5

M F B @.
R
. B Z F
R .
B
Z r s
Z y
F.

5
. Z
M Z
Z
B Z 5 .

t 5


B F

... R R B
.

t B
F . Z
Z .
B

t

B B R
5
BF.

t
R
. Z
R .

t Z Z

F F
.
Z R B

F .
Z F
Z F
5
.

QdG Y G

ddG dG FGdG dG
,dG `` FGdG dG `` e OHC G fH `` J
AG dE G OQdG AG`` dG jRJh f Y `` Jh
,I`` G `` HdG GQ`` eEG `` dhO `` e `` HG
.IQGG LQO e VfG dE G OD Jh

IG HdG GQeEG dhO KDJ dG FGdG dG

jQdG dG FGdG dG

dG G

*2(.
ww -20F
lC
Gww D
o)
ww f+

`` L `` Jh ,`` c QG`` SGh `` e
`` g `` bH ,`` MC G `` e ,`` ShZGR
GQeE G dhO dE G J C G b FGdG dG
.IG HdG

dG jdG dG FGdG dG
hC G IOQ`` dG G GQ`` J `` e `` FGdG `` dG `` g `` JCJ
ahe `` gh ,AG`` SG `` N `` Y I`` dG `` G `` e
J C G `` N Q`` eC Gh FZ `` W `` H
.jW Gd

k SC GQ ,AGdG `` cMh dG dG a Gd `` f XHC G a dG dM `` J

HdG GQ`` eEG dhO a AG`` dG IQhO J `` j ,Y `` Hh .AGS M `` Y ,k ` `aC Gh
dfG Ja H Jh ,dG Iah AdG Ia g FQ Ja dE G IdG
.e jL hH GJ dG ,HdGh jdG g

dG IgX
d QhG AGdG O`` j ,VQC G S Oj eY ,`` dG
QdH `` G) OQdG `` WdG AG`` dG Gg `` jh .k ` `jC G
,k aO cC G AGdG `` e jY W k fi (k ` `fMC G
Uh Y cdG `` dG dG jJ `` dEG OD j e
LQO `` H `` NG C G`` jh .`` bC G `` G `` dEG IOh`` dG
hT `` H bdG `` dGh `` dG AG`` dG IQG`` M
.dG OH j e ,dG

G SCGQ
jdG CG
bQdG Y
HO

jdG jQGG FGdG dG

jQdG jQGG FGdG dG
,GO`` dG `` Z L AG`` dG `` e `` JCJ
a HWdG `` FGdG `` dG `` g `` h
hM dE G OD ` `J C G h ,`` MC G dG
.HdG IjG T a jYQ UGY

JG FGdG dG

QeCG

e Y dhD e FGdG dG g `` J
dPh ,GQ`` eEG `` dhO `` jYdG `` UGdG
k G`` f `` dG `` H `` e `` aGdG `` G `` H
GQ`` eEG `` dhO `` bT `` L `` e `` Hd
. ,IG HdG

L `` e ,JG `` FGdG `` dG OD ` `J C G ``
h`` M `` dEG ,I`` G `` HdG GQ`` eEG `` dhH `` G
.dG a m UH jYQ hX

SG jdG HHJ
gKCJh Jb
GG bfh

IdG

XHCG

`` f ,A`` dG `` a Q`` eC G `` e `` YC G `` J
GQ`` eEG `` dhO `` a `` `` dG I`` G `` dG `` bf
.`` HdG `` G `` SGH k ` `Yae I`` G `` HdG
`` e 100 `` e `` bCG `` XHC G Q`` eC G `` Se `` jh
dE G e `` e k aGL `` j G G`` g C G E G ,`` dG
C G `` G `` S Yh .i`` NCG `` dEG `` S eh i`` NCG
hC G S G c LE G MGh `` j QeC G J
.GS K

jdG

jW

dG

fH
IdG
40

60

80

100 120

140

160

S c jdG QeC G Se
Gd

(SQe dEG jO) AdG

(af dEG HcCG) jG

GS IY b

120000

75000
50000 4000
7

1700

90 0 0

UCG G dG

6000
50 0 0

GVG `` NBG `` M `` S `` Fe `` b
.zUC G `` G `` dG{ p ` ` H `` j e `` gh `` Ne
GVG G`` g `` b k ` `aO cC G G`` a O`` Lh `` e ZdG `` Yh
.jGeh e QGMG Ia G dP e j dG X ,NG

130000

180000

190000

250000

82000

NG dGh dG G

G jh .AGS `` M Y dGh LdG jQdG OG`` eG Y Ne GJ G e `` T

IOhH cC G jL GMC G e dOe Ih aGO jL H Ga ,SSC G H ,G J IQhO hC G dG
e C G ,Wb H jQdG dOC G Jh .dG e IjY k aB G ,GMC G e c ,J ,k aL cC Gh
.ALeh k GL jS H GMC G H J dG dG g

dG G J IOYEG

je aNG
HdG cC G K

GG GdG

400

300

200

dG
BG

100

400

400

350

350

300

300

250

250

200
0

OYG `` dEG ,YdG IQ`` dG `` e `` eGe `` dG

M ZC G C H ,%90 `` J MG H A`` dG
G GdG `` KM dG dG QG`` MEG
.jdG fC G H fc ,INC G

1600

(OG H)

1800

200
2000

(G M G e AL) HdG cC G K cJ

QdG Y G

b G`` a S `` dP ,`` NG G`` dG Y `` FO IQ`` eEG `` VQC G `` jQdG ``

jQMC Gh AMh jZ hG`` eh joH SJh GH jJ `` Y fh ,IjZ k GQeC G `` T
.L M IO`` Y J `` jfK `` fe SJ `` SGH C ` `f c `` jJh `` Jh (G`` e)
e dG `` SGh QHh `` c jJ Y `` f G IjT G`` d IjY G`` TD e k ` `jC G `` LJh
KC Jh .Gd `` MGh L IG HdG GQ`` eEG dhO NGO `` dEG dG G HdG `` e ,`` edG
.dG G HZ SG jdG IH QeC G UNh NG IQhdG

HdG cCG Kh IQGG LQO

`` S 400000 `` N `` fCG `` dEG `` SGQdG Q`` TC G
OGR eY dG IQGG LQO JQG ,Ve
GOjdG OC G dh .`` HdG cC G K je
dG Y HdG cC G K cJ LG

XHC G `` j dG IO`` G OQGG `` fi Qe

QOe `` e bdG `` fG `` e %7 `` `` UdH
.2020 Y IOG bdG
G`` Y `` J `` JGSG `` gh 2030 `` jDhQ
eGSGh `` d GG `` dG Y `` cJ
.VGQC G

f84$ (
>

oa}l(
sf^B(
3}B(
(4(
*0H3
.G cG
e N O`` bh fE G dE G `` J dG jJ IQO`` e
C G bjh ,`` jdG KfG `` e d `` jdG
.2010 hG Gg cG j

(S dEG fj) dG

IQeE G dG AG`` dG IQGM LQO RhJ b

WG m UH ,WG H je LQO 50
A`` KC G `` G `` dG G`` g `` jh .`` HG
T a QGM e h`` M QdG YS
jQ g IOdG j e ,HdG I`` jG
.bT HL aL NS
SG jdG e Ohj ,dP dE G aVE Hh
e JC J `` WQ IQM FGg `` H G `` jdG
G J `` e k Gch .bdG `` HG `` G
k ` `e ,`` FGdG `` dG `` g `` H `` bdG
h .`` ecQ `` S `` jJ h `` ejO `` JQG
YaG HWdG `` e FdG dG J `` bGdG
QeC G `` e Y dhD G `` g SG `` jdH
GQeE G `` dhO e bdG `` G J `` dG
dG k G`` L IjZ J `` dG ,IG `` HdG
.OdG e iNC G AGLC H k fQe

,`` G `` G k ` `ce `` dG h`` J `` M

,`` dG AG`` dG IQG`` M `` LQO k ` `jQJ `` J
Y k GH dfG Y jQGG G Jh
dG dG dG `` f jh .G
Je `` jQ `` dEG Oj `` ,`` dG `` be `` G
.jG N
e) jG GW G Y IOQH L KD J
JG `` e KGh G `` e KG H `` J
IQGM `` LQO J Mh .(k ` `H `` d `` HG
jJ ,`` d ie `` YC G `` dEG HdG `` G A`` G
Q`` e `` V h`` M `` Jh `` jG `` HWdG
.dhdG f Y

JG `` dG `` G dG `` f Oj
`` jf `` H `` KCJ `` bjh A`` dG `` Se
`` jdG `` g `` dG G`` g `` j .`` SG
dE G O`` j (`` dG `` jQ) `` HdG `` ddG
dM Jh IQG`` G LQO e h`` J
e k fe ,dG G`` g j C G h .`` dG
,`` adG `` dGh `` jdG `` HdG `` jdG
hC G dG e NC e bh c V h`` M
.cdG dG
IOhH dE G ,k jC G adG A`` dG OD J C G h
J C G ,dHh .dG YS AKC G jS
dG `` hC G `` je `` U `` dEG IQG`` G `` LQO
`` WG `` H h `` JG `` G `` Y `` H
.NGdG

(je dEG jHG) HdG

,dG `` `` dG `` dG C G`` J `` eY
dG f jh .JQG IQG`` G C GJ
W k cQ`` J dG `` G JG `` dG
fC G AGgC G IG `` HdG GQeG dhO
C G g RHC G A`` dGh .iNC G edG `` dG
`` G `` e QG`` G `` G `` G OG`` eG
g `` dEG IOY OD ` `j dG `` H dE G `` dG
k jC G FdG `` eh .jYQ HGhR h`` Mh QeC G
.HdG AKC G V OLh

XHCG IQeEG b e IG GAGLEG

`` e `` d G`` G `` e `` jdG `` XHC G `` JG

GKC dG SGQH eb c ,`` adG GRdG KfG
`` j `` LCG `` e `` dPh ,`` NG `` d `` G
`` dG `` dGh `` jd `` H `` UG GAG`` LEG
`` dH `` KCd `` ddG `` HdG GP OQG`` Gh `` dG
:GAGLE G g Jh ,NG
QSG J `` dG (Qe) IQOe
.dG bdG
J V dE G j `` dG (eGSG )efH
.eGe jH Gh G
ah Sb dE G J dG dG dG IQO`` e
.dhdG dG QGMG GRZ Kf aC G

QGG UdG
dG

AdG

ddG dG IFGdG

GQeE G dhO

WdG QGe
AGSG N
G QGe

GQeE G dhO

dG

ddG dG IFGdG
WdG QGe
G QGe
HG dG IFGdG

dG IFGdG
HG
VQC G Qfi

VQC G Qfi

ww BF0
>
ww HB(
*2F0
oww u$(
ww :
*ww A
ww -2)
t2(ww (
ww 6B(
ww A.
ww ,%a+
HdG a A`` KC Gh .NG `` ahX Y `` dHh ,IG `` HdG GQ`` eEG
AKC G dG HG dG LGj H ,dG dG IdG f LGj

ou$ (
C
+
ww f72$ (
*B(
sD
)
0B(
(ww E
F.
:F
"ww B(
jdG eMC Gh `` dG fC G `` J ,KC dG G`` g Hh ,`` dG `` dG
dG `` dEG VQC G I`` dG `` f MC G `` e dG `` J `` dG f Q`` G
c `` jYQ HGhRh Q`` eC G hM `` dEG QGG `` UdG `` cM OD Jh .`` NBG

B(
ou$ (
ww :
t2B(
H3aB(
,% aH
ww B1
B& (
?7& )F
D(
ww H$ (
.QGG UdG be Y dH KD jh

53

eh .`` XHC G D ` `dDdG `` U b O`` M Q`` gJ

`` `` dG OQG`` Gh `` jG `` dGR `` e ,`` dP
,`` G O`` bGh `` YLGh `` dG `` gQhH
`` MGdGh Q`` G `` d `` dH `` UNh
.IQeE G e FdG

Y d o ` `FQ k ` `jObG k Wf `` SC G
`` dG `` gC G `` a ,`` dG `` eCG .`` MdG OG`` eG
Ia b ,`` Y `` fc Y `` H `` dG OQG`` Gh
dG e KdG dG ObG OdG
dG dG ObG TfG iOC G dh .VG
dE G ,HdG e Q`` G D dD dG QX JM `` e OGR

QLh MS Y `` jKC G bGG e FdG `` MJ

`` Y Gh`` YG `` b `` G `` dG C G `` XHC G
e cC G e D dD dGh SC G `` e ,jdG OQGG
`` b `` dG G`` eh GhOC G E G `` Mh .`` S 7000
b dG dG `` E a ,edG Qh Q`` J
`` U `` UC G `` eY `` jQJ `` H `` fGh ``

J `` dG dG `` Gh `` dG `` ac `` dEG
g eb ddh .`` d VY SC G `` Y
IQGOE G GAGLE G `` e OY H XHC G - `` dG
`` dP `` ,Q`` bdH `` dG `` Y `` d
`` J `` dG `` ebdG G`` HC `` eGdE G G`` SG
e ,dG Q`` bdG a dM FJ IQ`` H
`` j `` dEG `` aVE H ,`` SC G h`` H `` j
h`` H `` d `` dG `` d `` SG `` G
e dG H dPh ,IdG SC G QGWC G
.dG e Z SC G U

`` jdG `` fGG `` e `` gh .G`` Lc 400

UN H e `` d ,AGdG J dG
bh `` e Jh ,`` dG I`` G `` e
`` XHC G `` J .`` jdG `` YC G `` YQ
`` fGG `` g `` e k ` `eeh k G`` c k GO`` Y
`` d h`` dG O`` G `` gj `` dG
`` Y `` VGfd `` VY (IUCN)`` dG
jb IQ`` TE G `` j dG `` eCG ,`` dG i`` G
.IQeE G dG QHC G j dG gC d

dG G

dG OQGG gCG

(Acropora) dG LdG jh .(dGSG a dG fLdG dG a f 400

.IQeE G a IOdGh IOhdG d FdG IdG e (Porites) UC G LdGh

.aB(F
*2(B(
-20
HaC
C
*f^B(
oa}lB(
C
HB(
B& (
v-B(
]7HF
.fLdG d idG dG je RhJ hC G J dG dG d JdG
,k GQGJ cC G f Y J dG J H IQGdG LQO IOjR C G hj dP Y kIhYh
.%98 dE G J FH Ld YL f a j e

Jh .XHC G a dG LdjG dG a k e k GQhO J Jf jdG YC G

.SC G G`` fCG e jd SdG `` dG aJ `` c ,dG QHC k ` `FQ AGZ Q`` e
jdG YC G QgR E a ,ddG e IQdG iNC G jdG JdG N Yh
k ahX XHC G IQeE G a SGdG dG MdG dG aJ c .k GQhH Jh k GQK J
LdG J jh .fLdG dG jH j dG LdG GfC G e jd Fe
e cC G e `` fQdH) a k Yf 60 `` dEG 55 e j M ,k ` `f k e dG `` a

QbdG je IQGOE G

G OdG h dG G dO

d UbC G gh ,bGdG G`` SG d

.dG B G `` e `` G `` f `` Y ,`` SC G
eC G ,`` dG jL e `` HdG `` J fc `` bh
`` fG `` SC G `` e `` J `` JH `` a B G
k Gc k G`` N QbdG je `` Jh .`` G
hM dE G OD J M ,jG eGSH j e
SC G NO QGSG `` Y TC G U IgX
a `` Jh ,IO`` G `` dG `` UbC G `` jdG
iNC G OGYC G fi M ,`` dGh G M
OGeE Gh `` dG GSG pLQo G `` bh .SC G `` e

bS Z

dG `` fYdG Y adGh `` HG `` adG J

jQhQb `` adG `` e c `` f `` Y k ` `YT `` bCG ,`` jRdGh
`` Y `` ad I`` jdG IQ`` dG `` e `` ZdG `` Yh .`` fCG
`` HG `` adG I`` ge `` dCG `` e C G E G ,`` fYdG
dh .`` XHC G IjH `` YdGh `` dG `` FG G`` dG
GQeE G `` dhO jdG jdG `` aGJ GjJ `` fG
%70 `` dEG `` J `` H ,`` N `` f `` Y ,I`` G `` HdG
bC G `` Y `` d `` KOM `` f ,1999 h 1986 `` e I`` dG
C G e ZdG `` Y ,he Z `` dG S GR eh .`` jJ
.LG dG g c Q MC G G

G OdGh dG G dO

Phalacrocorax nigrogularis

Sousa chinenis

IdG - jdG MdG

dG bGe e MdG W Y XHC G
bdG `` bH poJh .`` jdG `` bGe `` dEG
`` e AG`` G `` MdG `` e `` LG
OG`` eG `` Y `` dH `` J `` fC G ,`` XHC G
Ig C G `` e `` ZdG `` Yh .`` dG `` MdG
,SGQd k VN GJ dG Qe MS
H ,G QO`` J fC G `` VJ `` fdG C G E G
`` G `` e `` jdG `` bGe `` H `` dH `` J
eh jdGh jdG `` G dE G fGjE G
j e k ` `dZh ,IG `` HdG GQ`` eEG `` dhO
.QhO H dP

dG QHCG

`` dG I`` H `` J
,`` MdG `` G `` dG `` dG G`` G
`` dG `` H `` g G`` H `` T `` gh
jdh H /O`` eQ dG IH `` d .Gh
,IU `` eeC G `` `` fYRh `` e `` jP
.MdG A`` KC G RGdGh jd IGOC c `` J
adh `` d eeC G G`` WCG `` Jh
`` b QG`` SG A`` KC G `` G `` Jh `` dG
M J a QeC G 4-2 `` dW jh .dG

LGh jdG YCG

(Dugong dugon)

HdG dG dG

Hydrophis lapemoides

Aetobatus narinari

G Y LJ jdG `` MdG X
`` JGOY `` YJh ,`` S `` e 100 `` e `` cC
dG `` H RGdG `` Y G `` FGdG
`` FMh `` fLG `` dG `` e ,`` G
,`` Wd `` JQOe `` Hh .`` jdG `` YC G
bGe dE G `` J ,dG `` e LhN `` Y
`` Jh ,`` bhC G `` H I`` dG `` jdG
.AG`` dG `` a `` aj `` ceC G `` Y k ` `H `` JM
`` fEG C G E G ,`` gS `` ae `` H `` eh
`` H `` S ,`` f `` dG `` be `` dEG O`` J
AG`` G `` MdG `` LJh .i`` NCG

QLL

Carcharhinus melanopterus

FdG fC G QhQb ddG

Tursiops truncetus

jQR

Gnathanodon speciosus

Lutjanus ehrenbergii

dG IH

Dugong dugon

dG Qe IS

dG Qe IS

Eretmochelys imbricata

Eretmochelys imbricata

dG G

Lethrinus borbonicus

XHC G jdG YC G

ddG dG dEG WGdG e

KK `` XHC G IQ`` eE `` MdG `` G `` J

V YC G gh jdG YC G e GfC G
`` jhHh (Halodule uninervis) GQhC G
`` jYh (Halophila ovalis) GQhC G
`` Jh .(Halophila stipulacea) GQhC G
dG `` edG G e ,`` Ye H
dG `` MGdGh `` dG Q`` TC G `` eh
dG Lj .`` jdG YC G YH ,`` MG
(Halodule uninervis) `` YC G `` e hC G
C G E G ,`` HSdGh `` dG G`` fCG `` L
`` jh `` FfG `` cCG `` jNB G `` YdG
.edG dGh fLG edG HSdG

dG jQM
dG g dG Q`` HC G J C G gG `` e d
k Gf ,`` dG jQM IQ`` SC G Q`` X AGQh `` fc
QKB G AY `` Lh bh .AG cMh `` d
heh O IjL Y bGe H IH Y
`` bh .`` S 7000 `` e `` cCG `` dEG `` jQJ O`` j
`` M `` G `` d `` dG Q`` HC G `` VJ
`` H `` j c `` M ,`` VG `` dG `` S
,dG eC G .XHC G `` dG GSC G e
Jh ,QU f Y fi dG QHC G E a
k GO`` J `` jdG `` jdG `` cCG `` e kI`` MGh
.dG f Y VGfd k VJh

dG QN

Holothuria

jH ab

Qeg

Diadema setosum

Epinephelus coioides

G Rc - D dD dG

D dD dG Qfi

Pinctada radiata

cC G dE G IG HdG GQeE G dhO D dD dG GSG jQJ Lj

cC G g c ,`` jdG `` dG jGH Yh .`` Ve S 7000 `` e
,G e h .G J ,D dD dG GS Qb 1200 e
(Pinctada radiata) g D dD dG Qfi e GfC G KK L j c
c hC G dG C G E G ,(Pteria penguin)h (P. margaritifera)h
NO f `` dG D dD dG `` jh .D ` `dDd Qc k ` `YT `` cCG
ad `` dB ch .Q`` G aU `` NGO dE G ,`` eQ IQP `` e ,jZ `` L
`` SJh .`` adG `` fC G `` e `` jDdD d IO`` e RG`` aEH Q`` G `` j
e YJh `` jdG `` G `` Y HdH IR`` G IO`` G `` e `` W
.ddG bh gG gJh f D dD dG d AdG

HY T

SY

Lethrinus nebulosus

Pomacanthus maculosus

G dG

Amphiprion clarkii

RdGh dG jObG

dG e j GPEG G IFa h ,dGh G dh LdG IhK g G IhdG

IdG HdG GQeE G dhd SD dG FdG ,f B G S H jGR dG G PE H d QdG

IadG bJ

dGh `` adG e `` dH J `` XHC jObG `` SdG `` fc `` dd k ` `fh

AGd k ` `LQNh k NGO R`` dGh dG `` e FdG `` NdG QSG `` j H ,`` dG
.edG NdG QOe jdh UC Gh OQGdG e Ye

.zjdG dhO{ Y f C G j e hC G M e dE G e XHC G dM `` d

a .RdGh dG fE G e j dG NdG QSG dE G ,dhC G LQdH ,dP Ljh
,dG OQGdG e LdG AGdG d dE G dG gOQGH dG eC G H VJ

t2B(
0B(
oFB
I?F
.(aB(
B(
(1
H0@(F
:(B(F
0B(
B1
s?
)
IOd f ddG g IdG HdG GQeE G dhOh XHC G OJ a ,dG
d fc dG ,f B G S H jGR dG ,G PE H d Qd bdG jD hdGh eRdG
.f bdG a fh f j C G j dG C G a J bK jD hQ

a dG `` jJ Y UdGh `` dG YdG `` H cGd `` edG J `` YS `` c

a adG Y IQOb dhdG J M ,dG Z YdG fh dG `` YdG
.dG dGh ddH dG ddG ObG QWE G

J a RdGh dG GFY QSG IQhH J SS ,G MQ jGR dG W d

ad GFdG g GSG j C G g gC G fdGh .dG jObG YdG
.eC d dG IhdH Uh jdG ,SdG dh jQhdG edG

QHG jJ dG
MU d jQHG jQG e jdG f J XHC G C GH
.dG Y IJG fC G fL dE G ,aG ObG Y IOjQ
k Gf ,jdG YdG J G XHC G Jh
RdGh dG `` j jdG `` dG G Q`` c e IMGh `` fC
J fOC G cd G QSG jh .k f b `` H
c .dG `` jQG aC G e k G`` MGh GddG YU `` jJh
JGSG GG bG e XHC iNC G aVE G Ge aJ
TdG jObGh `` SGdG HhQhC G GSC d `` UdG dSh
.AGS M Y ,dGh dG e k jM

IcD G dG WMG
(eGdG jH G dG WMG dG Vj)

SG
`` ` `M
`` f``U

`H

``j`H `b`W
GSG Y jJh
```e ```H `KC`J
GddG YU H

``
``J
GQ
`

`dGh

dG
`

OGOSG Y de `` j LQO d dG WMG `` fC H ,IcD G dG WMG `` noJ

hdG X h `` dG dG G`` SH (G`` jdGh `` bdG d %90 `` H `` K)
HdG GQ`` eEG dhd I`` cDG dG `` WMG fc `` bh .gGdG `` jObGh `` SdG
.`` XHC G IQ`` eE `` HJ `` e %95 ,`` eH `` H 97^8 G`` H Q`` J 2007 `` S I`` G
`` `dH `` dG i`` `e `` Y `` `eG `` `JG `` XHC G `` ` G`` `jdG `` `d k ` ` ahh
H fdG `` JG `` JCJ ,WGe O`` d `` dH fC G E G ,R`` dGh `` dG `` e `` WMd
,k f `` e Zh k`` S IQ`` eEG f `` e GSG `` j ,`` dP `` dEG `` aVE Hh .`` jdG
.jdG WG UN Hh

267 bn

`SG

Q
fG

110 bn

G
E
dG
f
`

`
G

30 bn

d
G R

dGh

R
dG

H 266^7 jOdG HdG G

H 178^1 Gc
H 136^2 GjG
k fH 115 GdG
jH 104 jdG
H 99^4 jha
97^8 IG HdG GQeE G
k fH 60 ShQ
H 43^6 d
H 36^2 jf

G dG WMG
eGdG jH

h
GOQG

e O

bG

dG Gh``dG

e Ach .`` dGh `` edGh dG GQ`` YG `` e edH `` j e R`` AGOC G `` S JcT `` Yh `` fOC G i`` d
bGH UG JJGSG `` SH fOC G S ,XHC G - dG g Y J `` dG ,eGSd XHC G `` Y
gYJ dG (GRI) `` eGSG `` jQd dhdG IQO`` d k ah ,`` dGh YLGh `` jObG `` G d `` jQdGh
GQdG e %20 j dE G XHC G dG gh fOC G cT J ,AGdG Yf e dHh .IG eC G
jW jD hQ XHC G idh .2012 Y H k f dG dG RdH dG dE G IQeE G d k ` `J cC G `` eG
Vd G bd XHC G cT AfE G a ,UN Hh .bdG b JOb J dG Qhd k Gf dH i`` G
bd XHC G cd IjdG GQOGh jQG `` Jh .dG eGSGh IOG bdG jJ QSd Ie `` M
dG `` G J dE G (`` HdG fE G `` e dN dG `` je hC G) Qe `` je he `` dP `` ,`` G
.ObG dG gh jD hQ Yd k jC Gh ,RdGh dG Y OYd dGh YLG GKC dG e Gh IG

``
`LG Q
```
`SG

```` J
`` ` `U
eM eN
`a`Kh `M`S

GQO

````SG

`dG IQGOEG
fGe SGQOh H
G`fCG Y `aG
gJh SdG Vh
Q``dG `YJ

edG S
2008 - jeG QhO
QhO 120
QhO 100

dG /eH
(e)

QhO 80
QhO 60

jeCG QhdH G dG QSCG

(2008 dG f M de)

QhO 40
QhO 20

1980

1985

HhCG e AYCG Z hdG

1995

1990

HhCG

2000

2008

IG HdG GQeEG dhO

dG H adG

XHC dGh ObG dG

```H Q

HdG GQ`` eEG dhO `` J C G bj ,`` dG `` fE G eh `` WMG `` Y k GO`` YGh

RdGh dG c M GQG`` dG C G E G .dG dG M RdGh dG `` e LfE G I`` G
jG `` Y d `` dG `` dG `` Vh ,e ND j `` dG `` WMGh ,`` G
IG HdG GQeE G dhO J dG G UNG e j ,dGh G
k ah G GQG`` dG `` g e PJG `` j ,XHC G IQ`` eEG ie `` Yh .WdG i`` G `` Y
cTh zfOC G{ WdG XHC G hH `` cT GTE G hd YC G G `` Ld
.G Gg IFGdG dG cdG e cG GQSGh IY HQC G Y

1975

519922

79930

26588

1559000
%36

829535
%44

211812
%24

%64

%56

%76

1992

YLGh dG GQYG

`Y

``fEG
G
d

H
`
A
O`bh `fEG

,(HhC G) d IQGh G hdG e Y IG HdG GQeE G dhO C k Gfh

Ie QSC G dE G UdG LC G e a AYC G hdGh G GgC G dE G J fE a
,dG dG GdG `` H dG LfE G c dG `` dEG aVE H ,Ge `` fE Gh
dG h`` H Mh ,`` SSG G`` MCGh `` jObG h`` dH KC j C G `` `` dG
HdG GQeE G dhd ,`` HhC G e b e G ,G fE G j .`` dG f Y
.dG eH e 2^2GM (2009 e) IG

60
50
40
30
20
10

`K G
Ih d
Gh
Rd

RdGh dG jObG

```
`dG ``e
h
`dG `
b

`S
G

jQdG bd Qe fi

G`dH
`e
I`` `SCG
jhc
`` `SCG

`
`e

2008

Hh W
``Y `` ` `f
eM ce
aJh ge

EG
``S
` `SEG
`
`
`
`SG
``
``` G Q
d
U Q
`Y`` dG ```
`Jh
`
Q`
```

Qe je
SdG J c d e

```J ``H
jQ eN
`` j`` ` J
`FdG IQ

fEGh j

1975

,IjY dh ,jG fG eSG a ,dP dE G aVE Hh

eh A`` HdG e XHC G `` LMG `` aJh fE `` dG R`` dG
g Y `` dG k GYJ `` dG GjJ `` oJ Hh .`` dG
GQHG E ` `a ,I`` G `` HdG GQ`` eEG `` dhO i`` e `` Y OQG`` G
dGh Gh bdG Yb ddG S `` dG
GKC dG H ,a `` G LMG H d ,R`` dGh
.k jC G e Gh dG

dG RdGh dG ObG ee

LEG G dG LEG

cT `` N e 1971 Y `` fC G dG ,z`` fOC G{ WdG `` XHC G hH `` cT `` YSG

d `` fC G jJ `` e J C G `` cG JGQSHh I`` Y `` HQC G `` Y
jh .dG ObG Y `` j dG dhdG G jJh Jh `` fE Gh SG
Gh G`` ddGh `` jdG `` eh `` G GR`` dGh `` G dG `` jJh `` fE G `` dP
YC Gh jdGh jdG WG `` G Y e dG eGh jhdGh I`` SC Gh
.jRdGh jdGh dGh dG

(gGQdG je)

dG
dG Z Yd LEG G dG
dG Yd LEG G dG

ObG R`` dGh `` dG QhO `` e k ` `jQJ `` j O`` bG `` dG E ` `a ,`` dP `` dEG `` aVE Hh

d ,dG `` S NH LE G `` G dG `` dG dG M h`` Jh .`` XHC G
.dG %50 GM dE G VG dG `` S %70 e cC G e k VfG M eY IQ`` H
dG j .XHC G `` eG YdG dG `` fE G f e bC G B G dG `` jJ `` h
dG RdGh dG `` b j a .z2030 XHC G{ `` jObG jD hd FdG `` dG
jObG `` YdG `` M IO`` jR J `` JGSE G E ` `a ,I`` dG `` gC H `` XMG `` e
g dG dGh .FdG dhdG Gh dG jdG YdG dP ,iNC G
. dG bdG GSC G IQG dG h dG Y k f dG OYG e dG

85

`` M ,`` eC G `` jG `` G `` dG `` `` oj ,k G`` e `` ahC G

Y GdGh Q`` fC G e jdG `` jL dE G I`` jGG Q`` eC G OC G
`` jd `` ddG c`` d I`` Te `` f `` gh ,`` HdG I`` jG
edG C G e `` We C G j Ggh .(fG) SG `` jdG
N m G`` e a aJh `` d U `` fc XHC G `` T L
.dG MdG hd ec H k Gje j e gh ,Td

c ,S 11500 `` b C GH dG jG G `` dG Ia `` N
fGGh fYQj `` dG UG `` Y FGZ hj `` SdG
N IO`` c `` G `` Y `` gOYG `` UGJh ,`` HH `` ej `` dG
e `` YGNG fl O`` b bh .`` SC Gh `` JGhOC G `` d
IdG g `` N (GdGh LOh `` G We) `` G dG
e `` e I`` dG `` g `` jGH `` eGJ `` bh .`` dG `` G `` b `` dEG

FGhCG aSCG

aSC G `` J e S `` g C G h`` j .HdG I`` jdG T A`` LQC G ac `` a `` jdG

hdG e `` eGJ ,e G`` a N HdG I`` jdG T dE G jaC G `` e `` FGhC G
`` jdG `` dG `` dG I`` a `` jdG `` dG `` dG `` YC Gh .`` FdG `` NdG
a H ,jdG GQ`` dGh dG a k Gc k ` `eJ T `` dG ,(Neolithic Period)
.fGdG SSG dP

O IjL
he IjL

cH L

` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` M`` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `dG ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `W` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` G

`````

SG IdG

FGhCG aSCG

C G E G ,IO`` e `` J b `` SC G C G `` e ZdG `` Yh
dG HWQh IQGM Y k GH `` SG IdG g
`` je `` S `` dG `` H `` j ,`` MdG `` WG
`` ddG `` MdG `` HWdG `` e `` Hhg `` XHC G
.dG e NGO bGe aC G e Y Hh

e `` j `` jG `` G `` dG `` dG c
Y `` dG `` e k GA`` L `` j `` M ,I`` G `` SGG
L `` a YC G `` YJQG `` Y bdG `` Hh `` MdG
`` M ,AG`` dG `` e `` NGdG AG`` LCG hC G `` G
.bdG `` dP IjdG `` MGdGh `` dG Y GhOO`` J

``fEG ``MQ

jQdG HGhdG
jG `` G dG `` dEG OJ `` fC G j `` dG bGd I`` G `` G `` e
L `` o dG J `` e e IOQ`` e jQa `` b OLh h`` eh O `` JjL
QLh MS GWSG e C G VGdG `` eh .(k dM GdG) jdG H e O`` H
SGh `` jQ `` HGhQ d `` fc ,`` jG G `` dG I`` a `` N ,`` XHC G
.Ie IQH Gfch G e dG AG dG e aK JGh

a GhX FGhC G aSC G C G `` e GSG dG FdG H Y Q`` KBG AY J

dG ,dG `` dG OGdG a H `` dG dOC G e cG `` M ,jaC G `` T
dG dG `` jh .HdG jaC G dE G G`` edG B G MC G `` dG e j
Gg C G cdH jdG .jdG GhOC G dhC G cH (Palaeolithic Period) `` jdG
b jdG GhOC d dG GNG e jh ,jdG jQJ e %99 dGM j dG
dG dG QKB G LJh .k jJ S 12000 b YGQdG QX dE G k jJ S e 2^4

QdG Gg j h .dG O`` Hh jaC G H Hj

eh ,dG `` je VfG G`` a N k U
dH GJ `` b Gfj C G FGhC G `` jLG C T
d He J C G j dG HdG dG e
`` VdG `` dP C G `` H .`` bdG `` dP `` jaC G `` T
dG `` J `` M ,HC G `` dEG `` j `` FG
FGhC G `` dG LC G e ,AG`` dG J `` NG
.dG hC G MdG Y

MdG IG
Y heh O `` JjL QdG d
`` e `` G `` WG `` e `` Y
jQJ O`` j `` jG `` G `` dG
eb bh .`` Ve S 7500 G`` M dE G
QGh `` MGdG J `` dG `` YG
d ,YGh TG HH bdG dP
`` Y `` SSC G `` H `` e `` YG
fl G`` fCG `` SH `` ebh .`` dG
`` dG Q`` HC G `` fL `` dEG `` SC G `` e
`` dG `` abh `` adGh `` MdGh
dG We YC G bh .jdGh
e dG `` SG `` Y HdG I`` jG `` T `` dO hC G `` O I`` jL `` jG `` G
L dG dP c GPE G `` e ae Y e ZdG Y (Phoenix dactylifera) `` dG
.hQe hC G H f e

jG G dG dEG dG G dG

MGdG H QHEG

`` SG `` G `` d `` KCG `` dG `` aj
HdG IjG `` T (Middle Palaeolithic)
.G `` M jdG c`` dG d k ` `e kdO
AdE G k G`` NDe acG `` dG ddG `` SC G `` bh
hC G fE G `` JG dG `` dG H Y A`` dG
G GSG `` dP ,jaC G e h`` d
dG `` Ne Y `` G `` H e `` Y QG`` d
k ` `jH k G`` L `` jCG `` e `` j c `` dGh ,`` MC G

G dG LdJ
cH L
Y Y Y hj FGhC G XHC G S c
.cdGh `` JdG Q`` K `` Lh `` jdG `` fGG `` U
Z kITe `` j dG cH L gQKB G `` Lh dh
JGSG `` be gh ,HdG `` G dG `` L
j g c `` M ,e `` S e bdG `` dG
.G `` VM `` jh k `` T `` j `` f `` jCG `` e
Y Je k ` `VQC G `` ej `` dG AD g c `` Qh
Y dGh G `` WG S JGSG `` f
.Th N hC G Se GM C G

SdG `` dG fa G`` dd `` e `` acG

jG GhOC G `` d `` dG g `` e fch .`` Y
b YU `` Jh `` HdG dG `` e k eJ `` cCG
e dG jW `` Y J j ,IO`` M bQ `` jM
GP FbdG G`` SG jh .k ` `S I `` jM b
`` j `` dG `` fGG `` `` J IO`` G G`` G
.iNC G eGSG dE G aVE H gU

`` dG `` e ,`` jjG GhOC G `` J C G `` G `` e

k jC G U b cH `` L e L dG ,`` G
M ,Ic H G IaG G OGG e
jG QKB H Z e bGe N Y Q`` dG
.`` e `` S 200000 G`` M `` dEG `` jQJ `` Lj `` dG
f `` e GdG `` M `` e k b Q`` KBG `` g `` Jh
`` dG `` jG GhOC G `` e `` Hd ,zG`` dd{

52E

129

53E

54E

HdG

25N

f'(a\B(
HB
fB:
-2)
s9a)$ (
s?
HF(B(
)B(
]7+

`}B(F
ww .aB(
*0ww H3F
ww .B(
sww f@& (
ww B
I(ww nD
2aww EB(F

s:B(F
]72$ (
(ww 4(
s?
C(B(
f;
Hww B(
42B(F

ww B(
D& (
:
)B(
*2ww C
C
sww 7(2$ (
2aE+
HF
ww 'B(
fB(
C4F
s'(}B(
C$ (
:
,% aH
C
CB(F

)B
CB(
(
'D

*2C& 
4(F
GaC
:
)B(
C
f+
r

ww 4(20
"(-& (
B& (
?ww 7& )
CB)
s9a)$ (
m ` J

C
*0ww i
ww 8C
ww )2$ (
?\ww 4(
`

?(
fD(
^H(
E
]7+
*2C& (

^B
ffB(
4(2B(
C
*.(F
'D
*5C
B(
HC
;
>
@(aB(

s9a)$(
>
ff'B(
B(
:ah
)B(

e J dGh VQC G I`` dG e `` dG dG g HdG

va+
+B(
aB
sf^B(
b4aB(
sEF
Hal:
F$ (
fDC
0(aC

oB(F
ww 6$ (
*0CF
B)
+
/(C
C(a:
fD
)B(

IHaD,
I(2F0
f-aBafB(
fB(
ww +F
f?(;a^B(F
s-aBafB(

DaB(
]ww 7D
I(nD
B1F
sww 9a)$ (
*2C& )
ww )B(
Ha+
sww ?

.
*2C& (
s?
B(
x(aD$ (
+
s+B(
"^}B(
7F
HalB(

ww B&(
?ww 7& )
ww f'HfB(F
ww fDB(F
ww f'ffB(
\ww '/

\D$ )
*2C& (
+
f+F
G/$ (
C(aB(F
'ww B(
C(ww 4(

+2(aB(
C
fDB(
AB(
]l)
\+
C:
*2aww )
fC2

(fA+
:
ta+
.ww B(
0(C(
:
)B(
v$ (
& (
Da)B(F

fE
C@
HB(
f4
va+F
aH0aB(
H2aA
C$ (
C
fB:

x(aD$ 
^H/
7aB
*2C& (
s?
C5
C
f)
s9a)$ (

fB(

*:B
B(
C(4B
\f.6
-20
H+F
)B(

/
+
@F
C(C
*2a)
C(4(
E
*2(0& (F
bf^+
s?

Gww B(
ww :aB(
Gaww C
ww +
ww B(
ww C
9 `` J `` dG

THS

TPG

THC

EHG

TTPMH

Misc
Misc
TPG
TPG

GHS

HL
F
HL

NSA
THS

TPG

NSA

TTPLM

TAS

EHG

EHG

THS
THS

HL

TTPMH

TTPLM

TTPLM

TAS

TTPLM

GHS

TTPL
TTPH

TTPMH

TTPMH

TTPL

THS
TTPH

TTPH

TTPH
TTPL

GAS

GHS
EHG

TTPH

Hd f dG YdG

TTPLM
TTPH

TTPL GAS

TTPMH

TTPMH

TTPLM

TTPH

TPG

GHS
TTPMH

TTPH
TTPLM

TF

TTPMH

GAS
TCG

TPG
TTPMH

MISC

TTPH

TTPL

TPG

TTPLM
GHS

LTO

TTPLM

TTPLM
TTPL

TTPLM

THC

TTPL

GAS

>

RO

TTPL

TTPMH
TTPH

TTO

TTO

TTPLM

TTPMH

PHS

THC

TCG

TTPLM

TTPLM

LTO

TTPLM

TTPLM

TTPL

EHG
TTPLM

TAS

THS

THS

U
TTPMH

GHS

Misc

TTPL

THS

Misc

TTPH

TAS
TTPLM

TAS

TTPL

EHG

TTPMH

TTPMH

EHG

TAS

TTPL

THS

TTPH

GHS

24N

TTPLM

GHS

TPG

TTPLM

TF
NSA

TTPH

Misc

RO

TTPH

TPG

Misc

GAS

TTPH

TTPMH

TPG
TTPLM

NSA

24N

TTPH

Misc

TTPL

TTPLM

Misc

TPC

TTPMH

GHS

THS

Dubai

`` Y `` j k ` `jOY k ` `Yb Q`` dG `` VJ

Typic

ww fB(
ww fCB(
ww B(
ww :ah

ww B(
ww :ah
ww kF
Torripsamments

2D(
4(aB(
Torripsamments) edG

B(
E
tak
*2C& B
HF(B(
fB(
>

fww 7
sEF
ww )a8B(
ww C
ww fB(
ww :
ww fCB(
Y dE G `` J I k baB G dG jh ,QdG

\B
Da(
6$ (
*0CF
(
\fA+F
)B(

GAS

Umm
al-Qaiwain

Ajman
Sharjah

)B
t0a:
x^@

THS

Ra's
al- Khaimah

25N

Y dG g bGe jJ J bh .jeC G dG GSH

x(aD$ (
C
Gww /$(
(.aB(
ww ^HB(
E
ww l+
A
ww ^HB(

.HF
 B(
:aC
(.F
H6
(3F)

ff^B(
f;
B(

f)
I(2D(
ww 4F$ (F
B}B(
ww B(
sE
fCB(
B(
:aC
v$ (
.IQeE G HJ e % 81 Jh IQeE G a d idG YdG

fC2
a\ww 4F
ww 4(F
fC2
vA
fE
s?
:aB(
E
ww -a+F

sEF
Hww B(F
fB)
.(
:
ww lC
*2C
(1
sEF
.HdG eh jPdG dYh dG Ic

55E

TTPLM
TTPH
GAS

TPG

GHS

TAS

NSA

THS

THS

TPC

TPG

TTPH
GHS

23N

23N

TTPH

TTPH

TTPH
GHS

TTPMH
EHG

>

>

TTPH

TTPL

HL

PHS

TTPMH

RO

TTPH

TTPH

TTPMH

GHS

TPG

TPG
GHS

52E

53E

54E

55E