Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
s
vtb =
t
II.Vn tc tc thi
S
vt =
t
III.Gia tc
v v t v 0
a=
=
. a cng hng vi v
t
t t0
a=
-Vn tc tc thi:
-ng i
-To
vt v0
t t0
vt=v0+at
1
2
S=v0t+ at2.
1
2
x=x0+S=x0+v0t+ at2.
x=h= gt2
vt2=2gh
B.Mt s bi ton th d v phng php gii
Bi ton 1.1
Hai t chuyn ng u cng mt lc t A n B, AB=S.
t th nht i na qung ng u vi vn tc v1, na
qung ng sau vi vn tc v2. t th hai i vi vn tc v1
trong na thi gian u v vi vn tc v2 trong na thi gian
cn li.
a)Tnh vtb ca mi t trn c qung ng.
b) Hi t no n B trc v n trc bao nhiu?
c) Khi mt trong hai t n B th t cn li cch B mt
khong bao nhiu?
Gii
a)
Dy bi dng- Nm hc 2008 - 2009
+ t 1:
+ t 2:
t
t
v1 + v 2
S
vtb2= = 2
2 = v1 + v 2
t
t
2
b)
S (v1 + v 2 )
2S
2 n B trc.
c)
+ Trng hp 1: t th 2 n B th t th nht ang trn
na qung ng sau:
S 0=v2.(tA-tB)=
S (v1 v 2 ) 2
; iu kin:
2v1 (v1 + v 2 )
S
2
S0< v2<3v1.
+ Trng hp 2: t th 2 n B th t th nht ang trn
na qung ng u:
S (v 2 v1 )
S 0=vtb1(tB-tA)= v + v ; iu kin:
1
2
S
2
S0> v2>3v1.
+ Trng hp 3:
S0=
S
2
khi v2=3v1.
Bi ton 1.2:
Mt chic xe chy ln i vi vn tc 40km/h ri chy xung
dc vi vn tc 60 km/h. Tnh vn tc trung bnh cho ton b
ng i.
Gii:
Dy bi dng- Nm hc 2008 - 2009
Bi ton 1.3:
Mt ngi chy c bao xa trong 16s, nu th vn tc - thi
gian ca anh ta c trnh by nh hnh 1
Gii:
Qung ng S c s o bng s o din tch ca hnh a
gic gii hn bi ng biu din v, trc Ot, ng tung Ov v
ng honh t=16. m cc trn th th din tch a
gic l 25 . Vy S=25.4=100m.
v(m/s)
8
4
0
2
14 16
10
12
Hnh 1
Bi ton 1.4:
Mt ht c vn tc 18m/s v sau 2,4 s n c vn tc 30m/s
theo chiu ngc li.
a)Gia tc trung bnh ca ht trong khong thi gian 2,4s l
bao nhiu?
b) V th v theo t v ch ra cch tm tc trung bnh
trn th.
Gii:
a)
a=
v 2 v1 30 18
=
=-20m/s
t 2 t1
2,4
b)
Biu thc v theo t c dng nh hnh 2.
v(m/s)
v=v0+at=18-20t.
v=0 lc t=0,9s.
18
A
Trn th biu din v theo t th qung ng S1 vt i dc
t 0 n 0,9s c gi tr bng din tch hnh
0.9 tam gic
2,4 OAB
v qung ng S2 vt i c t 0,9s 0n B2,4s-bng
D din
tch hnh tam gic BCD.
t(s)
1
2
S1= (OAxOB)=0,5(18.0,9)=8,1m
-30 - 2009
Dy bi dng- Nm hc 2008
30,6
Bi ton 1.5:
Mt vt c gia tc khng i l +3,2m/s 2. Ti mt thi im
no vn tc ca n l +9,6m/s. Hi vn tc ca n ti thi
im:
a)Sm hn thi im trn l 2,5s.
b)Mun hn thi im trn 2,5s
l bao nhiu?
Gii:
a) v=v0+at=v0+3,2t
9,6
=v0+3,2t
(1)
v=v0+ 3,2(t-2,5)
(2)
Tr v vi v ca (2) cho (1) ta c:
v-=9,63,2.2.5=1,6m /s.
b) v+=v0+3,2(t+2,5)
(3).
Tr
v
vi
v
ca
(3)
cho
(1)
ta
c:
v+=9,6+3,2.2,5=17,6m/s.
Bi ton 1.6:
Mt ngi ng sn ga nhn on tu chuyn bnh nhanh
dn u. Toa (1) i qua trc mt ngi y trong t(s). Hi toa
th n i qua trc mt ngi y trong bao lu?
p dng bng s:t=6, n=7.
Gii:
Gi chiu di mi toa tu l l. Theo bi ra ta c:
l
nl
1 2
at
2
1
= at2
2
(1)
(2) vi t l thi gian on tu i ht qua tr-
c mt ngi y.
T (1) v (2) suy ra t=t n .
1
2
(3)
M h
a
Hnh 1
MB AB
=
.
v2
v1
(1)...................................................................(0,5im)
MB
AB
=
. (2)
sin sin
h v1
h
Vi sin = . T (1) v (2) ta rt ra sin = . =0,833 =56030
a v2
a
hoc
=123030...........................................................................................
..........(0,5im)
b) c th gp c t th phi c
MB AB
v2
v1
.........................................(0,5im)
h
v2min= .
a
v1=2,5m/s...................................................................................
(0,5im)
=( v 2 , BA ).
mt gc nh hnh v:
l
Gi s 2 tu gp nhau C. Gi t l thi gian 2 tu i
gp nhau.
Theo nh l hm s sin ta c:
H
v2t
vt
v
= 1 sin = 1 sin
sin sin
v2
Theo nh l hm s cos ta c:
AC2=BC2+AB2-2BC.AB.cos
v BC2=AC2+AB2-2AC.AB.cos
Tc l
v12t2=v22t2+l2-2.v2.t.l.cos
v
v22t2=v12t2+l2-2.v1.t.l.cos
C
(1)
(2)
v2
b) 2 tu gp nhau ti H tc l tan = HA = v
1
III- Cng thc cng vn tc
Bi 3.1
M chy. Nu
Mt ngi mun cho thuyn qua sng c dng nc
ngi y cho thuyn theo hng t v tr A sang v tr B (AB
Dy bi dng- Nm hc 2008 - 2009
A
Hnh 3.1
A
A
Hnh 3.1.b
Hnh 3.1.a
- Thuyn
tham gia ng thi 2 chuyn ng: chuyn ng
500
=250s.
2
s 150
Vn tc ca dng nc i vi b l: u= t = 250 =0,6m/s.
1
Bi 3.3
450
B
450
N
1) Vn tc ca xe so vi t vxd=40km/h. Vn tc ca t so
vi xe v dx =- v xd . vn tc ca gi so vi xe vgx=40km/h v v xd v gx ;
s= gt2 ;
v=gt ; v2=2gs
Bi tp 4.1.1. Mt vt c bung ri t do ti ni c
g=9,8m/s2.
Dy bi dng- Nm hc 2008 - 2009
1
n2
g;
sn-1= g(n-1)2
2
2
g
(2n 1)
Suy ra sn=sn-sn-1= [n2-(n-1)2]=
g.
2
2
sn= gn2=
2
=0,45s.
g
2( s 1)
g
1
=0,01s.
5
g
tan
Bi 4.1.4
Gi v l vn tc trt ca bn cu
Qung dng dch chuyn ca bn cu trong thi gian t l :
s1= vt.
1
2
A
B
C
R
1
v2t2 > 2R gt2
2
v Rg .
Vy, vt ri t do m khng b cn tr bi bn cu th
vn tc nh nht ca bn cu l vmin= Rg
IV.2.Lin h gia qung ng, thi gian, vn tc ca 2
vt ri t do
Phng php
-p dng cc cng thc v s ri t do cho mi vt v suy ra
s lin h v i lng cn xc nh.
Nu gc thi gian khng trng vi lc bung vt, phng trnh
1
2
qung ng ri l: s= (t-t0)2
-C th coi mt vt l h quy chiu v nghin cu cu
chuyn ng tng i ca vt kia.
Ta lun c: a 21 = g g = 0 .
Hai vt ri t do lun chuyn ng thng u i vi nhau.
Bi tp 4.2.1 Hai git nc ri t cng mt v tr, git np sau
git kia o,5s.
a)Tnh khong cch gia 2 git nc sau khi git trc ri c0,5s, 1s, 1,5s.
Hai git nc ri ti t cch nhau mt khong thi gian bao
nhiu? (g=10m/s2)
Dy bi dng- Nm hc 2008 - 2009
10
1
2
1 2
gt + v0t
2
Vi S1=45m suy ra t=
(1)
(2)
2 S1
=3s.
g
V S1=S2 nn ta dc v02=12,5m/s.
Bi tp 4.3.2
Phi nm mt vt theo phng thng ng t cao
h=40m vi vn tc v0 bng bao nhiu n ri ti mt t:
a) Trc 1s so vi trng hp ri t do.
b) Sau 1s so vi trng hp rt t do.
Ly g=10m/s 2.
Gii
Dy bi dng- Nm hc 2008 - 2009
11
S=
(1)
(2)
2h
= 8 . Vi t-t=1, Thay vo (2) ta c
g
v0=12,7m.
c) t>t nn v0<0: phi nm vt thng ng ln trn.
Vi t= 8 v t-t=1, thay vo (2) ta c v0=-8,7m/s
Bi tp 4.3.3
Mt vt c bung ri t do t cao h. Mt giy sau, cng
ti , mt vt khc c nm thng ng xung di vi vn
tc v0. hai vt chm t cng mt lc. Tnh h theo v0 v g.
Gii
Cc phng trnh ng i:
1
2
1
S2= g(t-1)2+v0(t-1)
2
(1)
(2)
2v 0 g
g 2v 0 g
cao h= gt2 = 8 ( v g ) .
2
A
0
Bi tp 4.3.4
T 3 im A, B, C trn mt vng trn, ngi ta ng thi th
ri 3 vt. Vt th nht ri theo phng thng
ng AM qua
B
tm vng trn, vt th hai theo dy BM, vt th 3 theo dy
CM. Hi vt no ti m trc tin, nu b qua ma
C st?
Gii
Qung ng i v gia tc ca vt th nht: S1=2R, a1=g.
Qung ng i v gia tc ca vt th hai: S2=2Rcos(AMB),
a2=gcos(AMB).
Qung ng i v gia tc ca vt th ba: S3=2Rcos(AMC),
M
a3=gcos(AMC).
p dng phng trnh ng i ca chuyn ng bin i
u ta suy ra thi gian ri ca mi vt u bng t=
4R
.
g
12
13
L1
k1
k1
k2
L2
k2
V.1.3
Vt
nm gia 2
l xo
Hai l xo L1 v
L2 cng ln
lt l k1 v k2
c mc vo
mt qu cu
khi
lng
m=50g (xem
hnh).
Cho
bit
t
s
k1 3
=
v 2 l xo u trng thi t nhin. Nu dng mt lc
k2 2
on l0. Mi n v chiu di ca n dn ra mt on l .
0
Ta c:
k0 l0=F
Mt on l xo y c chiu di l1 th khi y b dn mt
l0
dn l1=l1 l .
0
l0
Do ta c k1 l1 =k1l1 l =F.
0
Tng t cho on l xo c chiu di l2:
l0
k2 l2=k2l2 l = F.
0
So snh cc ng thc trn ta c:
l0
Suy ra
l0
k1
l2
Nh vy ta chng minh c l k = l
2
1
V.2 - Lc ma st. nh lut II Niu tn
V.2.1 Chuyn ng ca vt trn mt phng nghing
Mt vt c t trn mt mt phng nghing hp vi mt
phng nm ngang mt gc =40. Hi:
a) Gii hn ca h s ma st gia vt v mt phng
nghing vt c th trt xung c trn mt phng
nghing .
b) Nu h s ma st bng 0,03 th gia tc ca vt bng
bao nhiu? Khi mun vt trt ht qung ng
s=100m, vt phi mt thi gian bao lu?
c) Trong iu kin cu hi (b), vn tc ca vt cui
qung ng 100m l bao nhiu?
Gii tm tt:
a) F=mgsin -kPcos >0 hay k<tan
F
=g(sin -kcos )=0,39 m/s2.
m
2s
t=
=22,7 (s).
a
b) a=
15
y
x
m2
c) Vn
tc
vt
cui
v=at=0,39.22,7=8,85m/s.
qung
ng
m1
100m:
0
F hp gc =30 vi phng ngang, ln F=2N. Bit sau khi
chuyn ng c 2s, vt i c qung ng 1,66m. Cho
g=10m/s2.
a)Tnh h s ma st trt k gia vt v sn.
2s
=0,83 (m/s2).
t2
16
17
Gii:
Bi 8
1)Goi l l di l xo th lc hng tm tc dng vo vt A
trong chuyn ng trn l: fht=maht=m 2l
Lc ny chnh bng lc n hi ca l xo: fh=k l=k(l-l0)
Do , m 2l=k(l-l0). Thay s vo tm c l=27 cm.
Lc f do l xo R tc dng vo im O cng chnh l lc hng
tm fht (hoc lc fh) trn v hng t O n vt A.
2)K hiu l1 l di ca l xo R, l2 l c di ca l xo R,
lp lun tng t nh cu 1 ta c 2 phng trnh:
Xt vt B:
m(l 1+l2) 2=k(l2-l0)
(1)
i vi vt A:
ml1 2=k(l1-l0)-k(l2-l0)=k(l1-l2) (2)
Thay s v gii (1) v (2) ta c l1=34,2 cm, v l2= 30,8 cm.
Lc tc dng vo O chnh l lc dn hi ca l xo R:
f= k(l1-l0) =9,9 (N).
Bi 9
1) =2 n = 3 rad/s
v= R=30 cm/s
A
2)Lc ma st ngh c tr s ln nht fms=kmg
Lc qun tnh li tm tc dng ln vt t trn mt a
c gi tr ln nht khi vt mp a: Flt max=m 2R
vt khng trt ra khi a phi c Flt max fms m 2R
kmg
2
kg
= 10
R
B
18
g
R 3
7,6rad/s.
Bi 10
gtg
=8,3 rad/s
r + l sin
g
l cos
l cos = 2
T=
h
g
i vi v tinh
GmM
mv 2
Fhd= (h + R) 2 . T hai biu thc trn suy ra
=
(h + R)
GmM
(h + R) 2
19
V v=(h+R)
T=24h ta c
h+R= 3
( h + R) 2 2
GM
2
=
2
(h + R)
(h + R ) . Ch rng
= T , vi
GM 3 GM .T 2
=42322.103(m)=42322km
=
2
2
2 (h + R )
tinh
v=(h+R) =
=3,1.103m/s hay v=3,1
km/s
T
h=42322V
R
=0,1505. T =81020. B
R+h
R
Nh vy, vng nhn c tn hiu t v tinh nm trong khong
O
gia 2 kinh 81020 v 278040
Bi tp 12 (H NT 98-99)
1)Mt xe c khi lng m=1600kg chyn ng trn mt ng
trn phng, c bn knh R=200m vi mt tc khng i
72 km/h. Hi gi tr ca h s ma st gia lp xe v mt ng t nht phi bng bao nhiu xe khng trt?
2)Nu mt ng nghing gc (so vi ng nm ngang v
mt nghing hng v tm ng cong), xe vn i vi tc
trn m khng cn ti lc ma st th gc bng bao
nhiu? Cho bit g=9,8 m/s2.
Bi tp 13 (H TSNT 98-99)
Mt vt nh A bt u trt t nh ca mt mt cu bn
knh R=90 cm xung di; khng vn tc ban u, khng ma
st. Tnh vn tc ca vt A ti v tr vt bt u tch khi
mt cu. Cho gia tc trng trng g=10m/s2.
c nng
A-Tm tt mt s khi nim v cng thc
1- Cng
a- Cng c hc
b- Cng ca trng lc
c- Cng ca lc n hi
2- Cng sut
3- nh lut bo ton cng
4- Nng lng
Dy bi dng- Nm hc 2008 - 2009
20
v2
+ kg ).v=2.106W=2000kW.
2S
Bi tp 15
Mt xe t chuyn ng ln dc vi mt vn tc khng i
v1=3/s, xung dc vi vn tc 7m/s ri i trn mt ng nm
ngang vi vn tc v0. Tm v0 bit rng trong c 3 trng hp,
cng sut ca t l nh nhau v lc ko khng ph thuc vo
vn tc ca n. Coi dc l thoai thoi.
Gii:
Gi F1, F2, F0 l lc lm t chuyn ng vi vn tc v1, v2, v3
th theo nh ngha v cng sut ta c:
F1v1=F2v2=F3v3.
Chn h quy chiu gn vi mt ng, chiu dng l chiu
chuyn ng. ta c:
F1=kmgcos +mg sin
F2=kmgcos -mgsin
F0=kmg
V cng sut trong 3 trng hp u nh nhau nn:
(kmgcos +mg sin )v1=kmgv0
(1)
(kmgcos -mg sin ) v2=kmgv0
(2)
Rt gn v gii h phng trnh (1) v (2) ta c v0=2cos
v1v 2
. Dc thoi, coi cos =1. v0=4,2 m/s
v1 + v 2
Bi tp 16
Dy bi dng- Nm hc 2008 - 2009
21
O
kP
kP
v A= 1 + ktg S=13500 (J).
1 + ktg
22
2 g (m2 l 2 m1l1 )
m2 l 22 + m1l12
Bi tp 19
Mt vt khi lng m trt khng ma st t nh mt mt cu
xung di. Hi t khong cch h no (tnh t nh mt
cu) vt bt u ri khi mt cu? Cho bn knh mt cu
R=90 cm.
Gii
Vt bt u ri khi mt bn cu khi lc nn vt ln mt
cu (hay phn lc m mt cu tc dng ln vt) bng khng.
mv 2
mv 2
N=mgcos Ta c -N+Pn=
=0 m
v =Rgcos
2
(1)
R mg h = mv
Mt khc theo nh lut bo ton c nng ta c:
(2)
T (1) vg (2) ta c h =
R cos R ( R h)
R
=
h = =30 cm
2
2R
3
Bi tp 20
Mt l xo c cng k=100N/m v vt nng khi lng
m=100 g c ni vi nhau nh hnh v. Lc vt O l xo cha
bin dng. Ko l xo sao cho vt n A vi OA=10cm ri
truyn cho vt vn tc v0=2m/s. Tnh vn tc sau vt
qua O.
Gii
Hng dn: WO=WA
Chn gc th nng n hi ti v trk cn bng ta c
m
1 2 1 2
1
mv = mv 0 + kx 2 . T v=3,74 m/s.
O
2
2
2
A
Bi tp 21
Mt qu cu khi lng m=100g treo vo l xo c cng
k=100N/m. Ly g=10m/s2.
a)Tnh dn ca l xo khi vo tr cn bng.
k
b)Ko vt theo phng thng ng xung di mt khong
x=2cm ri th khng vn tc ban u. Tnh vn tc ca vt
khi qua v tr cn bng.
m
23
Dy bi dng- Nm hc 2008 - 2009
mg
=1cm.
k
1
2
1
kx2+kxx0.
2
1
Vi gc th nng ti O nn Wto=0. Vy Wt1= kx2+kxx0.
2
Wt1-Wt0=
1
2
1
2
kx2+kxx0-mgx= kx2.
Vy,
1
1
k
kx2= mv2 v= x =0,63m/s.
2
2
m
Bi tp 22
o vn tc ca vin n, ta dng con lc th n. l
mt bao ct c khi lng M treo u mt si dy di l. Vin
n c khi lng m v vn tc v0 chui vo bao ct v s nm
yn. Sau bao ct v vin n s lch khi v tr cn bng
l
v dy treo s lch vi phng thng ng mt gc . Tnh
vn tc ca vin n. p dng bng s: M=10kg, m=100g,
m
M
l=1m, =600.
Gii
Hng dn: chn gc th nng ti v tr cn bng ca ti ct.
Theo
LBTCN
ta
c:
1
(M+m)V2=(M+m)gl(1-cos )
2
Bi tp 23
Mt l xo c th b nn 2cm bi lc 270N. Mt vt c khi lng m=12 kg c th ngh t nh mt mt phng nghing
khng ma st c gc nghing =300. Khi dng li nht thi
khi n nn l xo mt on x=5,5 cm. Hi:
a)Ti thi im l xo b nn cc i ln th nht, khi i
theo mt phng nghing mt on bng bao nhiu?
Dy bi dng- Nm hc 2008 - 2009
24
Suy ra AB = l=
kx
=0,347m=34,7 cm.
2mg sin
Bi tp 24
Mt vt nng khi lng m1=2kg trt khng ma st dc theo
m1 trc mt n,
k v
mt mt bn vi vn tc v1= 10m/s. Ngay
chuyn ng cng phng vi n m
c2 mt vt nng khi lng
m2=5kg, chuyn ng vi vn tc v2= 3m/s. Mt l xo khng
khi lng, cng 1120N/m c gn vo cnh gn ca m2.
Tm nn cc i ca l xo.
Li gii
Theo LBTL ta c: m1v1+m2v2=(m1+m2)v suy ra v=5m/s.
Theo LBT ng nng (c nng bo ton) ta c:
1
1
1
1
m1v12 + m2v22 = (m1+m2)v2 + kx2
2
2
2
2
a)Hng s l xo k=
25
Wt
=0,8 m=80 cm.
mg
Bi tp 25 (07.26.NT)
m1
Hai vt m1=1kg v m2=4,1 kg ni vi nhau qua l xo khng
khi lng, cng k=625N/m, g=9,8 m/s2. Ko A khi VTCB 1
on a=1,6 cm ri th cho m1 dao ng. Tm:
a)Chu k ca m1.
b)Vn tc cc i ca m1.
c)Tm lc cc i v cc tiu tc dng ln bn.
m2
Li gii
a) ng yn, m1 dao ng, m1 v l xo l mt con lc
n hi
k
=25rad/s ,
T=0,25s.
m1
b) vMax= A=a =0,4m/s.
Vy, =
O
a
m1
c) Tm p lc cc i, cc tiu tc dng ln bn:
VTCB O, l xo b nn mt on x0. Ta c:
m 1g=kx0
(1)
v tr bt k no ca m1 th
m u chu tc dng ca 3
2
lc. V m2 ng yn nn P2 + F + N =0
(2)
m2
+Khi l xo b nn ti a:
m2g-NMax+FMax=0,
Vi FMax=k(x0+a). Vy, NMax=m2g+FMax=m2g+m1g+ka (3)
Theo nh lut III Newton, p lc cc i tc dng ln bn
m1l
PMax= NMax=59,98N.
a
+Khi l xo b dn ti a:
O
m2g-Nmin-Fmin=0,
Vi Fmin=k(a-x0). Vy, Nmin=m2g-Fmin=m2g+k(x0a)
=m2g+kx0-ka=m2g+m1g-ka. Theo nh lut II Newton,
m2
Pmin=Nmin=39,98N.
26