BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCITON

Hazard analysis at workplaces is one of element in OHSAS 18001: 1999. Clause 4.3.1 in OHSAS 18001: 1999, Security Management and Occupational Health System (OHSMS) condition organisation to carry out activity which is known as planning for identification of danger, risk assessment and risk control identification. This activity looks significant in effort to prevent accidents happen or reduce risk to hazardous activity in organisation. This activity also seen in accordance with Malay idiom: sediakan payung sebelum hujan namely prevention is better than cure.

Hazard analysis at workplaces is foundation practice if is predicted able to aid organization prevent accident. With activity which operates to identify danger in this workplace will involve employees extra vigilant. This is because they have already known that their work area having state which if they do not be careful then accident may befall they. With cautious attitude and give convergence fully towards work made, risk of accident could be reduced.

By conducting hazard analysis at workplaces also then duties provide preparation procedure emergency, safe work operational procedure, work instruction, audit check sheet etc able done easily and orderly. This case because analysis result were made can help to identify key elements which need fitted inside procedure, work order, audit check sheet etc to be matched with work situation.

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

PURPOSE The purpose of risk assessment is to provide a systematic and objective approach to assessing hazards and their associated risks that will provide an objective measure of an identified hazard as well as provide a method to control the risk. It is one of the general duties as prescribed under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) for the employer to provide a safe workplaces to their employees and other related person.

BASIC CONCEPTS What is risk?

Risk is something that we as individuals live with on a daily basis. People are constantly making decisions based on risk. Simple decision in daily life such as driving, crossing the road and money investment all imply an acceptance risk. Risk is the combination of the likelihood and severity of a specified hazardous event occurring. In mathematical term, risk can be calculated by the equation: Risk = Likelihood x Severity

Likelihood of an Occurrence

This value is based on the likelihood of an event occurring. You may ask the question How many times has this event happened in the past? Assessing likelihood is based worker experience, analysis or measurement. Likelihood levels range from most likely to inconceivable. For example, a small spill of bleach from a container when filling a spray bottle is most likely to occur during every shift. Alternatively, a leak of diesel fuel from a secure holding tank may be less probable. Table A indicates likelihood using the following values:

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Source: www.dosh.gov.my Table A

Severity of Hazard

Severity can be divided into five categories. Severity is based upon an increasing level of severity to an individuals health, the environment, or to property. Table B indicates severity by using the following table:

Source: www.dosh.gov.my Table B

RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate the results of analysis to make decision on risk control. For risk analysis that uses likelihood and severity in qualitative method, presenting result in a risk matrix is a very effective way of communicating the distribution of the risk throughout a plant and area in a workplace. Risk can be calculated using the following formula:

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

L x S = Relative Risk L = Likelihood

S = Severity

An example of risk matrix (Table C) is shown below:

Source: www.dosh.gov.my Table C

To use this matrix, first find the severity column that best describes the outcome of risk. Then follow the likelihood row to find the description that best suits the likelihood that the severity will occur. The risk level is given in the box where the row and column meet. The relative risk value can be used to prioritize necessary actions to effectively manage work place hazards. Table D determines priority based on the following ranges:

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Source: www.dosh.gov.my Table D Hazards assessed, as High Risk must have immediate actions, to resolve risk to life safety and or the environment. Individuals responsible for required action, including follow up must be clearly identified. A further detail risk assessment method may require such as quantitative risk assessment as means of determine suitable controls measures.

PLANNING AND CONDUCTING OF HIRARC Purpose of HIRARC

The purposes of HIRARC are as follows: a. to identify all the factors that may cause harm to employees and others (the hazards); b. to consider what the chances are of that harm actually be falling anyone in the circumstances of a particular case and the possible severity that could come from it (the risks); and c. to enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor preventive measures to ensure that the risks are adequately controlled at all times. 5

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Planning of HIRARC Activities

HIRARC activities shall be plan and conducted: a. for situation: i. ii. iii. where hazard appear to pose significant threat; uncertain whether existing controls are adequate; or/and before implementing corrective or preventive measures.

b. by organization intending to continuously improve OSH Management System. It should be the duty of the employer to assign a trained personnel to lead a team of employees associated with one particular process or activity to conduct HIRARC.

Process of HIRARC

Process of HIRARC requires 4 simple steps: a. classify work activities; b. identify hazard; c. conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate risk from each hazard), by calculating or estimating: i. ii. iii. likelihood of occurrence, and severity of hazard; Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control measures (if necessary).

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION FALL

Construction is a potentially high hazard industry for those who work in it, with falls at the top of the hazards list. In fact, falls are the most frequent cause of fatalities at construction sites and annually account for one of every three construction-related deaths. Although there are commonly available methods for preventing falls, the number of construction workers who fall to their deaths has increased in recent years. Statistics indicate that nearly 1,000 construction workers are killed each year while on the job. Of these, one-third or over 300 deaths will result from construction site falls. Many of the deaths or injuries that result from these falls can and should be prevented. Common construction site falls include roof related falls, crane falls, scaffolding falls, elevator shaft falls, falls resulting from holes in flooring, and falling objects. Proper protection equipment and safety precautions are necessary to protect the lives of workers and preserve the well-being of their families.

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Risk Evaluation Activity Work in high place Hazard Unprotected sides, wall openings, and floor holes Consequences Injuries from falls or falling objects may result, ranging from sprains and concussions to death L 4 S 5 R 20 Control Guardrail system Safety net system Personal fall arrest system Cover or guard all unsafe opening.

L : Likelihood

S: Severity R: Relative Risk

Identify the hazards Walk around your workplace and look at what could reasonably be expected to cause harm safety. Remember to think about long-term hazards to health (e.g. high levels of noise or exposure to harmful substances) as well as safety hazards. Decide who might be harmed and how Some workers have particular requirements, eg new and young workers, new or expectant mothers and people with disabilities may be at particular risk.Extra thought will be needed for some hazards. Members of the public, if they could be hurt by construction activities. Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions Try a less risky option (eg switch to using a less hazardous chemical). Prevent access to the hazard (eg by guarding. Issue personal protective equipment (eg clothing, footwear, goggles etc). Types of control the source of the hazard a. Elimination - Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process, machine or substance is perhaps the best way of protecting workers. For example, a salvage firm might decide to stop buying and cutting up scrapped bulk fuel tanks due to explosion hazard. b. Substitution - Sometimes doing the same work in a less hazardous way is possible. For example, a hazardous chemical can be replaced with a less hazardous one. Controls must protect workers from any new hazards that are created. 8

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

c. Isolation-Isolate big machines in another place. d. Engineering control i. Redesign ii. Isolation iii. Automation iv. Barriers v. Absorption vi. Dilution e. Administrative controls i. Safe work procedures ii. Supervision and iii. Job rotations iv. Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs v. Hygiene must

Personal protective equipment (PPE) Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is used when other controls measures are not feasible and where additional protection is needed. Workers must be trained to use and maintain equipment properly. The employer and workers must understand the limitations of the personal protective equipment. The employer is expected to require workers to use their equipment whenever it is needed. Care must be taken to ensure that equipment is working properly. Otherwise, PPE may endanger a workers health by providing an illusion of protection.

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Record your findings and implement them Writing down the results of the risk assessment, and sharing them with other staff, encourages to do this. When writing down your results, keep it simple.

Review your risk assessment and update if necessary Few workplaces stay the same. Sooner or later, you will bring in new equipment, substances and procedures that could lead to new hazards. It makes sense, therefore, to review what you are doing on an ongoing basis. Every year or so formally review where you are, to make sure you are still improving, or at least not sliding back. Look at your risk assessment again During the year, if there is a significant change, dont wait. Check your risk assessment and, where necessary, amend it. If possible, it is best to think about the risk assessment when youre planning your change that way you leave yourself more flexibility.

10

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION FALLING OBJECTS

Constructions sites can be extremely dangerous places to work. The nature of construction sites causes this danger if the proper safety precautions are not taken. There is a lot of machinery around construction sites that can cause injuries and damage. On top of this, there are things like dangerous heights that must be dealt with safely as well. While many people think of falling as a danger associated with heights, falling objects are not as widely considered. These, however, can cause a great deal of damage and injury. This is why hard hats are so often used in construction sites. Hard hats provide a certain amount of protection from falling objects. They do not, however, protect a person from every incident. Falling objects are so dangerous because of the speeds that they reach when they fall combined with the mass of the falling object. The heavier an object is and the higher the point that it falls from, the more damage it can do. This means that a one inch bolt falling from three stories will do less damage than a wrench falling from five stories. Either one of these objects, however, can be dangerous. Falling objects, such as falling tools, falling buckets, falling lumber, falling steel, falling bolts, falling equipment, and falling debris, can often result in serious head trauma, concussion, broken bones, neck injuries, and back injuries. These injuries can require surgery, along with months of missed work and painful rehabilitation. In the 11

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

worst cases, the injuries are permanent and the construction worker can no longer work in his or her trade. The most common injury in falling object claims on construction sites are head injuries and broken bones. A traumatic brain injury, as well as a wrongful death, can occur from something as seemingly insignificant as a bolt. If the proper safety precautions are not taken, injuries become more and more likely. Wearing hard hats, however, is not the only solution. There are other safety issues that must be taken care of before construction workers can work in safety. Before work commences, all physical locations and tasks that may present the risk of a fall need to be identified. This includes access to the areas where tasks are to be performed. Each task needs to be examined to determine whether there is a risk of falling and how that risk can be eliminated or minimized. In particular, tasks that need particular attention are those carried out: On any structure or plant being constructed or installed, demolished or dismantled, inspected, tested, maintained, repaired or cleaned On a fragile surface (for example cement sheeting roofs, rusty metal roofs, fiberglass sheeting roofs and skylights. On a potentially unstable surface (for example areas where there is potential for ground collapse, including poorly backfilled or compacted ground, or unstable areas such as on top of stacks of building materials, timber pallets or bricks. On a sloping or slippery surface where it is difficult for people to maintain their balance (for example on glazed tiles).

12

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Assess the Risks If a task involving a falling object hazard has been identified, the risk of a fall should be assessed by determining: The likelihood of a fall and risk of harm to a person occurring, and The extent of harm or injury that a person could receive in the event of a fall. This assessment is a useful way of determining where the greatest risk is, and therefore which hazards need to be eliminated or controlled first. The ultimate effectiveness of any risk assessment is dependant on the quality of the information available. Therefore, it is important that persons carrying out risk assessments have the necessary information, knowledge and experience of that work environment and work process. In carrying out a risk assessment, it is helpful to break down each activity or process into a series of parts or smaller tasks and assess each one separately. If the risk assessment is for construction work being undertaken at a height of 2 meters or more and there is a risk of falling, physical fall prevention measures should be provided so far as is practicable. A SWMS should be used to document why a particular control has been used and a more detailed SWMS would be required if it is not reasonably practicable to use physical fall prevention measures. In addition to work being undertaken at a height of 2 meters or more where there is a risk of falling, this document sets out that a SWMS must also be prepared for any other construction work that meets the definition of high-risk construction work (e.g. construction work involving excavation to a depth greater than 1.5 meters). A SWMS should also be used when work is being undertaken at a height of less than 2 meters if the risk assessment identifies a need for control measures to be used. There are many different reasons for falling objects on a job site. They can be due to: 13

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Jobsite hazards; Property owner negligence; General contractor mistakes; Subcontractor errors; Co-worker carelessness; Violation of OSHA regulations; Violation of industrial code regulations; Distraction due to commotion, long hours and tight deadlines; Loud noise; Bad weather; Poor lighting; and Poor safety training or no safety training

Risk Evaluation Activity Installation Hazard Falling object Consequences Risk of injury, death, damage L 4 S 5 R 20 Control Provide toe boards screens, or guardrail systems in accordance with other sections of these orders to prevent objects from falling from higher levels Wear approved head and foot protection Use covered platforms or walkways Risk of injury, damage 3 3 9 Place a safety net or equivalent below overhead work.

Dismantle

kick, throw, or push anything off overhead structures

Risk of injury, death, damage

Clearing

Falling object

L : Likelihood

S: Severity R: Relative Risk 14

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Risk Controls

1. Eliminate the hazard: remove the hazard from the workplace. 2. Substitute the hazard: substitute a substance, method or material to reduce the risk or the hazard. 3. Isolate or enclose the hazard: separate the hazard from the workplace: Barrier fencing is the most effective way to stop unauthorized workers or bystanders from entering a dangerous area. Place safety and warning signs in critical areas at the construction site. Been made to secure the construction zone and create a safer environment where workers can perform their job. Use debris netting to wrap around the building or scaffolding.

4. Use engineering solution: modify existing machinery or plant or purchase different machinery or plant to prevent the object falling. 5. Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and training in its use: Protecting feet-safety boots Protecting eyes-safety glasses

Monitor and Review To help avoid accidents at construction sites employers and employees need to do the following:1. Where protection is required, select fall protection systems appropriate for given situations. 2. Use proper construction and installation of safety systems. 3. Supervise employees properly. 4. Use safe work procedures. 5. Train workers in the proper selection, use, and maintenance of fall protection systems. 3. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ELECTRIC SHOCK 15

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

This hazard was frequently happened in construction site. This hazard can occur to employees who perform work on electrical equipment. Electrical equipment or socket may not install properly. This accident is the most common accident in construction and it can cause major injury or death.

Risk Evaluation Activity Using electrical devices L : Likelihood Hazard Electrical Shock Consequences Risk of injury, death, damage L 3 S 5 R 7 Control Checking before use the devices

S: Severity R: Relative Risk

Risk Controls 1. 2. 3. Eliminate the hazard: Checking before use. Substitute the hazard: place it a proper area. Isolate or enclose the hazard: separate the hazard from the workplace:Place safety and warning signs in critical areas at the construction site. Been made to secure the construction zone and create a safer environment.

4. Use engineering solution: modify existing machinery or plant or purchase different machinery or plant to prevent the object falling. 16

BFC 4111- OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and training in its use: Protecting feet-safety boots

Monitor and Review To help avoid accidents at construction sites employers and employees need to do the following:1. Use proper construction and installation of safety systems. 2. Supervise employees properly. 3. Use safe work procedures. 4. Train workers in the proper selection, use, and maintenance of fall protection systems.

17