o BsB_ : xD

. s
Am \ValB_ V|
gVFE WkD
Am

olB_ \ValBo[ c.
sB_ V> x^ J\V Vo gVD B_.
olB_, \Va[ >VABm olBo[ V \km
o gzD \M>M[ A[ B][ skV \km o
\M> co_ Vo c<kV >BV > cA^ mD
BVm. >V x>[\ V \m^ cA^ *m
Vo ckVzD \>|[m.
.V. kVE>_, O>_, >_, \_K>_, k>_, swz>_.

olB_ oB J[ W_ gVF[m
V W
>_ W
|>_ W
ku[ l_ olB J[ cV VVD
i)

o B_ / VolB_ (o V> uBm.)

ii) o BsB_ (o D Wl_ >M[ y z uBm.

iii) o sB_ (o V s, t>m k[ sB
>[ kV | c|m [> uBm).

olBsB_ u B oB_ g>V\VzD

JVu \wm >Vz]B m ] >[\/ ]sV
>[\u kVBB m o V \VuD u
kVBlom kBD.
o V kkD o y z >[^ V|
^m.

VmkV Vo
kV VD
Vo^
clVo

\FBVo

{l ~l
clVo^, ]u WlK^ JVu kVB kaBV
>z>l[, oBz l_ c^ k kaBV
kBD Vm [.

clVo^ kVBl_,
V[ cBD (\_// )
2.
Vs[ B[|>|D z] (x[/|/[)
3.
>[ \A (zs>/ zsBV)
ku[ l_ kB|[.
1.

\FBVo^ kVBl_
|D D (>, _o>, _, _,
x[/[ D, \u>V, >V)
5.
|D s>D (A W )
6.
z_VoV, zo_ VoV (z_k
B )
ku[ l_ kB|[.
4.

Vo[ y z B c>D s o
k ks (Sound Spectrograph) gzD. ]_ o,
Vu ] Fm [ ku[ yu \V |
km o k k (Spectrogram) |D.
o k k oB J[ s>\V
>[m.
1.
o[ ]k (Frequency) 4000Hz. k
2.
cA/c>_ >[\- (Amplitude/intensity) dB scale.
(DV)
3.
V (duration/time) t_o | (milli second)

Click to edit Master text styles

Second level
Third level
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Fifth level

kBV o k k^ c|
O ok k (narrow band
spectrogram)
2.
s ok k (wide band
spectrogram)
x>Vk]_, o ]^ (frequency of
vibrations) >M>M o BA (harmonics) g
zD
Vk]_, kV ]D | VV
(vertical lines) >V[D. ] \
VVD,
]s_V
W
k^
ku\VD >V[D.
1.

Click to edit Master text styles

Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

clVo[ y z^
clVo^, D T (formant) [ y z^ () o
BW [ \][ l_ c|[.
J zw_ (vocal tract) T zwV (resonance cavity) B_|m. >V,
>, Vz, V[ BzA^ >M[ \ clVoz ukV \Vu
\[. >[ JD clVo[ D TE[ \]A^ >
clVoz u \V \V \[. >[ o[ V_ D ]_
V^|D.
clVo^ J[ formant-F V|^. > formant-^ aom \V
\D. formant-F F1 [D >uz \ c^> F2 [D >uz \
c^> F3 [D w.

Click to edit Master text styles

Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

F1 \_ clz z> ]k \]KD

clz u cB> ]k \]KD zD
F2 [m x[ clz cB> ]k \]KD
[clz z> ]k \]KD \D.
gk, F2 s[ \]A cBVo [lV/ x[lV
[>D, \KD, m > zs, clV _m >
zsBV clV [>D |D.

Click to edit Master text styles

Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level

kVF ]>Wl_ ckVzD cl^ (a) V[k >DxB F2 \]_

cBW
V_
\D
[>V_,
clVo[ x[/[ cl>[\B B F2 F1 \]A s]BV>
m F1-[ \]A[ | k.
cl[ > zs, zsBV>[\ F2, F3z lK^ >V
VmD VD. k uzD lK^ ]_k[ \]A
kV| ]_ V^|D

~l^ u Formant-[ ]k \VD

Wl[ l_ lBKD

VmkV, clVo[ >VAB y z

Formant-[
]k,
Formant

Vz
clVol[ cA VD ku[ l_
VD.

\FBVo[ y z^
\FBVo^ kVBl_ >D ]_ oB^ u|mD >Vkm
k > J\V [.
Vo^: A u| m szD Vm zD
.V. p b, t d, T D, k g
z_ Vo^: oA gDzD x[ ]k (low frequency)
Wl_ z_ (voice bar) zD. oB^ u|mD
VmD s|szD VmD clVol[ Formant-_ u|D \Vu^
Vo[ > zzD.

> Vo

Formant V zD

(F2, F3)
m Formant-_KD
] slzD
_ Vo

:
F3 \_ V D.
F2 \_/ V \D
kA s|A cB ]k
Wl_. t \

[ Vo

F2, F3 [ V [

\D
F2-F3 z]l_ ]k
zsB_. (cBWl_ z)

cVo^:
z_
: v, etti, z, yogh
zo_V
: f, theta, s, sh
s, sh
: more loudness, \ ]k cBW (8000Hz)
z,
: less loudness zB c_VD, voice bar, >V z_
* kV _ ] cB ]k Wl_

JVo^
JVo^

clVo V[ Formant \A
F1-250Hz, F2-2500Hz, F3-3250Hz

\Vo^
Vo^

clVo^ V[ Formant \A
F1-250Hz, F2-1200Hz, F3-2300Hz

>VVo^
VVo^

clVo^ V[ Formant \A gV_ \VD >[\

z_k \_^ ]z u |D ] V|

t z> F2, F3 >_ (locus) W

>_ (locus) F2 at 1,700 Hz 1800Hz

F2 >_ cB>W ]k_ F2, F3

azD F3, F4

B Formant.

z_
z_
~ >
_
_
[ D
]_ >Vz>_

kV

Spectrograms of "bab" "dad" and "gag".

Top row, left to right: f, theta, s, esh. Bottom

row, left to right: v, eth, z, yogh.

Spectrograms of "hee" "ha" and "who".

Spectrograms of "dimmer", "dinner", "dinger".

Spectrograms of 'ball', 'bar', 'bough', 'buy'.

 [
kD