S LC V CC HP CHT HIDROCACBON 1

V Kin thc c bn v cc hp cht Hidrocacbon ( hay cc hp cht V C - Hu c ni chung ) u c nhiu trong sch v chng ta d dng tm c c nn topic ny mnh ch lc qua vi c bn , thm mt vi phn kin thc nng cao v s ra ch yu l bi tp L thuyt mi ngi cng lm thi . M u chng ta s ni v cc hp cht hidrocacbon t nh : nh ngha hidrocacbon : Hidrocacbon l cc hpc cht hu c ch cha nguyn t Cacbon v Hidro trong phn t Hidrocacbon c rt nhiu nhm hp cht nhng trong chng trnh gio dc ca chng ta cp THPT v H th chia ra gm cc chng sau : 1/Ankan (Hidrocacbon no mch h ) 2/Xicloankan ( Hidrocacbon no mch vng ) 3/Anken (Hidrocacbon ko no , c cha 1 ni i trong phn t , c th l mch vng hay mch h ) 4/Ankin ( Hidrocacbon ko no , c cha 1 ni ba trong phn t c th l mch vng hay mch h ) 5/Ankaien ( Hidrocacbon ko no , c cha 2 ni i trong phn t ,c th l mch vng hay mch h ) 6/Aren ( C th m rng thm 1 t l cc hp cht vng no , s lin kt i trong phn t ko xc ng c th )

7/Ngoi ra cn nhiu nhm hp cht nh Trien ( 3 ni i ) , iin (2 ni ba ) , Enin ( Mt ni di , mt ni ba ) CHNG 1 - ANKAN 1/NG NGHA - DANH PHP - CU TRC a/inh ngha : Ankan l cc hp cht hidrocacbon no ,mch h c cng thc phn t chung nh sau : CnH2n+2 ( n nguyn dng ) b/Danh php : Qua 4 bc ( y l vi ankan mch nhnh nh , ko nhnh th khi ni lm g ) + Xc nh Hidrua nn ( y l mch chnh , mch di nht , phn nhnh nhiu nht ) + nh s th t + Xc nh tn cc nhnh + Thit lp tn y : "Locant" cho nhnh + Tin t bi + Tn mch nhnh + Tn mch chnh Lu t : "Locant" c ngha l s ch ... c/Cu trc : Ankan l nhm hp cht c bit l c mmen lng cc bng 0 ( Sau ny ta xt n Xicloankan cng thy nh vy v momen lng cc bng 0 l 1 c im ca Hidrocacbon no m ) Chnh v mmen lng cc bng 0 nn Ankan cn c ci tn l Parafin ngha l "i lc km " ( Tc l t kh nng phn ng ) .Tht vy , Ankan kh tr vi nhiu tc nhn ho hc . Ankan ko tan c trong H2O , H2SO4 .... Nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi ko phn cc , du m ...

2/CC PP TNG HP ngha : Ngoi vic tng hp c cc ankan cn cho Cng nghip hay phng th nghim (Lab) th vic tng hp ny cn c mt ngha khc l cho thy cch chuyn ho cc b phn ca phn t ( nhm chc ) thnh cc nhm hidrocacbon no PP th nht - Kh R-X ( X l cc Halogen ) trc tip : R-X +2[H]--> R-H + H-X Tc nhn kh co th l Zn/HCl - Mg.Hg/HCl - H2/Pd,Pt,Ni.. - LiAlH4, NaBH4..Na/EtOH ... Lu mt t : Mt trong nhng tc nhn kh mnh na l HI thng dng kh dn xut Iot theo phn ng sau : R-I + H-I --> R-H + I2 ( Phn ng xy ra trong bnh kn , nhit ) PP th hai - Thy phn hp cht c kim ( Thng l c Magie- Hp cht Grignard) R-X + Mg/ete khan ---> R-MgX + H2O ---> R-H + Mg(OH)X

PP th ba - Hidro ho cc hp cht hidrocacbon ko no ( Ci ny chc ai cng bit nh ) PP th 4 - Hp hai gc hidrocacbon li bng cch to lin kt C-C ( C nhiu pp nhng ch yu nht vn l Wurtz v Corey - House) + Tng hp Wurtz ( Vuyec-1854) : R-X + 2Na + R-X --> R-R + 2NaX

Mt vi lu v phn ng : 1. phn ng ny t hiu sut cao nht khi 2 gc hidrocacbon em ghp l 2 gc ging nhau . 2.Phn ng ko din ra trong dung mi ete m hay dng dung mi Hidrocabon ( C th th no ln sau khi nu c ch phn ng mnh s ni c th hn ) + Tng hp Corey- House : S phn ng tm biu din nh sau : R-X + 2Li ---> RLi + LiX 2RLi + CuI ---> R2CuLi + LiX ( R2CuLi : Liti iAnkyl Cuprat) R2CuLi + R'X ---> R-R' + R-Cu + LiX Lu : Phn ng ch xy ra khi R' l dn xut Halogen bc 1 hay bc 2 .Phn ng t hiu sut cao nht khi m R v R' u l dn xut Hal bc 1 . PP th 5 - Tng hp Kolbe ( in phn dung dch mui axit ) : RCOOM + H2O --(in phn)--> R-H + CO2 + MOH + H2 ( M l kim loi kim hc kim th , hay dng nht l mui ca kim loi kim ) Phn ng xy ra theo c ch Ion- Gc . PP th 6 - Thoi bin axit cacboxylic : nh ngha 1 t v phn ng thoi bin l phn ng lm thay i cu trc ca mt hp cht ( Bin ) dng thi c s ct ngn mch ( Thoi ) .Mt v d in hnh ca phn ng thoi bin l phn ng ecacboxyl ho theo s chung nh sau : RCOOH --> R-H + CO2

Sau y l mt vi pp hay dng tng hp Ankan : a/Kh axit hay dn xut axit : R-COOH + HI --> R-CH3 + H2O + CO2 b/PP Vi ti xt ( bc no i thi H m ko bit ci ny th cht ) : R-COONa + NOH --(CaO.t0)--> R-H + Na2CO3 c/Phn ng gia Ankylboran v RCOOH : RCOOH + R'3B --> (ROO)3B + R'-H Ngoi ra cn nhiu pp tng hp khc nh Phn ng kh C=O thnh CH2 ,... ni chung l nu bn no c bit pp no khc c post ln cho mi ngi cng tham kho . 3/TNH CHT HA HC CA ANKAN Trc khi ni v tnh cht ho hc ca Ankan chc l ni qua tnh cht vt l t cho b nh Cc ankan c nhit si thp , c th l trong nhm cc Ankan mch thng th : T C1-->C4 : Kh T C5-->C16 : Lng T C17 tr ln : Rn Lin kt ch yu trong phn t Ankan l lc Vandecvan , mch cacbon cng di ( M phn t cng ln ) th nhit si cng tng , theo nh cc nghin cu c th th trung bnh c tng mt -CH2- th nhit si tng t 20 - 30 C .Mch Cacbon cng phn nhnh th din tch tip xc gia cc phn t cng gim , nhit nng chy tng nhng nhit si gim .