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2002
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2002
2003
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pI

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IW

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Intel pI,
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I + W
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Intel
Windows

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qmax 1 I
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qmax q

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. 3.2.1.
Intel
Windows Linux

85




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,
pI,

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qmax 1 I pI vI fI max .
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,

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qmax 1 I
pW vW fW max .

pW.
3.2.2. #
,
pI

I vI
2

(3.2.3)

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qmax

4 I

fI ;

(3.2.4)

p W

I 2 v W vI
4

(3.2.5)

I 2vW vI

qmax
86

16 I

fW ;

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dpW
1

,
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2

(3.2.7)

#

,

qmax 3I 3vI 2vW I vI 2vW 16I (fI fW ). (3.2.8)

.
(3.2.1)
dI
2pI vI
vI
.
0 qmax I
0 pI I
dpI
I
2

( 3.2.1) 

.
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, 
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pW

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0 qmax I
I

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p
.
2

(3.2.9)


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(3.2.4), (3.2.6)

.
(3.2.9) pW p I , 
(3.2.7).
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I vI

qmax

4 I

I 2vW vI

fI qmax

16 I

fW
87

4 I vI I 2vW vI
qmax
fI fW
16 I
2

q max 3 I 3 v I 2 v W I v I 2 v W 16 I ( fI fW ).

, (3.2.7) 
1 . . 

0,5 . ., (3.2.8)



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3.3.

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Intel 
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Intel;

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AMD;
fA vA

AMD;
A qA pA vA fA 
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(. 3.3.1). . 3.3.2 
.

89

I + W
p

qI W (p) qmax 1

I W

A + W

q A W (p) qmax 1

A W
p
qI L (p) qmax 1
I

qA L (p) qmax 1

A
pI + pW

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pI
pA

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A

p pW
qmax 1 A
A

p pW
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I W

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qmax 1 I
A

p
qmax 1 A
A
p
qmax 1 I
I
p pW
qmax 1 A
A W

. 3.3.1.
Intel AMD
Windows Linux

90

qmax q

 Intel Windows
AMD Windows
Intel Linux
AMD Linux

p pW
qmax 1 I
A

p
qmax 1 I
A
p
pA pW
qmax 1 A
qmax 1

A
A

qmax q

. 3.3.2.
Intel AMD
Microsoft Windows Linux

. 3.3.13.3.2, Intel 
pI, AMD
pA, Microsoft 
Windows pW,
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Windows
p pW

q I W q max 1 I
;

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max 1
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;

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max 1
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;

91

 AMD
Linux :
p

q A L q max 1 A
A

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max

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Intel
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qmax 1 I

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AMD
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max I

;
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A
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Windows
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1
,

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A
A
A


:

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max I
fI max;
A
92

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2q p vI pI pA
max I
fI max;
A

W pW vW qW fW

qmax pW vW A pA pW
fW max.
A

3.3.1.
.
. 
:
pA pI vI 2 pA / pI
I
;
0 pI pA A
pI
4 pA / pI

(3.3.1)

p p vI
A
;
0 p A pI 2pI pA vI I A
pA
p I p A / p A

(3.3.2)

A pA pW vW 1 pA pW / pW
W
0 pW pA
.
2 pA pW / pW
pW
p I p A p A
AMD (3.3.2), 
,
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(3.3.2) 
).
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0,
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A p A p I 2v I
;
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93

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.
2

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fI
A
q p vW A pA pW
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fW
A

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A

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A

fI fW ,

Intel
. Microsoft , ,
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.

,

.
,
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. 
[160, 161] (2009 .).

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, . . 
.

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94

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Windows , 
Intel Linux:
pI p W p A p W pI p A ,

(3.3.3)

pI p W pI p A p W p A .

(3.3.4)

.
. 3.3.1.

, 
, .
,
0 q I q max ,

0 q A q max ,

0 q W q max .

(3.3.3) ,
2pI pA A ,

p A pI ,

pI pA

A
,
2

pA pW A , (3.3.5)

A
,
2

cA cW A . (3.3.6)

(3.3.4) ,
p A pI p W A ,

pI p W p A

, 
,
.
pI(t ) p(At ) Intel AMD, p(Wt )
Windows t 0,1, 2,
pI(0) , pA(0) p (0)
W t 0
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, t 
, 

t 1 .
95

 3.3.1

Intel

qI qmax

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soft

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AMD

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soft

(3.3.3)
I qI pI v I fI

A 2pI pA
A

pA pW
qW qmax A
A

qI qmax

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qW qmax A
A

fI

pI

A 2v I pA
4

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A

fA

pA

W qW pW vW fW

qmax A pA pW pW vW
A

fW

qmax A pI pW pI v I
A

fI

A vW pA
2

pI

A v I pW
2

pA

pI pW v A
2

pW

A vW pA
2

A q A pA v A fA

2qmax pI pW pA pA v A
A

fA

W qW pW vW fW

qmax A pA pW pW vW
A

fW

pI v A
2

pW

(3.3.4)
I qI pI v I fI

A pI pW
A

p pW pA
qA 2qmax I
A

qmax A 2pI pA pI v I
A qA pA v A fA

p pA
qA 2qmax I
A

AMD

.
3.3.1.
t 0 (3.3.4),
(3.3.3) #
.
. 
(3.3.4):
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
p I(0) p (0)
W pI p A p W p A ,

, . 3.3.1,

A vI p(0)
W
p
;
4
(1)
I

96

pI(0) p(0)
W vA
p
;
2
(1)
A

A vW c(0)
A
p
.
2
(1)
W

(1)
(1)
p (1)
A p W pI , :

(0)
2pI(0) 3p(0)
W 2pA A 2vA 2vW vI
p p p
0,
4
(1)
A

(1)
W

(1)
I

p I(0) p A(0) , 
.
(1)
(1)
, . . (3.3.3).
, p (1)
A p W pI
t 1
(3.3.3):
p I( t 1) p (Wt 1) p (At 1) p (Wt 1) p I( t 1) p (At 1) .

, . 3.3.1,

pI(t)

A 2vI p(At 1)
p(t 1) vA
vW pA(t 1)
; p(At) I
; p(Wt) A
.
4
2
2

p (At ) p (Wt ) pI(t ) , :

p(At ) p(Wt ) pI(t )

2 pI(t 1) pA(t 1) A pA(t 1) 2 vA vW vI

0,
4

p I( t 1) p A( t 1) , p A( t 1) A , 
.
.

3.3.2.
pI lim pI(t )

2 A 4vI vA
;
7

pA lim p(At )

A 2vI 4vA
;
7

pW
lim p(Wt )
t

6 A 7vW 2vI 4vA

.
14

. . 3.3.1,
pI(t 2) vA
2vI p
2vI pI(t 2) vA
2
pI(t ) A

4
4
4
8
A 2vI pI(t 4) vA

vA
A 2vI
4
8

4
8
( t 1)
A

A 2vI

97

 A 2vI A 2vI pI(t 4) (1 8)vA

4
48
82
2vI A 2vI A 2vI
2v
A

A [t/2]1I
2
4
48
48
48
(t 8)
2
[ t/2]1
vA
1 8 8 8
p
I

[ t/2]
8
1 1
1
A 2vI 1 2 [t/2]1 pt 2[t/2] 1 8 82 8[t/2]1 v
8
8 8
I
A

[ t/2]
4
8
1
2 A 4vI vA 1 [t/2] pt 2[t/2]
8 I
,

7
8[t/2]

2A 4vI vA 1 [t/2] pt 2[t/2] 2 4v v

8 I
I
A
lim pI(t) lim
.
A
t
[
/2]
t
t
7
8
7

A 2vI p(At 2)
vA
pI(t 1) vA
A 2vI 4vA p(At 2)
(t )
4
pA

2
2
8
8
A 2vI 4vA A 2vI 4vA pA(t 4)

2
8
82
8
2vI 4vA A 2vI 4vA
A 2vI 4vA pA t 2[t/2]
A

2[t/2]

8
82
82[t/2]
8
1
A 2vI 4vA 1 2[t/2] pt 2[t/2]
8
A
;

82[t/2]
7
A 2vI 4vA 1 1/ 82[t/2] pAt 2[t/2]

A vW
2[t/2]
vW p(At )
7
8
p(Wt ) A

2
2
6 A 7vW 2vI 4vA A 2vI 4vA pA t 2[t/2]
,

14
14 82[t/2]
2 82[t/2]

A 2vI 4vA 1 2[t/2] pt 2[t/2] 2v 4v

8
A
I
A
lim p(At ) lim
,
A
t
t
7
82[t/2]
7

98

 6 7vW 2vI 4vA A 2vI 4vA pA t 2[t/2]

(t )
lim pW
lim A

t
t
14
14 82[t/2]
2 82[t/2]
6 7vW 2vI 4vA
,
A
14

3.3.3. #

qmax A 2pI(t ) p(At ) pI(t ) vI

lim lim
fI
t
t
A
(t )
I

2q 2 A 3vI vA
max
fI ;
49 A
2

2qmax pI(t) p(At ) p(At) vA

lim lim
fA
t
t
A
(t )
A

2q 2vI 3vA
max A
fA ;
49 A
2

qmax A p(At) p(Wt ) p(Wt ) vW

lim lim
fW
t
t
A
(t )
W

q 6 A 2vI 4vA 7vW

max
fW .
196 A
2


p , p A( t ) p(Wt ) .
(t )
I

,
pI

2 A
,
7

pI pW

8q max A
fI ,
49

p A
5 A
,
7

A
,
7

pW

pA pW

2q max A
fA ,
49

3 A
;
7
4 A
;
7

9q max A
fW .
49

, ( 
Intel Windows)
5 
( AMD
99

 Linux), Intel 2
AMD, Windows
1,5 Intel 3
AMD. ( 
) Intel AMD
4 , Microsoft Intel
12,5%. , 

3.5.



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Intel, , 
, AMD Microsoft 
:
p

A 2 A vI pA
pI

,
pI (pA , pW )
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4
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p

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pA
pA (pI , pW )
p
2 I
pA

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,

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p
2 A
pW

100

pA

 pI p A ,
pA pI vA 2, p A p I 1/ 2,
pII (pA , pW )
pAI (pI , pW )
I
pW
(pA , pI )

2 A 3vI vA
,
6

2 A 3vI 7vA
,
12

10 A 3vI 7vA 12vW

;
24

q 2 A 3vI vA
max
fI ,
24 A
2

I
I

q 2 A 3vI 5vA
max
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2

I
A

q 10 A 3vI 7vA 12vW

max
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2

I
W

, ,
I I

q max A
fI ,
6

I

q max A
fA ,
18

I

25q max A
fW .
144

, Intel 
Intel (
) 0,3%, AMD
1,5%, Micro#
soft 1%.

Intel, , AMD, Microsoft

, Intel.
101

 AMD 
:
pIA (pA , pW )

7 A 14vI 3vA A

,
24
24

pAA (pI , pW )
 A
pW
(p A , pI )

A 2 vI 3 v A A

,
6
6

5 A 2 v I 3 v A 6 v W 5 A

;
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12

q 7 A 10vI 3vA
49qmax A
max
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fI ,
288 A
288
2

 A
I

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q
max A
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24 A
24
2

 A
A

q 5 A 2vI 3vA 6vW

25qmax A
max
fW
fW .
144 A
144
2

 A
W

,
AMD ,
AMD , 
Intel. , 
AMD .
, Microsoft
,

.

, 

, 
, ( )
, ,

.
102

 3.4.

,


, 

.
:

I + PW A + PW

Intel AMD 

Windows;
pPW

Windows;

qI + PW qA + PW
Intel AMD 

Windows;
fPW vPW

;
PW qPW pPW vPW fPW .
Intel AMD,
Windows, 
Linux Windows
q I q I W q I PW q I L ,
q A q A W q A PW q A L ;
q W qIW q AW ,
103

q L q I L q AL ,
q PW q I PW q A PW .

, 

AMD Linux,

q(p) qmax 1
.

p pW
qI W q max 1 I
A

q max A pI pW
;

p pPW
qI PW qmax 1 I
A

qI L qmax 1 I
A

pA pW
q

max 1
A

qmax pA pW pI pPW
;
A

pA pPW

max

1
A

p pW
q A W q max 1 A
A

q AL qmax 1 A
A

q max pA pPW pI
;

pI p W
q

max 1

p pPW
q A PW q max 1 A
A

q max pI pA
;

pI pPW
q

max

pI

1
max

qI qI W qI PW qI L

qmax pI pA
;

qmax pI pA
;

qmax A pI pW

qmax pA pW pI pPW qmax pA pPW pI qmax A 2pA 3pI

;

A
A
A

104

q A q A W q AL q APW

3qmax pI pA
;
A

q W qIW q AW

qmax A pI pW qmax pI pA qmax A pA pW

;

A
A
A
q PW q I PW q A PW

qmax pA pW pI pPW qmax pI pA qmax pW pPW

;
A
A
A

qL qI L q AL

qmax pA pPW pI qmax pI pA qmax pPW

.

A
A
A

Intel, AMD, Microsoft 

(
Linux, 
):
qmax (pI vI )( A 2pA 3pI )

(
p
v
)
q
f

fI max;
I
I
I
I
I

3qmax (pA vA )(pI pA )

fA max;
(
p
v
)
q
f
A
A
A
A
A

W (pW vW )q W fW qmax (pW vW )( A pA pW ) fW max;

PW (pPW vPW )qPW fPW qmax (pPW vPW )(pW pPW ) fPW max.

 
.

I
A
0 , PW 0
0,
0
pW
pPW
p A
pI
:
105

A 2pA vI 3 2 A
pI

pI* pI* (pA , pW , pPW )

p
62 A
pI
p

pI vA 1 I
pA
p*A p*A (pI , pW , pPW )
p
2 I
pA

A p A vW 1 A
pW
p*W p*W (pI , pA , pPW )
p
2 A
pW

*
pPW

pW

pW vPW 1
pPW
*
pPW
(pI , pA , pW )
pW
2
pPW


.
( 
):

pA pI pA pW

0.
pI pA pW pPW

pI

pW

A v A 3 vI
;
5

9 A 10vW 6vA 3vI

;
20

106

p A

pPW

A 6 v A 3 vI
;
10
9 A 30vPW 6vA 3vI
40

 A 2pA 3vI

;
I
6

p pI v A ;
A
2

p W A p A vW ;

p vPW
.
pPW W
2

qmax A pI pW
qmax 7A 2vA 9vI 10vW ;

A
20 A

IW

I PW

I L

A W

PW

qmax A 2vA 3vI 4vW 6vPW

;
8 A

qmax pA pPW
pI qmax A 2vA 3vI 6vPW
;

8 A
A

qmax pA pW
pI pPW

APW

AL

qmax pI pA qmax A 4vA 3vI

;

10 A
A

qmax A 2pA 3pI

A

3qmax A vA 2vI
;
5 A

3qmax pI pA 3qmax A 4vA 3vI

;
A
10 A

qmax A pA pW
qmax 9A 6vA 3vI 10vW ;

20 A
A

qmax pW
pPW
qmax 9A 6vA 3vI 20vW 30vPW ;

40 A
A

107

q 9 A 30vPW 6vA 3vI

q max pPW

max
.
A
40 A

, 

qI q A

3qmax A vA 2vI 3qmax A 4vA 3vI

5 A
10 A
3q 3 A 2vA vI
max
10 A

qW
qPW
qL

qmax 9 A 6vA 3vI 10vW

20 A

qmax 9 A 6vA 3vI 20vW 30vPW

40 A
q 9 A 30vPW 6vA 3vI 3qmax 3 A 2vA vI
max

.
40 A
10 A

qI q A q W
qPW
qL

3qmax 3 A 2vA vI 9qmax

,

10 A
10

. . 10% .

3q vA 2vI
max A
fI ;
25 A
2

3q 4vA 3vI
max A
fA ;
100 A
2

W
108

qmax 9 A 10vW 6vA 3vI 9CA 6vA 3vI 10vW

fW ;
400 A


PW

qmax 9 A 10vPW 6vA 3vI 9 A 20vW 6vA 3vI 30vPW

fPW .
1600 A


,
A
;
5

pI

p A

A
;
10

q I
W

7q max
;
20

q I
PW q I L

q I

3q max
;
5

q A

q max
;
8

3q max
;
10

qW

9 A
;
20

pPW

9 A
;
40

q A W q APW q A L
9q max
;
20

q PW
q L

3q max A
fI ;
25

3q max A
fA ;
100

81q max A
fW ;
400

PW

81q max A
fPW .
1600

pW

q max
;
10

9q max
;
40

pW
: pPW
: pI : pA 18:9:8:4;

qI
W : qI PW : qI L : q A W : q APW : q AL 14:5:5:4:4:4;

qI : qW
: qPW
: qL : qA 24:18:9:9:3;

W fW : I fI : PW fPW : A fA 324:192:81:48.

,
AMD, Intel
,
Windows 12,5% Intel, 
Windows , 
.
30% 
AMD,
Win#
109

dows, Windows, Linux; 60%

Intel, 35%
Intel 
Windows,
12,5% Intel
Windows, 12,5%
Intel Linux.
Windows 
45% , 22,5%

Windows, 22,5% Linux.

AMD, 68,75% ,
AMD, Intel 4 AMD (
2,37 ), 
Microsoft 68,75% , Intel.
,

,
Microsoft ,
, 
, Microsoft 

, AMD 
.

,
pI

2 A
3

; pA A ; pW
A;
7
7
7

8qmax A
2qmax A
fI ;
fA ;
A
49
49
9qmax A

fW ,
W
49

,
Windows
110

 Microsoft 24,03%, Intel,

AMD 26,5%; Intel
AMD Windows 
9% 3,75%, Intel
AMD Linux 30%;
Intel, AMD Windows 
5% , 
Linux 47,5%.

, 
.
, 
()

.
, 
Intel AMD, 
(Windows Linux).
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Office Micro#
soft , 
Linux OpenOffice 

.

, .
, 14
:
Intel/AMD 

/ Windows
Microsoft Office/OpenOffice;
Intel/AMD 

Linux
OpenOffice.
111

, 
Intel
AMD, 
Windows 
Linux, Microsoft Office OpenOffice.

, .
,
,
.

: I + W + M, I + W + PO, I + W + O, I + PW + M, I + PW + PO, I + PW + O, A + W + M,
A + W + PO, A + W + O, A + PW + M, A + PW + PO A + PW + O 

Intel AMD /
Windows / 
Microsoft Office
OpenOffice; pI pA
Intel AMD; pM 
Microsoft Office; pPM 
Microsoft Office; qI + L + O, qA+ L + O,
qI + W + M, qI + W + PO, qI + W + O, qI + PW + M, qI + PW + PO, qI + PW + O, qA + W + M, qA + W + PO,
qA + W + O, qA + PW + M, qA + PW + PO qA + PW + O ; fM 
Microsoft, M 
Microsoft, P .


.

q j qmax 1 ,
j
j {A L O, I L O, I W M, A W O, A W PO,
A PW M, A PW O, A PW PO, I W M, I W O,
I W PO, I PW M, I PW O, I PW PO};
q I q I L O q I PW O q I PW PO q I PW M q I W O q I W PO q I W M ,
q A q A L O q A PW O q A PW PO q A PW M q A W O q A W PO q A W M ;
112

q L q I L O q A L O ,
q PW q I PW O q I PW PO q I PW M q A PW O q A PW PO q A PW M ,
q W q I W O q I W PO q I W M q A W O q A W PO q A W M ;
q O q I L O q I PW O q I W O q A L O q A PW O q A W O ;
q PO q I PW PO q I W PO q A PW PO q A W PO ;
q M q I PW M q I W M q A PW M q A W M ;

I qI pI vI fI ,
A qA pA vA fA ,

M qW pW vW qM pM vM fM ,
P qPW pPW vPW qPO pPO vPO .
j 
, ,
.

p pW pM
qI W M qmax 1 I
,

q A W M
p p W pM
qmax 1 A

pI p W p M
qmax 1

qmax pI pA
,

p pW pPO
pA pW pM
qI W PO qmax 1 I
qmax 1

q p pM pI pPO
max A
,

p pW pPO
pI pW pPO
q A W PO qmax 1 A
qmax 1

q p pA
max I
,

p pW
pA pW pPO
qI W O qmax 1 I
qmax 1

q p pPO pI
,
max A

113

 p pW
q A W O qmax 1 A

pI pW
qmax 1

qmax pI pA
,

p pPW pM
p A pW
qI PW M qmax 1 I
qmax 1

q p pW pI pPW pM
max A
,

p pPW pM
pI pPW pM
q APW M qmax 1 A
qmax 1

q p pA
max I
,

p pPW pPO
pA pPW pM
qI PW PO qmax 1 I
qmax 1

q p pM pI pPO
max A
,

p pPW pPO
pI pPW pPO
q APW PO qmax 1 A
qmax 1

q p pA
max I
,

p pPW
pA pPW pPO
qI PW O qmax 1 I
qmax 1

q p pPO pI
,
max A

p pPW
q APW O qmax 1 A

pI pPW
qmax 1

qmax pI pA
,

p pPW qmax pA pPW pI

p
qI LO qmax 1 I qmax 1 A
,

p pPW qmax pA pPW pI

p
qI LO qmax 1 I qmax 1 A
,

p
q AL O qmax 1 A

114

pI
qmax 1

qmax pI pA
,

qI

q max 6p A 7pI
,

qA

7q max pI p A
,

q PW

q max pW pPW
,

qW
qM

q max p A pW
,

q max 2pM pA pPW

,

q PO
I

q max 6pA 7pI pI

fI ,

A
M

2q max pM pPO
;

7q max pI pA pA
fA ,

q max pA pW pW q max 2pM pA pPW pM

fM ,

q max p W pPW pPW 2q max pM pPO pPO



:

I
6pA
,
0 pI
14
pI

A
p
0 pA I ,
pI
2
M
pA
0 pW
,
pW
2
M
pA pPW
0 pM
,
pM
4
115

M
p
0 pPW W ,
pPW
2
M
p
0 pPO M .
pPO
2

6pA

,
I

14

p pI ,
A 2

pA
,
pW

pM pA pPW ,

p
pPW W ,
2

pM
pPO 2 ,

:
64
32
, pA
,
704
704
336
168
126
63
pW
, pPW
, pM
, pPO
,
704
704
704
704
448q max
224q max
qI
, qA
,
704
704
168q max
336q max
252q max
126q max
, qW
, qM
, q PO
,

704
704
704
704
28672q max
7168q max
I
fI , A
fA ,
2
704
7042
144648q max
36162q max
M

f
,

.
M
P
7042
7042
pI

q PW

,
Windows 
10 
116

 AMD,
, Microsoft 
5 Intel 20
AMD,
Intel.

3.5.
, 
(
)
(
, ,
Microsoft Windows Linux).

,
,


, 
.

,

.

, , , 

, 
, 
CRM.

,
,

.

.
117




, ,

, .
,


Windows (45%
),
Windows Linux
( 22,5%) 
1.3
(
45%, 20% 20% ).
,
. 

, , , 
.

Microsoft, Intel AMD, 
1.3 , Micro#
soft 1,3 9,2
Intel AMD, Intel 7,2 ,
AMD,
,
(. . ) Intel 4 AMD, 
Microsoft 68,75% , Intel.
,
.
, (, 
IDC, ) 2009 . 
51,41 . ., 800%
AMD, 
68% .

8,39 . ., AMD
118

 
AMD (5,4 . .),
AMD
1,68.
,
,
.
, 

( 
), , 

, , ,
,
, ,
. ,
. 1301 


10 . 5 . . [28], 


150 . .
250 . .

, .




, 
.
, , 

, , , 

.

, 
119


.
, 
Windows Linux
.

, , ,

, , 
Windows Linux
40%, 17 100%
.


, , ,
, , ,


,
.

,

.

Microsoft Intel
,
.
1838 . ,

,
Microsoft Intel .


Microsoft

120

 (
Microsoft , 
, Microsoft Of#
fice).

(Microsoft Linux) 
(Intel) 


,
Microsoft , Intel.

(Intel AMD)

(Microsoft Linux) , . .

.

(Intel AMD), 
(Microsoft Windows Linux) 
( Intel 
Windows) 5 
( AMD
Linux), Intel 
2 AMD,
Windows 1,5 Intel
3 AMD.
( )
Intel AMD 4 , Micro#
soft Intel 12,5%.
Intel 
Intel ( 
) 0,3%, AMD 
1,5%, Microsoft 
1%.
AMD, Microsoft
, 
Intel.
121

 AMD, 
AMD
, , 
Intel.
Microsoft
, 

.

(Intel AMD), 
(Microsoft Windows Linux)

AMD,
Intel ,
Windows 12,5%
Intel, Windows
, .
30%
AMD,
Windows, 
Windows, Linux; 60%

Intel, 35%
Intel 
Windows, 12,5% 
Intel Windows, 12,5% 
Intel Linux.
Windows 
45% , 22,5%

Windows, 22,5% Linux.

AMD, 69% ,
AMD, Intel 4 AMD (
2,37 ), 
Microsoft 69% , Intel.

, 
122

 Windows Mi#
crosoft 24%, Intel, AMD
27%; Intel AMD
Windows 9% 4%,
Intel AMD 
Linux 30%; Intel,
AMD Windows 5% 
, Linux 48%.

(Intel AMD),
(Microsoft Windows Linux), 
(Microsoft Office
OpenOffice)
Windows 
10 
AMD, 
,
Microsoft 5 Intel
20 AMD,
Intel.

123

 4.

4.1.


( ,
Microsoft Windows) ( 
, Linux) 
.
, 
[131, 132, 134, 142] (20082009 .),
, 
. . [169] . [124], 
, . 
. [47].

 ,
a:
a 
, . . 
t
N(t) = N0 + at.
, 
: 
Windows, Linux.
124

 n W (t) n L (t ) 
, t 
Windows Linux .
q (t ) 
, t
Windows, ,
Linux, 1 q (t ) ,
t

nW (t) aq()d ,

(4.1.1)

nL (t) a 1 q() d .

(4.1.2)

Linux 
( ), 
Microsoft 

Windows p . .

. [178].
Windows

p W nW (t), nL (t) (1 q)
Linux

p L nW (t), nL (t) (1 q)

,

, .
. 4.1.1
Windows ( ) Linux (
) t.
, 
, 
, . 4.1.1 q(t)
Windows , p . ., 1 q(t) ,
p . .
125

W nW (t ), nL (t )
L nW (t ), nL (t )
p

p W nW (t ), nL (t ) 1 q(t )
p L nW (t ), nL (t ) 1 q(t )

q(t)
q(t)

1 q(t)

. 4.1.1. Windows Linux

, Linux 
,
: t
p 0; L nW (t), nL (t) 
, 
p . .
,
Linux ,
Windows: Linux


, 
.
W nW (t), nL (t) L nW (t), nL (t) ,
. [178], #
.
, 
t
126

y(t) y nW (t), nL (t) nW (t) snL (t)

(4.1.3)

, Win#
dows Linux:

W nW (t), nL (t) W nW (t) snL (t)

(4.1.4)

W y nW (t), nL (t) W y(t),

L nW (t), nL (t) L nW (t) snL (t)

(4.1.5)

L y nW (t), nL (t) L y(t) .

s = 1
Win#
dows Linux
.
s
:

y
,
nL

s > 1 n L (t ) Linux
Linux,
Windows, s < 1 .
,
W nW (t), nL (t) L nW (t), nL (t) 
:

,
, :
W nW (t), nL (t)
0;
n W

L n W (t), nL (t)
0;
n L

,
:
127

lim W (y) W ;

lim L (y) L ;

,
, 
, :
lim W (y) lim L (y) 0 .

1. , ,

W nW (t), nL (t)
0;
nL

L nW (t), nL (t)
0,
nW

. . , , 
.
2. , ,
W (y) 0; L (y) 0 .
y (; )
3. , 
Linux , Windows: W L .
y

W (y) L (y)
Windows
Linux, 
.

(y) W (y) L (y)

(4.1.6)

,
y y

d 2
0,
dy2

. . ,
Windows, 
.
4. , 
, y .

128

 4.2.

, 
Windows.
Microsoft
p(t), #
( #
)

J aq(t)p(t)et dt max

(4.2.1)

dy
aq(t) ;
dt

(4.2.2)

p(t) W y(t)1 q(t) ;

(4.2.3)

p (t ) 0 .

( 
) , ,
,
, 
(
).

129

 ([131, 132],
2008 .).
4.2.1. #

,
#
, #

#
;
#
.
. (4.2.3)
q(t) 1

p(t)
W y(t)

(4.2.4)

(4.2.1) (4.2.2), :

p(t)

a 1 y(t) p(t)e
0

dt max

dy
p(t)

;
a 1
W y(t)
dt

p(t) 0 .
[ 
m(t)et :
p(t)
p(t)

H a 1
p(t)e t m(t)e t a 1

W y(t)
W y(t)

p(t)

a e t 1
p(t) m(t) .

(
)
y
t


:
y(t) m(t)
H
;
0 p(t) W
p
2

130

(4.2.5)

a W y(t) p(t) p(t) m(t)

d m(t)e t
dm
H
;

m(t)
dt
dt
y
2W y(t)
dy
H
dy
p(t)

a 1
t
.

dt m(t)e
dt
y
t

(
)

(4.2.6)

(4.2.7)

(t) (4.2.5) (4.2.6) (4.2.7),

:

a W y(t) 2W y(t) m2 (t)

dm
m(t)
;
4 2W y(t)
dt
dy a
m(t)
.
1
W y(t)
dt 2
,

lim y (t) ,

lim W y(t) W ,

. . :

p W (1 q) ,
,

lim p (t)

W
,
2

lim m t ,

(4.2.4)

1
lim q (t) .
t
2

lim aq (t)p (t)

t

a W
.
4

.
131




, 2.3.
, 
.

4.3.

M



.
Windows Linux
(4.1.4) (4.1.5) , Linux
, Windows t 
p (t ) 0, Windows, 

,

W y(t)1 q(t) p(t) L y(t)1 q(t) .

p(t) W y(t) L y(t) 1 q(t)

p(t) y(t)1 q(t) ,

132

 ( y ) (4.1.6).
, t Microsoft 
Windows, p(t),
q(t) 1

p(t)
y(t)

, ,

Windows Linux Windows, 

,
1 q(t)

p(t)
y(t)


Linux.
(4.1.1)(4.1.3) ,
t

y(t) nW (t) snL (t) aq()d s a 1 q() d

0

a q() s 1 q() d a (1 s)q() s d .

,
Microsoft, :
(t) , #
( #
)

J aq(t)p(t)et dt max

(4.3.1)

dy
a (1 s)q(t) s ;
dt

(4.3.2)

133

q(t) 1

p(t)
;
y(t)

(4.3.3)

p (t ) 0 ;

(4.3.4)

y(0) 0 .

(4.3.5)


4.3.1 ([134, 142], 2008 .).
4.3.1. #

, s 1,
#
,
.
. , s1 
, Linux
,
Windows. s 1 .
q(t) (4.3.4) (4.3.2) (4.3.3), 
(4.3.2)(4.3.6):

p(t)

a 1 y(t) p(t)e

dt max

dy
p(t)

a (1 s) 1
s ;
dt
y
(
t
)

p(t) 0 ;
y(0) 0 .

p(t)
p(t)

H a 1
p(t)e t m(t)e t a (1 s) 1

s
y
t

(
)

y(t)

134

p(t) p(t) (1 s)m(t)

a et p(t) m(t)

y(t)

[ m (t ) e t ].

: m(t)
Microsoft
Windows
Linux [. .
y(t) nW (t) snL (t) ].

:
y(t) (1 s)m(t)
H
;
0 p(t)
2
p

(4.3.6)

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136

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139

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140

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141

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