Introduction This lab is given to students to help them understand the different ways in which an equilibrium mixture of be shifted

to the left or right. Students should be able to predict the color/changes of the equilibrium mixture through LeChateliers Principle. Students will be adding different chemicals to each of the containers. Purpose/Hypothesis The purpose of this lab is to observe the effects of concentration and temperature on equilibrium and to visualize how balance can be restored based on LeChteliers Principle. My hypothesis is that when the equilibrium equation is shifted to one side, the products will be uneven than the reactants. Research Question: How does the temperature affect chemical equilibrium? Materials a. Calcium chloride, CaCl225 pieces b. Cobalt(II) chloride solution, CoCl2, 0.1 M, 4 mL c. Hydrochloric acid (concentrated), HCl, 12 M, 3 mL d. Test tubes, 4 e. Silver nitrate solution, AgNO3, 0.1 M, 1 mL f. Test-tube holder

g. Beakers, 250-mL, 2 h. Test-tube rack i. Beral-type pipets, graduated, 4

j. Thermometer k. Distilled water l. White background paper m. Hot plate n. Ice o. Stirring rod Procedure 1. Prepared hot-water and ice-water baths: Filled a 250-mL beaker half full with water. Placed it on a hot plate and heat to 8085 C. In a second 250-mL beaker prepared an icewater bath for use in Step 11. 2. Obtained four graduated Beral-type pipets and label them as follows: CoCl2, H2O, HCl, and AgNO3. Used the appropriate labeled pipet to add each solution in Steps 39 below. Reversible Reaction of Cobalt (II) with Water and Chloride Ion 3. Labeled four test tubes AD and add 20 drops of aqueous 0.1 M CoCl2 solution to each 4. Added 1 mL of distilled water to test tube A. Recorded the color of the solution in the data table. This is the characteristic color of the Co (H2O) 62+complex ion. Set this tube aside as a control solution. 5. Slowly and carefully, added 1 mL of concentrated HCl to each test tube B, C and D. (Dispense concentrated HCl in a fume hood or a well-ventilated lab only.) Used a glass stirring rod to mix each solution. Recorded the color of the solutions in the data table. This is the characteristic color of the CoCl42complex ion. Set test tube B aside as a reference solution.

6. Added distilled water drop wise to each test tube C and D until the solutions reach an intermediate or transition color midway between that observed in steps 4 and 5. Recorded the amount of water added and the transition color in the data table. Effect of Concentration 7. Continued adding distilled water drop wise to test tube C until the color of the solution is stable and no longer changing. Record the color of the solution in the data table. 8. Added a few pieces of solid calcium chloride to test tube D. stirred gently and recorded the color of the solution in the data table. 9. Added 1 mL of 0.1 M AgNO3 solution to the bottom of the solution in test tube D. Record the color and appearance of the solution in the data table. 10. Placed test tube C in a hot water bath at 8085 C for 23 minutes. Recorded the observed color changes in the data table. 11. Using a test-tube holder, removed the hot test tube from the hot water bath. Cooled it briefly and then immersed it directly in an ice water bath for 23 minutes. Recorded the final color of the solution in the data table. 12. Disposed of the solutions as directed by your instructor. Data Color of control solution Co(H2O)62+ (Test Tube A) Color of reference solution CoCl42 (Test Tube B) Amount of H2O required to obtain transition 12 Blue Pink

color (step 6) Transition color (step 6) Effect of H2O addition (step 7) Effect of CaCl2addition (step 8) Effect of AgNO3addition (step 9) Color of solution after heating (step 10) Color of solution after cooling (step 11) purple Solution turned pink Solution turned blue Solution turned pink Solution turned blue Solution turned pink

1. Write the chemical equation for the complex-ion equilibrium that results when excess chloride ion is added to an aqueous solution of cobalt chloride. Note the observed color of each complex ion underneath its chemical formula. Co (H2O) 62+ (aq) + 4Cl(aq) CoCl42 (aq) + 6H2O pink blue 2. What is the likely composition of the solution (relative amounts of the two different complex ion forms) when the intermediate or transition color is observed in step 6? How does this observation provide visual proof of the idea that not all reactions go to completion? Explain. The intermediate color of the solution shows that half of the total cobalt ions are available and present in the form of Co (H2O) 62+ complex ions (pink) and half are in the form of CoCl42complex ions (blue). The color is the evidence used at this point in which both reactants and products must be present at equilibrium.

3. Use LeChteliers Principle to explain the color changes observed upon addition of water and calcium chloride to an equilibrium mixture of the two complex ions in this reaction (steps 7 and 8). When chloride ion was added to the equilibrium mixture of the two complex ions, the solution turned blue, which showed that they all converted into the blue CoCl42 complex ion. In terms of LeChteliers Principle, addition of excess reactant shifted the equilibrium to the right to restore the equilibrium. 4. What was the effect of adding AgNO3 on the position of equilibrium for these two complex ions? Is this effect consistent with LeChteliers Principle? Explain. The color of the blue solution changed to pink and a white precipitate (AgCl) settled out when AgNO3 was added. This effect is consistent with predictions made using LeChteliers Principle the chloride ion shifts the equilibrium to the left to restore the balance between reactants and products. 5. How was the composition of the solution (relative amounts of the two complex ions) affected when the solution was heated (step 10)? When the solution was cooled (step 11)? When heating the pink solution it caused the solution to turn blue. When the blue solution was cooled the solution changed to a pink color. 6. Based on the observed effect of temperature on the position of equilibrium, is the forward reaction for the equation in Question # 1 endothermic or exothermic? Explain, using LeChteliers Principle.

The forward reaction for the equation is endothermic. Increasing the temperature of an endothermic chemical reaction shifted the reaction in the forward direction to make more product. Cooling the solution ironically changed this effect the went reaction back to the left in order to replace some of the heat that was lost when the solution was cooled and was pink. Conclusion Overall, this lab was very successful. The hypothesis was verified during the calculations. When more reactants were added, more products were made, and vice versa. When test tube C was placed in boiling water, the solution turned blue. Turning blue means that it made more products. This answers the research question about chemical equilibrium. Although this lab was successful, there were errors that might have occurred during this experiment. The inaccurate amounts of each solution could change the outcome of products, potentially changing the color of the solution. Leftover contamination of chemicals could alter the solution color. In future labs, students should carefully mix the chemicals. This lab was very advocating in that it allowed students to have hands on experience with demonstrating LeChatliers Principle.