5

2,0

35

1,5

1,0

0,5

0,0
0

10

12

10

12

3,0

2,5

2,0

50

1,5

1,0

0,5

0,0

www.zeu.ru

62

3,0

2,5

2,0

70

1,5

1,0

0,5

0,0
0

10

12

10

12

3,0

2,5

2,0

95

1,5

1,0

0,5

0,0

www.zeu.ru

63

3,0

2,5

2,0

120

1,5

1,0

0,5

0,0
0

10

12

10

12

3,0

2,5

2,0

150

1,5

1,0

0,5

0,0

www.zeu.ru

64

3,0

2,5

2,0

185

1,5

1,0

0,5

0,0
0

10

12

10

12

3,0

2,5

2,0

240

1,5

1,0

0,5

0,0

www.zeu.ru

65

6.2.
,
.

P
P
2
P = P + P = P 1 + = I R 1 + ,
P
P

P = P = I 2 R .
-:

, .
, ,
, .
,
, .

( )

P
2
2
I R 1 + = I , R ,
P

I
I ,

1
P
1+
P

= K ,

(6.2)

K = 1 1 + P P ,
.
F
I , , - ,
F , ( I < I , )
.
, :
( )
, ;
, F .
,
, .. :
F ?

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66

6.3.
, ,
, (6.2),
DP = P P ,
.
,
, ,
F , .. ,
.

DP = P P = 0 ,
. , ,
,
I
F , I .
I (F , F )
F F
K .
, F
F0 .
P0 ,
F

K 0 = I 0 I , = 1 1 + P 0 P .
F0

F , P K = I I , = 1 1 + P P .
I

I 0

1 + P 0 P
K
=
= K ,
K0
1 + P P

(6.3)

K .

F P (6.3)
, :
F F 0
K 1 ;
F < F 0
K > 1 .
,
,
. , (6.3),
K =

I ,
I 0

1 + P0 P
1+ 0

= 1 + P 0 P =

www.zeu.ru

1
K0

F0 , K 0 .

67

6.4.
(3.1)

d 2r2 ,

d = 2r4 .

s
s = d ;
s = 1.26 2d = 2.52 d
, .
s d , , s d ,
,
F F , .
(6.1) .6.1 s d .

10 110 ,
, (
s d = 1 s d = 1.15 1.75 ).
.6.2 10 110 . ,
, 10 .
.6.3 10
, ,
(6.2) .
10 400/70 2
K 0 = 0.89 . , ,
70 150 2,
K = 0.81 , (6.3)
K = K K 0 = 0.81 0.89 = 0.91 , .. 10 %.

, . ,
, :
:
, ;
: , .
,

F , , :
( );
.
.
www.zeu.ru

68

.6.2. 10 110 ,
, F F .
P / P 1.6 .
U ,

P / P

1,6
1,4
1,2
1

10

0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1,6
1,4
1,2
1

110

0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0

www.zeu.ru

69

.6.3.
10 , ,
F (Cu Al), F .
K 10

F
1

0,9

Cu

0,8

0,7

0,6
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0,9

Al

0,8

0,7

0,6

www.zeu.ru

70

, .. ,
(, )
(, ).

. ,

, F .
,
, ,
, .
( (6.3))
-
.
,

, . ,

, ..
. , ,
,
.
(6.2))

,
. 1- .6.4,
.6.2-6.3 10 ,
.
( ).

( .6.4 ).

, , F0 = 70 2
.
,
I 0
I , ,
K 0 (6.2).
10 , ,
F0 = 70 2 K 0 .6.3 .
www.zeu.ru

71


F , 2

P 0 P

K0

95
120
150
185
240
300
400
500
630
800
1000
1200

0.086
0.104
0.124
0.146
0.179
0.214
0.269
0.321
0.385
0.467
0.560
0.650

0.960
0.952
0.943
0.934
0.921
0.908
0.888
0.870
0.850
0.826
0.801
0.778

K = 1 K0

I 0 = I , K 0

*)

1.042
150*0.960 ..*0.960
1.051
200*0.952 ..*0.952
1.060
250*0.943 ..*0.943
1.071
..
..
1.086
..
..
1.102
..
..
1.126
..
..
1.149
..
..
1.177
..
..
1.211
..
..
1.249
..
..
1.285
1500*0.778 ..*0.778
*) I , .6.4, .

,
F0 = 70 2
, I 0 ,
K = K K 0
(6.3), K .6.3 .
2- .6.5,
.6.3 10 ,
.

www.zeu.ru

72

.6.4.
( 10 , ).
K F (2)
F , 2

I , ,

*)

F -

35 2 502 702 952 1202 1502 1852

95
150
..
1.0
0.979
0.970 0.960 0.947
120
200
..
1.0
0.975
0.965 0.952 0.937
0.925
150
250
..
1.0
0.970
0.958 0.943 0.926
0.912
0.899
185
..
..
1.0
0.965
0.951 0.934 0.915
0.899
0.884
0.871
240
..
..
1.0
0.958
0.941 0.921 0.898
0.879
0.862
0.847
300
..
..
1.0
0.950
0.931 0.908 0.882
0.861
0.841
0.825
400
..
..
1.0
0.939
0.916 0.888 0.858
0.834
0.811
0.792
500
..
..
1.0
0.928
0.902 0.870 0.837
0.810
0.785
0.764
630
..
..
1.0
0.915
0.885 0.850 0.813
0.784
0.756
0.733
800
..
..
1.0
0.899
0.865 0.826 0.785
0.753
0.724
0.699
1000
..
..
1.0
0.883
0.844 0.801 0.757
0.723
0.692
0.666
1200
1500
..
1.0
0.868
0.825 0.778 0.732
0.697
0.664
0.637
*) .

2402

0.835
0.810
0.775
0.745
0.712
0.676
0.641
0.612

I = I K , .6.4 :
I ( );
K .
,

.
www.zeu.ru

F ,

73

.6.5.
( 10 , ).
K F (2)
*)
I 0 ,

F , 2

F -

F = 70 2

35 2 502 702 952 1202

95
144
..
1.042
1.020
1.011 1.000 0.987
120
190
..
1.051
1.024
1.014 1.000 0.985
0.972
150
236
..
1.060
1.029
1.016 1.000 0.982
0.967
185
..
..
1.071
1.033
1.018 1.000 0.979
0.962
240
..
..
1.086
1.040
1.022 1.000 0.975
0.955
300
..
..
1.102
1.047
1.026 1.000 0.972
0.949
400
..
..
1.126
1.057
1.031 1.000 0.967
0.939
500
..
..
1.149
1.067
1.036 1.000 0.962
0.931
630
..
..
1.177
1.077
1.041 1.000 0.957
0.922
800
..
..
1.211
1.089
1.048 1.000 0.951
0.912
1000
..
..
1.249
1,103
1,054 1.000 0.946
0.903
1200
1167
..
1.285
1.115
1,060 1.000 0.941
0.895
*) I , .6.4, .

1502

1852

2402

0.953
0.946
0.936
0.927
0.913
0.902
0.890
0.877
0.864
0.853

0.932
0.920
0.908
0.892
0.878
0.863
0.847
0.832
0.819

0.907
0.893
0.872
0.856
0.838
0.819
0.801
0.786

I = I K , .6.5 :
2
I , F = 70 ;
K .
0

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74

6.5.

P P

.
,

, .
, ,
,
.

, .
.6.6 ( C )
, .
C
(. 10- ),
,
(. 11- ),
.
C
,

, .


.
.6.6 ,
, ,

.
, ,
.6.6.
,
, :
, ,
,
;
.
, , 1- 2-
.
,

, ..
.
www.zeu.ru

75

.6.6. .
,

..,
.
.

0.01-0.02

.
,
.

0.05-0.1

1.0-2.0

2.0-4.0

6.5.1.
1- :
.
.6.7

D = P P
K .
D = P P , , ,
F /
.
,
D = 0 K = 1 .
,

,
.
: 95, 120, 150, 185, 240, 300, 400,
500, 630, 800, 1000, 1200 2. , ,
240 2 300, 800 2 1000.
.6.7 N ,
F .
P

.6.7. .
D P = P P
N F
K = 1 1 + DP
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.5

www.zeu.ru

1.0
0.91
0.82
0.71
0.63

0
1
2
3
4

76

 P P = 0.2
K = 0.91 , ..
10%.
, ,
( ),
.
,

C = 3

, LK > 0 ,
*

:
, , .

*

C = 3 N F 1 LK > 0 ,
*

N , F ;

.
C
C : C C , .
*

1-

10 110
.6.8,
, .
10 ,

10 .
.6.9
L = 1000 , .
,
, , :
*

10

, L
P P ;
P P
L ;
K

110

P P L ;

- .
.

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77

.6.8. 10 110
.

* , . . 1* , . .
,
1
1
10
110

0.001-0.002
0.002-0.007

0.0001
0.0005

.6.9. 10 110
LK = 1000 .
C , ..
LK = 1000
DP = P P
N F
110
10
0.0
0.2
0.5
1.0
1.5

0
1
2
3
4

0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2

0
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0

6.5.2.
2- :
.

P = I R
L , R = L F .
:

, ;

, .
,
.
,

( ).
.6.10 , .6.11

C T .
C
C . , T = 8
, ,
( C C ), .
2

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78

.6.10. .

LK
,
*
, /
R = F
I
,
DP = P P
, ..

( )
.6.11. .

2
*
,
P = I (R LK )

, .

P = DP P
3P
8760
W1 =
1000
C1 = W1

T
, .

CT = T C1

,
,

I . .6.11,
I , :
,

I , [] =

I , [] =

C [. ]
F 2
1.903

,
T [ ] [ ] DP [..] LK []
C [. ]
F 2
1.189
.

T [ ] [ ] DP [..] LK []

Cu Al
, 1.6
, D = P P .
P

2-

10 110 ,
. 10 (110 )
2
2
F = 500 (400 ) , F = 95 (70) , L = 2000 (3000 ) ,
0.15 (
). , ,
.
, = 2 ( ) ,
T = 8 ?
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79

 10 (110) D = P P = 2.06 (0.22) ,

I ,
.
.6.6 , .6.12
:
10
170 ,
500 2; ,
38 ;
110
380 , 400
2; ,
85 .

,

,
. 2-
:
10 , 110
.
P

.6.12. 2- .
I , ,

10
110
.
0.017
0.038
.
.
,
.

0.038

0.85

0.170

0.380

0.240

0.537

www.zeu.ru

80

6.5.3.

6-500 :
(1- );
(2- ).
,

1- 2- . 1-
,
, :
P P ;
L ;
I .
,
,
2 .
:
P P ;
L ;
I .


,
,
.

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81

6.6.

, s
,
.
,
,
( 1200).

. .
(3.2) , , ,

, .
I& = I& 1 + I& 2 + I& 0

I& = I&1 + I& 2 + I& 0

I& = a 2 I& 1 + aI& 2 + I& 0 ,

I& = aI& 1 + a 2 I& 2 + I& 0

I& = a 2 I&1 + aI& 2 + I& 0 ,

I& = aI&1 + a 2 I& 2 + I& 0

1
3
1
3
, a2 = j .
a= + j
2
2
2
2

,
I& = I& 1

I& = a 2 I& 1

I& = aI& 1

I& = I&1

I& = a 2 I&1 .
I& = aI&1

I& + I& + I&

I& + I& + I& = 0 , (3.2)
B

=0

I&
I&
I&
I&
Z& Z&
jX
= B = C = 1 =
=
= D& I ,
&
&
&
&
&
&
R + jX
I I B I C I 1
Z Z

X = L

0 D
D
ln
ln

2 r2
s

0 2s
ln .
2 d

,
I& = I& 2
I& = I& 2
I& = aI& 2 .
I& = aI& 2
I& = a 2 I& 2

I& = a 2 I& 2

I& + I&B + I& C = 0

I& + I&B + I&C = 0 , (3.2)
I&
I&
I&
I&
Z& Z&
= B = C = 2 =
= D& I .
I& I&B I&C I& 2
Z& Z&

,
I& = I& 0
I& = I& 0
I& = I& 0 I& = I& 0 .
I& = I& 0

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I& = I& 0

82

 I&

I& = I& B = I& C = I& 0

= I&B = I&C = I&0 , (3.2)
I&
I&
I&
I&
Z& + 2Z&
R + jX 0
= B = C = 0 =
=
= D& I 0 ,
&
&
&
&
&
&
R 3 + R + jX 0
I I B I C I 0
Z + 2Z

X 0 = L

0 D
D
+ 2 ln
ln

2 r2
s

= L

0 D
ln
.
2 3 r2 s 2

, D& I 0 > D& I . ,

,
, .. .
,

I& 0 0 I& 0 0 .

I&
I& + I& 2 + I& 0
D& I& + D& I I& 2 + D& I 0 I& 0
= 1
= I 1
I& I& 1 + I& 2 + I& 0
I& 1 + I& 2 + I& 0
I&B
a 2 I&1 + aI& 2 + I& 0
a 2 D& I I& 1 + aD& I I& 2 + D& I 0 I& 0
=
=
I&B a 2 I&1 + aI& 2 + I& 0
a 2 I& 1 + aI& 2 + I& 0
I&C
aI&1 + a 2 I& 2 + I&0
aD& I I& 1 + a 2 D& I I& 2 + D& I 0 I& 0
=
=
I&C aI& 1 + a 2 I& 2 + I& 0
aI& 1 + a 2 I& 2 + I& 0

I&
I&
= D& I + (D& I 0 D& I ) 0
I&
I&
I&B
I&
= D& I + (D& I 0 D& I ) 0
(6.4)
I&B
I& B
I&C
I&
= D& I + (D& I 0 D& I ) 0
I&C
I& C

I& 0 0 ,
(6.4).
P = P (1 + P P ) ,
, I& I& , ,
(6.4), I& 0 I& . I& 0 I&
, .
2

P
I&
R
I&
F
= =
&
&
P I R
I F
PB
I&
R
I&
F
= B = B
PB
I& B
R
I& B
F
PC
I&
= C
PC
I& C

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R
I&
= C
R
I& C

(6.5)

F
83

 ,

, .. I& 0 = 0 , I& 0 = 0 . (6.4)

P
DP =
P

I&
I&
I&
= B = C = D& I ,
I& I& B I& C
2
P
P
R
= B = C = D& I = D& I
PB PC
R

F
,

,
,
, D& D , ,

, .
( ) I& = D& I&
P = D P , , -
.
I

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84

 7.

,
, L
L = L = L = L 3 .


L L L .
,
( ).
.
1

7.1.
,
.7.1.

U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& )
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& ) .
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& )
Z& ,
- 1-, 2-, 3-
, .
A1

A 2

A 3

.7.1. .

(
(

)
)

I& B = I& A 0.5 j 0.5 3

.
I& C = I& A 0.5 + j 0.5 3

, U&

A1

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+ U& A 2 + U& A3 = 0 .

85

 , (
, )
I&
I&
I&
I&
(Z& Z& ) K& ,
= = = =
(7.1)
I& I&
I&
I&
(Z& Z& )
A

K& T =

K&

L1 + 0.5 j 0.5 3 L2 + 0.5 + j 0.5 3 L3

,
L1 + L2 + L3

(7.2)

.
(7.1) (5.1)

I&
jX
K& T ,
=
R + jX
I&

R X ()
L , (/).
,
,

I
I&
= =
I
I&
P
=
P

1
R
1+
X

R / R

K ,

K ,
2

R

1 +
X

(7.3)

(7.4)

[L1 0.5(L2 + L3 )]2 + [0.5 3 (L2 L3 )]

K = K& =
.
L
R X ()
L , (/).
, ,
( K& = 1 ),
D = I& I& D = P P = D R R .
(7.2)
, .7.1. (7.3)
(7.4) .7.2.
.7.2 ,
, ,

.
, ,
4 .
K

www.zeu.ru

86

.7.1. .

L1 = L ,
L2 = L3 = 0

L1 = 0 ,
L2 = L3 = 0.5 L

L1 = 0.5 LK
L2 = L3 = 0.25LK

L1 = L2 = L3

.7.2. ( ).

K& T

L1 = L ,
L2 = L3 = 0

DI

DP

L1 = 0 ,
L2 = L3 = 0.5 L

0.5

0.5DI

0.25 DP

L1 = 0.5 LK
L2 = L3 = 0.25LK

0.25

0.25 DI

0.0625 DP

L1 = L2 = L3

.7.2 :
( )

;
(, 1 ),

, ,
( 4 ) .

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87

7.2. ( )

,
,
( ,

).
,
,
I& + I& + I& = 0 , I& + I& + I& = 0 .
I& (7.1),
U&
= (Z& Z& ) L (1 K& ),
I&

U&
= (Z& Z& ) L (1 K& ) ,
&
A

A1

A 3

I C

(Z& Z& ) = jX = jX / L .
( .7.1)
U& U&

*

U 1 =

L1
1 K& T X I
LK

L
U 2 = 3 1 K& T X I
LK

(7.5)

(7.5) I
L ( X ),
( L L , L L , K ).
(7.5)
1

U 1
L
= 1 1 K& T
XI L K

U 2
L
= 3 1 K& T
XI
LK

(7.6)

,
.7.3.
.7.3 ,
,
.

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88

.7.3. (7.6), .

K& T
1 2

L1 = L ,
L2 = L3 = 0

L1 = 0 ,
L2 = L3 = 0.5 L

0.5

0.75

L1 = 0.5 LK
L2 = L3 = 0.25LK

0.25

0.375

0.1875

L1 = L2 = L3

0.333

0.333

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89

 8.
8.1. ,

, , , . ,
( )
.
Q
, , :
,
, (.8.1);
,
, 2-3 (.8.1-8.2).

.8.1,. QxABC.

.8.1,. QxA.

www.zeu.ru

90

.8.2,. QxABC.

.8.2,. QxA.

, :
;
L ;

.

www.zeu.ru

91

 .8.3 Q , .

- ,
.
, (3.2), ,
Q . Q
Z& ,
. .8.1
Z& Z& .
12

12

A1

I1

B1

I1

C1

I1

A2

I2

B2

I2

C2

I2

I1
I1
I1

I2

I2
I2

.8.3. , Q
( ).
.8.1. , .
()
*
*
*
Z& = R + jM
( / )
()
*
*
*
Z& 12 = R + jM 12
( / )
D
()
*
M = 0 ln
( / )
2 s
()
( / )

( )
( )
www.zeu.ru

M 12 =
*

0 D
ln
2 s12

s
s12

92

 Q ,
Q 1 .

: Q QxA.
, .8.1,
( s >> s ):
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& )
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& )
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& )
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& )
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& )
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& )
12

12

12

12

12

12

12

, .8.1,
( s >> s ):
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& )
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& )
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& )
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& )
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& )
U& = Z& I& + Z& I& + Z& (I& + I& ) + Z& (I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& + I& )
12

12

12

12

12

12

12

, (3.2),
,
.
- Q ,
. .8.2-8.4
I ( ) Q .
Q = 1
4.

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93

.8.2,. Q ( Q Q ). QxABC.

Z& 0 = Z& + 2 Z& + 3(Q 1)Z& 12
1

Z& 1 = (Z& Z& )

2
2
Z& + 2 Z& + 3(Q 1)Z& 12 ]
[
Z& Z& )
(

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
2
Z 0 = [Z + 2 Z + 3(Q 1)Z 12 ]
Z 1 = (Z Z )

[Z& + 2Z& + 3(Q 1)Z& 12 ]
Z& Z&

[Z& + 2Z& + 3(Q 1)Z& 12 ]2

Z& 1 = (Z& Z& )

3
Z& 0 = [Z& + 2 Z& + 3(Q 1)Z& 12 ]
[Z& + 2Z& + 3(Q 1)Z& 12 ]
( N
)
.8.2,. Q ( Q Q ). QxA.

Z& 0 = Z& + (Q 1)Z& 12 + 2QZ&
Z& 1 = Z& + (Q 1)Z& 12 QZ&
1

2
2
Z& + (Q 1)Z& 12 + 2QZ& ]
[
Z& + (Q 1)Z& 12 QZ& ]
[

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
2
Z
=
Z
+
Q

1
Z
+
2
Q
Z

[
(
)
]

12

0
Z1 = [Z + (Q 1)Z 12 QZ ] [Z& + (Q 1)Z& 12 QZ& ]
[Z& + (Q 1)Z& 12 + 2QZ& ]

Z& + (Q 1)Z& 12 + 2QZ& ]

[
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&

Z1 = Z + (Q 1)Z 12 QZ
3
Z 0 = [Z + (Q 1)Z 12 + 2QZ ]
[Z& + (Q 1)Z& 12 + 2QZ& ]
( N
)

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94

.8.3,. (), ( QxABC).

(3)
(1)

1 & * & * &
1 & *

*
(
Z Z ) I L
[
Z + (Q 1)Z& 12 ] I& L
1

K = 1 ,2,.

2
3

1 & * & * &

Z Z I L
3N

N = 1 ,2,.

.8.3,. (), ( QxA).

(3)
(1)

1 & *
1 & *

*
*
*
[
Z + (Q 1)Z& 12 QZ& ] I& L
[
Z + (Q 1)Z& 12 ] I& L
1

K
K
K = 1 ,2,.

2
3

N = 1 ,2,.

1 & *
*
*
Z + (Q 1)Z& 12 QZ& I& L
3N

.8.4. ( )
.


D& =

QxABC
QxA

www.zeu.ru

D& =

I&
Z& Z&
=
I&
Z& Z&

I&
Z& + (Q 1)Z& 12 QZ&
=
I&
Z& + (Q 1)Z& 12 QZ&

95

8.2.
.8.2-8.4 , 10
Q = 1 , Q = 2 , Q = 3 ,
500/95 2 c .
,
.

s=d
s12 = 10d
s = 10d
s12 = d

QxABC
QxA

= 100 ,
D = 1130
(. .3.5), , . -
-
Z .

Q L = 1000 . QxABC.
Q
Z 0 ,
Z 1 ,

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

0.040+j0.083
0.040+j0.083
0.040+j0.083
0.057+j0.078
0.057+j0.078
0.057+j0.078
0.040+j0.083
0.040+j0.083
0.040+j0.083

0.188+j1.984
0.336+j3.451
0.484+j4.919
0.247+j0.043
0.249+j0.034
0.249+j0.030
0.247+j0.043
0.249+j0.034
0.249+j0.030

Q L = 1000 . QxA.
Q
Z 0 ,
Z 1 ,

www.zeu.ru

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

0.040+j0.227
0.040+j0.372
0.040+j0.517
0.143+j0.126
0.195+j0.114
0.218+j0.097
0.040+j0.227
0.040+j0.372
0.040+j0.517

0.188+j1.695
0.336+j3.307
0.484+j4.919
0.245+j0.046
0.248+j0.034
0.249+j0.030
0.245+j0.046
0.248+j0.034
0.249+j0.030

96

 ( )
.
Q
DI = D& I

1
2
3
1
2
3

QxABC

QxA

0.281
0.281
0.281
0.700
0.858
0.920

(), ( 1000, 1000) ( QxABC).

(1)

Q

(3)
= 100

K = 1

N = 1

1
2
3
1
2
3

61.5
61.5
61.5
20.5
20.5
20.5

697
1189
1680

(), ( 1000, 1000) ( QxA).

(1)

Q

(3)
= 100

K = 1

N = 1

1
2
3
1
2
3

206
351
496
69
117
165

697
1333
1969

:

Q
(QxABC QxA);

Q , ,
QxA;
QxABC
, ,
4 5, (1),
.

www.zeu.ru

97

Q
,
(QxABC QxA);
-
QxABC;

,


, .
:

QxABC,
.
:
,
N
, QxABC.
, ,

QxABC, , ,
:
(1, 1, 1) ;
(1, 2, ) .
,
Q ,
, ( ).
,

.
, , 1-
, 2- , 2-
, 1- (1, 1, 1
).
1, 1, 1 1- ,
2- .

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98

8.3.
,

( Q = 1 ), ,
, :
()
;



;
.

( Q = 2, 3... ) ,
,
(.8.1, .8.2,).
() :

, ,
.

QxA QxABC,
,
. QxABC.
1. Q -
QxABC,
(.8.4).
2. ,
, QxABC,
QxA, ,
(
.8.5 ).
3. ,

. QxABC.
4. , 1,
2 .. ,

. QxABC.
QxA 6-10
50-100 ,
2-3 . ,
(
), QxA (.8.6,).
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99

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.

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100

 9.

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101


I Q = Q ,
*

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Q F

1
1
= I K1
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t

(9.1)

I ,
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*

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1
1
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K1

102

 A = 0.2 /2, .. F = 50 2

I = 10 .
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I
F t ,
A

(9.3)

I .9.1 ( . ).
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103


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104

9.1.1. - -
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105

 ( ).
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()
I K (1,1) =

3
I K (3 ) 0.87 I K (3 ) ,
2

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106


() : (9.3)
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K 3

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- .

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107

9.2.
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(1) (1,1). .9.4, ;
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L = L L ). (1)
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, .
(1) .4.4
1

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108

I&1 = I&2 = I&0 =

Z&1

E& 1
,
+ Z& 2 + Z& 0

.3.7
I&1 = I&2 = I&0 =

E&1
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3Z& + 3Z&

I& = I&1 + I&2 + I&0 =

E&1
,
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.9.3.
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(..
, .9.7,)

I& =

(..
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Z& C + Z& L 1 + Z& L 2

*

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C
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Z& C + Z& Z& L 1

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() ().

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109

.9.3. .9.2.
I
( I )





L1 = 0 , L 2 = L

(..
, .9.7,)

I& =

(..
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I& =

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L1 = L , L 2 = 0

I& =

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*

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2- , (I / I )
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(. .9.8).


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110

 -
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D , .. X 0 X 1 ;

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;
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9.2.2.

-.

,
.
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111

 (1) ,
(1,1) .
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L 1 ( L 2 = L L 1
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A
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I1

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(3.2),
U& = Z& 1 I&1 + Z& 1 I&1 + Z& 2 I&2 + Z& I& + Z& I&
U& = Z& 1 I& 1 + Z& 1 I&1 + Z& 2 I&2 + Z& I& + Z& I& ,
U& = Z& 1 I&1 + Z& 1 I&1 + Z& 2 I&2 + Z& I& + Z& I&

1 ,
L 1 , 2 L 2 ,
L = L1 + L 2 .

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112

 U& = U& = U& = 0 (

), I&1 = I&2 I&1 (
), I& = I&C ( ).
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I& 1 :
I&2
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L
=
1 ,
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I&1
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2

Z&
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1 ,
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&
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I 1 I 1
Z + Z &
2Z
Z
Z& + Z&
I&1 I&2
=
1 .
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I&1 I&1
I& + I&2 + I& + I& = 0
I&
Z& Z&
Z& Z&
L
=
(9.7)

1 .
2
&
&
&
L
I 1
Z + Z &
2Z&
Z
Z& + Z&

, (9.4)-(9.7)
(1) ( L = L )
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, I = I .
L 0 , (9.4)
I / I 0 , (9.6) I / I 1 , .. :

, .9.9,;
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1

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113

 F / F , ()
( .9.10). ,
[6],
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&

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U& 2 = Z& 2 I&2 + 2Z& 2 I&2

U& 2 = Z& 2 I&2 + (Z& 2 + Z& 2 )I& 2

2 ,
L = 0.5L .
2

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114

.9.11. -
, .

.9.12. -
, .

, U = U = U ,
I = I = I .
2-
I + I + I + I = 0 . ( I 0 )
I = I = I = 0 , U = U = U = 0 . , ,
,
, ..
. ,
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(9.4)-(9.7), L / L ,
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&

&

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www.zeu.ru

&

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115

 .
.9.12 I = I
&

U&

U&

Z&

Z&

I&

1 1
1

I&

1 +

Z&

Z&

I&

1 1

1 + (

I&

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Z&

I&

1 1

&

&
&
1 + Z 1 )I 1

1 ,
L = 0.5L .
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1

&

(Z& Z& ) I&

(Z& Z& )
1

D& I&
I

&

&

+ I&1 = I&1 ,

+ I&1 = I&1 = I&1 ,

D = ZZ ZZ = ZZZZ ,

.
( I 0 ) ,
I , .. I + I + I + I 0
I + I + 2 I = 0 .
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&

&

&

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&

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I&1
1 + 2 D& I
=
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(9.8)

I&1
I&
1 D& I
= 1 =
.
3
I&1 I&1

(9.9)

0.5L L L ,
, (9.8)-(9.9),
L .
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;
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D . , D
F
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1

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&

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www.zeu.ru

&

116

 ( )

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(9.4)-(9.7)
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2
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= 100 .
N& + M& N& + M& ,
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0,8

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0,2

0
0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

.9.13. (9.4)-(9.7) s / d = 1 240/50 2

L1 / L .
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117

 .9.13 ,
- (
) ,
. ,
,
I I .
&

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.9.14. (9.4)-(9.7) s / d = 1 240/50 2

L 1 / L = 0.5 .

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0
0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

.9.15. (9.6) 240/50 2

s / d L1 / L .

.9.15
.
I / I = f (L / L ) , ..

, ,
.
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www.zeu.ru

&

118


.

, :
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s / d
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119

 ,

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1

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.9.17.
500/95 2 . s / d L1 / L .
1 , 2 .

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120

9.3.

, .. .
( ).

I
.
U ,
,
,

U = I

X = X

(R

+ R ) + X ,
2

(9.10)

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L L :
*

X = L =

R = F ,

D
0
ln .
2
r2

9.3.1.
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2
L = 1500 F = 50 ; ,
R = 0.5 .

2 10 8
1500 = 0.6
50 10 6

U = 10 (0.5 + 0.6) + 0 = 11 .

5.5 ( ),
U .
: -
.

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F = 50 2. (9.3),
I F ( I R ), ,
,
L > 1 2 : -
R =

LK =

.
-
, , ,
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.
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121

9.3.2.

,
, , (9.10), :
R ;
R .


(. .9.10).

(.9.17).
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: (9.10) R R .

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9.3.3.
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www.zeu.ru

122

.
R ,

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L = 1 2 .
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123

 10.

10.1.

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2r1
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( 0 )
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u = u + u ,
i = i + i ,

Z i = u u ,

Z ,
:
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124

Z ii =

60

Z ik =

60

ii
ik

2 hi
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r
i

ln

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=

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u 2 = Z 21 i1 + Z 22 i 2

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2

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Z = Z 11

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2

u1 =

Z 11

(Z 12 )2
Z 22

i1 ,

1
Z = Z 11

(Z 12 )2
Z 22

(10.3)

.. , , 2 .
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125

 1 ,
2 , (10.2)-(10.3)
Z .
, h
(.10.3). (
0 ) Z Z ,
D = 2h , d = r :

ii

12

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ik

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( ), h
.

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4

12

60

22

r2
,

r1

ln

(10.3)

..

( ).
www.zeu.ru

126

.10.1. () ,
(10.3) . F
( ).
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35
110
220
330
500
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4
8
15
23
28
34
120
240
300
400
500
630
800
1000
1200
1500

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14,6
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11,8
10,7
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=

0
,
1

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= 3 10 / . ,
= 2.4 = 2 10 / = 200 /.
8

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127

10.2.

( ),
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; .10.4, , .

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().

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)
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2

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128

10.3.
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u (0.4 0.8) u .

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129

10.4.

u u
.

u , u .
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.10.3. 35-500 .

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131

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30 / 60

132

U
U (
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U U .
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8 / 20

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30 / 60

( 2 U ) K
= ( 2 U ) K

U 8 / 20 =

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8 / 20

30 / 60

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K

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K = 2.1 K = 1.9 .
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30 / 60

8 / 20

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30 / 60

133

 U U
, .
U U ,
U ,

U , K
N .

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75 ;
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6 , .
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8 / 20

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, :
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EMTP.
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134

W = 0.5 C LK
*

C

*
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C +

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(10.5)

C ;
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 (11.1) R ,
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;
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, F 240 2;
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, F 1200 2;
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(11.1), , .11.5.
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12.2.
6-500 , ,
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C .6.10-6.11,
,

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149


, T = 8 .
C + C
( ),
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1. ,
F , .
2. ,
.5.1,
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, );
, ;
F ,
.

www.zeu.ru

150

1. Wedepohl L.M., Welcox D.J. Transient analysis of underground power transmission

systems. Proc. Inst. El. Eng., 1973, vol.120, N2, pp.253-260.
2. EMTP Rule book. Bonneville Power Administration, Branch of System Engineering.
Portland, Oregon 97208-3621, USA,1986 (www.emtp.org).
3. .. . .:
.., 2004, 304 .
4. .., .. . .: , 1975. 256 .
5. 60287-1-1 (2006 .) . .
1-1. ( 100%-
) . .
6. .., .., ..
10
//, 4, 2002 . .30-31.
7. .., .. /
. .: , 1967.
8. .. 6-750 . .: , 2007. 60 .

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151

,
/
E-mail

, 6-500
,
() ,
,
,
( )
6-500
,
,
, 2
, 2
(Cu, Al)
( , )
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( )


:

( ,
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( ,
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, /
./: (812) 438 1086, 327 6415
E-mail: opn@zeu.ru


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300 .
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