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20

g g 100
DC

50

V-

\v
\\
4.

^
X
m

2 0,5

-& 0,2

< x

^ ^
~-~

0,7

* *.
-

&*4

E=E=

'
~=:

f-

F4

""^
-
_ _

-^ -

=3S

1
1

20 40 60 80 100 120 140160180 200 220 240

, /
. 19. .
, , . .
, , .
, . 196.
( ).
,
0,1-85 .
. 19 196
.
.
:
7 0, 86;
, , = 114 /, ;
= 295
t = 81.
. 18
. 2,3 .
. 19 P s , = 114 3/.
-

67

130
120

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

10

1> 1
1

1!I^^1

20

'

30
40
50
60
, /

70

03

300

\
/
// /

200

/
V

W\

, ^
^^

'/

^
--

_ <^ "- f = 00

"

i
1
1

'

' 4

<

100

/\

80

CD

X
X

' -?
%

<**

'
^*-

***

^ _
^-_

100
200
300
, /

. 19.
.
Ps = 169 . , . 19, ( 2,3 ) 0,73 .
,
0,73 . 116 am.
(0,73 ) . 196
. 0,8 .

68

III

400

50

100
150
200
250
300

, am

350 0 100 200 300

, am

. 196.
.
,
, ,
. ,

8,5-39,4%.
19,1

2*.
3 II, : .
'. 18-196 [68].

2*.

69

( , , )
. 5 65%
- , .

, ,

, .
, , . .
. 1,06
( ) 1,05
10-200 /. - 1 04
-I
, , f 1,03
93
,
- S 1,02

1,00
.
0,99
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320
(. . ,

. 20. ) - .
, -
, , . . 20 - .
.
. 21 , ,
. . :
-~

^ -

* - - ^

'

Sl 1

~ '"

J '

(10, III)

70

III

S , ;
Si , , . 21;
;
, /.
:

35

55
75
95
,

38
66
93
121

0,074
0,050
0,044
0,033

/3, ,

1 am.

(,
. 21. 2 dp
, , - .
.
.
(11, III) , (3 ,
, . .
[f3] = 1/ am =

/.

. (11, III) ,
1/(3 .
. 22
70 422 .
. ,

71

2*.

35

55
75
95
,

10 30 50 70 90 110130 150
,

. 22.
/3 .

. 23.
. 1 , 2 , 60 / .

, :
(12, III)

/? = /?i(l + 0,05S),

/3i , , . 22;

S , , / .

, .
1

,

1
500
1000
1500
2000

0
1,792
1,680
1,65
1,67
1,71

10
1,40
1,35
1,33
1,33
1,35

30
0,871
0,895
0,921
0,500
0,986

75
0,396
0,411
0,428
0,443
0,461

20 1 .

72

III

. . 23
.
. 1 . ,
,
.

3*.

, .
, , , ,
, , 1 .
, , , :

7 ;
7 -ro ;
- .
, ,

f = ,

(14, )

, , R , .
:

f = ZRT,

(15, III)

Z = ,
HI
. , .
. 23 . .
1

,
, . . . . . . [164].

3*.

73

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0 6,0

7,0

. 23. z
.
.

, ,
,

.
.
, . (
. 23) Z.
, ( ), ,
, (. [164]).

.
.

74

III
0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

1,1

>->

>->

S
X

00

00

VO

0,6

0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
,

. 24. 15,6
37,8.

.
, - . -
,
( ~6%) -

3*.
0 ,5

06

0 ,7

,9

08

10

1,1

0,1

0,08
0,07
0,06

>>

-
^

-*

1
-

==

=
-

5 - _ 25_
1,03 -

OH

0,01

---

>

--

" ~ . II

"

^ =
II *
MMI

"

1UU

150

MMMHJ

'

1 - 0,02
0

HMM

CO

150

0,03

nm

L_

0,03

00

***

0,04

0,08
0,07
0,06
0,05
0,04

0,02

'A

"MM

0,05

75

75

. 50

25

M W

'

0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1

,

. 25. 93
150.

( 5% )
(. 24 25).
5%, ,
, . . 1
.
.
.
. 26
.

76

III
la


:
17,8
15,6
38
93
149
0,0172
0,0182
0,0156
0,0206
0,0227
0,0234
0,0163
0,0179
0,0188
0,0213
0,0176
0,0188
0,0196
0,0217
0,0238
0,0203
0,0208
0,0213
0,0229
0,0247
0,0234
0,0234
0,0234
0,0242
0,0256

0,0259
0,0257
0,0257
0,0261

0,0328
0,0315
0,0308
0,0299

0,0373
0,0358
0,0337

0,0433
0,0405
0,0375

,
/2
1,03
35
70
140
210
280
420
560
700

0,032

0,030

1 0,028
0,026

>-

.'

'.

-.1

0,024

^ ^

'

^ ^

0,022

... " 1 1

*
*
* '

. , , ( ),
. .
S = sp,
(17, III)

S (
2
0,018
),
\

;
0,016
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160180 200 ; s ,
. 26. - .

.

(17, III) ,
, , -
.
. 19. . 21
.

X
E-i

0,020

 II

IV

1. .


,
, , .. .

: ,
,
,
.
, , 0,2 (
0,1-0,2 ),
. , . , , ,
.


,
, . , ,
100 3 , 10
20% - (. )
100
1 .

,

80

IV

, 1 3 . , :
3
N 1 ;
;
2
/ = 4 ;
3

= ^ ;
1.

1-NuJ

1(1 - )

7V

% (I - )

UJ

5 , 1 3
, :

4
^

7 ^

^" ^

'

7V 4^ ^ ^
4

o ( z 771J

= 0, 20 = 0,1 =
4

3(1-0,2)
4
9
4

^ - = 2 , 4 - 10 2.
4

, 1 20000 2,
.
, . , , ,
, , .
,
, ,
.

. .
1

. 2 . (.)

83

2.

N
. 33. SPLM
.

1,22 d

. 34.

NOQR .

NOQR (. . 29). R
. 29 .
.
,
SPLM. (. 35) d =
=
OB.
d
OAD

, DA ,
ABC /L BE,
- . 35.
, h -
.
:
cos AB = cos cos AC,

= 0,
0
2'
= ;

(1.

84

IV

,
cos a =

cosfl

(2, IV)

cos |

(2, IV) :

cos2 I cos26
Slllft

sin2 - cos2 -

a=

= 1

\
4 sin 2 | cos 2 | - s i n 2

4 cos 2 I - 1
cos |

\

2

4 c o s 2|| - 1 = 2(l + cos6>) - 1 = l + 2cos6>,

sin a = tg -/l + 2cos#

2 sin I cos I
sin a =

/l + 2 cos =
2 cos

1 + cos

(3, IV)

Zi

h = d sin a.
d2sin6,
V\ :

(4, IV)
-

Vx = hd2 sin .
h (4, IV) sin (3, IV),
:
1 + COS

2.

85

. 36. ( ).
, , , . 36, V2
3
6 '
.
V\ V2, ,
, V\ V2j
:

77

d3 sin
si

sin 6> =

(1-COS6>)(1

:
= 1

(5, IV)

(5, IV) , , ,
, ,
.
(5, IV) ,
:

6> = 60, = 0,259;

= 90, = 0,476.

86

IV
,

, 2 (5, IV)
.
2

60 90
6)
6000'
6002'
6041'
6118'
6155'
6236'
6318'
6403'
6449'
6537'
6627'
6721'
6818'
6917'
7020'
7128'
7243'
7403'
7532'
7710'
7906'
8125'
8459'
9000 ;
,

0,259
0,26
0,27
0,28
0,29
0,30
0,31
0,32
0,33
0,34
0,35
0,36
0,37
0,38
0,39
0,40
0,41
0,42
0,43
0,44
0,45
0,46
0,47
0,476

0 ,0931
0 ,0937
0 ,0993
0 ,1045
0 ,1098
0 ,1155
0 ,1210
0 ,1266
0 ,1322
0 ,1378
0 ,1434
0 ,1491
0 ,1549
0 ,1605
0 ,1661
0 ,1719
0 ,1775
0 ,1832
0 ,1902
0 ,1946
0 ,2003
0 ,2057
0 ,2117
0 ,2146

= 1

88,90
84,30
74,05
65,94
58,90
52,47
47,12
42,44
38,44
34,75
31,62
28,79
26,26
24,08
22,11
20,32
18,73
17,28
15,96
14,76
13,71
12,76
11,83
11,38

62,00
38,75
34,25
29,50
26,00
22,63
20,00
17,60
15,82
13,95
12,18
11,04
10,00
8,80
7,87
7,08
6,32
5,71
5,14
4,65
4,15
3,75
3,40
3,20

42,00
25,00
21,84
17,76
16,60
14,42
12.54
11,00
9,64
8,58
7,50
6,58
5,83
5,22
4,60
4,06
3,62
3,24
2,89
2,55
2,28
2,05
1,84
1,71
(1-)

1-

, ,
.

 2.

87

. 29, , , ,
S, :
S = Si S2,
Si ( ), $2
, . ,
:

Si = d2 sin#,
S, , :

= (smO- J

f.

(6,IV)

, .
(6, IV) Si S2 , :
4sin
(7, IV) ,
, , ,
.
. 2 (7, IV) . , 60 90;
= 60 = 0, 0931; 0 = 90 = 0, 2146.
,
0,0931 < < 0,2146.

88

IV

. 31 32 . 33 34 , (7, IV) . 2

1.
S .

(. 36) L F.
S L S,
,
L

= \ \

S(L)dL = nF.

Q (. .
) :
= S L = nFL.

(8, IV)

= FLm.
(9, IV)
(8, IV) (9, IV), :
= ,
= .

(10, IV)

, ( ) .
, ,
. (10, IV),
F .
. . . [100].

 3.

89

3.
(, ) , () , . ,
, , ,
,
, ,
, ,
.

d3. ,
, .

. , .
.
, ,
.
1 3 (
):
:
d i , d\ d2l d2 d3l ds . .

2, 3, 4 ..

(. 37): , di,
, \. ,
, d\ + d2,
, \ + 2. ,
, 100%,
+ 2 + 3 + . . . = 100%.
di -
d[ d![ :
\

(11,1V)

90

IV

,

() 80
di.

,
d3 1,0
1,5
2,0 d,MM .


. 37. ,
.
: , ,
, . . , . .
. . . [100].
d 3 .
. [174]
:
100/ 1

(12, IV)

di - ,
(, IV);
- .
,
, , 10% . , -^, .
do , ,
, 60% . do d3

 4.

91

,
(. 37).
.

0,01 < d < 0,3 .

4.

Q
, F . v , , :
(13, IV)
v .
,
, ( = 1) , .
(13, IV)
F,
, .
F
. :

*=,

(14, IV)

dQ
dF, v.
.
L , , :

. . .

92

IV

. w
Q S
. 2
, (10, IV) S = mF.
, :
(15, IV)

(15, IV) v, :
, ( ) .

, .
v F, ()
(. 11, IV),

.

, .
,
, ,
,
,
, .
, (16, IV).
.

 4.

93

, . ( )
. .
, () ,
. , , ,
, , ,
( ),
1.

. . . [65].

1.
, [159]
.

,
, (. 36).

32/iZ/w
h= - 3 - ,
1, V)

h ;
\i ;
L ;
w ;
7 ;
D .
/ .

D2 (1, V)

1.

95

7, :

/
(. 2) , ,
:
w=

96(1 -)

lib

'

Q nF, ,
():
Q=

n 4 2 F

96(1-)

(4, V)

L '

(5

V )

(4, V) . 2.
(. [100]),
,
\ = 1,025 3'3.
1

, , (3, V)
. . . [100, 107].

96

V
(5, V) :
Q = ,01068 d

^f.

(6, V)

. ,
,
.

. , , ,
.
. ,
, 8 , , .
, , ,
,
, , ,
2.
, (5, V)
.
(. [107]).
, .
, :

L '

CF\

5 (I-) 2
4

<\ . 2.
2

. . [61],

 1.

97

,
, . . S ,
, , :
FAprn

, , 1 IV, :
3(1 ) 6(1 )
S =
d
S (8, V)
:

/^f

2(1-

(9,v)

. [166],
, :
(10, V)
= 0,13.
.
= 10, 5,
= 6,0.
, .
. . . [100] [107],
.
(5, V), (6, V), (7, V) (9, V)
. d
d3.

98

2.
,

, , . , , [53], , .
, , , .
,
.

S1 = -- = f(m).
dAFA

(11, V)

S1,
, .
. . 1.
S1
,
, , . .
^

(12, V)

,
.
Q
F, , , . AL , d d3.
S1 .

 2. . . .

99

S1. :

S1 .

- , S1
.

, , S1,
.
(13, V) :

M dL

(14

V)

v = ~

gradp.

(14, V) ,
, (14, V) , , S1 .
, ,
.
.

VI

1.
1856 .
[42]. . 38. 1, 2, h\ h2 3 ,
. h\ h< . :
^

(1, VI)

Q ( ,
);
Ah = hi /12 ;
F ;
, .
(1, VI) F
,
Q

4r

v , :
v = .

(3,

VI)

(3, VI)
.

1.

101

-3-7

|- -' --

24:

i"

I. -- ': - -.

*-

-i _
_
i
I

- .

. 38.
.

= 1, v = , ..
, . ,
(3, VI) ,
:

[] = LT~\
Ah = h\ h^ = \ 21 hi = ^ = ^, \
, h\ /12, a 7 ,

Ah = Pi

7
1 Ay
71 ~AL

(3, VI), :
v =

(4, VI)

:
> dp
(5, VI)
v = 7 dV

102

VI

, , .
[ (5, VI)] , ( ),
(14, V).
.
(5, VI) . ,
,
.

. 39. .
(. 39). , , , . \ 2
1 2. \

7 7

:
hi =

(6, VI)

z\ z^ 1 2
.

 1.

103

= h1-h2

Pi

F
1

Az = z\ Z2

(3, VI), :

k*(Ap + yAz)
7
AL

'

7
dL
,
:
_
& d(p

* = +

* .
, , , /,
(5, VI) (8, VI), . , , ,
, . . 1

1

; , =

104

VI

[ (4, VI)] , [ (13, V)]:

dl SI

^ ,

(9, VI)

(9, VI)
, . (9, VI) ,

,
[ [Sl= /(, s)] . . ,
, , .
. ,
.
. . . [100].
(9, VI), - S1 . :

'
~~
, /
d3 (. 3 IV);
\i , . .
, = 0, 80 ;
= 1, 55 ;
= 2, 00 ,
.
:

 2.

105

t .

, ,
, :
,

, , . , , . ,
, 2
.

. ,
, ( ), , , .
.

2.
. , ()
, .
(. 2 . V)

dL

(14

V)

,
ti^Sl.

*
(, VI)
!

. . 103

106

VI
(13, V) (14, V) :

V =

(8', VI)

dL'

'

. . .
, ,
(11, VI) , ,
. . . .
(11, VI)
(4, VI) , (11, VI), , ,
,
.
, (11, VI)
.
(10, VI), [91] 1940 .,
, .
, S1
.
(10, VI) ,
, S1
. ,

[k] = L 2
, .

 2.

107

,
, (11, VI) :

1 J

[v] [/i] [dL]

[dp]

LT- -ML^T2
2
MLT- L-

-L

.
v F, ;

vi)
,

, Q = 1, \ = 1, = 1, F = 1 = 1 = 1.
.
,
1 2 1 1 am
1 1 3 /. 1 .
1 3 /,
, , 0,5-0,1 3/,
0,5 0,1 ..
.
0,1
0,01 ,
0,001 , .

, .
. 3
.

. 3 .

108

VI

. , (. . 3). fcT, / , .
(14, VI) . 3 ,

][AL]

= 1,02 1 0 - 8 = 1,02 10"12[fc]T;

,
[] = 1, 02 1( 8 = 1, 02 10-12[fc]T.

(15, VI)

(15, VI) , . , . ( 1,02 10~122).

(15, VI) . ,
, :
/=
=
=
=

1,02-10-8/,
1,02-10
fcc,
0,981-10-^
0,981 - 10~ 12 fe T .

i
[

(
(

\
'

(16, VI) , ,
,
, 1 .
.
1

[120 .] 1 am (10 4 /2), (1, 033-10 4 /2), 760 . .). (16, VI) , 1 am= 10 4 /2
( 735 . .).

 2.

109

,
. (9, VI)
d% SI [ (10, VI)],
,
:

,
^ _

(17, VI)

7 ~ /i"

(14, VI). F
, \ ( ) .
Q, (14, VI)
.
,
Q, \, , , F.
(. . 3), .

, . , Q = Q(Ap).
(. [13, VI]) Q v , , Q,
,
, , . Q = Q(Ap) ,
, , (14, VI) .
Q = Q(Ap) Q , .

.

110

VI
3

,;,

,
, L

, F

,
, ,

2

, v

, Q

3/

3 /

3 /

/2

/2

/2

, \i

-/2

mTfin

, V

, j
, Q

/3
_

= 2 ~

/3
/3

'

/3
_

= 2 ~

.. [75],
.. [128] .. [172]

.
.
, , :
= 20 ;
2
F = 4, 9 ;
Q = 2 3/ = 0, 0333 3/;
= 500 . . = 0, 68 //3;
\ = 6, 9 ;
3
3
3
7 = 862 / = 0, 862 10~ / .

 2.

111

. , :

QfiAL
FAp

_ 0,0333-6,9-20 _
~
4,9-0,068

. (17, VI) , j , \ ,
:
7
1,38-0,862- 3
4
/ = =

= 1, 73 10
/.

,
, . .
, (, , , , ,
..) .
, 50-60 ( .. [172]),
. , ,
. 50% .
, .
.

:
,
() , .
, , .

, .
, , ( ), .
, .

112

VI

, - ,
.
: -
, ,
, . - ,
.
, , - .
, . , , ,
,
, ( XII).
(23, XII).
,

. , ( , ),
. (. XIII).
.
. . . .
. ,
,
. , .

 2.

113

, ,
, .
,

, .

, .

, (
, ) 2.
, . .
, .
,
,
.

, . ,
, . ,
, .

VII

1.

, . , , . ,
,
.
. . 4 ,
, d > 1.
4



d,

0,57
0,90
1,35
1

1,03
0,61
0,35

6,67
1,63
0,54

vKp , . , Re.

 1.

. . .

115

[24, 120, 174].

. , , . , .
( 12,3 37,8%, 3,13
3000 ). (12, IV).
, Q (13, IV). Q F, .
Re, ,
= ^ =
2Lgvz

(1, VII)

R e = ^

= ^ ,

Li

(2, VII)

IS

d3 ;
() L
;
v , ;

/i v .
(1, VII) (2, VII) , . , h
:
/1--

;
L ;

116

VII

D ;
w ;
.

D-2gh
Lw'j

,
7 Q9 ^7 = ^Pi
=^
Lzg

(3, VII)

, Re
,
Re = ^

(4, VII)

(3, VII) (4, VII) (1, VII)

(2, VII) , , [174]
, w
>, D
d3 , . , (1, VII) (2, VII) X Re Re , . ,

[. (16, IV)]
, Re, ,

.
. 40 .
,
Re. . 40 .

1.

. . .

117

to

to
0,00i

woo
. 40.
Re. ; . [174]
[120]. ; ; ; ; .

= (Re), , .
Re 1

118

VII

4 lgA lgRe
, 45. ,
. , ,
. , , , .
*

if

*d=tA05MM
1
1

1
1

cCz4i92"

1
1

20

80

100

120

140

160

1S0 Re

. 41. ; d
.

Re 1
4 lgA lgRe
, , Re. , (., , . 40)
, .

 1. . . .

119

lgA lgRe.
45, 1
lgA = - l g R e ,

(a)

, .
() Re (1, VII)
(2, VII), :
d3Ap
%Wi2
2
2LQV

vd3g
= - %

, , :

\gB = A.
() :

2L/HV

= .

()

(, VII) ,
, . () (13, V) , ^ ,
S1, . . - = S1.
ID

, , lgA lgRe ,

120

VII

.
. Re, , , Re K p .
, Re 1 4 .
, . 1,05-4,92 . . 41 .
lg , ARe,
Re.
. 41 , ( , [174]) , ,
. Re= 4.
, ,
:
ReA =
.
Re (I, VII) (2, VII),
() (). , Re ^ 4 .
, , , ,
, , Re 4.
, :

Re K p = 1,1
Re K p = 4. J

,_ \
^ '
'

,
(.
. 41).
ReA = ! + 6'Re
(6, VII)
! ,
, ' .

 2. . . .

121

(6, VII) Re,

(7, VII) , :
(8, VII)
,
2! ,
2b Q

= '

(8, VII) , Re > Re K p

v . . . . [25], . [192]2 , Re > Re K p
(8, VII).

2.

. .. [138].
2

. , ,
.
, . , %% ( ),
Re,
.

122

VII

. Re, :

(9, VII)
w ;
D ;
= v .
. (9, VII)
w D (
)
v, d .
Re
:
Re =

, *
9Q ^ .
v
0,75+ 0,23

(10, VII)
'

(10, VII) , ,
Re,
d3.
Re Re K p ,
>, (10, VII):

;(0, 75 + 0, 23) jjjj Re K p .

(11, VII)

(10, VII) (. 1
) . , Re 7,5 9, . .
Re K p = 7,5 + 9.

(12, VII)

(10, VII) , Re, >, v ,

d3 .

(. 3 IV) , . ,

 2. . . .
, . . . . 1942 .
(10, VII) d3
.
[. (10, VI)]
d3:
%

(13, VII)

d3 (10, VII), :
Re =

0, 75m + 0, 23

S1
, . . Re
1 :

(15, VII)

Re (15, VII) (10, VII)

.
. . Re , ,
, , .
. . (15, VII) ,
Re K p = 1 -=-12 2 .
1

(16, VII)

. , 1, 1955 ., . 21.
,
Re, , (15, VII) (10, VII) , () . Re
,
ReKp . , , ,
Re K p.
2

123

124

VII

. . Re
d3 I = 1

. , . . lgA = /(lgRe),
. 40 .
.
= :
/

. = 0,022 ( ),
. = 0, 29 ( ).
, . .
,
.
, Re K p , . . . . ,
Re (5, VII), (15, VII) (2, VII)
.
Re > Re K p
. Re . , Re K p
:
Re K p =
= 2000-2300;
Re K p = 580-600;
Re K p = 350;
Re K p = 544.
, Re K p ,
, Re, .

 3.

125

,
. Re , .
, ,
, .
, , , ;
. , ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
, (, ) ()
.

3.
,
Re Re K p , .
Re
, v > >, ( v < >)
- , .
v < vKp , , .

126

VII

,
,
F = 2irDb.
( )
,
.


, . . .
.
, , .
.
. ,
, ( 1930 .)
:
v = 35,
(17, VII)
v , /;
.
. . . [76]
:
v = /,

(18, VII)

/ .
(18, VII) ( , ) v
,
.

:

v = 173 \jLij

v , /;
d , ;

(19, VII)

3.

127

;
,

<

(2

vn)

(19, VII) (20, VII) , , ,

.

[160] :
v = kcin,
(21, VII)
;
;

=.
,
1 >>0,5.
.

(17, VII), (18, VII), (19, VII) (21, VII),

, (21, VII).
v ,
dp
, ,
7 ( ).

(22, VII), .
[175]:
2
= a1v + b1v ,
(23, VII)
;
v ;
b , .
(23, VII) (8, VII),
Re > Re K p .
2
v b\v ,
a\v. (23, VII)

128

VII

. a\v <C
, = h\v2:, v = 7/^ - - (23, VII) (18, VII).
,
. , , , .

4. ,

V, VI VII
, ,
\ .
:
dp
(24, VII)
v
dL

;
;
, /3 5 .
, (24, VII), :
[v] = LT~\

= [L] -

[] = ML - .

l/j] =

1 ~ \

dp
Z
2rri2
= ML~ T
~dL

(24, VII)
, :
LT~^ = 7Vf^^ a ^ n L 2 a ~^~ 3 ( 5 ~ 2 n T~^~ 2 n

(25 VII)

, , , L (25, VII)

4. , . . . 129
, , ,
:
= ,

-2 = 1,
= -1.

--2

(26, VII)

(26, VII), :
(3 = 1 2 5 = 1.

, /3 5 (24, VII),
:
-1

2
,l-2n
n - 1 dp
= ck
(27, VII)
dL

: (; = >),
( , v > >) (27, VII),
Re.
, :
v

dp
~dL

(28, VII)

(27, VII) (28, VII), :

1-

-1

dp
~dL

l-n

(29, VII)

vKp, Re.
d3
, > (2, VII),
7

Re K p (5, VII).

(30, VII)

130

VII

d3 (13, VII),
(31, VII)

(32, VII)

x = Re* p Sl,

(33, VII)

Vk

(28, VII) (33, VII), :

dp
~dL

dp
~dL

jJ? y/Sl

11

ky/k

dp
(29, VII), ~dL

1-

(34, VII)
SI (32, VII), S1 (10, VI):

Sl= 4 .

(35, VII)

(27, VII), :
1-

kDli

-1
7

1-

fJj

dp
~dL

(34, VII)

(36, VII)

4. , . . . 131

d3 , vKp (15, VII):

> 2,3

(37, VII)

Re K p (16, VII).
(37, VII) (28, VII),
:
dp

(38, VII)

~dL

(38, VII) (29, VII), :

=

m 2 ' 3 Re T

l-n

(39, VII)

10

(27, VII), :
-1

dp
~dL

v = (Clm^Re^) ""*;"

(40, VII)

(40, VII) (36, VII)

, 1
Re .
,
(40, VII) (36, VII) , ,
.
= 1

dp
, . . ~dL

.
(40, VII) (36, VII) (21, VII),
.
(40, VII) (21, VII) :

v = =

,n

dp
~dL

3n-l
2 3

= (0, lm ' Re Kp ) /c

dp
~dL

(40, VII) . . 1942 . (36, VII) .. 1945 .

132

VII

(, 7 = Q9-, 9 )
-1
2 3

= (0, lra ' Re K p )/c

(41, VII)

(36, VII) (21, VII) :

3n-l

(42, VII)

(41, VII) (42, VII) , fcc ( ) ( \

>), .
, v , ,
, , , ,
, Re,
v

dp

Re.

dL
= ^ (40, VII)

(36, VII)
:

(43, VII)

(44, VII)

(43, VII) (44, VII) ,

.
(41, VII) (42, VII) = - ,
:
' l m 2 ' 3 R e K p g v/c
^ = /0,

(45, VII)

 4. , . . . 133

(46, VII)
(45, VII) (46, VII) /, (18, VII).
,
(
).
, (40, VII) (36, VII) ,
. , v \ 1 2; < - , (1 2) > 0,
. . , , , , ,
.

 III

VIII

1.

, .
,

, , ,
, 1 .

4,

>,

. 42. .

,
,
, . , , , .
1

, . ,
, .

138

VIII

, ,
. , ,
.
. 42 , . ,
, ,
, ,
. , , . 42 \\ vi, 22 ?2, v\ < V2-
v\ = >2, . .
.

. 43. FF,
ABC, .
, , : ;
, .
, ABC , . 43. , FF ()
;
. MABCN
, , .
FF ( -

1.

4
4

I
!
'
> <*

_)*
y'

139

4'

. 44.
( ).

'

. 45.

.

v , . XXI).
FF, . ,
.
,
, . ,
.
, , ; .
, (
), - .
. 44
, .
,
, -

140

VIII

, ,
.
, , ! CD (. . 45).
, , ,
. (
,
,
),
, .
, , ,
,

.
,
, .
, CD . 45 , , ,
;
, ( ) -.
. 45 ; . 44
.
CD , -
. , ,
( ),
- .
, , . .
, . 44
45 .

1.

141

, -
() , , ,
.

. 46. , .
-
: ,
(. . 44).
-
,
.
.
( ) ,
, , , .

( ),
, . . 44
- , -

142

VIII

, .
,
, -
. ( - ),
.
:
, BfBECCf
ABCD (. . 46).

( , , ) .

2. ;

. 47. ( ).
ABCD (.
. 47); AD .
, ,
. -

 2. ; . . . 143
, ABCD
.
ZE ZK, -,
7-
:
(1, VIII)

(2, VIII)

, z h , 7 /3.
* * :
= ~fhE,

(3, VIII)

= + 7ZK = -fhK.

(4, VIII)

*=

+ 1ZE

,
,
.
, . ,
, , -,
, -, , .
,
, , . . , , .
* *,
, -, ,
. ,

144

VIII

.

- , .
(1, VIII) (4, VIII) ,
. 7 , .
,
, . ( )
, ,
.
,
, (1, VIII)
(4, VIII)
.
,

.
7 (3, VIII) (4, VIII) , ,
. ,
,

.
, , ;
. , , .
, ,
( , , ).
-
-

 3. , - . . .145

;
(. -
).
, -
.
,
,
. ,
, .
, :
. , ,
1 am, 5 am . . 1
.
,
1, ,
- , .
, -
.

3. ,
-

, / ( ) (. . 48); ; , I] ' , I (I + dl), dl , v

, ,
.
(8, VI), ()
1

, ,
, .

146

VIII

. 48.
.

:
=

. 49.

, ,

dp*

_
dl

dl '

(5, VIII)

F ;
Q (
,
);
h
* 1.
( I)
', .. dl,
dp*, , , dh

dp*

TT

- . ( ) , (5, VIII) .
, , 2 .
1

, , ,
, .
2
, .
.

 3. , - . . .147
, '
t (t-\-dt); w v :
v = mw = .

(6, VIII)

(JLL

,
/ (. . 49), / , . . I dl
dp* .
Q

, . 49, :
v = mw = -rn^.

(8, VIII)

(JLL

- (5, VIII) (8, VIII),

I - , F
.
, , , , (. 50).
, . , . 48 49.
, (7, VIII)
(8, VIII), :

*
v = mw = -^,

(10, VIII)

(JJU

= ,

' = r + dr.

, F

148

VIII

. 50.
, () (., ,
. 44 45):
F = 2.
(11, VIII)

, F
.
, . 50 ,
. (9, VIII) (10, VIII)
, F
. , , , . 50
, . 46,
. 46 F :
2
.
(12, VIII)

 IX

1.

. 51.
.
,
. , ( , ) * *
OR , (. . 51); * > *. . 51 ORTB, ;

150

IX

xz, () .
OR , ;
.
, OR
- , ( )
.
OR L K , .

0 d

41 :../ ;".

/ / / / / / / s s / / / /

v -
' "

''\

[:.

'

/ ' /'/" / / f f

/ f s / / / / / / / / / / / f / / / /

/s//s

/ / / f/ /f s/

B'

. 52. .
,
, . ,
, (3, VIII), , - .

; ,
. 51, . .
1
00' . 52. . 52 ( );
. ,
, .

 1.

151

( * *), L K , /i, /, m,
.
,
.
(5, VIII),
, :

(2, IX)

F = a-b.

(1, IX), , Q = const,

(3, IX)

(1, IX) :
L

dp=-^jdx,

(4, IX)

-^77

, : (3, IX), , = = LK.

Q (5, IX) (1, IX),
(3, IX) (5, VIII), , , ,
:
dp

152

IX

(7, IX)

(5, IX) (8, IX)

,
. , = * *, , , ,
, *, *, , ,
1.
,
( ).
.
() . . 51
, , ENF, ,
, .
(7, IX),
, , ..
= const =

(9, IX)

, .
( )
, yz.
(, )
.
- ,
(. . ).
.
2, VIII, ,
.
1

, ( ), ( ) .

 1.

153

:
.
() ,
.
. 52 de
, , ' ' .
.
, . 52 ,
.
( ) , . .
2.
(8, IX) (6, VIII), ( I ):
dt =

m / i L K

k(pK

, dx.
-)

(10, IX)

(10, IX) ,
, . , ,
, 00' (. . 52); t , = , (10, IX) :
777/ LL -L/
t

, tux , .

, ,
2

(. ),
.

154

IX
U
/1///////////////////^^^^

0
Pr

PTZZ
*-

' . / :

'.':'

' ' ' : ' ' / . ' . ' . ' .

' . ' . ' . ' ' . ' ' . - ' ' . !

' : ' ' . ' . ' ' - - . ' . ' - \ ' - ' .

':''':

''''['.''.''.''

. ' ' " - i ' ' ' ' . . ' . ' / /

;..' : ; ! / : V -

X
' :

' . * . '
'

:''.''''.'''

:
^,

. 53. ; ,
.

, . 53.

=,
, (7, VIII), xz, :

dp =

kF

dx.

(12, IX)

dx.

(13, IX)

dp =

kF

:
(14, IX)

(15,

(. . 53)
, = 0, LfK = L K (14, IX) (15, IX)

1. 155

////////////////////////////////////// .

1
1

'

1
///
////////////
/////
1

1- - 1

^ 1

. 53.
. .
, ^44 !
, , (5, IX) (8, IX), (14, IX), (15, IX) .
, ,
.
,
( 4 ), ,
.
.
, ,
, ,
.
, :
Q =

kF -
L

. -
=
7
X.

, IX)

, IX)

156

IX

2.

. ,

, b (. . 45).
. 54 : ( ); ; , Rc RK. ,

*. *
. - . 54.

-
.

, . , ,
, *. * . ,
(* *).
, *
,
. , , * ,
*.
. 54
() .

 . . .

157

. ,
vl - vl =-

= ,

(16, )

() .
,
, , . 54.
,
, , , . ,
( *, *), 6, , , /i,fc,.
(9, VIII) (11, VIII), :

, -
, Q ( , ,
Q).
(17, IX):

In .

:

158

IX

Q =

"^ ^'.
Rc

(21, IX)

R
Q (21, IX) (19, IX)
(9, VIII), , :
dp

pK
In

Rc
R,

In

= Pc +

R
- In ^ - ,

(23% IX)

(24

, (23, IX) .
, ,
(22, IX) (24, IX)
, ; (16, IX)
.
,
; ,
,

= 7 #

- = Pi ~ * = 7( - ) = 7 5 .
1

(25, IX)
(26, IX)

(21, IX) (19, IX), ,

= = Rc.

 . . .

159

(21, IX), (24, IX) , ( ) .

, , ; s ( = ).

7,
,
s .
,

. , .
.
(25, IX) (26, IX) 7 , . .
7 = 0,001 /3.

(27, IX)

, .


;
, 7 (27, IX) (25, IX) (26, IX),
, Hc, , s .
, .
(26, IX), (21, IX)
:
- )

(28, IX), ,
7 ( ,

), , , s.

160

IX

.
(21, IX) (28, IX) .
(
) .
,
. . 55,

, ,
. 55. ;
,
- ,
(
) .
.

,
. . , \ , , am,
(21, IX) 3/ (
,
, ).
3 / ,
,
(21, IX) :

23,

(29, IX)

.
1. , , = 1 ,
/1 = 1 , = 1 am, = 10 , RQ = 10 , Rc = 10
( 8 ).
(21, IX) :
2 3,14 1000 - 1 - 1
= 546 j
Q =
5
1 In 10

 . . .

161

(29, IX) :

= 23,6 1 - 1 0 - 1 5= 47, 2
1 lg 10

.

, ,
, RK , , (21, IX), (28, IX), (29, IX) .
(21, IX)
2 .
, ,
( )
.

. 56.
.

(22, IX) (24, IX),

2

, ;
(21, IX) ( . ),
, .

162

IX

. . 56
, ; ,
Rc , . . 56 , ,
(22, IX) (24, IX) -. ,
,
.
. , ;
, . ,
, . . :
V

Q
Q
~ F ~ 2'

(30, IX)

. 57. CD.
(23, IX) , -

 . . .

163

. . 57 (23, IX) CD ;
z , ( , ) 3 .
CD Oz, . , = 2RC. DEFB , . s [. (26, IX)].
() CD DEFB,
D . -
, . . , ,
. , ,
;
( ) ,
, .

.
, . .
. DB CD DEFB RK. (
) . . 56
, Rc . D
.
Rc RK
,
3

,
,
, . . ,
.

164

IX

,
..; XIV.
, , (23, IX),
,
= const = .

(31, IX)

, (31, IX)
;
, (. 58).
, , . 58. ; .
2 VIII .
() ,
. , (23, IX)

, (. . 5).
. 58
1,5.
,
, . , , ,
. 58, , . , . 58
- .
,

, ; . 58 .
,
,
,
.

 . . .

165

, ()
() MNT
(. 57); , . (23, IX) s . ,
(26, IX) :
1

-
-

- <

(32, IX)

- ^

, = TN
, ,
.
.
2. RK = 10 = 10 6 , Rc = 10 . (32, IX) . 5,
(. 57).
5

;
(32, IX)

0,1

10

50

100

500

1000 2000 5000 10000

0,80 0,66 0,60 0,46 0,40 0,26 0,20 0,14 0,06

. 5 , 1 20% (. .
, 9 = 10 = 1 )] 10 40% .. , , ( ,
) . ,
10 -J-
0,20.

166

IX

, RK = 100 =
= 10 7 , . , , = 1
= 100 -J- 0,83 0,50
( 0,80 0,40 ).
100 , , . 5, , , 2
14 .
( ) , . 5.

: , , ,
. . .
3. '
,
fp*L +

I -
(32, IX) ,

'

lgi?K/lgjRc "

~ 2 '

' = /.

(33, IX)

, , Rc = 10 , RK = 10 ,
: ' = 31, 6 .
, , , , . .
(), .
4-
, . . (. . 54).

167

. . .

RK

2 J prdr
( 3 4

-IX)

df = 2 rdr; F = (^ Rc).
(34, IX) (23, IX), , Rc , . . , R^, : 4
2 In

,
-

(36, IX)

, = 100 am, = 90 am, RK = 10 , Rc = 10 ,

= 0=

^[L

= 100-0,435^99,6 am.

2 2, 30 5

(23, IX) (32, IX), :

^ " 1 -1 -

(37)

(15, IX), ,
(15, IX) (37, IX)
. In r
- .
4

168

IX

.
(10, VIII)
(24, IX) (30, IX) ,
:
m/iln

dt = -
&(

- rdr,
)

dt = ^ rdr.

(38, IX)

(39, IX)

, ,
(. . 50), ( t = 0) , = ; t
= . (38, IX) (39, IX):
/! In ^
(40, IX)

(41, IX)

:
1

m/i In

- )

(42, IX)

(43, IX)
, , t.

 . . .

169

, = Rc. R^ , :

-20,

(44, IX)

- )

nbm

-r20.

(45, IX)

(. VI), , ,
\i , , am, Q 3/,
, RK Rc ,
.
, : (21, IX), (44, IX).
,

. ,
( )
.
(45, IX) . ,
= ^

(46, IX)

, b . Q,
, , .
, , - ( ) , (44, IX) (45,IX)
. , ( ),

170

IX

.
5. = 1 , \ = 1 , = 1 am,
RK = 10 KM, Rc = 10 , b = 10 , 771 = 0,15 (

,
)5. , = 100 .
(44, IX),
, , :
= 999 .
(21, IX) (29, IX) (. 1):
Q = 47, 2 3 / .
(46, IX)
,
= 47100 3,
(45, IX):
= - = 999 .
= 1 ,
100 99900 . , ( ) , , 1 .
,
10 , (, )
10 10 . = 9900 ^ 27 .
5

,
v w (. 4 IV).
, (v : w), ; .

171

, - ()
6.
, .
. 57 DEFB, ,
:,
.

3.

1 VIII, .
, ,
, ,
.
,
. 46: '1',
( ) . , , , .
,
() *. *, * i? K .
Rc.
, ,
, * * ( , ) .
6

> , , , (21, IX) .

172

IX

(* *)
. ,
,
.
(9, VIII) (12, VIII), , :

* , - , Q (
,
).
(47,IX):

<48-

.

(47, IX) :

Ql1
P*

f dr

/ IX)
TV\
(50

'

Q=

(si, IX)

\R
Q (51, IX) (47, IX),
(49, IX) (9, VIII), :

dr

Rc

RK

173

*=1-

1
Rc

(
( F - - ) .
(

(53,

(54, IX)

, ^> Rc 1/
1/RC,
. , (51, IX) (53, IX) :

(56,

-

- ,
< ? .., , .
.
(55, IX) (51, IX),
, , , -
(. . 55).
(52, IX) (54, IX),
- . , , . 56,
.
v ,
, , (9, VIII) F (12, VIII):

(56, IX) , Z\p* - ( , ).

174

IX

, . ,
(31, IX), , . ,
( . . 46)
. ,
, ,
, . (3, VIII).

s (: . 57) (56, IX):
(58, IX)

. Rc = 10 . (58, IX) . 6,
.
6


,

0,1

10

50

100

Sp
S

0,1

0 ,02

0,01

0 ,002

0,001

[ (58, IX)]

. 6 , . 5, , -,
(58, IX) , -,
. . 5 ,

, ,
, - : - -j- ( ,
) .

175

(53, IX) (15, IX) (37, IX), , , In r

(53, IX) - ; 1.

(10,VII) (57, IX) [
(54, IX)]:
2^n2

(59, IX)

(59, IX), , t t = 0
, - = = OMQ (. . 50):

(60, IX)
0

, :
(61, IX)
, = Rc; R^ , :

^\

(62, IX)

(62, IX) , ,
= | irrlm,

(63, IX)

.
, , f
f
, B BECC . 46
, .
1

V- .

176

IX

4.

, 1 ,
:

, 1 < ^ 2, a F
(2, IX), . . 51 52; , (5, VIII). ,
= 2 . VII,
1.
(64, IX):

dp = -

dx,

(65, IX)

(66, IX)

(64, IX) , :

= - (

I dx,

(67, IX)

Q = cF [ *
1

(68, IX)

, ,
, ., , (28, VII) (44, VII). , VII
, = 1/.

 5.

177

(68, IX)
(66, IX):
= - ^ - ^ .

(69, IX)

(69, IX) (7, IX), ..

; .
, . (68, IX),
,
, . (64, IX).
.

5.

-
(. . 50) :

(70, IX)
, 1 < ^ 2, a F (11, VIII), (12, VIII).
.

, 2 3 . , ,
- .
, 2 (. . 45
54), ,
(70, IX).
(70, IX) (11, VIII), , :

2-

(71, IX)

178

IX

(71, IX):
Q
2

dr

(72, IX)

Q
2 )

(73, IX)

n0- 1

(71,IX) :
Q
2

dp =

dr

(74, IX)

( - 1 ) ( - )

Q = 2

(75, IX)

-1

( ), (73, IX) (75, IX) = 2 1 :

Q
2

(76, IX).
(77, IX)

Q =

:
5
-

Rc
(78, IX)

0 1

-1

, 1.

5.

179

5 s
, . . 57.
(78, IX) , ( ), . .
, . 57.
, -, -
, , [. (78, IX) (58, IX)].
, (78, IX) , (58, IX)
(. . 46).
. 6 Rc = 10 - .
. 6 ,

(,
, ),
90% ;
- ( )
.
. 59. ,
, .
. (70, IX) 1, 2,
, 2
, . . 5.
(76, IX) , ,
-
- .

180

IX

26, (77, IX)

. -, ,
- , 2 . , , .
.
(75, IX), 1 < < 2 ( ) ; , (77, IX),
(. . 59).
,
.
. 59 (),
.
; ,
. , (77, IX) RK
. .

6.

,
.
I. - ,
.
. , . . , , ,
.
III. , Re Re K p . -

6. . . .

181

( z/,
) , >.
R e K p , , , , > (. 2 VII); ,
10

2,3

^ /

(79, IX)

,
:
, . . , , ,
,
.
, ,
. , ,
.
,
, ; . 60

; .
.

: - 60.

, - ,
, , .
, :

182

IX

, , , (70, IX) .
. . 40,
. , ,
, ,

.
,
,
1.
,
,
.
,
, . , ,
5 , ,
, , .



, 2 5 .
. .
,
: , ,
,
Re.
1

,
,
.

 6. . . .

183

1. , = 10 Q =
= 100 31; Rc = 10 ,
F = 2Rcb.
, =
= 1 = 10~8 2, = 0,2, v = 1 = 0,01 21 .
Re , .
v ; ,
Q = 100 31 = 1157 3/,
F = 62830 2,
v = ^ = 0,0184 /.
(19, VII) :

0,0184^10^ _

Re ,
1.

v, Q. , Re (. . ) , ,
, ,
. , , ,
100
, 0, 5 . F'
r
v :
>-7

,2

F ' = 1 0 0 - T T 0 , 5 2 = 7 8 , 5 5 CM
/

v = -^7 = 14,7 / .

(82>

'

'

184

IX
(80, IX) (82, IX) ,
v1

(83, IX)

Re 800 (81, IX), ..

Re' = 60.

(84,IX)

Re' Re K p , ,
, [
(. 1, VIII)], .

,

, , .

If*
/?

L
/.

~1

- :
("V

fj

-*>-

1 /1

19

'J!)>

1L

1R
10

1-

k.

1
,1

2s

4 i

<

1R

'
9/

7 /,

69 9Z20 . 2* ZL Zi9 3i7,

Qt /
3

/4

. 61. . 1 ; 2 CDE\ 3 BCD,

4 .

, .

6. . . .

185

, [209, 212]
, ,
, ;

.
2. , = 1 , = 0,23, \i = 1 , g = 0, 8 /3,
= 60 , = 10 b = 1 ,
10 ,
0,5 ; 10 ;
Re K p = 4. .

( = , ) Q,
4 (. . 60); .
. 7; . 7 1 . 61.
7

Q,


, am
0, 43
3
Q, / 1 ,4

, 75

1 ,0
2 ,0
10
15
20
35
5, 0
2 ,5
12 ,6 20,4 26,6 32,2 44,4
3 ,3
6 ,4
57 ,57 59 ,28 59 ,08 58 ,36 56, 76 54,93 53,51 52,28 49,60
2,2
1,8
3,1
1,4
0, 10 0, 17 0, 23 0, 42 0, 87

. 7, = 0,1 = Rc = 0,43 am.

, Re
, ^ 0,43 am ; . , > 0,43 am
, > Rc
.
. 7 , -

186

IX

.
. 7,
:
, . .

.
,
,
.

7.

.
. . ,
1-6 , ,, , , ; , , , .
.
, , , ,
- . , ,
.
, , , ,
, . ,
,
, , . ,
,

 7.

187

: . ,
, ,
.
.


.
, , ,
, , 1-6 ,
, . , , ,
,
.
.
1-6
, Q , , , , , Q,
. Q.
, Q, _5 >
,
, , , , Q , ., , (11, IX), (42, IX), (43, IX),
(61, IX). , (10, IX), (38, IX),
(39, IX), (59, IX) , , , Q , t t , ,
,
.

1.
( )
, () . , , .
, ()
. , ,
.

; ,
, .

.
, , .
, , , ;
,
1 .
. , ,
. - . - ; ,
1

, [70] [120].

 2. . . .

189

. . , , . ,

, - , , .
,
.
.

,
, .

2.

, ,
.
, . () . ,
( )
, , ,
, ; , ,
.
. 62 : ADOF , KRR!Kf , FORK , FK ,
OR , , /iK, CG GG'
, NN' , /ir, EN
.
CEN .
L K .

190

/'
h.

pj

. 62. ; .

,
1 IX
( ). , ( 1 IX), , ;
, , .

; .
:
( ) ,
, . ,
.
,

, , .

.

 2. . . .

191

, . ,
. 62, , , ME
z.
ADOF.
Q; Q az
, , :

= azv = <*%(-%),

(1,)

v . (1, X)
= 1, (
). (1, X):

(2, X)

ak^f

(3, X)

.2

akj

(2, X)
:

..

(5, X)

Q=

akj(h2K

';*

h2r)

(6,

192

Q (6, X) (4, X),

:
^2
z

l ~ = (foK - for)(foK + for) =

= (^ - hr)(2hK

- hK + for) = s(2foK - 5),

5 (. . 62). (6, X) :
Q =
.
.
(1, X) (4, X) :

1 ^

>)

2QfJL

akj

: (6, VIII):

dx
m = =

\
(11, X)

Q
\

xntn

LL2

^
:

:
X

'

XQ t = 0.
,

 2. . . .

193

:
.2

t=

amkj

(13, X)

L K ,
, , , .
, (4, X) (7, X) , (6, X) (9, X) , (13, X) . ,
,
. .
(4, X) (7, X) ,
.
(7, IX) (7, X), : () .
, , . (1, X) 1 :
/

rl>y\nO

Q = azv = azc I -j- I

(14, X)

no , 1 < < 2.
:
\
^

(15, X)

(15, X), ,
, , . , ,
1

, -

VII, , ^ = [.
(64, IX)].

194

:
Q =

(16, X)

( + 1)L K

(6, X).

= 1, -

3.

, ,
.

D'

. 63. ; .

, , ; , ,
, . . 63 ABCD ,
z\ AD , -

 3. . . .

195

. ! ' DCCDf ,
hK.
ENF ( ) . NT , /ic, NWF ( ) . NWF .
Rc i? K .
,
, ; ,
.
; .
,
, .
, : .
. , , MW
; MW = z, . Q
,
:
Q = 2TTTZV = 2 ^

^ ,

(17, X)

v MW;

W.
(17, X):
* .

(IS. X)

196

.2

(20, )

(20, X) z = hc = Rc
(18, X) ,
:

Q = **
1

fin-

(21, X)

ite

(8, X), (21, X) :

.
(21, X) (20, X),
:
.2

^2

1^.

(23, X)

In "
Rc
(20, X) (23, X) ; (23, X) ,
z - .
(23, X) , z = const = const. ,
, . , ,
.

 3. ...

197

(23, X),
, ,
2 IX; , (23, X), (23, IX), .
(21, X) (22, X)
.
(22, X) , ; . 64. . s = /iK,
. .
. , BD . BD
. . 64
(9, X),
.
[. (17, X) (20, X)],

2 4 Ihl - % In

(10, VIII):

( 2 6

x )

Ro t = 0,
t.

198

, (26, X),
; , .
: ,
z . ,
z , z
. , ,
= \ = 2 z
, :
2

rdr = 2
Q

(27, X)

At ,
2 \ .
,
, z , . .
.
0
.
, (
),
.
, , D

. 64. - ,
.
.
. 64 ,
s /iK,
. . hc 0.
, () ,

 3. . . .

199

(
, , ).
, ,
, , , (20, X) (23, X)
. , ( . .),
, ,
, . .
( Rc)
hK .
. ,
.
,

.
, . ().
: ()
, .
. 65 : M7V, , CD EF
.
, .
1 .
[120 .] , .
1

( ) . . - [143].

200

, (21, X). , 40
, 80- , . . .
.
(21, X) , ,
(23, X), .
,
.

, . 65. - , ,

,
2

. (17, X) .
:

Q =

2TTTZV

= 2

dz
dr

(28, X)

, 1 < < 2.
z :
Q_
2

dr

no

z dz.

(29, X)

VII , =

[. (64, IX) (14, X)].

3. . . .

201

(29, X):

= /

znodz,

(30, X)

Q
1 V 2

1
^ 1

hn

-1

(31, X)

(29, X) :

(32, X)

Q = 2

-1
+1

-1

1
?-

1
1

(33, X)

0"1

, (31, X), z = hc, = Rc.

, RK ^> Rc
,

_TLK

-.
-

(33, X) = 2, ,
.
, (28, X)(33, X) , (
) , . IX,

( ) .

 XI

1.


(. .
) (. . 53) :

.
.
(11, III), 2 III,

"

LJ U^LT

2 ( = const).
(11, III), :
dg
gdp'

, :

dg = f3 dp.
Q

 1. . . .

203

/3
g >, :

:
\

(2, XI)

> ;
/3 ;
, .
(2, XI), :
In = In + (3( ~ ),

^ .

(3, XI)

(3, XI) , dp
dx'
d>P_ = 1_ _ 1 dg_
(3', XI)
dx
(3 Q dx'
(1, XI), :

: QM
=

\0V\-F

= QQ,

F ;
Q .
(4, XI) F, :
k F

d g

(5, XI)

204

XI

QM , (6, XI)
, , :
=

_
kF

(7, XI)

:
= 0,
_ '
,

= ,
_
>.

(8, XI)

> : (. .
);
> , LK.
(7, XI) 0 L K ,
:

dg = -j-p- J dx,
0

Qr

11

(9, XI)
, (7, XI) 0 xQ
X

Qr

Qr

kF

'

1. . . .

205

(9, XI) :

kF

(10, XI), :
(11, XI)

Q = Qv

(10, XI) (11, XI)

.
, (10, XI) (11, XI),
(3, XI).
(2, XI) @(~") /3(

(12, XI)

3!

-5 1

( ) = 100 am.

-.
= 1,25 - 5 ;
7

= 2,084-10"
" 7.
,
(12, XI). :
Q = Q

(13, XI)

206

XI

(13, XI), :
= Q,

- ) +

(14, XI)

~ ) + \\

'

+ P i

&

(9, XI) (5, XI) Q = ~ir

Q =

kF

QK~

Qr

LK

(15, XI)

(15, XI), ,
Q (. 11, XI).
F, v, :
v =

(16, XI)

(16, XI) , .
(15, XI) >, QaT

(IT,

xi)

(> >)
(14, XI), :

(18, XI)

 1. . . .

207

QH (. 14', IX)
:

(18, XI) (19, XI) , QaT QH (l-\-/3pf). /' 1. /3 = 5-10~5 ' = 100 am, (3pf = 5 10~ 3 .

[ ,
(16, XI) (17, XI)] ,
(17, XI).

, .
, (11, XI)
(14, XI), :

dx

LK

LK

(3', XI),
:
dx

(20, XI)

( 1 (15', IX) :

(21, XI)

(20, XI) (21, XI) -

208

XI

, :
dp
d x

dp
dx

'

(!+/%/) = !

(22, XI)

( ),
.
, , , .

2.

, , :
(23, XI)
(3, XI) :
dp
dr

11
/3 Q dr

(24, XI)

(23, XI), :

( 2 5 i X I )

QM , gv F = 26, b :

 2. . . .

209

g , :

(27, XI)

> Rc;
>
RK.
(26, XI) Rc RK
QM, :

2 )

Q-

,OQ

(/,

VT

Alj

(26, XI)
:

dg =

dr

2
Rc

29 XI

( ' )

2,
(28, XI) :

2irkb

: (29, XI), :
=

In .

(30, XI)

210

XI

(29, XI) (30, XI)

. (29, XI) (30, XI)
(3, XI).
Q:
2 (0 Qc)

'^'

/Q1
(

Rc
Q F = 26,
,
:

(^ - Qc) I

(31, XI) = >, QaT:

2

QK Qc
RK

/QQ

{,

x
A1J
VT

Rc

(14, XI) :
(0 - Qc) = /3( - ) ( 1 +/%?),

(34, XI)

~, +
= 2

'

(^> ^>) (33, XI), :

2 \Q* ~ Qc)

(35, XI)

(35, XI) (21, IX)

(1 + /')-

 3. . . .

211

, 1, /'
, ( Q)

, _ 2 (0 Qc)
-

111

, 1, (22, XI), ,
.
, , 2 3 IX, ,
, .
.

3.


, ,
Q
. ,
.
,
. . 54.
,
, . -
.
RK , , 1 . 1

RK
(. ).

212

XI

,
.
, ,
,

( 1 2 )
.
, , , ,
,
, .
.

, ,
.
, , , .
,
, 2 .
1. ,
t (,
) RK
. , ,
QM t, QM = const. , ,
.
,
Q*t=Q{QK-Q),
(36, XI)
Q ,
RK,
= ir(Rl - R2c)bm,

(37, XI)

 3. . . .

213

> , ^ RK; > = const;

0 Q

Q=-k I Qd^-

(38, XI)

.
(36, XI) QM Q (28, XI) (37, XI), :

2 ^

_ ).

_, _ )^

(39, XI)

= i-.

(40, XI)

(39, XI)
R^ :

- 0-

(41, XI)

: ^ 0.
dr (. 76). :
dfi = 2irbmrdr.

42, XI

Q , (37, XI)
(42, XI), (38, XI), :
RK

Q=

2
2

/ P(r)rdr.

rCc J

(43, XI)

214

XI

() (30, XI), (43, XI) > , * ,

(40, XI), :

( 4 4

'XI)

* =
, :

-^[

(45> 1 )

(46, XI)

(1 ) (41, XI), :
7

/1

:
~1

- In *.

(49, XI)

3. .

..

215

30000
80000
70000
/

S0000
50000

00

30000

10000
10000

ID3

2:W9

W9

d-1

. 66. i?* (Q = const).

. 66 * ,
(49, XI).
* , . (21, IX) :
Oil In R*
/

=-

1 ,,. ,

(50, XI)

Q .
(23, IX) 2 .

2.

(23, IX) , .

216

XI

t
, , dt, QMdt,
Qudt = d[f2(gK-g)].

(50, XI)

(50, XI)
, dt.
(50, XI) QM Q (28, XI) (37, XI) * ,
(40, XI).

2(1 - )
/?/i In *
(1 )
(46, XI) , = const, = const = const, 6^>(1 )
:
2/

dt = In Bid

-1)

:
1

2* lnR
lnR* ' ^ ^ K '

(48, XI)
2/
,

t = 0; = 0; * = 1.

dt = dr,

3. . . .

217

:
R

>*2

)*

2Rt In Rt '

(51, XI)
1

Rt2 - 1 -

2* In *

dR^

luvuu

""1

ir v "

moo

5000

woo

3000

2000

woo
0

to7

2- JO 7

107

7
5

. 67. i?* ( = const).

, :

71=1

2"(1*)
!

(52, XI)

218

XI

* (52, XI) .
(51, XI) .
8
R^ = -^
Q* =
=

/3/ +

Q*

1,15
1,25
1,35
1,45
1,55
1,65
1,75
1,85
1,95
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0

7,1582
4,4822
3,3322
2,6917
2,2821
1,9984
1,7870
1,6255
1,4975
1,4428
1,0913
0,91025
0,79828
0,72134
0,66489
0,62135
0, 58661
0, 55809
0, 51496
0,48091
0,45512
0,43429

0,01103
0,03043
0, 059105
0, 047345
0,14456
0, 20082
0, 26605
0,34019
0,42317
0,46797
1,0360
1,8209
2,8214
4,0375
5,4684
7,1155
8,9927
11,056
15,861
21,533
28,075
35,489

40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
1000
2000
5000
7000
10000
12000
15000
30000
60000
80000
100000

0, 27108
0, 25562
0,24424
0,23538
0,22821
0, 22223
0,21714
0,18873
0,17532
0,16690
0,16091
0,14476
0,13157
0,11741
0,11295
0,10857
0,10760
0,10400
0,09700
0,090851
0,088581
0,086858

-)

- t

671,97
1062, 9
1554,4
2116,6
2779,7
3534,1
4380, 3
17894
40635
72651
113970
460820
1858800
11721000
23032000
47125000
67937000
106300000
427000000
1714300000
3051600000
4772800000

. 8 , *. . 67
* , . 8.
, (51, XI) (52, XI) . . [189]. .. ,

 3. . . .

219

* > 1,0513 (2 In * > 0,1),

(53, XI)

(53, XI) 3 .
(48, XI), (49, XI) (52, XI) ,
t RK
, , ( ) 4 (48, XI) :

*= ^

(54, XI)

(54, XI) , t,
,
, /3, \ .


: t (48, XI)
. , . 67 . 8
*, . *, (28, XI)
3

() , , . .
. , 1948.
4
( ) .

220

XI

, (23, IX) :
Q =

2 ~

In * '

In Rt

Rc <t < RK.

t - Q = () . . * , Q , = -.


(. XXII),
. . ( , bRc . . . ( ,
10 5 i? c ),
(
~ 10% ~ 3%).
(2. ?
, , R
Kn
(36, XI) (50, XI) :
'
, = / Qmdt =

(55, XI)

(2. > (2 ,
:

. .

 3. .

..

221

(56, XI) i? K n (1 )
(55, XI) (46, XI) * = -^-, :
2

irr cbmgK

(2, XI) ,

, /3 , ,
:

1 _

(1-) (57, XI) ,

:
>*2

* vrZbmpbb - ) ( -^-

" 1 I

(59, XI)

(59, XI) , , ,
, /3 ( )
,
* .

222

XI

4.

, .
. 53.
.

, 3. : 1)
2) .
.
1. ,
t, ,
. , , QMt,
QM = const. , , .
, (36,XI):
(36, XI)

QMt = Q(gK-g),

Q , :
(60, XI)

= mFxK;

> ,
^ ; > = const;
j? Q ,

Q=

'

.
(36, XI) Q M 5 ^
(9, XI), (60, XI) (61, XI), :
K

- )

_ mFxK(gK - )
2

'

'

'

 4. . . . 223

2

t=^x

(62, XI)

, .
:
(61, XI)
,
= - - .

(65, XI)

2. ,

(50, XI). (50, XI) Q M 5 ^

(9, XI), (60, XI) (61, XI) , = const,
> = const, :
^
d t

rnF(gVi - gr)
=

2
0
t 0 t, :

'

(66, XI)

224

XI

(66, XI) (64, XI),

( ).
(63, XI) (66, XI),


t.
. ? ,
, L K .
.

i? K n =

<. = ( -

j? (61, XI), :
(gK2

gr)

i
2

ft
(58, XI)

,
, = 2 rnFLViQVif3(pVi

-).

(. > -^- = 1 (
:
= 2 rnFL^f3(p^ -pr)

= - i7Kn/5(pK - ) -

(67, XI)

(67, XI), , /3 ( -

 5. . . .

225

(. . . [189]) , = const
11%, (64, XI) (56, XI) .


, ( ) ,
.. [189].

5.


II, , . . . [219]
/3*, ,
, 1 am.
/ :

, /
.
/3*
1
( , ,
1 am:

'

(68, XI)

(1,
,
1

. XXII, . . [219].

226

XI

,
. f3f
/3 3 4
. 3 4 ,

.
.
,
, . . [219]. : 10 5 = 1,1 2, 2 .

XII

1. .

, (. IVVII), 1 .
1928 . .
() . . . . . .
4" U- 31,1 . ,
88,9% 0,15-0,21 . 38,7%, 26,6 . ,
.
. 7 , .
1528 . .
1930 1932 . . . . . . . .
U- 6" 35 , .
2 .
~ 5 . .
1

228

XII

,
, 37,65%, 24,2 . 2,72
4,05 . 50 . .
, 100 : 215. 37,8%. 20 . 30-3800 . .
, . , 0,4 .
30-3800 . . ~ 37,3%.
.
1932-1933 . . . . . .
. .. .
10" 15 , . ()
,
. 1 10 . , . ,
,
.

. . [27], . . [129]
. . . [100, 107] .. [91].
, . . . . , , .
1931-1932 . [123, 182] .
, 1942 ., .. 14
. . .

 1. . ...

229

. . . (.
XXII) (. . .
[100, 107] . . [91]).
, , , (15, VII) (9, VII).
,
Re, (44, VII) (40, VII).
VI, ,
, ,
. -
, .
[71] , - ( ,
).
, .
, , , , .
( (14, VI) (24, XII) ).
,
, ,
. , = 4, 36
( ) 2,27 , . , 85 190 ,
14 17% , . , , ( = 1,35 )

~ 4%.
. 68 , , -

230

XII
1200

0 WZO SOW 50 60 70 SO SO W0120 ihO WO 180 ZOO

JL . J L
p-' am
. 68. , . 1 , 2 , 3 .

. , 1
~
\ + 2
- , = - , \ 2

.
32,1 . . 68,
( , - )

- ,
.

.

, , , , . , ,
.
,
,

 2*. . . .

231

, , ,
, .
, , ( F
, , , /i),
, 10-15%,
,
, ,
.
, , , .

, ~ 2 .

2*.

1.

, , . ,
, . .
, . . , , , ,
. .
RK Rc , , 7 ,
1

, .
. .
(. . . 2, 1939)
(. .
., 12, 1939).

232

XII

w , 1 , . 1
:

uK++

+z
++
+
K

=uc +

+z
+c+

z ,
.
()

zc zK
:
*

Wc

~*

-^, .
70 , (.
. . [164] . . [91]) , 7 . /, ,
, 20 . .
6
3
3
Q = 7 10 1 = 81 /, = 20 ,
= 0, 2, Rc = 0,1 = 1 ( 1 ,
,
wc)- :
Q
2

81

z J, 14 U, 1 z(J

wl-wi

6,452

wl

, :
wlwl
<
^

2,12

'

'

/.

 2*.

. . .

233

= 0,57 / ,
, :

,
2 . ,

wc -

.2

= ,

(1, XII) :

, (). ,
.
, .
2.

- . : - , ,
.

. (. [199]), ,
di = cndT

(dv\

,
,
V .
2

,
(. 2 XIV) , .
At .

234

XII

,
di = 0
, :

dT)
\dp)i

-v,

\
\;

(\

(&\ - V
7 =

a i

21

38

55

71

88

105

0 ,3291
0 ,4111
0 ,4111
0 ,3698
0 ,3771
0 ,3502
0 ,3217

0,3478
0,3628
0,3644
0,3534
0,3532
0,3115
0,2846

0 ,3083
0 ,3225
0 ,3223
0 ,3138
0 ,2984
0 ,2751
0 ,2498

0 ,2473
0 ,2885
0 ,2893
0 ,2806
0 ,2632
0 ,2435
0 ,2213

0 ,2451
0 ,2585
0 ,2593
0 ,2506
0 ,2356
0 ,2158
0 ,1960

0,2198
0,2316
0,2332
0,2253
0,2119
0,1929
0,1739

17,5
35,2
52,8
70,3
87,9
105,5

. 9 . . 69 = ()
, . 9.
, . 70,
.
. 69 70 , :
1) , ;
2) ;
3)
.
. 71 71,1.

2*. . . .

Iw

235

* 025
0,20
015

20 30 U0 50 60 70 80 SO 100
/

25

50

75 1Q0TC

. 69. . 70. - t .
.
0.20
0.15

010

Ofti

50

100

150

WOfjamct

. 71.
71,1 .
( ): 1,50%, 0,60%, 87,78%, 3,82%, 3,36%, - 2,00%, 0,64% 0,30%.
, , :
At = aAp,
At ,
.

. -

236

XII

, ,
. . 72 . . . . 72, .
.
, 130 60 ,
110 .
52 56606168 7726 . 96

'

5 10 1520 253035U0U550556065707580 853085100105110115

I. /

. 72. .
. 72 60
130 . 70 /. = 70 /
110 , , 56 .
, 60 56 = 4 .
, , , . , ,
130 110 = 20 am 4 ,
:
= = -^- = 0, 20 / a m .

z0

. ,

2*.

. . .

237

, , ( )
.
. 1
. . [129] [182]
.
. . ,
, , 35 , .

.
,
, . . , .
[182] () (
) ( 3/;)
15,73 am 2,85
, -
.
3.

,
.

.

. ( , . .)
,
.
, ,
, , , ,
, . ,

238

XII

, ,
. , ,
.
, (
) ,
. ,
, .
, .

3.

, , :

-=-*7.

(2. XII,

7 , \ ,
, .
2
, :

(3, XII)

7 ,

= RT.
7

R , .
(2, XII) 7
(3, XII), :
&7

dp

. . . . . ., 4-5, 1940,
[86].

 3. .

. . 239

G , Q
, F .
G = \-yv\F = Q 7 ,

(5, XII)

(5, XII) (4, XII), :

G=

/^7 dp
-rjz:
p-z-.

(6, XII)

, . . [100], = 2. , :
dx1

dx

dp
dx

ldP_
2 dx

(6, XII),
CLJL

(7, XII)
, (7, XII) ,
:
dP = ^

dx.

(8, XII)

(9, XII)

, () ;
, L K
.

240

XII

(8, XII)
0 LK G,
:
G =

(8, XII) 0 .

dx\

(11, XII)

( 1 2

'

(10, XII) :

(12, XII), :

(13, XII)
(8, XII)
LK , , , :
1

, XII)

 3. . . . 241
, (131, XII) (LK ) .
=

(13 , XII)

(12, XII), (13, XII) (131, XII)

.
, (. 1 IX), (12, XII)
(13, XII) . . 73 (), (13, XII).
, 2 = ,
, (. . 74).

. 73.
.
.
Q ,
L K ( ).

(14, XII)
= mFLK.

242

XII

. 74.
.

v=^k

(15, XII)

dQ = mFdx.

(16, XII)

(15, XII) i?, dQ

(14, XII), (16, XII) (13, XII), :
1
=
L

,
'

:
2
3

(17, XII)

(17, XII) , L K . ,

 3. . . . 243
=

=,

(18, XII)

. . - .

Q. G
. (10, XII) :

kF

(Pi ~

(19, XII) (10, XII) , , ,

( ) , .
Q G, ( ) , ,
, (. . 55).
. Q
- F, (19, XII) :

( ~ ) 1

(12, XII) (13, XII).

(20, XII)
(13, XII) ( )

^ .
, , ,
.
Q , -

244

XII

Q = -

(21, XII)

(21, XII) Q (19, XII), :

kF -
(22, XII) (7, IX)
.
(19, XII) .

23

( - )

(23, XII)

, , F , a L K .
(22, XII),

(24, XII) (14, VI),

.
(13, XII) (7, X) . (39, XII) (6, X); . , .
1

 4. . . . 245

, ( )
.

,
,
.

4.

( 2 5

'

, v
.
(25, XII) 7
(3, XII), :
(26, XII)
2

= ,
dp = I

dr = 2
dr
2 dr'
(26, XII)

(27, XII)
F = 26, , , v, G:

246

XII
, :
dP =

(28, XII)

:
?

(29, XII)

>

, Rc;
, RK.
(28, XII) Rc
RK G,
:
G =

G =

In

R,

(30, XII)

(pl-Pc)

In

R(

( ) , G
7:
Q =

irkb Pi ~

(31, XII)

(31, XII)

QP

2nrbp

Pl-Pc 1
RK

(37, XII) (36, XII).

(32, XII)

 4. . . . 247

Q, (21, IX)
, In --^, Rc
(. 2 IX),
.
(31, XII) (21, IX)
,
( ) , (^ ^)- ,
,
(. 64) .

--I+

Q (31, XII), :

2 ( )

/QQ

VTT

(33, XII) (21, IX)

.
(31, XII) (33, XII) ,

:

( 3 4

= -

f-.

'

(35, XI/)

248

XII

(28, XII) Rc .

dp =

(36, XII)

(30, XII) :
2
Trbkj,

In

-Pi
#

Re

(36, XII), :

PI - P
RK
In

2
1

Re

(37, XII)

Re

(28, XII)
,
P K PK"

ln^

Pc 2
In r
lK

(36', XII)

lc

(36, XII) (37, XII)

.

 4. . . . 249
(31, XII) (32, XII) , , , ( ) .

.
= 0.
(37, XII) :
In r
TXJQ

""*

In
\

(38, XII)

RK

Re

(23, IX)
:
In
Rc
p
(39, XII)

RK
In
Rc

100.

= 0, 5 = 100 =
^

100

, ( ) ,
( ) ,
( Rc), .. , , 1 .
. 10 5, (38, XII) (39, XII), RK =
= 7500 Rc, Rc = 0,1 RK = 750 .
. 75 5 = 5 ( -^- ), . 10.
In

PC

-R K

100 ^ 0

[88].

250

XII
10
6 = 100

6 %

0
0
7,8
27,8
17,7
42,5
25,8
50,8
50,3
71,9
70,0
83,5
77,1
87,8
96,0
97,7
100
100

Rc
1
2
5
10
100
500
1000
5000
7500

2000

. 75. 6 = 6

8000

8000

. 10 . 75 . -- =

= 2, Rc = Rc, 6 = 27, 8%, . .

Rc ( D = 8" 10 ), 27,8% ,

4. . . . 251
6500 Rc ( ,
= 100 Rc), 650 , 28,1%, .. ,
10 . (50,8%) 70% (71,9%) .
, . . 10
5 . 75 5 = 5

,
,
. 10 27,8%
, 7,8%,
2 , (25,8%),
..


.
j
/ / ? \v
\ \
\

dr
(. 76). :
dQ = 27rbmrdr.

(40, XII)

:
(41, XII)

. 76.
.

(15, XII)

, -

252

XII

(41, XII), (40, XII) (37, XII), :

RK

In

(42, XII)

rdr.

(42, XII) ^
^

Vr
(42, XII) :

(43, XII)

Rt - 1

(43, XII) * , . 11 2
11
( )
=


^^\

10

22025 ( ) 0,9743
8
2981 ( ) 0,9677
6
403 ( ) 0,9564
4
54,6 ( ) 0,9331
2
7,4 ( ) 0,8683

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

0,9746
0,9682
0,9569
0,9338

0,9754
0,9690
0,9582
0,9360
0,8718

0,9767
0,9707
0,9606
0,9396
0,8777

0,9784
0,9730
0,9636
0,9446
0,8899

0,9808
0,9760
0,9677
0,9509
0,9020

0,9837
0,9798
0,9726
0,9584
0,9183

0,9870
0,9837
0,9783
0,9672
0,9366

0,9909
0,9887
0,9848
0,9771
0,9587

0,9952
0,9940
0,9919
0,9881
0,9770

. (42,XII) ,
2

, (43, XII), .
.. [91].

 4. . . . 253
(37, XII), (36, XII).
RK

In ?- rdr,

In

>

\
RK

1 -

PI

PI

-In

, * *, :
RK

1
2

* -1

In

In *

, /1 ~~
VI

-1

In r^r =

^ < 1
1x
s

16

* 1 *.
2
R* = 1 = 1 - 2 < 1, * > 1 < 1 - < 1.
< 1, ,

254

XII

. . . 3 ,
,
:

, :
(43 1 , XII)

(43 , XII)
, (1 ) (1 )
, =
= , , [. (46, XI) 2 XI].
. 77 *. . 11.
. 11 , . 77, ,
* > 500, > 0, 5. *
,
, .
, = 0 ( = 0)
( * = 7,4) ~ 0,8688, .. = 0,868 -
() , (18, XII), - .

.
, 3, 1949.

4.

wu
98

. R} 22025
r
h
*
--
_

i -

.^.

.-

96

/,

- '"*

>

jn

^ i.....

- ^

, '

. . 255

?^

32

00

83

ob

/7/ /7.2 /7,J /7/ /7

/7,7 0,8 0,9 /,

. 77.
.

,
(37, XII), , 2 IX, .
i?B , ,
, ( ) . ,
QpK. Qp. , :

-=

(44, XII)

, , ,
.
,
3 .

256

XII

5.

.
,
. , , .
, , . :
Qdt = -Qdp,

(45, XII)

Q ;
t ;
Q ,
1 ;
,
(15, XII).
,
, (). , , , , , .
(45, XII)
.
,
.
.. [91] ,
1

Q , , , (. XI)
, .

 5. . . .

257

.
, , . 54. , ,
,
(. 3 XI).

. , , , (44, XII),
.
, ,
, i?B ,
2.
, , , = , ,
. 11. , (45, XII)
. (45, XII)
:
Qdt = -.
(46, XII)

, .
. , , . . ,
, 2

, .
(, , )
.
.

258

XII

. ,

(31, XII) (37, XII).

Q , (46, XII),
.

, . .
t = 0 = = -

(47, XII)

.
1. , .
:
= const.
(48, XII)
, ,
(
) , . ,
, .
2. , ..
Q = Q(t).

(49, XII)

, ,
. (49, XII) , . .
Q = const.

(50, XII)

Q (7^)5
(27, XII), (49, XII) (50, XII) , ( - )
V ar J

 5. . . .

259

( dP\
-.
I ]
. , (49, XII)
(50, XII) :
(dp)
\dr)
=

( ^

\dr J

(f)
\

=const-

= h(p^h)
=

2 dr J

(50', XII)

3. vc .

. vc :
vc =

= const,
'

(51, XII)

Fc , ; Fc . (51, XII) ,
Q = cpc,

(52, XII)

.
, t (52, XII). , , v , (51, XII)
3
dp
= const .
(52', XII)
dr ,
r=rc

, . . ,
, ,

*' = .
dr

r=r

(48, )-(52, XII)

[91].

260

XII

1.

( = const)
(46, XII) :
(53, XII)

, Q (31, XII) :
(54, XII)

(55, XII)

(54, XII) (53, XII), :

(1-1

0 t
, :
,

t = -

, ()(+)
In

,
,
(56, All)

,
1 =

>

(57, XII)

No = 2

:
(58, XII)

 5. . . .

261

(58, XII) :
t = N2 In \ ^ - JVi.

(59, XII)

() =
= const , t = = ( =

= = ^ , /^

+ ) ( - )

, t

].

(61, XII)

(59, XII) :
.

(62, XII)

. 12 , . 78
= (). (61, XII) . 78 ,
1 ( ) . ,
.
(61, XII)

1 + _

1-~

'

^.

(63, XII)

262

XII
12
= \
1 2

/
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9
10

0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50

0, 09981
0, 20043
0, 3022
0,4054
0,5102
0, 6038
0, 7307
0, 8468
0, 9692
1,0983

399,0
99,000
43,400
24,000
15,00
10,111
7,1632
5, 2500
3,9382
3,0000

1-
*

/
11
12
13
14
15
16

0,55
0,60
0,65
0,70
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,90
0,95
1,00

17
18
19
20

1,2363
1,3859
1,5501
1,7340
1,9454
2,1966
2,512
2,9436
3,6626

1-
2

2, 3507
1,7777
1,3668
1,0408
0, 7777
0, 5625
0, 3840
0, 2345
0,1083
0

= = , (63, XII)
:

= ^
^(64, XII)

- 1
, , Q = \. Q
(53, XII), :

= -

dt '

0
t, :
1

(65, XII)

(65, XII) , :
1

(66, XII)

5.

3,0

45

1
/
/

263

. . .

3530:

25

20
A

15

/
J

0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 30 Z

0J ?0,3Ot 0,5 0,80J0,80,9 1,0 &

. 78.

. 79. Q*


= const.

N2

! 1+

= in
=
1-
*

= const.
ID

= ^- (54, XII)
:
2
I

Q*
Q :

1-
2

- 1

(67, XII)

, -

(68, XII)

= Ap2cQ*.

(69, XII)

264

XII

(67, XII) :
Q* = ^ = ^ - .

(70, XII)

(70, XII) (63, XII) Q* :

,

,
. 12 Q*, (71, XII). . 79
Q* .
. 79,
, Q* = Q*(T) .
, < ,
= ^-; . 12 , . 78 79,

Q* (59, XII) (69, XII)
t Q.
2. ,

: Q = const,
= const.

(45, XII),
dp = jz

t = 0 t,

5. . . .

265

= - | t.

(72, XII)

, =
( 1 ):

("^")

t =

(73, XII)

, ,
, , (72, XII)
,

= - *.

(74, XII)

(54, XII) , :

(75, XII)
(75, XII)
(74, XII), ,
44 :
(76, XII)

Q = Q(t),

(49, XII)

(45, XII) :
-dp=
4

(76, XII)
.

266

XII

, :

(77, XII)
t

( / Q(t)dt = ,
,
i? B .
(75, XII)
(77, XII), t :
(^)

= \
\

--

vm

(78, XII)

Q = Q(t) ,

= I Q(t)dt
, (78, XII) t.
. , , (77, XII)
QAo6., , :
., = (

( = (^) ( (., ,
( = ., t = .

5. . . .

267

3.

dp
(Q = ) 5
= const
dr
(52, XII)
:
Q = -

(53, XII)

dt '

= A(pl-p2c),

(54, XII)

Q = cpc.

(52, XII)

(54, XII) (52, XII)

,
:
=

(79, XII)

-1+1/1+(W

(52, XII),
, :

-1 +

Q=

(80, XII)

(80, XII) (53, XII), :

2

Iv

-1 +

-
=

dt ~ 2A

/ In

2 dt

2A

(81, XII)

268

XII

, :
dy
2

- 1 + y/l + y

- = y/l + y ,

:
2 1
= 2 '

2 + 1
2

- 1
2

2 + 1
2 '

dy

= In : -

dx =

= 1(2/

.
:

1(/ +
t = 0, =

2
= = -

(82, XII)

(83, XII)

(82, XII)
t, :
1

(84, XII)
In

+ v/1 +

6. , . . .

269

(85, XII)

(84, XII) (81, XII) (83, XII), t .

- 1 + +

+ 1

+ \

(86, XII)

> 10 ,
1

'

(87, XII)

, (86, XII)
(87, XII) t. ,
.
(79, XII),
,

=Pc(t).

(80, XII), Q t,
Q = Q(t).

= (86, XII), (
), = t = .

6. ,

(36, VII)

270

XII

:
1-

\-yv\ = Sli

-1

dp
~dL

, XII)

(2, XII) :

dpp_ _
db ~

dp
~dL

dL

dL

dL

(88, XII), :

dL

dp
~dL

(89, XII)

-1

-2- /

(90, XII)

(40, VII) (44, VII),

(90, XII) :
-1

= (0,

(91, XII)

(87, XII), , .

 6. , . . .

271

1.
,
. F G :
dp2
G = \jv\F = EF
dx

= EF dP
dx

, :
n
dP=

\EF]

(92, XII)

dx

'

(9, XII).
(92, XII)
0 L K , :

= EF

p:

(93, XII)

,
(92, XII) 0 .

EF

x.

(94, XII)

272

XII
(93, XII) :

G_

(94, XII), :

)
2

vj-vi

(95, XII)

X.

(95, XII) (13, XII)

. ,

.

(17, XII).
= - .
(93, XII),
:
(96, XII)

= EF
2.

(89, XII), , ,
, , :
dp2
|7;| =
dr

(97, XII)

(90, XII) (91, XII).

:
dp2
G = 2irrb\~/v\ = 2irbEr
dr

 6. , . . .

273

:
dP_
= E'r
dr

dr

(98, XII)

2irbE
7.

E'=

(99, XII)

(98, XII), :

dP =

Q_
Er

(100, XII)

dr.

(29, XII).
(100, XII) Rc
i? K , 2 Q.
:
1-

(101, XII)

1
1-

1-

,
(100, XII) Rc .

dP =

9.

_1n

dr,

l-n

9.

\Ef

1n

1n

Rcn

=
\

Q_
E'

1-

1-
*

(102, XII)

274

XII

(102, XII)
Q (101, XII),
:
2

-1

1-

1-

1-

1-

(103, XII)

. = ^, (101, XII), (102, XII)

(103) XII) :

1
\

1
Re

(104, XII)

1
RK

(105,

XII)

(106, XII)

R
\
(104, XII) (106, XII) (31, XII) (37, XII)
, ( )
,

.

.

- R

prdr.

 6. , . . .

275

(106, XII),
:

1
RC

(107, XII)

7: I rdr.

-5

-^

J V

-1 Lp

-1 Lp

(107, XII) ,
RK

1 -

RZ - 1

1 -

1 - 1

(108, XII)

-1

-2 "1

a =e +
1-

l-g

1 '
(109, XII)

1-J

Z = R* -

(108, XII)
RK

\JaR? - BR dR= I \JaZ2 - dZ,

(110, XII)

276

XII

= 1

z2

2'

= R

(111, XII)

2'

4'
(110, XII) , :
z2

z2

/aZ2 - dZ = #

- -

dZ

(112, XII)

(113, XII)

- ""

2/ =

dZ

VaZ2 -

In (Z + V^ 2 - A2
2/1

In

+ V^i - A

(114, XII)

(114, XII) (112, XII), :

I \/aR*2 - BR* dR* = f \JaZ2 - dZ

(115, XII)

l -

 6. , . . .

277

(115, XII) (108, XII), :

aZ\-

ZoJaZ2-K-

(116, XII)

\J

- 2

+ y/Z\ - A2 _

i?* , (109, XII), (111, XII) (113, XII) '. ,

Zi, Z2 (116, XII) -

=;-.
13

=. ( )

*
it
K

10
100
1000
5000
10000

0
0,94981
0,99491
0,99900
0,99980
0,999900

,
0,2
0,1
0,3
0,95059
0,95218
0,95045
0,99512
0,99501
0,99643
0,99904
0,99901
0,99909
0,99980
0,99980
0,999807
0,999904
0,999901
0,99910

0,4
0,96001
0,99574
0,99916
0,99984
0,999916

10
100
1000
5000
10000

0,5
0,96290
0,99626
0,99925
0,99984
0,999926

0,6
0,96924
0,99677
0,99936
0,99988
0,999936

0,7
0,97696
0,99748
0,99948
0,99988
0,999950

0,8
0,98338
0,99819
0,99964
0,99992
0,999964

0,9
0,99219
0,99900
0,99981
0,99996
0,999980

. 13 = (i?*, s), . 80
= () .
. 13 , . 80,

278

XII

f,00

0,999

li

hWOOi

~--

'

0,998
0,997
0,996
0,995

- .

0J

- *

0,2

0,3

0,5

0,6

0.7

0,8

0,9

. 80. =

, . ,
.
, = 0
~

'

^ 10 ,

(106, XI) :
5 = - f - 1 0 0 ^ 1 0 0 / 1

= 2RC

5 = 70,

= 10Rc

S = 94, 7%,

. . Rc = 0,1 10 70% ,
95%;
5 (. 3)
27,8 50,8%.

 7. . . . 279

7.

. .

3 III.

, . . . [90, 91]

.
1.

:

>yv =-()()^,

(117, XII)

7 ; v ; () , . = const, , () = , \i . 7 = 7-) Z, R ,
.
( 2 )
, , Z = Z(jp) \ = /i(p).
, 3 III.
, G:
G = \iv\F(x),

(118, XII)

F(x) ,
.
F(x) = const.

280

XII

F(x) = 2,
, , v.
(118, XII) (117, XII), :

/()

(119 )

'

Gf(x)dx

= cj)(p)dp.

(120, XII)

( )
( )
0 L K ,
(). ( ) (
). (120, XII) , :

G = / f(x)dx

= / </)(p)dp,

J cj)(p)dp
G=

Pc

J f(x)dx

XK

A=

f f(x)dx.

(121, XII)

X,

^ .

(121, XII)

 7. . . . 281

G*,
G* = AG.

(122, XII)

, (122, XII)
G, :
G* = [ ()(1.

(123, XII)

(124, XII)

G=\G\

G* (123, XII)
(),
3 III
Z /.
. (120, XII) .

G f f(x)dx=

f .

(125, XII)

() = I {).

(126, XII)

() = ^.

(127, XII)

1-

(128 )

'

282

XII

(127, XII) (128, XII)

:

(129, XII)

=-()\

2

(130, XII)

,
( ) ( ), () = () (129, XII) (130, XII) .

, (125, XII).
, (118, XII)
,
F(x),
. F(x) F(x)
.
2.

,
, :
Gdt = - 7 ,
(131, XII)
G , t , Q , j
:
7 = 7j / idQ.

(132, XII)

4 ,

 7. . . . 283

, , ,
7 = 7-

(133, XII)

(131, XII) 7 7>

:
Gdt = - 7 ;

(134, XII)

t = Q f ^r,

(135, XII)

7 7 7 t = 0 (
, ) ,
.

, (135, XII) G
(124, XII), (121, XII).
7

^ .

(136, XII)

= Al2 *'

( 1 3 7

'

(138, XII)

. :
1) G = const, G* = const;
2) const ;
3) .

284

XII

G = const (138, XII) :

(139, XII)
. (123, XII) G*, () (138, XII) = (7)>
. (137, XII)
t. G (124, XII).

.
(123, XII) , v = -^= ,
- . , (123, XII), G*. . . - 7? (138, XII) ( ) ,
(137, XII) t. G (124, XII).
3.

.
1. . .
:
= 100 , \ = 0,012 , -

 7. . . . 285

\i = 0,0105 , t = 37,7 .
. 26.
( % ) : 83,19,
8,48, 4,37, 5,44, 1,52.

(124, XII). Z = 1, () =

,, R -

, . () (123, XII) , * :
1*

(140, XII)

\ ( ) :

G*

100 =

100.

(141, XII)

14



^

90
80
60
50
10
1,5
1,0

1 00
iuu

11 ,80
11 ,32
10 ,25
10 ,08
9, 25
8, 65
8 ,6

-29,7
-28,4
-26,0
-24,4
-20,2
-19,9
-19,9

- 1 5 , 83
- 1 5 , 03
- 1 4 ,1
- 1 2 ,1
- 1 0 ,7
-, 65
- 1 0 ,6

23, 3
22, 0
20, 5
19, 8
17, 7
17, 65
17, 6

-67,2
-64,4
-58,0
-55,5
-46,7
-46,0
-46,0

2, 0

, 0

6, 55
8, 2
13 ,5
13 ,8
13 ,8

-27,
-27,
-25,
-25,
-23,
-23,
-23,

8
6
8
1
1
1
0

. 14, . . , (141, XII) \

286

XII

. \ , = =-.
. 14,
8-12% 15-24% , .

, 2.
2.
. (Z = 1).
. 24 25 .
, 1.
(Z = 1)
2 ( ),

(142, XII)

I JIdP
* (140, XII).
. 14 (142, XII) < = -zr- ^ , (
) 20-30% 46-67% ,
.
* (140, XII) /i aT /iK
( = ) , ,
/, 2-13,8% (. Z\2K . 14),
.

 7. . . . 287

1 2 . ,
, , Z = 1.
, Z = Z(jp)

3.
3.
, ( / 1). ,
, 1 2. Z = Z(p) \ = /i(p)
.
( ),

G*-G*

100,

(143, XII)

14 (143, XII) . . 14,

10 16% 23 28% ,
.
, \, <
(, , ) , Z = Z(p)
\i = /()

288

XII
14
t

.
3

QP

500
1000
1500
2000

1,37
2,74
4,11
5,48

15,0
92,5
52,5
27,5

131
82,5
40,0
17,5

QP

<

_
10

QP

>

>

/^

6,67
10,2
19,1
36,4

-5,0
- 11,0
- 15,0
-20,0

.
4- () Q
. . : RK = 750 ,
Rc = 0,1 , = 1 , = 20%, = 10 , 37, 7 . Z = Z(p) \i = /() .

7 = 0,668 /3, /i a T = 0,012 . = 100 . = 10 4 /2.
,

Q = ^/~ , Zc /

= ; 2710 /.
, 2 , Q =

t. (Z = 1, \ = /i aT = const)
5 .
. 14 5.
/

 7. . . . 289

~-1001.

5 , ()
.
. 14, 5 , 2000 ~ 20%.
, Si ( )
:
01 =

7^

Z K p .
t = 3000 (8,2 )
S = ~ 24%. , ~ 24% ,
.
. 14 Qp (
) Qu ( ) I, , RK = 500 .
. 14, Qp Q H 6 36%.
, ,
,
, [91].

XIII

1.

( ), , , . ,
, , , , .
(
)
,
(, , ) .

. , ,
. , ,
,
.
, . ,

, .
,

 1.

291

, , . ,

. ,
, ,
?
?
.
1930 .
. 3,87
3 (10 .), .
10 3/3. 17,6 . ,

,
.
, .
1932 . . , , , .
, 2
3
3
100 (1400 / ) 20, 5 / .
, , . , ( 1
).
1938 .
. 2 ~ 6,5 ,
1

. . . . [100].

292

XIII

, .
.
~ 42,5 103 3/3.
. ,
, .
1936 1945 ., , [26], [19],
[11]. 1940 .
[93] ( , ] . [26, 19 93] ,

.
, . . , , ,
,
, ,
.
, . .
( ) .

2. ()

,
. , :
= 5,

(1, XIII)

( ), -

 2. ()

293

;
;
S .
,
(1 S)). (
) :
mr = m(l-S).
(1', XIII)

, (10, VI) 2 VI, :
k = d*SL

(10, VI)

(10, VI)
:

= 4 S U ,

(2, XIII)

/. , ,
; , , , ,
, ,

;
\ S1 ; , 81
, . .
SU = / ( , ) = f(ms, ).
(3, XII)
(2, XIII) 81 (3, XIII), :

= 4

/ 5 , ).

(4, XIII)

, :

= dlJ[m(l

- S), ].

(5, XIII)

, S ,

294

XIII

(?. )
(d3.r
) . , (4, XIII) (5, XIII) ,
( fcr) , .
( ),
.
.
/
rrfiiSSPj f t j i > ) r

. \

. 81. .
. 81 .
1 2", 10 3 (10 .). 2, .
, .
, .

. , , (-

2. ()

295

) 3 ( R)
(.
. 82) .
, too

90
, ^

fcr.
( 50
f
Q T

:
/
30

^ " -^

Q' = vT F =

20
10

'
kT-F

/IT*

20 30 0 50 60 70 80 90100

(6, XIII)
(
;
Qr
.
QfT
:

Q' =

Qr

/
(

. 82.
S
.

(6, XIII)

Q r
;
1

):

(6, XIII) ( -

V
V
V

296

XIII
;
( ) ;
vr ;
F ;
/i - ;

- ( ~

),
.
(6, XIII) fcr ,
S .

100

90
80

70

50

30
20
10

'

>

M l III!

20 30

/
/
/
/
/

50 60 70 SO 90 WO

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

. 83. - . 84. - - .
().
. 83
S
(70-120 ), -

 2. ()

297

= 17,8 .

' = --

( ), S .

. 84 85

() (. 84) (. 85).
. 83, 84 85, 86 ,
.
20% (S = 20%), - 100

\
( ) 90
\
50% , - 80
- 10
\
= 0, V
60
\
' = 90% - 50
\
-
\
' = 98% 30
( S = 20%, S = 50% 20
' = 65% -) -

' 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 90 100
. , . 85.
, ,
. -
.
,
() '

in

': =

/
/
/

*1

/]

.
3
. . [107] ,

= 3 - .

298

XIII

20 50% ( ). , , ,
.
, , .
, 20-50% , ,
S
.

20% ,
30% 100
80
60

\\
V
\\ \\

1 /
1/ '

<

//

wj

'

i ,

'

= 0 --

5% ,

= 0 ), ..
,
i
i
, 1i
20
' ~ 60%
W
, 48% ~ 18 0
0
20
0
60
80
100 S. . . 86.

- ,

-
,

, <
,
- - ,
.

.
-

V\

/ /

2. ()

299

= = 10% /, + fcr = 20% fc ;
= = 15% fc, -\- = 30% fc ;
= = 18% /, & + ^ = 36%
.
,
200
, WO

( 100%) . 86
. fcr
,

.
(. 87), . 83,

G(S) = hi

HO
120
WO

80
60

20

S. QrT Q>K [.
(6, XIII)],
'
.

WO

20 40

60 80 !00$,7

. 87.

.

(7, XIII)

' = G(S)

(8, XIII)

, G(S),
. 87, , S . 87.
, S = 20%

300

XIII

= 20% .
S
. ' = rf(S) :

.
, .
S ( 90 100% 70 100% ) .
S SpaB
($ = 90% , SpaB = 70%
), .
,
. S > SpaB,
, , , .
, = () fcr = kr(S),
. ,
,
,
. = () fcr = kr(S)
.

3.

(6, XIII) :

3. . . .

301

' +

( , L;
F L , -

F = F(L);
Qr ( ) F ;
~ -, .
, 1 XII; ,
, ,
/ / .
= -^- . Q
(10, XIII) (9,XIII) ,
, :
= '

= const,

(11, XIII)

^r

I *

< I

I - I .

( 0
YV)

\LL^

(12, XIII) fcr : , .

=-^
(13, XIII)
G(S), (7, XIII). (11, XIII) :

rj^=p'[G(S)+a].

(14, XIII)

(14, XIII) :
>

302

XIII

:
(16, XIII) 1

=p'[G(S)+a].
(16, XIII) :

* =

* ,

(18, XIII)

* =

(19, XII)

(18, XIII) * S. S G(S) ( , ) , (18, XIII) *. . 88 * = p*(S), . 83,

= 0, 015.
= () ' = k'r(S) (. 83, 84
87) * = p*(S) ( . 88),
fc^ = (*)

^ = (*)? ^ = ~

;
fcr = -7^

. . 89
* = 0, 015.
1

(16, XIII) . .., (. . . [179]). . . . . [87]. ( , . ,

,
( ). , ,
,
.)
2
* ,
.

3. . . .

303

70

0,70

SO

0,60

50

0J50

0J*0
0,30

30

n on

OJu

20

n tfi
,

0J5

Ofi 0,7 OB 0J9 10S

. 88. *
S .

s-0,9
/

f 0,8

1
1

/ H 17
/i
rs-o,
6

Is*0$
0

10 20 30 40 50 60

. 89.

' *
.

. 89, *,
, ,
. ,
.
= , (., , . 91),

() ,
.
.
3
.
, , , ,
3

. . [151].

304

XIII

, ,
,
, ,

(20, XIII)

(6, XIII)
= -=- :

(21, XIII)
(20, XIII) (21, XIII), :
=

-rdp.

, , 0 (
, ,
) , :

= - I kyK-dp =

'
,
* = -^

(22, XIII)

= ^>
:
* = / k'^-dp*.

(23, XIII)

3. . . .

305

*,

J
(23, XIII), , r
= (*) (. 89),
Jf
, 30
*. 1
*, f
J
* *.
f
20
/
. 90
J

* = *(*) /
10
i
.

,
0 10 20 30 W 50 60 70*
, .
, - . 90. * *
. -
.

4 .
, 1 2 IX, :
() :
/

(24, XIII)
(25, XIII)

2 (* - )
(26, XIII)
1

. . . . . . [189] , * = *(*)
,
.

306

XIII

= +

In -.

(27, XIII)

:
(28, )

.
. ,
:
= 144 ,
RK = 1000 ,
2RC = 8" = 20 ,
b = 10 ,
= 1 ,
= 392 3/3,
/ = 0,015 ,
/ = 0, 89 ,
=
= 0,88 3/3.
,
. 83.
(26, XIII). * * .
(15, XIII)
0,015
,

.144
6

2 1
Z 1

'''

 3. . . .

307

* = *(*) (. 90) * = 21,7 * = 10,4.

= * = 6, 62 10,4 = 68, 8.

, *, *, , (26, XIII),
. Qr
(28, ) . . 15
, = .
. 91, , , , ,
. ,
.
15

100
79,5
55,0
41,2
33,0
21,3
13,7
6,60
0

*
,

15,2
11,1
8,33
6,25
5,00
3,23
2,08
1,00
0

6,44
4,22
2,83
1,87
1,35
0,70
0,36
0,11
0

42,6
27,9
18,7
12,4
8,95
4,63
2,38
0,729
0

- ,

25,9
40,6
49,7
56,1
59,6
63,8
66,2
67,7
68,5

Qi
3

/
393
537
657
742
788
844
875
895
905

/
1,35 10 5
2 ,11 1055
2 ,58 5
2 ,91 5
3 ,09 5
3 ,31 5
3 ,43 5
3 ,51 5
3 ,55

= 100 , = 44 am.
(27, XIII). , = 100 ,

308

XIII

3
Q
/ ft ffit^

4tU IU

Q
#

IUUU

-?*

mm

3,010s- 750

2,010s- 500

LOW5-

A
25

50

75

100

125

150

. 91. .
16



. - ,
,
, *,
, *,

,
,
0,1 0,972 6,44
100
118
20,0 1,31 8,69
127
133
0,2 1,03 6,83
121
108
50,0 1,37 9,06
131
135
111
134
0,5 1,07 7,13
123
100,0 1,41 9,36
137
114
1,0 1,12 7,42
125
141
200,0 1,46 9,67
138
2,0 1,16 7,71
116
127
142
500,0 1,52 10,17 141
121
5,0 1,22 8,10
142
129
800,0 1,55 10,3
143
124
10,0 1,27 8,40
144
131
144
1000,0 1,57 10,4

* = ; , . 90,
* (19, XIII) = *. . 16
,

4. . . .

309

(. 92).

Q:
,
, ,
- 150
.
1

. 93, . 92,
/

In . 130
, 20- , - 120
-
100
.
2 ,
D

"

150

U
1

4--

0J 02

0,5 1.0 2

45 810 20 WSO 100 200 500 00 ,

. 92 93. (. 2)
(. 1) .

4.

,
, .
, ,

310

XIII

(
). XII

.
. . 54.

Q ,
(41, XII);
;
S :
(29, XIII)

t .

:
Qxdt = -QdS.

(30, XIII)

,
(2 (26, XIII).
XII,
.
( )
, . ,
*
Sr

->

sr.

->

S>K?

= , ,

= .

 4. . . .

311

, . ,
.

.
(23, IX) 0,16 \\

0,15 \
\
\
(30, XI)
\
g
1
0.18
, 0J2
0,11
(45, XI),
0,10

N
0,09
\
:

V
\
\

(31,

XIII)

0,07

0,06

0,08

'

()=

1
2 In

0,05

Rf

-1

(32, XIII)

4
30

9lflRK

100 150 500 WOO 2000 5000 W000 R

. 92.

(^) . 94.
. 17 *.
. 17, ^
. ,
.
0,6-0,9
. RZ = - 500.
R


Sr.

^ 1.

(33, XIII)

 17 <

( )

=0

= 0,1

0,9743 0,9507
0,9677 ,9375
0,9564 ,9167
0,9331 ,8750
0,8683 ,7689

2,42
3,12
4,15
6,23
11.44

= 0,5

25025
2981
403
54
7,1

0,9808
0,9760
0,9677
0,9509
0,9020

0,9754
0,9687
0,9583
0,9375
0,8845

0,,55 0,9837 0,9803 0,.35 0,9870 0,9852

;75 0,9798 0,9750 0,-49 0,9837 0,9813
0,'7 0,9726 0,9667 0,161 0,9783 0,9750

1,-41 0,9584 0,9500 0,,S8 0,9672 0,9625

2,15 0,9183 0,9076 1,17 0,9366 0,9307

1,52
1,96
2,58
3,85
6,50

0,9767 0,9655
0,9707 0,9563
0,9606 0,9417
0,9396 0,9125
0,8777 0,8382

1,15
1,48
1,97
2,88
4.5

= 0,8

0,9784 0,9704
0,9731 0,9625
0,9636 0,9500
0,9446 0,9250
0,8899 0,8613

0,,S2
1,109
1,'41
2,107
3,21

= 0,9

,18
,24
,34
0/48
,63

= 0,7

_^

= 0,4

0,3

0,9746 ,9560 1,9 0,9754 0,9606

0,9682 0,9438 2,52 0,9690 0,9500
0,9569 0,9250 3,33 0,9582 0,9334
0,9338 0,8870 5,01 0,9360 0,9000

0,8718 0,8151
,7920
= 0,6

*
it K

25025
2981
403
54
7,1

t=

= 0,2

0,9909
0,9887
0,9848
0,9771
0,9587

0,9901
0,9875
0,9833
0,6750
0,9538

0,081
0,121
0,15
0,21
0,51

0,9952
0,9940
0,9919
0,9881
0,9770

0,9951
0,9937
0,9917
0,9875
0,9762

0,01
0,026
0,03
0,06
0,08

4. . . .

313

= - ( )
S. , ,
dt , ,
:
QTdt = d\QKSpr + i?(l S)pf] =
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
f
f
f Sdp ) - i?[(l - S)dp
-p'dS].

(34, XIII)

(34, XIII) QnSp' i?[(l S)

. (34, XIII) :

dt

dt

(35, XIII)

(30, XIII)

Q>K = -tt^f-

(36, XIII)

(JLL

(35, XIII) (36, XIII),

:

= 1/(*-1) + ^ ; [ 5 ( * - 1 ) + 1].

(37, XIII)

(33, XIII)
, . = 1, ,
,
.
, , . 88, S *SK .
. 88 , , , S
1 ^ 0, 75.
, ,

314

XIII
V1 = V1

S^S

(38, ) :

(38, XIII), (37, XIII)

:
(39, XIII)
,
(14, XIII):
= j^P'K[G(SK)

+ ].

(40, XIII)

(39, XIII) (40, XIII) ^ SK, :

= ri(SK)dSK,

(41, XIII)

>) =

(x-

1) + 1

(42, ) :

(41, XIII) ' ' (

1
) ^ S S'H ( )
*SK, :

^ ^ ^ ) ,
2
3

(43, XIII)

S SK . . .
(42, XIII); , (13, XIII):

, (42, XIII).

4. . . .

315

^(S K ) = Jri(SK)dSK.

(44, XIII)

(43, XIII) 1942 . . . [181] .

(36, XIII) (38, XIII),
:
(45, XIII)

(26, XIII):
<
( )
(46, XIII)

2?/

' -

-RK

"5"

(47, XIII)

, , . :
1)
,
:

< ( l - * + ) = const,

(48, XIII)4

2)
= const,

(49, XIII)

3)
<2 = const.

(50, XIII)

(40, XIII), (43, XIII), (45, XIII),

(46, XIII), (48, XIII) (50, XIII) , ,
.
4

(48, XIII) .

316

XIII

(51, XIII)

Qr = .

1.


,
,
,
,
,
.

, ,

.
, .
, , , .


, .
, > .

2Rcbvmax.

2RcbvmaiX = = const.
(52, XIII)
:
= )

(53, XIII)

 4. . . .

317

,
Qx

-.

1-+-

(54, XIII)

= 1 (54, XIII) :
^ -

(55, XIII)

,

q = (. XII).
, :

1)

= ( - ) ;

(46, XIII)
(45, XIII)
(54, XIII)

4=(&);
5) = tioP'K[G{SK)

(43, XIII)
+ a].

(40, XIII)

(46, XIII) (45, XIII), :

S'K t
t 0 t S'K S H ( ) SK,
:

t=

:
(56, XIII)

318

XIII

rlQ

(57, XIII)

(46, XIII) (54, XIII)

( - ) =

-.

(58, XIII)

, , .

QH. , , . , . .
(52, XIII) .
S^ < Sn. (43, XIII) , SfK. (40, XIII)
", ' S^. (15, XIII) (19, XIII) '
' , (. . 90)
'^ ^ = ^''^. '
pfc ,
= ' , *
, (58, XIII) .
.
Q^ (46, XIII). -

Q'r = Q'xr.

*SK =
= S < S^

, ", ^, , rt, Q, Q'J ..

, *SK (57, XIII) (

, *SK, -

= f(SK)

..), .

. . (43, XIII) (23, XIII) (. 13, XIII).

4.
ISSCO 150

10000

5000

319

WO

i\

50

\\
\

/?

V
"1

* ^

a n

<

5=:

800 woo woo

t,

. 95. t ( Qr .

800
es:

/
200 /
(

200 400 600 800 WOO /200 /400 /6Q0 /800

t, *

. 96. t

.
(56, XIII) t, . 95, 96, 97 98,
, , .
. 99 = .
. 95-97 .

320

XIII

\\
i \\\
\
80

1 20

SS

200 400 600 800 WOO 1200 /400 WOO 1800

t,

. 97. t

.
:o

{ 4 |

46

9 B

** ME
.

200 btib 600 800 WOO 1200 00 /600 J80D

t,

. 98. t $

.
( )

.
. , .
( , rsj 300 )
,

4.

. . .

321

1,6
\
\
08

V
s
el

200

600 800 10001200 11600

t,

. 99. t = .

. ,
694 ^ 6 , 8 3/.
, . 694
2820 3/.
, ( ~ 350 ) , .
(. 96),
,
.
(

) . , ~ 300
100 48 .

, (. XII), . , (t = 0)
= ^ 2 am, 348 ~ 0, 3 am6.
' , -

322

XIII

SK
(. . 98). ,

. ( )
100 ^ 1,7 , ~ 98, 3%, *SK 1 0,67, 33%. , . ( , / = 1 ) 33% .

7 .


.
2.

, , ,

,
(

).
,

. ,
, ,
.
, . (48, XIII) (49, XII): = const.
,
.
7
= 0, 005 0,001 [
(13, XIII)] . . [181].

 4. . . .

323

:
(46, XIII)
(45, XIII)
3) = const;

(49, XIII)
(43, XIII)
(40, XIII)

( 5 7

'

(56, XIII).

.

QH. , , . .
. (43, XIII)
SH. K SK = S^ < SH. K (43, XIII) ^8.
(40, XII) , S'K =
,
(15, XIII) (19, XIII) ' '*.

/*
=
(. . 90) * = *(*)
'^ '*, '*
)
~^

/~* *l

TJT

TJT

-1-

-- --

-- --

^^

(46, XIII) : Q^ =
= (^-^). QfT = Q'^-.
SfJ_ < SfK . .
' =

PK(*SK)

324

XIII

, (57, XIII) (56, XIII), ,

S^ Q^,
Q'r '.
. . ,
.

5.

,
, , .
( , ),
, , , ,
.

.
. 100

f
k'H = k n(S) = kB(S); ' = -^, = -^-, .
kfH . . , ,

(. . 83).
30% (S = 30%)
, ,
(). 30%
. S = 80%
. ,
20%. () ,
, . . , 80%.

5.

325

100
90
\

jio'90
1,8
0,35

/
/

40

20 40 60 80 /00
S - , %

' =
' = ^

30

. 100.
1

> /

7/7

S.

20

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 10 80 SO
S, %

.
101.
un =

(&4 = ^) *

S
.

. 101 102 ' = kfa()

f
f
k B = k B(S) ,
( = ):
,
.
,
> ( , ) , . , . 103.
-

326

XIII

too
90

/ -- 90
.
= 1,80

=0,35.
v
= 0,057

70

%
)

30

I
/

too
/

1/
I I/

35-

1,60

/
J

20
W
*

ft

10 7030 SO SB 70 80 90 100

102.
=

20

40

60

100

. 103. / =

' = - S
.

, ,
100%. S = 40% (
60%) 80% ( 20%) /~ = 1, 8 10% ( 90%) /i0 = 90.
, = 0, 35
95%.
/ ,
. /
, .
, , /
.
, -

 5.

327

/ S . , , S = 60% / = 0, 35,

-- 12,1 0,0272 am/

60 80%.
. 100 ,
24-34 / ( ) 5 / ( ). .
, .
,
. .

DAp'
D , D =
= 5, 63 10~ 4 / ( , ),
, AL , .
,

. .
, ,
- .
,
. , , , , , ,
.
, D, ,
. , , , -

328

XIII

-. , .
-, , , = ^
, ,
, .
,
, - .

, , ^
, ,
, . , , kfH kfB S.
. 104 ^ = kfa(S) = kB(S),
.
, -
.
, .
- ,
, (. .,
,
, -) S .
, ~ 20%, . ,
80%.
20% 2 ,
.
30%
.

.

5. ,

too

10
-50

\.

$0

>

/
/

/
7 /

V- /

20

329

-*

V/

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 30 WS
S,'/o

. 104. =

= = - S -

( = 1, 75 ).
, ( 30% )
.
-
, =
.

(,
, ) 0, 68 am/,
.
-
. , , , ( ,
). , , .

330

XIII

6. ,

2, 3, 4 5
. ,
, ,
, .
, .
[93] ,
5 .
, , (0,25 N ) . , 1010, 800 853 /3,
25 0,9, 1,67 18,2 .
0,018 ,
25 760 . . 0, 0152 3/3 am,
0,12 3/3 am 0,087 3/3 am.
27,8 / ()
30 / ( + ). - 31,2 / () 20,0 / ( + ).

41-44%.
5,5-7,0 (
106) 16,2 . 1 . , , 100-200, ,
80-100.
, .
,

. fcH , 5.
(6, XIII) (. 2 ).

 6.

331

. 105 ,
-- , . , .

100%

/VVW\A
100%

. 105. , -- , .
. S
( ) Su, SB Sr, '
( ) fcH, fcr , Rnj RBJ Rr
Q H , QB QfT
(Q H + QB + QrT)
[93].
. 106 ,
( 5%) .
1 , RB = 0,055, 2 RH = 0,05, 3 Rr = 0,05. / ,
// , /// .

332

XIII

%

-,

/00%

. 106. , , .

100

\80

60

I 20

20
40
50 80 100
' %

. 107. ( ) ()
.

. 106, . . 107, 108 109

6. ,

07.

333

. 108. (&4
%) ,

.

W0 %

. 109.
(' %)
,
,

.
, . 107,
(. 2),
. . ( ). '
,
. . 107 , , ,
.
. 108 109 () , .
, . , , ,
. 108, , ' = 20% Sn = 50%, SB = 50%, Sr = 0,
SH = 50%, SB = 20% Sr = 30% . ,
. 109, , ' = 10% , *SH = 20%, SB = 40% ST = 40%,
Sn = 70%, 5 = 0 5 = 30% ..

334

XIII

1 80

60

15 * 20

20

1^

1
^>
1H0V
em
*
.

60

80

Suf

. 110. &4 k'v S'H 15-20% ( ) (

).

,
. . 108 109 .

, ,
. . ,
.

,
; ,
. ,
, , ,
.
. 110
S'H -

6. ,
too

WO

L.

60

40

1
1

so I

80

60 I

7.

20

335

i.

20

20 40 60 80
*/*

. 111. ( ) ( ) SB . 50 /.
15-20% ( )
( ). , 15-20% , .
, ,
SH = 60%, ' = 38%; ,

15%
.
, .
.
4, ( , 1 ) 30%.

.
, . 70,5 am, , 50 3/.
. ,

336

XIII

().
. 111 .
SH . , S B . . , SH . . ,
(S B = 0) ~ 25%, 75%
( S B = 0 ) 75% ,
; 40% (S B = 40%, S'H . = 60%); S'H . 20% 33%
,
100 (S B + SHOCT.) = 40%
40/60 100 = 67% ,
. , 40% 8%. ,
60% 30% ,
70%. , 20%
3%.
. ,

.

.
. .
,
. ,
, , , .
,
, , , . .
, .
().

 6. ,

337

,
,
, ,
.

( ).
. , .

,
. , , , ,
. . ,
. 108 109.
,
, .
, , .
,
, .
, , , ,
1
, .
, ,
.

, [92].

XIV

1.

.

.

:
I.
.
. .
III.
.
IV. .

Q Rc RK
[. (21, IX), (28, XI), (33, XII), (26, XIII), (21, X)]:
, XIV)
^ Rc
, , ,
, . .

1.

, ,
' . Q Rc Q
R'c = nfRc. (1, XIV) :
R

BL

339

11.6

/.*
1,0
0,8

0,6

0,2

R
R(

(2,

XIV)

h
(1, XIV)-(2, XIV)

0 I 2 3 4 5 6lg~R~c
2
5
U
1 10 10 IO W

. 112.
Rc RK
^ -
.

:
, ,
( ) - .

, (28, XI),
(21, IX), (21, X), (33, XII), (26, XIII).
18

RK

Rc
106
10 5
4
10
10 3

Q Rc

Q
Ilg n - ^ K
lg
A
Rc
Rc
Rc

6
5
4
3

0,17
0,20
0,25
0,33

10
10
5
1

2
1
0,70
0

Q
A
0,50
1,00
1,43
oo

(1, XIV) . 18
. 112;

340

XIV

Q
R
^. = const

-, . .

Rc RK = const, RK Rc = const.

Rc

1
/
/

/
/

^=
9

*>*

* -

~~.

7
M E

MMMi

|*

* ->

~~.

^"

PS

<

ss

"

***

^=;

fO'

/2

. 113. , ; - . 1
R

= 10 ; 2 Q

4 -

= 10 ; -

=10 ;

= .

(2, XIV) . 19 6

. 113 - = 10
= 10 ; R
Rc = 10 , . . 8", RK = 100 = 1 .
.

1.

341

. 18 . 112 ,
-^ 10 3 10 6 .

. 112 , .
. 19 , . , ,
= 104Rc 100 ,
, 8%. = 10 6 ,
.
19

lgra'

Q'

Q
-

0,001
0,01
0,1
0.5
1
2
10
100
1000

-3
-2
-1
-0,3
0
0,3
1
2
3

1-LU
6

Rc
0 ,67
0 ,75
0 ,86
0 ,95
1 ,00
1 ,05
1 ,20
1 ,50
2 ,00

9L
Q

Q'

10
-LU

Rc
0 ,57
0 ,67
0 ,80
0 ,93
1 ,00
1 ,08
1 ,33
2 ,00
4 ,00

. 113 , , . . > 1,
1 2 , (. . < 1). , - , .
, , = 104Rc
10 33%,
10 20%.
- ' 1 , :-LbC

342

XIV

, (1, XIV)-(2, XIV),

(. . ) .
.
, (
)
Rc; '
, ' R'c, R'c = 'Rc.
(21, IX), -
, :

(3,XIV)

(3, XIV) , ' <

' > 1, ..
, .
. 20 (3, XIV),
.
. 20 4 . 113; 3
6
4
= 10 , 4 = 10 Rc. 3 4 ,
, Ign . (3, XIV).
3 4 ,
,
.
(2, XIV) (3, XIV) . 19 20 ,

1

5, . 20, .

1.

343

20:
'

~

'
5
~

0,001
0,01
0,1
0,5
1
2
10
100
1000

1,50
1,33
1,17
1,05
1,00
0,95
0,83
0,67
0,50

= 10

1,75
1,50
1,25
1,08
1,00
0,92
0,75
0,50
0,25

,
.
(3, XIV) - , ( ,
) ,
, .
(21, IX) (28, XI).
, - ()
,
(3, XIV) . ,
, (21, X), (22, X) :

- h'

hi - hi

/2

Pc

Pc

lg

(4, XIV)

344

XIV

2ftKg; - s'j
2hKs - s2

2p^Ap< -

~ 2pKAp -

f
(Ap\2
)

(Apf

(5, XIV)

R
lg
R(

hK ; hK ; s , ,
,
Rc; ,
Rc, ' (Rc = nfRc),
.
S , (4, XIV) (5, XIV):
R
Rr

5=

R
R,

= 1 -

\gnf
lg

(6, XIV)

(3, XIV) (6, XIV) , , . 20

5.
(4, XIV) (, XIV) :
(7,

XIV)

(7, XIV), :
= 1 - S

1-5

1*

\
)

(8, XIV)

,
(5, XIV) - (6, XIV).
(8, XIV) :
( ) .

 1.

345

, , . . ,
( -^ j .
(8, XIV) :
(9, XIV)
, (9, XIV) S < 1, . .
' > 1, , = 0,
.
. 20, 5 = 0, 83 0, 75 . 5 (9, XIV),
:
^

=0,41-0,50,

(10, XIV)

, , ' = pfc = :

=0,59-0,50.

(11, XIV)

:
1
= 0,78-0,72.

(12,

XIV)

, .
, ,

, . (8, XIV)
( ),
:

p'c = (l- S^f)

(13, XIV)

>

X I V

346

XIV

(3, XIV) (14, XIV) , ,

,
,
( ) ,
.
, (33, XII) , (21, X)
, . (4, XIV)(14, XIV), ( ), -

.

. 114. , - , .
.

-

; - -

.
(75, IX).
.
(75, IX) = 2
:
1
Rc

Rc

1 '

(15,

XIV)

Qf Q , , Rc RK, Rrc = n'Rc; ,

.

 1.

347

, RK ^> Rc, :

f=VS= "'-

(16 XIV)

. 21, (16, XIV),

.
. 21 1 . 114; , ,
(16, XIV).
- (75, IX) = 2
:

% -
-Re

, R'c Rc . ,
RK ^> Rc, :
1

Rc

. 21
(18, XIV); . 114 2 , .
. 21, , ,
. ,
. 19 20 . 21 :
,
. ,
,
(. . 19) 5 ^ 8% (
i?K Rc) ,
(. . 21) 40%.

348

XIV
21

Q'
'
-
Q

'
Q'
1

U1
It
Q

0,01
0,10
100
0,10
0,32
10
0,50
0,71
2
1
1
1
2
0,50
1,4
10
3,2
0,10
100
10
0,01

IX , - ; , .
, , ,
, (2, XIV), , (16, XIV). -
.
, , :
(
) ; .
[209 215].

;
, . .
(51, IX) , (. XII XIII ), -

1.

349

:
1

Q'
Q

Rc
1

Rf

(19, XIV)

j_

RK

,
,
,
.
, RK ^> Rc, :
^

= '.

(20, XIV)

,
,
. , , .
, :

, .
,
,
2 .
, RK ^> Rc, (55, IX) (18, XIV),
. 114 , . 21.
.
5 IX , .
, ,
2

, (4, XIV)-(14, XIV).

350

XIV

:
3
2

(21, XIV)
,

. ,
, , .
,
, .
1. -

.
.
- , , ,
.

.

,
(. ).
, , ,
(1, XIV)
.
2. , (
).
3.
(

, , , ),
, ( ,

 1.

351

, ).
4. 3
.
, , ,

. ,
.
5. , .
, ,

, , ,
, .
, ,
. . . , . ,
:
(
),
.
[
- ( )]
> . :
Qmax = F V m a x = 27; ,

(22,

*V)

F , , , (
) -.
, ,
,
.
RK
.
(1, XIV)-(14, XIV) RK . ,
3

. . [215].

352

XIV

,
. IIIV
RK RK , ,
i? K ^> i? c , ( II IV ) , .
5 IX (75, IX) (77, IX).
, RK . , i? K , ,
,
( , ).

2.

, 2R

,
, ,
7
..;'-.- /'- -':' ' '.': , . 1
' .'..'.'..-' ; : .;.".. ; . .-.'.' VIII. '

. 115. R

*
.

^

~
J
J
.
^
^
, ,
. ,
. , , .
, ( ), -

 2. . . . 353

, .
,
,
,
, . . ,
,
(. . 46).

, 3 IX. (55, IX)
Q\ :

^ ,

(23

, XIV)

* * (. IX).
(
- ) (. 115), (23, XIV)
. Q2 B
[107]:

Q2 = *1.

(24, XIV)

, (23, XIV), ,
RK ^> Rc; :
Q2
Qi

|
n

^
~

,
36% , .
( , b (. . 116) :
(26, XIV)
^

354

XIV

Qi (,

, .
(23, XIV) (26, XIV) :
/////////.///////////
Rc
Q:

. 116.
,
.

In

(27, XIV)

4b

(27, XIV) . 22,

6, i? K , Rc.
, Rc = 10 ,
b = 200Rc = 20 , RK = 10 5 = 10 Q\ 2% (5
Rc 6, RK =
= 104Rc = 1

1%.
, , 1-2%
(23, XIV) , b > 200Rc.
22

b
Rc
50
200
400

Qi
i n 5 /?
L>
LK 1 U 1 t c
Qs
i, 12
i, 02
i, 01

Q_

Qi
iiJK Qs
1, 08
1, 01
1, 00

104Rc

. 22 : , .
.
RK ^> Rc b ^> Rc RK b

 2. . . . 355

;
Rc.
Q , (. . 45); (21, IX) :

(9R

23

$

R<-

1 , 5
Rc
, 50
0,20
200
0,06
,
400
0,03

, 5. (26, XIV) (28, XIV), :

hr-

(29, XIV)

(29, XIV) . 23 RK = 105Rc. , , , Rc = 10 , = 20( = 20

, , 6% .
, (. . 117).
-, - , .

:
- ( ) - .
1

. . ;
.. [168] .

356

XIV

, /////////////, //////////////
, , .
, ,

, ,
.
. 117.

, .
.
. , , , .

0,2 0, 0,6 0,8 I

1,2 /,4 /,$ 1,8 2

. 118. , .
. 118, [120],
; -

 2. . . .

357

q,
:

, xiv)

(* ^) () -
; (* *))
( )
. , . (26, IX).
. 118
;
z, , . ,
. 118 .
, . . = - ; , : Rc = 3" = 7, 6 ,
= 38 , RK = 152 , , = 50(, = 200(.
. 118 ,
, , ( = 26),
.
, - > 2 < 2 -
. ^,
- .
. 118 , -
( = ); qf, (30, XIV),
- .
. 118 ,
,
,
.

358

XIV

Q4 , . 117,
(. [120]),
, .
:
QA =

, 875fe) , 125fc)

//. } J- 2 In
Rc

1 - , 875/) 1 - 0,125/)

(31, XIV)
Q4 ;
h , . .

h= ;

(32, XIV)

, ;
. , . . . . [21], [180].
, (31, XIV), .
Q^ Qa, , -,
. .
:

"^-*\

,, xiv)

"'"
(31, XIV)-(33, XIV) -- /, ; h .
. 119 : = 38 , RK = 152 , Rc = 7, 6 ;
.
. 119 , , 20%,

- 50%, h ^ 60%
Q4 Qa 20%; , h ^ 6%
Q4 > 2Qa, .. (Q4 Qa)
,
, Qa - .

2. . . .

10 20 30 50 60

359

70 80 90 100

. 119.
.
. 119
, .
, Q4 Q, ..

(31, XIV) (28, XIV) :
In R
Q

, 875/) ,
2 In ^- - In
R
2h
1 - 0,875/i) 1 - 0,125/i)

ln R

(34, XIV)
. 24 25 (34, XIV)
= 105Rc = 104Rc.
. 24 . 120 #4 h. , . 24, , RK = 10 5 i? c . . 24 25 ,
RK
,

.
. 120 . 24 25 ,
h , , , ,
.

360

XIV
24
#4 h (R

10 Rc)

64 = 50Rc

4 = 200Rc

64 = 400

0
0,45
0,58
0,69
0,77
0,83
0,88
0,93
0,96
0,99
1

0
0,30
0,46
0,58
0,67
0,76
0,82
0,88
0,93
0,97
1

0
0,26
0,41
0,53
0,64
0,72
0,80
0,86
0,92
0,97
1

0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1

25
#4 h (RK = 104Rc)
h=

a
b

0
0, 1
0, 2
0, 3
0, 4
0, 5
0, 6
0, 7
0, 8
0, 9
1

4 b = 50Rc

4 I = 200Rc

0
0 ,39
0 ,53
0 ,64
0 ,72
0 ,80
0 ,86
0 ,91
0 ,95
0 ,98
1

0
0 ,26
0 ,40
0 ,52
0 ,62
0 ,71
0 ,79
0 ,86
0 ,92
0 ,97
1

, , . 24, Rc = 10 , R^ = 103Rc = 10 ,
b = 200Rc = 20 , , h 0,1 0,2, ..
2 ,
Q^ 16% Q; ,
h 0,8 0,9, . . 2 , Q^
4% Q.
: 100%

2. . . .

361

, = = 4 (. . 117). = 4 . . 26
b = 5 , = 20 , = 40 ; . , Rc = 10 ,
RK = 106Rc = 10 = 40Rc = 4 . . 26 . 24; (31, XIV)-(33, XIV).

. 26 - \
1 .
4 5 , . .
1 , 20%;
/'
5 20 110%, .. 7,3%
1 ; 20 40
30%, ..
1,5% 1 .
, 0 0J 0,2 0t3 Ofi 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0J9 1,0 tl

. 120. , -
; -
- . \ 50Rc; 2 b =
.
= 200; 3 - = 400.
[120],
. , , fcn, , ,
. ':
kf =

(35, XIV)

, . ' 0 1

362

XIV
26

,
%

,
%


= 4

4
5
20
40

100
120
230
260

20
8,1
4,4

, ' ' ,
' .
, 1,
, .. (31, XIV).
, ' < 0,1 20%, . kf = 0 -. . 119


, .
,
(26, XIV),
b ( ), . . , ( ). ,
5
Rc = 10 , = = , = 200Rc = 20 , = 0, = 6 ,
QA 10% ; ( j)
j- QA . ,
,

2. . . . 363

: (
), ,
(31, XIV), ^> Rc.

(31,XIV) :
, . , = 0 , , h = 0,
.
,
, , ,.
(29, XIV) (34, XIV) . 23-25. , 1
, . . , . - . 121.
, , ,
, .
. , (
)
.
, , . , ,
, (. . 121-122),
.

( ,
):

364

XIV

1) ,
;
2) , ,
;
3) ,

<N 2 .
~
,
I

,
1_|I
.
, , .
.
122.

-
.
, .
: ;
.
. . [168]; . [46, 121, 126].
1948 .
. . . . .
.
;
.
5 , :

(36, XIV)
6 =

'

QH , ;
Q
; Q (28, XIV).
, N ,
2

,

, . .

 2. . . .

365

, .
N
d (. . 121). ,
d :
.

^\

20

30

U0

d,

50

SO

>4s

*<

0,1,
- -

20

30

d,

50 60

. 123-124. 5 d ( )
( ) N .
Rc = 7,6 ; Rc = 15, 2 .
. 123 = 0, 63 ; . 124 = 0, 32 .

366

XIV

QH S d
N.
. 123,
"

"

= = 0, 63 . 124, = -5- 0, 32 .
4

Rc = 3" =
= 7,6 , Rc = 6" = 15,2 ; , ,

=
200 . . 123 124 ,

5 (, ,
1) ,
N ( ); S
Rc , .
. 123 124 , da TV, 1
( 1 . )
S , , , . 1"
, , 20 = = 0, 63

. . 123
, 2, 4 8 0, 69 ^ 0, 70. . 27, 5 . 123.
27

, d
1 .

20

<^

2
4
8

10
5
2,5

10
20
40

0,70
0,70
0,69

, 10 1 -

 2.

...

367

, 0,525, .. 52,5%
.
. 123 124
. 125,
S
1 . ( 1 ) [121].
1 .
. ( )
1" = 0, 63 ; =
1"

= V = 0, 32

'

j !
5 !

. 125. , S ( )
1 . . = 0, 63 ; = 0, 32 ; Rc = 7, 6 ; Rc =
= 15, 2 .

Rc = 3" = 7, 6 ;
Rc = 6" = 15, 2 .
. 135 , .
, . 125.
, = -- = 0, 63 5 1
5 = 0, 33; 5 = = 0, 32 10 1

368

XIV

, Rc = 3" = 7, 6 .
,
. 27.
, , . 27,
( ) ,


.
, . .
: 6 2-3
1 .
, ,

( 6) , ,
, 1 .
, ,
. 122.
Rc = 3" = 7,62 ,
d = 6 = 15, , 21 = 4" = 10,2 ,
2 = = 0,63 , it K =
= 660 . = 20 , N = 4, [121]
: 6 = 0, 88.
1" = 0, 63
2 =
N, d, Rc, RK . 124 : 6 = 0, 59.
: . 122
( ). ,
( ),
. ,

 2. . . .

369

.
[46] :
, - (,

), ,
, ( , , Rc RK).
-. , [46]

3 .
Q , ,
, [46] :
,

XIV)

, , N , Rc ,
, . , ,
1% ^ 0, 3.
(37, XIV) (28, XIV)
3

, [126] . ,
, , , , , .
, ,
, .
:
, ,
, , , -.

370

XIV

:
5= % =

* Re

(38,

XIV)

0, 01 ~ 0, 02.
, (38, XIV), ,

(JV = 4 ~ 8, ^

= 10 4 ~ 5, = 0,01 ~ 0,025) -

: S = 0, 82 ~ 0, 93. ,
:
.
. , , ,
.

, , .
-,
[46] [126].
-, , . .
[168], ,
, , . . . .
, ,
. . ,
, .
,
,
4 ,
4

, , ,
. . -

 2. . . . 371

, . ,

.
,
.

;
, .
, 1

, .
,
.
, , 1 , 5", :

(39, XIV)

^ * ()
. ,
Z\p* > * 5 > 1.
[. (23, XIV), (24, XIV), (26, XIV), (28, XIV), (31, XIV),
(33, XIV)] . (27, XIV), (29, XIV),
(34, XIV) 5 .
S
, ( .

372

XIV

) , () .

, , . . 8.
5

.
:
( -) ,
; .
, ,

,
, .
, .
,
(. [215]).

XV

1*.
, - ,
. ,
,
, . ,
. .
.

.
, , ,
, ,
( ) .
, , , .
, , .
,
,
,
.

374

XV

2*.

, , .
( ) ,
. ,
, (
), ,
.

.

. ,
, ,

,
N
,
.
, ( ), .
,
,
*

. ,
. 126.

; EF MTV, CD ( .
). ,
.

 2*. . . .

375

, ,
, .
, .

.
. 126 : , CD , EF , N
t . . 126 so s , . ,

vc h , ,
:

~ s)

dh

ds

so = const.
Qt t :
(2, XV)

Qt = vc-ac,

< , ( ).
, ,
vc s:

% = vc = .

(, xv)

(1, XV) (3, XV), , :

, ,
s

so

;, xv),

376

XV

:
/ --.

(6, XV)

. , s = 0 Qt = 0, vc = 0, f(s) = 0.
(6, XV)
,
.
(6, XV) (.
[206]),
:
Qt = csn,

(7, XV)

0, 5 ^ < 1.
(3,XV), (5, XV) (7, XV), :
/
t =

&

US

& ( 1 71
s

I = J^ ~ ( o

1 71\

(8,XV)

s ,
. . .
= 0, 5, :
^

(9, XV)

2
2

-1 - - ^ t .
(10, XV)

4
(10, XV),
.
(8, XV) (9, XV) s = 0, ,
. , , < 1
( )
(. [206]).
h = so - s = ^

 2*.

. . . 377

(7, XV) (8, XV) = 1. ,

Qt = cs.

(11, XV)

(3, XV), (5,XV), (11, XV) ,

, XV)

t = In ,

(13, XV)

h = so - s = s o ( l - e a c ).

(14, XV)

(13, XV) s > 0, t > ,

.
, (10, XV) (14, XV),
vc ,
, , , vc
s; vc <, Qt s, . . .
, , ,
,
, [225] . [175, 120], .
.
:

.
(
) . ( ) .
( ) ; >, ..
,
.

,
1

, .

378

XV

. :
,
.
, [212 219].

.
, .
, . ,
. ,
, , 2 ;
( [113]).
: , , ,
.
, .
( )
.

,
.
, , ,
2

,
. , , . .. 1945-1948 .
. 40/11, 18/11 37/11 XIII ; . . 40/11 180-200 / ,
2 ~ 2, 5%, 12 ~ 14 .
10 3 1 , ,
3
, 20 / (. [135]).

 3*. ,

. . .

379

3*. ,

,
( ) . ,
.
, ,
, .
. 28.
,
: 1) ; 2) , 3)
().
,
:
4) ,
, , , ..;
;
5) ( ).
. ,
(. [70]).
,
( . 2 . IX)
(21, IX):
Q

2 -

/xln
, ,
, . (26, IX):

> - = 7 s -

(16, XV)

380

XV
28
,

(

)
-

(. 59, . IX)

,
(. 64,. X)

(. 55, . IX)

- -

(
) (. 91, . XIII)

, , , (. 61,
. IX)

,
(. 64,. X)

, 7 s
.
(16, XV) , h!
. L, >,
do, ,

 3*. , . . .

381

. .

ti = 2,

(18, XV)

= - | % (19, XV)
gd0
(16, XV) (15, XV):

-=

2
(
ti)
=
7(s

),
7
s

(20, XV)
(21, XV)

/xln
, \
, :
= ]{8-2).
(22, XV)

(23, XV)

,
. 127: , .
,
.
, ,
(^ , (21, XV) (15, XV)
.
, . 5 : 1) , 2) ,
3) ( ), 4)
,
; 5)
(

382

XV

,
,
).
,



.
, ,
, ,
, ,
(
. 127. ).
.
, , . , .

4*.

,
, .

Q G , s () .
:
(. 128).
, 3 :
, 1.
. [140], [225], [171], [130],

4*.

1 . 128
, 2 , 3 .
, .
(.
3 4 VII 4 IX)
:
V =

gradp

gradp

(24, XV)

. . 383

I S up
. 128. 1, 2 3
.

v ,
g r a d p | ,
,
( ).
= 1 = 1
, . . ; 1 . 129.
1
< 1 2 ^ > 1
, . 2 . 129.
> 1 77-0 < 1
, ; 3 . 129.
. 129 , . 129. . 128. - - : 1 .
- = 1; 2 <
1; 3 > 1.
.
[9].
2
2, VII ,
.
,
.

384

XV

,
.
.
, , 2 . 128 , 2 . 129.
, (. ).
(. . 28 ), , , 2 ( ) . 128. .
, ( ) .
,
.
,
.
,
.

,
( ) . . - . (24, XV)
> 1 < 1, .
.
3 ( ) . 128 ,
, .
, . ,
3 . 128 129
.
3
. 128, ?

 4*.

. . 385

. . . . [4, 5, 6]
, , , , ,
. ,
, .
. . . [172] - , .
.
. , ,
4.
, , (
). (.
. . . )
, . . , .

,
.
(. [5], [9], [33], [130], [171]). ,
.

( ,
, ) :
Q = ( - )",
3

(25, XV)

. [206].
[212], [219], [213].
. ...
4

386

XV

Q = csn,

(26, XV)
5

, ', , .
: = 1
1 . 128, < 1 2, > 1
3.
: (25, XV) (26, XV)
, . .
?
.
, , , XIII,
, ,

(25, XV) 6 .
(25, XV) (26, XV)
, ,
, .
6 IX , (
, ,
)
. , , ,
, , .
. 61 1.
1 . 61 (25, XV); , .
, ,
(. . 29).
:
, . . . :
, , , ; ,
5

. , , , ,
, . (25, XV), (26, XV)
.
6
. [87] [207].

4*. . . . 387
29
. 61

(25, XV),

BCD

CDE

EFG

0,91

0,83

0,68

(25, XV). ,
, .
(25, XV) (26, XV), ( ) ,
,
. :
, ,
: = 0, 8.
. 29
.
, -
,
.
. 61, OABCDEFG,
2-4, ; (25, XV).
2-4 1 - .
(,
, , ) .
, (25, XV), (26, XV) - (. [5], [65]
, ).
7

, l,75s m a x, , 2, 25s ma x,
; s m a x ( ),
.

388

XV

5*.

( . . .) , .
: G Q
, , . , s ; . . .
\.
, . . . :

G
~

(27,

XV)

(28,

XV)

(29,

XV)

(30,

XV)

. . . :
[?7i] = / am,

(31, XV)

[772] = / ,

(32,

[?7] = /[774] = /

am,
.

(33,
(34,

XV)
XV)
XV)

1 .
. . . .
,
; :
1

. , , ,
, . . . ;
.

5*.

. . .

389

. . . ,
?
,
, . . .
3 , . ,

, , . . . .
,
. . . .
Q G

, . . .
. 130, :
] =

(35, XV)

tga.

. . . \ , ,
S
. . , (27, XV)-(30, XV).
. 130.
(21, IX) ;
, .
.
(21, IX) \\:

2
R

(36, XV)

/xln

(28, IX)
. . . 7/2-

- . . .
;

. . .
. . , . . . ; -
. . , , .

390

XV

. . . , .
,
/;
Q' Q ,
". (27, XV) :
(37, XV)

Q' =
Q"

(38, XV)

, , :
Q' - Q"

P'c ~ tf

(39, XV)

,
. . . (27, XV) (39, XV)
. (39, XV) . . .

.
, . . .
, . . .
( )
. . .

. . . . 131. - :
-
, - ,
- . ,
, .
( ) . . .
; , . . . .
,

.
. 131 . *
, . . . 771,

5*.

. . 391

' " Q' Q"', :

"
, ,7

(40, XV)
(40, XV)

rj{ > 77", < ".

. . , , . . . .
, , . . . . r/i
, . . . r/i
/\]9 .
, ][ > ",
.

, (
), . , (
) .
,
, , ,
;
, , . . .
, . . . ,
(.
),
.
. . ,
.
, ,
. . . 132
, .
D , D G, D
t , t , t , . ,

392

XV

. 132. ( ) (
) ( ) .
;, /;, //;, s ; , s /; , s //; , 77i, 7717, ^i" (28, XV).
Q = const s' < s" < s //; , , ][ > > '.
( , , ) , , ,
..;
, .
,
.
F', F"G, F'" ;, /;, t'". , ,
. . . .
, . 133
DB,
Q s.
, Qy.

 5*. . . .

393

. L'M, L"G . . . . t ,
L s :
Q-Qy
(42, XV)
V2 =
s s

. . . ]2 - t s //, :
(43, XV)

s s

(44, XV)

>
s" < s'.

. 133. ( ) .
, . . .
, ,
, , , . . . .
,

, (. 2-5 . XI,
[219]).

394

XV

( ) ,
, . . . . , , . . . 2 .
. . . , . . .
, . ,
.
, , .
, ,
.
, . XIII III,

; ,
.
, ,
, . . . ,
[., , (36, XV) . . ].
. . . . ,
, . ,
(. 5 XIII) , , , ,
, .
. . .
: , (
2

, . . . ,
,
.
3
( ) . . . , .
. . . ,
.

 6*.

395

- ,
),
., ,
.
( )
. . . (. XVIII).
. . ,
, . ,
. . . , .
- , . . ,
(.
. [154], [172], [116], [32], [8].

6*.

2
.
( ,
) .
,
, , ;
.
.
, , ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
(. .
). : , ( ) . ,
- , -

396

XV

. ,
. ,
, .

(. [2066],
(. [212, 209, 211]).
( , ) .
, . ,
.
.
. .
, , ( ) ,
, ,
, , .
, : ( ), (.
[65], [6]).

( , ).
, .

, , . , , , ,
, . . ,
1

6*.

397

( )
. [213] .
(. 4), .
,

, ; Q\ ,
. , , Q2.
\ 2 (. . 134); . (
.., . 3), . 134. , , Ai, A2,
( 1)
, ( 2) .
(.
1).
,
, .
Q[ Q2.
,
Q[ Q2 , [ 2. , [ 2
, [2 1.
(Q2 : Q2) = (Q[ : Qi), [2 .
: ,
2

. ..
; .
, . . [212, 209]
,
.
3
. [219].

398

XV

( ) . (Q'2 : Q2) > (Qi Qi)- OAiA2

.
, , ,
.
, , , , .
,
, :
. . ,
1936 . . [225], [120], [33], [212]. - ,
. , . ;
.
,
( )
,
. ,
, ,
,
.

 XVI

1.

N

///////////////////////////

FL

"-"_7 _

. 135. .
:
.
, . - DD
(. . 135). NC DD. NC , FEF. -
, - FEF

400

XVI

. -
.
- FEF, ZM
DD. - FEF DD
,
DD .
, :
= - 7^,

(1, XVI)

7 .
'
, DD
, :
PM=PD~

7H^M,

(2,

XVI)

7 .
7 < 7, > .

- = ;

(, xvi)

:
= ( - 7)^-

(4, XVI)

(4, XVI) ( ) ,
DD .
, , - :
(5, XVI)


.
, , .

1. . . .

401

, (5, XVI),
.
, ,
,
, [ (5, XVI)],
.
, .
. ,
:
, . ,

( )
.

()
, ,
(. -) 1 .
, (
), . 135 LCL.
,
/
. ,
(, )
1

,

. , ,
, ,
,
, .
,
( ),
, , (5, XVI)
.

402

XVI

.
.
, .
(. . 135):
/ =

100,

(6, XVI)

. . / h
"
,
h
22,9 (75
16
.) / ^ 25%,
/,*
12
\

/\ \
0,8
2 am. h ^ 15 / ^ 25%
\
0.6
^ 1 am; h ^ 15

/ ^ 15% /\ ^ 1 , 6 am.

0,2

, (

20
U0

80
100 f,%
3
7) = 0,3 / . . 136. - .. D , / - ( ~7)? hn F /\
- . , .
,
.
3
3
, h = 15 , f = 25%, 7 = 1,1 ~ / , 7 =
2

[120], , ,
, . : , ,

, .

 1. . . .

403

= 0, 8 10~ 3 / 3 , ] =
= 20 /. = 1 am,
( ) 20 /,
.
, , [122] ,
,
, 3 :
3

= amh ^D,

(7, XVI)

;
;
fcr ( ) ;
D ,
/ .
D / . 136. , , D ,
, /3.
, (7, XVI) ,
, . , (7, XVI)
,
2,
>3,5.

(8, XVI)

(8, XVI)
. (8, XVI) , .
: h = 15 , f = 25%, = , .. , = 0, 6, = 0, 2. /
3

, (7, XVI) ; (. [122])

, , . .

404

XVI

. 136 D = 1,3. (8, XVI) ,

2 105 .
(7, XVI), :
= 5 2 6 , 5 3.

(9, XVI)

, ,
,
, . . .
,
= 1 am ( 7) = 3,10 10~ 4

/3.

, ] = 20 /
Q = 20 /,
.
, (9, XVI),
,
:

26 3

= % = ^ - '

(10 XVI)

'

, .
. , h , /,
, ,
.
: ,
, ? ,
,
? (7, XVI) ,
-

-^ = 1,
.

/vB

 2*. 405

,
, , , ,
(); fcr
, 1,5 ~ 2 ~ 3 .
(7, XVI) , , fcr . ,
fcr
.
( ),
, .
, (7, XVI), ,
, , , . ,
,
,
.
:
,
(
), , . ,

,
, .
,
,
.

2*.

-

406

XVI

-
, .
.
,
, .
; . :
- , ?
-
. . . - [141, 142, 143].
. . - ,
-
,
;
.

.
- . . - [158] , .
,
. . . . [37].

.
-
; .
: , -
( ),
.

. - ,
2 .
1

,
.

.
2
. [77], [125] [175].

 2*. 407


, .

.

XVII

1.
.
.
,
. ,
, .
, , .
.
1. ;
, .
2. () - .
, . .
3. - .
4. .
- . XIV;
,
(. [120]).

2. 409

2.

1. . () I II \ &2 \ &2
(. 137). . 137 .
*, *, ..
, 1 IX, . , .

//////////////////////////////////////////////

!I*

-Mm

44-4

\\
I

7'

I 'CM I

I
1
I
I
I
///////
////////////////W

-P;
_L

. 137. ( EF)
.
(5, IX)(8, IX) . (6, IX) (7, IX) , . . ;
:
dp*
Pi ~ *
(1, XVII)
L
dx
=

Pi

(2, XVII)

410

XVII

( )

, . . 137. EF
. ,
; :
*

(3, XVII)

L
:

(4, XVII)

Q :
v2b2) =

Q=

(5, XVII)

\iL

V////////////////////////
P//////////////////J
\

! II
I I I II

jjl

I I |^1 I I

i i 1,1

M i l ,

4'

1 i '!

I '

. 138. ( EDF)
, / / /
.

,
, :

ab{pl-pl)

^cp-

(6, XVII)

 2.

411

A;CP

fci&i + k2b2
=
-b

fci&i + k2b2
=
^ h
.
b

,7 YVTTx
(7, XVII)

2. , l u l l
(. 138).
I II L\ L2,
\ ^ ; *.
(7, IX), :

Pi =

*2=*~^ f - ^

>

(x - Li).

(8>

(9, XVII)

/ / / , . .
d

i Pl

k2 dpi

(io, xvii)

\ ^, (8, XVII) (9, XVII); (10, XVII), :

l + k2L2p%%

(11, AVll)

*
(8, XVII) (9, XVII), \
\ :

'

X V I I )

412

XVII

(10, XVII) (12, XVII)

(13, XVII), , :
v =
^(kL

, . =

+k L )
( L 1 . L 2
Pt

Q = ^

(14, XVII)

(15, XVII)

, b .
.
, :
(16, XVII)
(17, XVII)

* , (14, XVII).
fccp,
(6, XVII) (15, XVII):
L

(18, XVII)

, (. [149]):

(19, XVII)

. ,
(18, XVII) :
L

(20, XVII)

 2.

413

.
(10, XVII) , /
/ / . , , \ < 2] ,
/ ( ) ,
//, . . 138.
EDF ( )
; / , //. 2 > \
( ).
(7, XVII) ,
.
,
(18, XVII), , , (20, XVII),
.
, Li 1/2 / / /
, \ 2 / / / .
:

^
"

\\ + k2b2 (\ , h
fci

' 1 (7, XVII),

fc"p 2 (18, XVII).
' > fc" [. (21, XVII)], .. , , ,
.
, ,
1 ,
I II , . 2
, l u l l .

414

XVII

()
,
.

. 139.
l u l l .

. 139 , \
;
#2- fci, ^. - G\ G2;
v\ ^ - -
, (
),
t. /
/ / , ( -

 2.

415

2) , :
(22, XVII)
^

Gu=G2t.

(23, XVII)
(24, XVII)

, ,
. . D
, , , - .

(24, XVII) ,

(25, XVII)

(22, XVII) (25, XVII) :

V! COS 6>i = V2 COS #2,

v1sm61

(26, XVII)

v2sm62

, :

=^.
tgO
k
2

(28, XVII)

. (7, XVII) (18, XVII)

.
. 137 138 ;
,
. , .

416

XVII

, 1
(. 137) , . , (7, XVII) :

= i=

(29, XVII)

=1

1932 . . .. [66].
2 (. 138) , , (18, XVII)
(20, XVII) :

(30, XVII)
=1

(31, XVII)

.
.

=1

, 2
, , . .
(32, XVII)

= f(x).

:
'

(33, XVII)

F .
, :
L

7\

 3. - . . . 417

( ), ; (33, XVII)
, .
. . . [66]
.
EDF . 138 ,
, ( );
.

3. -

1. -

;
. I II
6i &2 \ < (. . 140, ).
* *. ,
2 IX, . ,
.
. 54 , (19, 1)-(24, IX)
.
(22, IX) (23, IX),
; - :

(35, XVII,

418

XVII

(36, XVII)

In R

2R,
V,

'
1

Vo

V////////////////^

. 140.
- .

. (24, IX) , v\ V2
( )
:

2'

(37, XVII)

Q , , :
Q =
/iln

(38, XVII)

. .. [66].

, , -

3. - , . . .

419

, :
*

Q =

(39, XVII)

,
-R-

-*)

*
R

R,

. 141.
- (/ //)
.
, :

(40, XVII)

(7, XVII).
, (38, XVII) (40, XVII)
.
2. . ,
/
R, . // , ,
R RK .
. 141, .

420

XVII
. 142 ;
I II
.

\
2* ,
- / //.
(23, IX) :

. 142.

(/ //) .

*
Pi

In

(41, XVII)

Pi-PA
In

RK

ln^.

(42, XVII)

*
, .
v\ >2 / / /
\ &2 :

dpi
dr '
k
dr '

(43, XVII)

(44, XVII)

v\
: / //, . . = R.

(45, XVII)

= 1^2

r=R

r=R

(41, XVII), (42, XVII) = R (45, XVII), * ;

3. - . . .

421

, :
k2pK In #

+ klP* In

-:
^
k2 In -- + fci In - ^

PA =

^
(42, XVII), :

(46, XVII)

(41,

XVII)

P$ = P*K

In 11

In

(48, XVII)

Re ' """ *" R

.
(43, XVII), (44, XVII), (47, XVII),
(48, XVII), v
:

v=

"

(49, XVII)

, -
(50, XVII)

Q = 2irrbv,
:

Q=

-.

&

(51, XVII)

Rc

k2

\ = &2 , :, : (21, IX).

422

XVII
(51, XVII)

In -- + X In

(47, XVII) (48, XVII),

:

Pi =

fcl

In

+ 1

In
1

In

In-p.

,
:
Q =

2(*

-*)

(52, XVII)

/iln R

, :
In

In

(53, XVII)
In

(51, XVII) (53, XVII) ( ) fci,fc2...fcn; ,

, , . ,
, . . [149].
2,
, , .
,

 3. - . . .

423

, : , , , , , , , . .
( )
,
.

Q (51, XVII).
Qi Q2 , fci &2. Qi Q2 (21, IX):

Qi =

( p
1

(54> XVII)

R(

Q2 =

(51, XVII), (54, XVII), (55, XVII),

:

(56, XVII)

<lk2<l
Qi

k! Q2

Re
, _R , h
Re

k2

R
to

(57, XVII)

(56, XVII) : &2 ( , ) fci? (57, XVII) : ,

424

XVII

R ; ( ) \. , &2-
?
. 30 (56, XVII) RK = 10 , Rc = 10 . ,
Q: ;
RK = 10 .
30
Q

-^ R
/2

RK = 10 , Rc = 10
[. . 142 (56, XVII)]

fci
fc20,01

0,25
0,5
1,0
5,0
20,0
100,0

0,1

0,5

10

20

0,11 0,58
0,07 0,44
,05 0,36
0,25
0,19
0,16

0,93
0,88
0,83
0,75
0,69
0,63

1,04
1,08
1,
1,20
1,30
1,43

1,08
1,14
1,22
1,44
1,71
2,17

1,08
1,15
1,23
1,48
1,78
2,33

1,09
1,16
1,25
1,52
1,85
2,50

30

0_
02 '

0,01.
. 30 ,
; , ,
10 (fci = 0, I&2) R = 1
3 64%.
R = 0, 5 , 56%. . , 40 ( R = 10
R = 50 ) 56%;

 3. - ...

425

50 ( R = 50 R = 100 )
8%. ,
, , .
, R = 0, 5
R = 1 , 14%
22%.
, - ,
.
. 30 ,
-
2-10 ;
. -^- = \ = ,
. .
; , / \ , ,
R. \ = (56, XVII) (2, XIV).
^ 42

, (56, XVII) . 31. Q Qi-, Q25

: .
5
, RK = 10 ;
:
^

(58, XVII)

. 31
1-3 . 143; 4 5 (56, XVII), RK = 2000-Rc11

_RK
. ,
- -

426

XVII

. 143. ,
( ).

. 31 . 143
\ , &2 ,
R Rc , Q , Q2 ,
, / &2, .
. 143 :
, -, ..
-tic

.
, . 143,
(. [215]) :
,
20-30 . , , 800 ~ 8000 ,
.
. ,
RK
. RK

 3. - ...

427

31


( :

)

20

3,1

4,7

3
4

5,0
6,4

7,8
9,9

10

11,1

17,7

8
11

15
22

13

27
35

6,0
10,0
12,9
23,5
27
44
55
82

6,4
10,6
13,6
25,0
41
73
100
216

Rc

3
4
10

16

.
, , , 20-30 , .
. 143 . 31
;
.
. . [115], . . [118],
. [120].
(57,XVII);
. 32 RK = 10 , Rc = 10 .
, () ; \.
, (54, XVII) Q\ ,
\. \
/ (, ,
) R (. . 142),
2000-Rc-

428

XVII
32

Q
-^ R
Qi

RK = 10 , Rc = 10
[. 142 (57, XVII)]

\2

_,

0,5

10

3,57
1,56
1,22
1,06

1,67
1,25
1,11
1,03

0,56
0,71
0,83
0,94

0,12
0,22
0,36
0,65

1
100
1000
5000

/ &2 ^ ^1 ? 0 ~
. . 32 ,
Q Q\.
R = 1 ; k^ = lOfci Q 122% Q\] 22%
, &2 = 2fci 11%. , \ > ^.
, R = 1 \ = 10&2 Q 36%,
\ = 2&2 83% Q\.
,
(54, XVII)
&2 > & ^2 < \ (. [208]).

4*.



. ,
-
. - ,
. ,
.

 4*.

. . .

429

, , 2 (. . 141 142). vi >2 l u l l :

/

W l = C l

J-|L)

(59, XVII)
(60, xvii)

ci 2 , . 3 4 VII. ,

. , l u l l \ 2 , . .

a =c(/ci)4,

(61, XVII)

2 = (2)4.

(62, XVII)

Q :

Q = 27 * / - 1 ,
\/

(63, XVII)

= 2<72\1^,
dr

(64, XVII)

(63, XVII), , :
dp*i=(^-)2dT-

(65, XVII)

(65, XVII) , * = * = Rc,

:

G&) ( 0 -

(66XVII)

'

, , \ = >* = i? K , (64, XVII) :

G&) ( )

(67 xvn)

' -

430

XVII

= R, . . l u l l ,
:
*
Pi

*
=P2

,
, Q:

(68, XVII)

c\

&2, ,
Q2 ,
:
*
*
-
(69, XVII)
Q2 = 22
1

\ Rc

, (77, IX).
(68, XVII) (69, XVII) -^, :
/2

RC)R

(70, XVII)

(70, XVII) (56, XVII); ,

.
\ 2 (61, XVII)
(62, XVII):

( -Rc

(_

R)Rc ~\~

)R
( - - )

(71, XVII)

4*. . . .

431

, RK Rc = i? K , (71, XVII) :

(72, XVII)

1-

, \ = (16, XIV), .
, fe > fci, (72, XVII),

. . 144

. 31.

. 144. ,
.
. 143 144, . 31 ,

432

XVII

,
.
6 IX , - . , ,
,
. , ,
, . 143 , ,
. 144,
.
. 144, ,
20
(. [215]).
. 143 144, - .
.. , .
. . , .
. (.
.. [115], . . [118]),
.
. 143 144,

. . -, . 143 144 Q Q^
. , Q
, a Q2 . ,
. .

,

.

 5.

433

,
, . .
,
, ,
. , , , .
.. [115], .. [118].

5.
XIV , , , .
. , XIV,
,
, .
,
, (), .
-

. , I II (.
2 3 . 141 142). XII
\ 2 I II :

'"Re
-,

G ;

>

(74, XVII)

434

XVII

, \
-^- I; ,
J
. = R, pi = 2- ,
G :

G=

**>&)

( 7 5, XVII)

, &2; G^- \ = &2, :

G2 = ^ \

( 76 , XVII)

-^-,

:
1
= ^

^
"

~
R ^

(77, XVII)

Rc

(75, XVII) (76, XVII) (51, XVII) (55, XVII) , .

(77, XVII) (56, XVII) . ,

Rc , RK . , Q2
G2
, ., ,

 5.

435

(55, XVII) (76, XVII).

^
1

(78, XVII)

-,

(79, XVII)

,
, .
(77, XVII) (56, XVII) ,
. 30, 4 . 31 . 143

.
(78, XVII), (79, XVII) (28, XI)
(21, X) ( ).
(77, XVII), . 30, 4 . 31
. 143.
, - G G^ (72, XVII) , ,
4 . 31 . 144 (. [215]).

. , (6, XVII)
:
Q = -j->

(80, XVII)

, , .

(
); ., , (10, XII), (9, XI), (6, X).

436

XVII

, fccp, a, L
. , (7, XVII), (18, XVII),
(20, XVII),
(.. [215]).
,
. . . [65]
[66].

( ) .
XIV
.


. XIV , (

),

, .
(
, , ) ,
.
XIV ,
.
,
, . .

3.

XVIII

.

, .
IX, ,
, .
. .
.
,
,
, ,
1 . ,


. ( )
XVI.
(, ) , , , .
,
, , .
1

, ,
( ) .

438

XVIII

.
,
, , .
.
(
) ,
.
,
.

1.

.
. 145 ( )
. (..145):
( ) , ;
(), ;
pf (KB);
L K ;
XQ , . 145 ;

t;
, ;
/iH .
, (KB)
(), , , ( ) (KB), .

1.

439

, . X , .
,
( ) ().

X.
8

. 145. , .

,
(. 1 IX), v :
=

{LK -

),

(1, XVIII)

(2, XVIII)
Pi

(3, XVIII)

IX, , , ,
, . (1-3, XVIII) .
, , .

vB (2, XVIII)

440

XVIII

(3, XVIII), LK ,
' :
=

^ ~ >

OJB

~
, , .
, (1, XVIII)
(3, XVIII), ' , L K (LK )
:

= + ,? ~\
)

[L

"* = 7 "
n

(LK - x);

(6, XVIII)
(7> XVIII)

_L/K

, , vB = , (5, XVIII)
(7, XVIII) :

~_

('

x v i n

(8, XVIII) ' , :

' = ^ ^
K

+ ,

'
(4, XVIII) (6, XVIII), :
( ~~ )

(9, XVIII)

1.

{LK - ).

441

(10, XVIII)

v :
V = Vn

VB.

_
(9, XVIII) (10, XVIII) , :

(^

, ,
. , ,
, = .
, (11, XVIII)

fc(PK

~Pr)

v=
(^

(12, XVIII)

~ ) -\- 11

( ) Q ,
F

Q=

]
(

\;

(^

da, xviii)

[1

(9, XVIII) (10, XVIII)

(12, XVIII)

442

XVIII

(13, XVIII) , ,
, , .
. t, ,
, t. , ( ,
), . v
Q .
, , /iH 7^
.
(11, XVIII) .
(12, XVIII) (13, XVIII) , /iH > /iB
, , ,
,
. (/iH < /i B ), ( )
, , . , (
, ,
, ), 1
, .
.
() = , . , , . /iH > /iB,
,
. , , 1

. S 1 III.

 1.

443

, .
. , , . / > /iH,
. ,
, ,
.
, .
:
dxB
v
m
w = dt
'
v (12, XVIII), :

- ) + /iBxB]

dxB
dt

, t, :
d t

= -111

7 ^ - ) + ^] dxB.

( -)

(14, XVIII)

:
= XQ t = 0.
, , t = = L K , ,
.
(14, XVIII) t 0 t
, :
2

+ - )).

(15, XVIII)

(15, XVIII) ,
.

444

XVIII

(15, XVIII) L K ,

:
= ^
Z/C(J?

[( - 4) + ( - )2}.

(16, XVIII)

(15, XVIII) (16, XVIII) ,

t m
= ( ).
.
,
w = ^ , ,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
, , .
t (15, XVIII) :
=

\(

[
K

- MB

L K - \

\-

, )
+

m ( / i H - MB)

, ,
1. (17,

(12, XVIII) (13, XVIII),

:
V

=
P

(18, XVIII) , t
> v , / > / t v .

 1.

445
t

t : (9 = / Qdt

:
<9 = mF(xB

(19, XVIII)

- ).

(17, XVIII), :
. . . [100], [107].
. . ,
.
. . [208]
.

(20, XVIII)

, (16, XVIII), ( ).
(11, IX), (16, XVIII), = /:

= * - * ( *
{

(21f

- )

(16, XVIII) (21, XVIII)

/io5 :
=

(22, XVIII)

2/io

. . ,

- 5 . 33,

446

XVIII

,
.
33

0
Mo

^ \
2
0,75
5
0,60
20
0,53

0,50

0,5

0,90

0,99

0,63
0,40
0, 29
0, 25

0, 53
0, 24
0, 10
0,05

0,50
0,20
0,05
0,005

. , ,
, . . = 0, ,
L

(, fiB = 0; ^ 2). ,
,
. . 33 -= > 0. , -= = 0 , 9
= ,

= = 20, - = 0, 99 = , - = 200, . . -

20
200 .
. 33 ,
, , , .

-, 1^

. , / = 5,

- =0, 5 ^ = 2, 5, - = 0, 9 ^ = 4,16.
-LK

, / = 0
L

. , ^ - = 0 , 9 -

1.

447

/ = 5 (^=^)
/ = ( 0 = ) :
-1- /io=

0,53

= 10,6.

,
.
, . , . . [209].

. 146. ,
.

- ,
. 146, , DE.
. , ,
1, 2, 3. , DE
$ 1, $ '$ 2 3. ,
, .
(18, XVIII), ,
v, , w -

448

XVIII

. , D,
.
(16, XVIII) XQ ',
', D.
.
' (17, XVIII) t
2 =
3
= X ,
JI
,
2 3 \.
KD . 146 \, D .
, , ,
,
CD,
ABDC. , , \ ABDC, ABDK.

.
( ) , . .
, ,
. 147. -
.
.
. 147
( 1)
( 2). ,
. , / = 5, , - ^ , , ,

2. 449

2.

,
. 148. :
RK , ;
,
; '\
Rc , ;
()
.
,
1.


(. 2 IX):

In

ln-^
R

(23, XVIII)

=
In

RK

(24, AV111J

v =

. 148. ,
.
1

In R

(25, XVIII)

, KB ,
, ,

450

XVIII

. ,
'. , , (23, XVIII), ' Rc . ,
:
' j

=
In

RK

(26, XVIII)

, , ,
, , , '. , (24, XVIII) ' RK ,
:

In

In

(27, XVIII)

(26, XVIII) (27, XVIII) ',

,
.
(25, XVIII) ,
vB
vH:
/\

in 4 ^

(28, XVIII)

In

= r B vB = vH, (28, XVIII) :

1

1^

1 - <

 2. 451

' ,
:
=
,

~ + 1
B

it c

' (26, XVIII)

(27, XVIII, :
=

()
~ +

l n

MB In

itc
^{

In ^ - .
In + /iB In itc

/on

VA^TTT\

(30, XVIII)

,
, .. = pB(r,t) = p H (r,t), ,
( )
.
(29, XVIII) (30, XVIII) /iH = = ?
(23, XVIII) (24, XVIII),
(29, XVIII) (30, XVIII).

.

v = ^ = - -^.

(31, XVII)

(30, XVIII), :
(32, XVIII)
In =- + /i B In ^ ^
it

(31, XVIII), -

452

XVIII

:
v =

-.

(33, XVIII)

+ /iB in
(29, XVIII),
" -

:
^ " m + /iB In

itc

(31, XVIII) (33, XVIII).

(32, XVIII) (34, XVIII) ,
/iH > /iB

, .
, = .
Q
v F = 2:
g

^
^ .
/iH In - + /iB In ^

(35, XVIII)

: (35, XVIII) /iH = MB = ?

.
(35, XVIII) :
-)
/i H

In , /iH > /iB , .. , .

/iH < /iB . , , .

2. 453
, v
Q , ,
:
drB

v_
'

w = dt

(33, XVIII), :
-)
*

t, :
771
H

In ^

In

= 0

rB = ;

*=T

=,

) r B <ir B ,

(36, XVIII)

, .
(36, XVIII) t 0 t
^) :

t=

-)

In - /i H In )

(37, XVIII)

- /i B ) ( 1 ^ 0 - ^ In )

(37, XVIII) :
-)

t =

In + /i H In

,2

In

In

R(

454

XVIII

(37, XVIII) , Ro ^
^ r B ^ Rc. (29, XVIII),
(30, XVIII), (33, XVIII) (35, XVIII)
, , .
(37, XVIII) Rc, :
m

>

+ ( - ) (

-)
1

(/iB In - /i H In

(38, XVIII)

^0 - Rc

l n

( -

Rc)

// =

( -

(381, XVIII)

Rc),

(42, IX), 2
IX, .
= '

(38, XVIII) (381, XVIII),

=

In In Rc-\(39, XVIII)

(Mo - 1) ( In Ro - R2C In

. 34 ,

 2. 455
. . (39, XVIII). . 34
100 400 . XXI,
() ,
.
34

10

Ro

100
100
1000
1000
1000
1000
100
100
500
1000

Rc

0,10
0,10
0,10
0,10
0,10
0,10
0,10
0,10
100
400

10
10
10
10
50
50
50
50
10
50

0,65
0,56
0,81
0,76
0,73
0,66
0,57
0,49
0,40
0,21

. 34 ,
, , ,
> Ro
i?K RQ RC.

( ). , Ro = 1 , RK = 50
= Rc = 400 5
.
, = 0 (
) ,
. , -

456

XVIII

, , (.
2 IX).

3.
.
. 149 . . , KB,
. , KB , . .

,
(. XX XXI).

//////////////?^^^^

'
S

'
KB

w////////////^^^^
. 149. , .

(. . 149):

; = const;
1 ;
, ; ,
0, ;
XQ
;
1
;

 3.

457

LK ;
/ ;
; (LK ).
. . . [100], , . , , . . .
,
, , , ,
/ .

, .
,
100 , ,
, , .
(. .
) Qr, fir = 1;
, KB,
.
KB, ', , = ,
'.
(5, XVIII) w
:
PjL 1

7>

(40, xviii)

.
, (40, XVIII)
t ,
1

5 .

458

XVIII

,
2. , 5 XII:
**-QrPbTt

(41, XVIII)

i?H = (Lt ) ;
b ;
= ;
t , .
(41, XVIII)
(40, XVIII), :

k 0 P t

^
dt :

dx' = wdt =

fcQrPaT

*,

(431, XVIII)

dt.

[1}

, :

x'dx' = l.

tdt

(43'

X V I 1 1

(43, XVIII) ' XQ '

t 0 t, :

'

/x2+ ^ a r Q r f 2

(44, XVIII)

, i?H , :

Qr

f2

m z / ( L K -xo)Bb
1

(44, XVIII) (44 , XVIII) ,

2

, .

 3.

459

Qr.
,
, ,
, .

, Q r , (44, XVIII) (441, XVIII)
t :
_
, (44, XVIII) (441, XVIII),
(45, XVIII)

(46, XVIII)

(46, XVIII),
, Q r , .
(xr XQ) XQ , 1
(43 , XVIII) ' = XQ = const. , (43 1 , XVIII) ,
(44, XVIII) (45, XVIII), :
i_

kpaTQrt
ZJ

XVIII)

/ I I/ LJJ-

(48, XVIII) ,
, ,

460

XVIII

,
/
. , ,
.
(44, XVIII)-(48, XVIII)
Qr = const. ,
t, .. Qr = Qr(t), (41, XVIII),
:
(49, XVIII)
((^) t,
:
QAt)dt.

(50, XVIII)

(40, XVIII) (49, XVIII), :

w =

/9(

,*).

(51, XVIII)

[1}

dt
= wot =

at,

(52, XVIII)

/1

(53, XVIII)
\/

^^

= IQ*o<>(t)dt.

(54, XVIII)

{) :
, QT(t).

 3.

461

,
t = ' = 4 . (53, XVIII)
:

(55, XVIII)

(56, XVIII)

, ,
, (40, XVIII)
.
, , (41, XVIII) (49, XVIII)
. ' (
), , . ' = x'(t)
Q(t)\
Q(t) = (L K - ').

(57, XVIII)

(57, XVIII) Q(t) , (57, XVIII) ' .

Q(t) (57, XVIII) (41, XVIII) (49, XVIII) i?H, QT = const,
:
, XVIII)

^^\

Qr = Qr(t)

~=

^"

Q f l 0 6 ( t )

(49 , XVIII)

,
(41 , XVIII) (491, XVIII), , Q(t)
1

462

XVIII

.
(40, XVIII)
(41 1 , XVIII) (491, XVIII),
w .
Qr = const

^ ( 0 ]

(42I

x'Q(t)
Q r = Qr(t)
w =

LP

-' '

(51 1 , XVIII)

dxr dt wdt,
(421, XVIII) (51 1 , XVIII) Qr = const
dx

=^

(43 '

*'

Qr = Qr(t)

>
=
J
L
^
^
(
*
)
;
^
[

(*)1
dx

x'fiyt)

(gal, xviii)
1

(43 , XVIII) (51 , XVIII)

t 0 t '
1, :
Q r = const:
(44 , XVIII)
Q r =

1 ^2(*),

,,,,, ^g

(53 , XVIII)

3.

463

(58, XVIII)

: t = ' = ^? ^
;
Qr = const :
(451, XVIII)
Q r Qr{t) :

(551, xviii)

(581, XVIII)

(44 , XVIII), (45 , XVIII) (53 , XVIII), (55 , XVIII)

.
/,
, xf, (44, XVIII) (44 , XVIII) ( 1
Q r = const) (53, XVIII) (53 , XVIII) [ Qr = Qr(t)].

t
, ,
.

464

XVIII

,
.


Q(t). Q(t) (58, XVIII), ipi(t) ip2(t), (44, XVIII)
(531, XVIII), , , (44, XVIII) (53, XVIII).
'.
!?(), (58, XVIII) (44 , XVIII)
(531, XVIII) , , .

, ,
.
(. IX).

^x.

(59, XVIII)

Ju

4.

. 150.
:
, RK;
' , ;
;

4.

465

, .
(/iB, 6, , , Qr .) .
/ = 0 , , .

w =

In R

(60, XVIII)

, fir = ,
. 150. , -
'.
- .
( 3), (60, XVIII) .
{QT = const)
(41, XVIII),
J?H = R^bm.

(61, XVIII)

(60, XVIII) (41, XVIII), :

w =

//

At

In R

In

(62, XVIII)

kQTp,

kQTp,

(63, XVIII)

dt :
dr~ = wdt =

Atdt
R
rRln

(64, XVIII)

466

XVIII

(64, XVIII) t
t 0 t RQ , :

2
kQrp

In

2 /i

t =

In

\
(65, XVIII)
(65, XVIII) .
,
kQrp
(66, XVIII)
=

(67, XVIII)

(68, XVIII)

(65, XVIII)
= /() -().

(69, XVIII)

. 151 = (), (68, XVIII). . 151, = {)

, -

4.

467

. ,

0,5 > > 0 , 2 8

0^ = 0 , 3 6 5 1 ^ - 0 , 8 3 1 6 , ^

, 28 > g > 0, 20
, 20 > g > 0,15

= 0, 3426^ - 0,0263, I
= 0,0304^ - 0,0187. J

(70, XVIII)

0.75

0.1

05

,/

0,2

0,3

. 151. = :
4

0,5

(65, XVIII) (69, XVIII) t.

.
r B < RQ, g < QQ. (68, XVIII) (70, XVIII)
() (#)? 0 (69, XVIII)
. (66, XVIII) , .
(65, XVIII)-(70, XVIII)
QT = const. , , .. QT = QT(t) ( = <()5
((^) (50, XVIII), (60, XVIII) (49, XVIII),

(71, XVIII)

w =

468

XVIII

(72, XVIII)

(it :

rB\n

t 0 t
:
QAo6(t)dt = -

In

7771'

(73, XVIII)
; In

In

QAo6{t)dt.

-Tt

(74, XVIII)

, , (67, XVIII),
:

{)= ()-(),

(75, XVIII)

^(^) , , , () ()
(68, XVIII).
< , < , ot(go) (). ()
() (75, XVIII), ^(^); = ^(^) [ , () (. 54, XVIII)
] t.
,
,

 4.

469

(75, XVIII) = Ro .
.
1
1
(41 , XVIII) (49 , XVIII) Qt
Qt = ^,

(76, XVIII)

.
(60, XVIII), :
QT = const
7

w =

^^

) f) f f) \ Off)]
1 L

fi(t)rB In ^
QT = QT(t)

(t)paT

- [QH - Q(t)]

Q(t)rB In dt QT = const

(77/>

r?(t)r B In
Q r =

(7g/>

r?(t)r B In
t rB (77', XVIII) (78', XVIII)
t 0 t

470

XVIII

Ro ,
QT = const

Q(t)

dt =

rT
r B In -^drB,
itK

(77, XVIII)

Q r = Qr(t)

fc

<2( - [^ -

= / r B In drB.

(77, XVIII),
, (67, XVIII),

dt,

Q{t)

(78, XVIII)

dt,

Qr = const
Q r = Qr(t)

= a(go)
=a(g0)

-a(g)
-a(g)

(79, XVIII)

() a(go) , (68, XVIII).

, .
(78, XVIII) t O(t),
, ( ) ^) {^)
^ = ($) $ = (). , r B < Ro, < , (79, XVIII) () {)
t, ^) ^).
,

 4.

471

, .
(, ) Q(t). Q(t)
t (78, XVIII) ijj(t) ips(t), , (79, XVIII),
, , .
!?(), (78, XVIII), ip^it) ips(t), , (79, XVIII),
,
, .
, ,
.
.

.
. :


RK = 11, 75



Ro = 1, 75

= 7, 5

= 0,16

= 0, 8

(
)
= = 28

\i = 1


Q = 97, 7 . 3/ = const

& = 10 / 2

472

XVIII

, , . 35.
$ 30

is.

If-

500

W00

1500

2000

t,

. 152. t w .
1 , 2 .

300

//
!

"

1000

1500

2000

I,

2500

. 153. = Ro rB
. 1
, 2 .

. 152 153
w = Ro ,
, . 35.

 4.

473

35

^
|

g
X *

^ -
W
^

II
-

1750
1740
1700
1650
1550
1450

0
10
50
100
200
300

X
X
X
X

<

P_i

Q; S ^

0
0
4,85
4,71
10,58 9,79
15,14 13,77
21,92 20,11
27,57 26,60

0
4,78
10,18
14,46
21,02
27,08

1=1

0
426
951
1341
1882
2287

0
460
1015
1450
2065
2550

^j^

3
)

S H
1=1

* s~*

^
X

" 1^~

>}

S
)

la,
)

1
? ^

S s

CD

11,54
0
443 11,41
983 10,89
1396 10,28
1974 9,05
2418 7,92
VO
/~

>

t ( ),


[

w
,
/

CD

28

28

18,15

16,15

11,0

11,0

7,54

15

. 35 . 152 153
, w t ,
, w
t
.
Q(t) t (. 35) (41 1 , XVIII),

t. . 35 .
(
(41, XVIII),
. . 35,
t = 2418 15%.
, ,

474

XVIII

3 , , .

5.


w :
) / ^
(80, XVIII)
) /ir = 0
, XVIII)
;
, fir = 0, = .
() .
:
1

() = () = -rB In ^

[. (40, XVIII) (60, XVIII)].

(81, XVIII) (80, XVIII)

* = W>

(82'

X V I 1 1

w* =

P K

J^,

(83, XVIII)

w* , [ ()] , ,
, .

 5. . . .

475

(84, XVIII)

(83, XVIII)
* _ l-gBg
1 - '
, , 4 XII,
, ,
, (85, XVIII) w* = 1.
, .
,
(. 3 XII), w* > 1.
.
, , , .

 IV

(,
)

XIX

1.
5 II
.
- ,
. . ,
.
.

(. . 11 12).
: -
( )?.


?
.

( ) .

480

XIX

.
1935 . . . 1
[200], [203] . . . - [144] , . . [184-185] .

. ,
.
, ( ), , .

. ; .
: ,
.
, ,
-
, In -,
(.
IX-XIII). ,
, In -=^- , , .
IX-XIII . : - (), ,
.
1

-, [202].

 2. . . . 481

,
,
.
() ;

.
, .
, , -,
, ; -,
, , .

2.

, ( )

Rc.

- . 154. - - .
(. 154).
2, -,
, \ 2\ ,
.

482

XIX

, ,
IX.
(,
) v\ ;

. . 155 ;
0 12
(
).

/ / V,

. 155. : .
, 5 , .
- 0 12;
V2 . , () , -

 2. . . . 483

- . 155. ( ) , vi V2 . . 154 v\
V2 ; v\ V2
- \ ^- v . . 155; , v . :
. , , . ,
, .
, , NMST . 155. ( ), , , . . 155 . ,
, , , 1.
, , 4; 2. 5 3; 2. 2 ,
.
1

: , ,
.
, . .

484

XIX

. 156
. ,
, :
( , . . 156), .

. 156. .
. 156
; .
,
,
, (
).
, ; (
), (. 156).

.
(, ,
)
.
, -

 2. . . . 485
, , , 2.


: . 156 , ,
.
,
.
2 IX, - , \
Q (. 154),
:

d = const.
" , 2 Q, :

d' = const.
,
,
, :
^ ^ + ,

(3, XIX)

= const.
2
Rc .
: \ = Rc,
2 = 2; , : \ = 2,
2 =
2

>, . 4 .

486

XIX

,
, (3, XIX) :

1
ln

(4 1)

(5 1)

'
f -

'

'

, Q :

(4, XIX) (5, XIX) (3, XIX), :

< 8
'XIX)

.

:

,
.
(7, XIX) (8, XIX) ,
= const = .

(10, XIX)

, , ,
. 154 :
\ = ( - )2 + 2,
(11, XIX)

2. . . . 487

\ = ( + )2 + 2.

(12, XIX)

\ 2 (11, XIX) (12, XIX)

(10, XIX), 33
:
2

( - ) + = [( + ) + },

+\)

+2 = ^72-

(13, XIX)

(14>1)

(14, XIX)
.
, CQ. , , ,
. 156. = 1 (13, XIX) = 0, . . .
(7, XIX) (8, XIX) = 1 .. \ = 2,
:

(15 1)

'

(15, XIX) (16, XIX)

Q (6, XIX), .
= 2

'

( ''

, , ,
.
3

(10, XIX) . (10, XIX) ,

; , ,
.

488

XIX

,
(7, XIX) (8, XIX) (17, XIX):
(18, XIX)
(9, XIX)
.
\ ^
, , \
, 2 . , ( )
. \ 2 (9, XIX) , . . . ,

; .
.
,
, ; ,
( ,
).
,
, .
, , , , . ,
,
Rc ( Rc <C ) :
2 = Rc = const,

n = 2 = const.

(19, XIX)

(9, XIX) , v = const. , , , ( ) .

 2. .

. . 489

, ,
, . ;
, , ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
. 157.

-lhfO'9-8 -7--5-4-3-2 0 12

3 0 5

. 157.
.

1
2
3
4
5
6

0,0225
0,075
0,15
0,30
0,45
0,60

7
8
9
10
11

0,75
0,95
1,00
1,20
1,50

, ( 1-11) , , . 157.
-

490

XIX

.
9.
10 11 .
1 2 , . .
t = 0, I T
. . 157
10 .
( t = , . 9) , ,
, 10 ,
, , , 5 .
1-11, , . .
. ( )
.
,
;

>

.

. . _^ . .

-L

U -- \^\)-^

_^

_^ . . _^ . .

. \^\>

_L. X ^ t J

% % \_/

| ^

\^\> ^ ^

__ _^

-L

* _^

,
. 158. - % ^


, (
> 1\

. 158) - \ 2,
;
r
:.
^
, J
. \
^
^'
(9, XIX), :
\

,4*-

,
-*

\ = =

,
= + .

(20, XIX)

(9, XIX) :

(21, XIX)

 2. . . . 491

-j-, ,
, (21, XIX) :
m

dx

dt

2 - 2

.
:

(a 2 - x2)dx.

(23, XIX)

$
(23,XIX):
X

dt = ^
[(2 - x2)dx.
Qo> J

(24, XIX)

, :

<25'XIX)

: (
. 158 ) (25, XIX) = :

= ; :
2

= | ? 2.
/

(27, XIX)

(27, XIX), .

492

XIX

, . . 9 . 157. ,
, QT;
, mab.
(27, XIX), < :
= - = -=- .

(zo, 1 )

. , = 0,2, = 10 , 2 = 200 , Q = 100 3 / .

(27, XIX) (28, XIX) :
= 840 1

>

= 4 , 2

29

>

, , , , , 2, , , .
. (26, XIX) = 2,
, (27, XIX). , , , 9 . 157, .
(26, XIX) = , . .
', ,
, 2:
rpt

2 0 2

/on

~~ '

'

YTY\

'

, , ' = .
,
, F ( . 157),
:
(31, XIX)

2. . . . 493
, F. (31, XIX), .
(31, XIX) XQ = = ,
\ ,
F, :
, XIX)
, " = . (27, XIX), (30, XIX), (32, XIX)
,
" =

(33, XIX)

vx ,
F, (31, XIX)
:
vx = m - = ^ = const.
(34, XIX)
v
J
dt
2
'
vx F,
v :

I = f = ~=,

(35, XIX)

(36, XIX)
s , ,
F, :
s = arccos .

(37, XIX)

(31, XIX) = , :

s = arccos ( 1

^r
t] ,
z
2irmba J

(38, XIX)

[. (32, XIX)]
s = arccos ( 1 - 2 \l

).

(39, XIX)

494

XIX

(38, XIX) (39, XIX) F.

(36, XIX) ,


F ,
. . = 0; ,
v = , .., , .
. 159. - , - - . , . 1 ,
; 2 -
.

,
. , ,
, . 157,

,

XVIII.
, ( ) . [34], [223], . 159 .
, , CD,
, , .
4 . , , 5 i c ,
, . . 156 157 4

, [201].

3. . . .

495

, . 159.

3.


.
, Rc (
) (. 160).
;

. . 156,
, .
: - - 16 -
* -- -- __

"

V_^

-- . ^ _ ^ -- -_ -_

^_^V

\\

_ ^ _ > ^ -

_-_ -_ ^ ^

-_ -_ -_ -_

-_ ^ ^

^ _ ^ __ .

- ^SSJ-.

-- ^ - _ -_ -_ -_

^ ^ 1

^ ^

J K
:
:

( .
160)

. ,

, , . 156 ( ) . , .
, , ,
, .

496

XIX

, ()
; q
,
:
q=j-

(40, XIX)

,
, , . () ; (40, XIX) 1 .
, -; , , ,
,
.

- \ ^ (. 160) (6, XIX) (18, XIX) .
, , , ; ,
(17, XIX).
, :

Q=

^V^>

/xlnf

41

( >

X I X

, ,
. , . ( )
, (
). , ,
(. 3 IX) , .

 4. ...

497

(9, XIX).
(25, XIX) (31, XIX) ; (31, XIX) F
. 160. ( ,
),
(
), .

4.

, ,
, RK. Rc (. 161).
D d;
.
,
.
. 156 .
. 156 ,
. , , , 2
.
,
. 156 Rc RK d .
, (. [203]).
ED L ( L D), LD
:
.

(43, XIX)

498

XIX

. 161.
; .
L,
(43, XIX), ; L
() .
, ED = d 2, :
(44, XIX)

2d

(45, XIX)

(45, XIX)
LE = 2 . L , ,
2.
, (45, XIX)
Rc . ,

; ,
Rc <C RK < RK d. , , , .

 4. . . .

499

,
, .

,
.
, (3, XIX).
Q , ,
,
.
:

_ 2(-)
,

itK

RR

:

<

>

(9, XIX),
( ) (25, XIX).
D , d2
2
R . r^d = R^ . . d 0 (46, XIX)
1

2( - )

Re

, d - .

500

XIX

(47, XIX) (48, XIX) IX, .

, .
RK
d ^ ~i? K , ., , . 36. i?K (, i?K <C 1000i?c)

( , ,
, )
. , [17, 18] ,
,

.
, (46, XIX)
d ^ 0, . . , Q3] QK , ,
d = 0, . . .
:
R

(49, XIX) . 36,

; d
-^
QK
3

= 10 Rc

 5. . . .

501

36

-^- -^ RK = 103Rc
R

= 10 3
Rc
i n 5
Rc -LU

0 ,1

0 ,25

0 ,50

o, 75

0 ,90

1, 00

1 ,01

1 ,04

1, 13

1 ,32

1, 00

1 ,00

1 ,02

1, 08

1 ,17

OK

5.
.



. ,
i? K , d ,
, ., ,
. ,
.
, ,
, , ,
. .
. ,
. 162 163. d 2d ;
RK
' ', RK = 2d.

, , '\ ,

502

XIX

. 162. .

. 163. ' ' '.

AfK.
(41, XIX) (46,XIX), RK = 2d = 105Rc.
' , , , 2,3%.
, , , 6,2%.
'
2,3% (. . 36).
6,2%.
,
. XIV (. 1 XIV) 1 .
, , . 164; ( )
.
1

,

.

5. . . .

503

0. , ,
.
,

,
<
, . - 0
(46, XIX) ,
,

,
(41, XIX).
, .
(
)
- . 164.
- .
, . . , - .
^ >
?
, ,

.
, (41, XIX) (46, XIX) ,
.
,
, ,
(
).

(21, IX) , ,
.
, ,
^

504

XIX

( )
. ,
, RK Rc
4. , ,
, ^ - RK RK ^ 100(, ,
, (21, IX),
.

i? K , , 2 . , ( )
. ,
,
(
).
i? K ; (
), i?K
, .. , ,

; ,

.
,

( ),
- , ,
.
!

. [203].

 5. . . .

505

, ,
, ,
-
. , , , Rc = 0, 001R K d = 0, 9RK
(. 161) ( ,
, , d Rc
RK)
, . . .

XX

1.
() ,
, ( )1
, .
, .

. 165. .

.
1

, .

 1.

507

, . \ , \\
\ (. 165). D1D2 () . . \ . <2 ^^ \2
. \ . 22. ,
. ^2 , . \\ . ^
22 , . .
, . \. : ^2, , . \1 \\ \ ,
. 2 . . \
Q\ . \ Qi . 2 ( ) . \.
. 2 . \
\\ s\
D1D2] . 2 \ \\ d!x
\\. \\ . \, ,
. 2 22 . , d!x < si.
. \
. 2.
, ,
.
.

, 2

165 166
,
,
.

508

XX

. 2
,
. \. , . ^,
. \ ( ),
. \ .
, - ( )
. , .
. \
,
( ). . <2 . \
, , . .
.
. ,
. \ \\ \ (. 166);
, . . ^,
(. )
Qi . \, F\F\.
F\F\ . \ . < \, . Ai, Q\. \\ , . \, , . 2
, .
Q\ . \ . 2 , \\ ( )
D\D2
( ) F\F\ \\, .. si = z[;
.
\\ . 165 166. . 165
, : \\ . \ ,

1.

509

. 166. .
'2, . \. . 166
: \\ . \
, Qf2,
. \. sflc w\ D1D2.
,
, . . , .
, . ,
, ,
, .
,
-

510

XX

pa ; ,
.
, , . . , ,
. (-) .
, .
, (. 165)
. <2 , . \.
. ^, . ,
. 2
. \ \. . , s\ 22
. 2 . \ . \, \
, 22 . 2, . 21 . 165.
. 2 ,
. \ \\,
. 2 \2- ,
:
. \ . 2
. 2 . \, . .
. \ .
. \ Qi,
2 (
) Qi, :
Q[ <Qi.

(I, XX)

Qi Qi, , J

1.

511

(2, XX)
,
J > 1.

(3, XX)

U
Qi Qf2 . \ <
\, :

= 9Qk.

(4

, )

U
. , J U .
, ,
(), ., , (1, )-(4, XX).
. <2 \
,
\ (. 166),
.
,
.
,

.
, , , , , , ,
.
, , 40- , XVI -

512

XX

, : 150 75 !

. 1-2 . , ,
, , 75 XVI -
. , , ,
, ,
. .
.
XVI ,
; ,
, ,
. 1-2 , ,
,
.
,
, . , , .
. , ,
, , -
, ,

.

, .

-

 1.

513

; , ,
.
, 1 ,
( )
.

.
, , , .

, ; , ,

.
, ,
II .
. . . .
[203], 1939 . , 1935-1937 ., ..
[120], 1937 .
[203]
.
, ,
. . [14].

( ):
. . [208] ,
;

514

XX

. . [149]
;
. . [188, 79]
;
. . [91] ;
. . [7], . . [2]
;
. . [79]
,

.

2. ,

,
\ < Rc.
\ 2. . 165 166.
; ,
,
(. 167). S , \
Qi \
, [, 2, Qi, Q2
\ 2 (
,
).
,
, .
, , , RK
-

2. ,

. . .

515

; , ^> 25. , , ,
;
25 ,
.
,
^
-
.
,
, 0
;

^.
.
\ ,

::

.
167. :
\ 2-

1 \
^2 :
=

2irbk

2irbk

Inr2

(6, XX)

, \
\
, Qi \ (5, XX). \
:
p = Pi = ,
(7, XX)
=

= .

(8, XX)

, (5, XX) :
(9, XX)

516

XX

(10, XX)

^
:

^~

ci=pi-\

l n i

^ =

1.

(13, XX)

(11, )-(13, XX) (5, XX) :

-Pi)

=-

( - P i ) - ^

(15, XX)

:, (11, XX), (14, XX), (15, XX)

, 2 IX
.
(6, XX); 3 c
: Qi, Q^ '
: \, 2
.

:

= Pi

]L = , ^ 2

= 2

L=

'

^2
^ 2

(16, XX)
= ,

^ -

(17, XX)
(18, XX)

 2. , . . .

517

(16, )-(18, XX), (6, XX) 3

:
<

taM

<

'-

( 1 9

'

(20

+ '!'
+ :

'>

<2i-xx>

''

d :

276: 25 '
(

'

, (22, XX) (23, XX)

[, pf2, Qi? Q2

,
. '
. \ . <2 , . ,
' , 2 Qr2.
.
[ '2\ Q[ Q2. (22, XX)
(23, XX) :

XX)

( 2 5

518

XX

,
' pf2. ,
[ = 2 = \,
:
,

V.K

25RC

(26, XX)
. \ ^2,
, . \.
: ' Q2;
(22, XX) (23, XX) 1 :

Q'i = ^ ^ - ^

In

- Q2 j *

(27, XX)

25

In ^

.
2irbk In

(28,

XX)

, ' = p i , (27, XX),

(11, XX), :
R

Qi = Qi - Q'2 ^--

(29, )

Re
1

, . \ , . ^ , (27, XX) (28, XX) , . \

^-, Qf2-

 2. , . . .

519

(29, XX) : , Q2
2, Q'x \, Qi :
0!\ Q\ Q2 = 0.
Q'x \
2
, . , Qi ,
- 2, Q'2. .
Qi, 2] p'Xl Q2. (22, XX)
(23, XX) 2 :

-L ^ K

~:~^
In

Re

( ' )

(31, XX)
1

/iln-5-

In

Q'x = Qi, : ,
, .
Qi, Q'2] [, 2. (22, XX)
(23, XX) .
2 Q2 Pi Qi, (22, XX) (23, XX)
;
.
2

\ 2, (27, XX) (28, XX) , . \ 2,

'2-

520

XX

, , (22, XX) (23, XX)

.
, (22, XX) (23, XX) ,
3.
, , (. )
,
, . . RK ^> 25.
, , (26, XX). (26, XX) , 25 = RK (11, XX) ,
.. Qi = Q2 Qi- , (26, XX),
, RK
. (26, XX) (
) . ,
, , i? K .
(26, XX)?
: ,
RK .
, , i? K , .
, , ,
. , , (26, XX)
, 25 , .
, 3

[120] (19, )-(23, XX) ,

, ,
RK (,
RK),
.

2. , . ..

521

, ,
.
, \ 2 Rc Q[ Q2
'2? ^~~~
(. 168).
<**
\ 2 . \\, 22 Q'x Q2.
\ 2 \\, ^22 4

-
PL

, . 168. () \
<2 .
- \\ 22 () - .

, . 3 XIX:

*7

22

2irbk

(32, XX)

,
- . 168. [
2 . \ 2 , , ,
^ 2
[, 2, Qi, Q25 , , : a i , 2, 25 : Rc :
( 6, , \ ).
.
4

, , .
(40, XIX).

522

XX

, , ^
2, :

Qi =

- ( p K - p 2) In

Pi)

2irbk
2a 2

In 2ai

- p' 2 )
2

l n

(a2-ai) +4<5

-2, (, xx)

- I n

- Pi)

l n

(34, XX)

2a

\ = 2 = ^ ? Pi = 25 - -

A
N

T
A

...I.

. 169.
A\
2,

. \ 2 : (. 169), :
(35, XX)

Qi Q2
/iln

2a
Re 5

Qi . \ pi, : (35, XX), S ' =

/iln 2a

(36, XX)

(41, XIX). (26, XX) (35, XX) :

 2. , . . .

523

: Q'x Qi
S .
: . \ 2
Rc Q[ Q2
(. 170).

. 170. Ai, ,
.
. \ 2 , . \ <
, 22 ( ;
; . 4 XIX). ,
. -
,
. - . 170
(. [203]).
, . 171, \
2 Rc

524

XX

, .
, ' 2 25,
Qi Q2 :
i Q2

2(

(37, XX)

Rc 5

5 RK,
R^ 54
= i?, (37, XX)
(26, XX). , (37, XX) , (26, XX)
. , , , (37, XX) ' = pi, 26 = RK . 171. \ , ( 4 6, XIX) (
^

d = -R^) Q
, , Qi <
Q.
, (33, XX) (37, XX)
,
, , ,

(26, XX).
.

3.

(6, XX),

 3. . . .

525

.
, . 167 \ 2 . (6, XX) Q'x = Q2 = Qf, :
+

'-

(38, XX)

, , (38, XX) pf = const. (38, XX) ,

, - \ 2 :
r 2 = const = .

(39, XX)

,
, , , , (., ,
[21]). (39, XX)
;
.
,
=
2 = (-5)2

+ 2,

(40, XX)

:
(2 + 2)2 + 2(2 - 2)52 + S4 - 2 = 0.
(41, XX)
, .
. 172 , Si, S2 S5 :
2

= -5

= S

Si,

526

XX
= -S2

= 252

= 32

S5.

= 52 , . 52 < < 252 ,

. > 282
, , . > 52
,
. \ <. < 82
,
,
. Rc 0, 001<5,
, (

).
, . \ ( ^), :
= 25RC.
, . 172 , , . , ( ) .
.
,
, (
1
) .
1

, . 172 . . 172
(. 2 VIII) . , ,
. 172
.

3. . . .

527

. 172.
.
( ) , ,
() , 2 XIX.
, , . 155,
.
, . 155 ,
. V2
. 155 . NMST,
NS.


, ( , . 155),
( ), . , N S 9. -

528

XX

,
, . 172 (.
, ).
, , :