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Assignment 04
Due: 11:59pm on Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Note: To understand how points are aw arded, read your instructor's Grading Policy. [Sw itch to Standard Assignment View ]

Problem 1
Learning Goal:
To introduce contact forces (normal and friction forces) and to understand that, except for friction forces under certain circumstances, these forces must be determined from: net Force = ma. Two solid objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time. Indeed, when the objects touch, they exert repulsive normal forces on each other, as well as frictional forces that resist their slipping relative to each other. These contact forces arise from a complex interplay between the electrostatic forces between the electrons and ions in the objects and the laws of quantum mechanics. As two surfaces are pushed together these forces increase exponentially over an atomic distance scale, easily becoming strong enough to distort the bulk material in the objects if they approach too close. In everyday experience, contact forces are limited by the deformation or acceleration of the objects, rather than by the fundamental interatomic forces. Hence, we can conclude the following:

The magnitude of contact forces is determined by

, that is, by the other forces

on, and acceleration of, the contacting bodies. The only exception is that the frictional forces cannot exceed (although they can be smaller than this or even zero). Normal and friction forces Two types of contact forces operate in typical mechanics problems, the normal and frictional forces, usually designated by and (or , or something similar) respectively. These are the components of the overall contact force: contact. perpendicular to and parallel to the plane of

Kinetic friction when surfaces slide When one surface is sliding past the other, experiments show three things about the friction force (denoted ): The frictional force opposes the relative motion at the point of contact, is proportional to the normal force, and the ratio of the magnitude of the frictional force to that of the normal force is fairly constant over a wide range of speeds.

The constant of proportionality is called the coefficient of kinetic friction, often designated long as the sliding continues, the frictional force is then (valid when the surfaces slide by each other).

. As

Static friction when surfaces don't slide When there is no relative motion of the surfaces, the frictional force can assume an value from zero up to a maximum , where is the coefficient of static friction. Invariably,
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is larger than

, in agreement with the observation that when a force is large enough that

something breaks loose and starts to slide, it often accelerates.

The frictional force for surfaces with no relative motion is therefore (valid when the contacting surfaces have no relative motion). The actual magnitude and direction of the static friction force are such that it (together with other forces on the object) causes the object to remain motionless with respect to the contacting surface as long as the static friction force required does not exceed . The equation is valid onl when the surfaces are on the verge of sliding.

Part A When two objects slide by one another, which of the following statements about the force of friction between them, is true? ANSWER: The frictional force is always equal to The frictional force is always less than . .

The frictional force is determined by other forces on the objects so it can be either equal to or less than . Correct

Part B When two objects are in contact with no relative motion, which of the following statements about the frictional force between them, is true? ANSWER: The frictional force is always equal to The frictional force is always less than . .

The frictional force is determined by other forces on the objects so it can be either equal to or less than . Correct For static friction, the actual magnitude and direction of the friction force are such that it, together with any other forces present, will cause the object to have the observed acceleration. The magnitude of the force cannot exceed . If the magnitude of static friction needed to keep acceleration equal to zero exceeds , then the object will slide subject to the resistance of kinetic friction. Do not automatically assume that unless you are considering a situation in which the magnitude of the static friction force is as large as possible (i.e., when determining at what point an object will just begin to slip). Whether the actual magnitude of the friction force is 0, less than , or equal to depends on the magnitude of the other forces (if any) as well as the . acceleration of the object through

Part C
When a board with a box on it is slowly tilted to larger and larger angle, common experience
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shows that the box will at some point "break loose" and start to accelerate down the board. The box begins to slide once the component of gravity acting parallel to the board equals the

force of static friction. Which of the following is the most general explanation for why the box accelerates down the board?

ANSWER:

The force of kinetic friction is smaller than that of static friction, but remains the same. Once the box is moving, is smaller than the force of static

friction but larger than the force of kinetic friction. Once the box is moving, friction. When the box is stationary, equals the force of static is larger than the force of static

friction, but once the box starts moving, the sliding reduces the normal force, which in turn reduces the friction. Correct

At the point when the box finally does "break loose," you know that the component of the box's weight that is parallel to the board is equal to (i.e., this component of gravitational force on the box has just reached a magnitude such that the force of static friction, which has a maximum value of , can no longer oppose it.) For the box to then accelerate, there must be a net force on the box along the board. Thus, the component of the box's weight parallel to the board must be greater than the force of kinetic friction. Therefore the force of kinetic friction must be less than the force of static friction which implies , as expected.

Part D
Consider a problem in which a car of mass Select the best answer. is on a road tilted at an angle . The normal force

ANSWER:

is found using

Correct

The key point is that contact forces must be determined from Newton's equation. In the problem described above, there is not enough information given to determine the normal force. Each of the answer options is valid under some conditions, but in fact none is likely to be correct if there are other forces on the car or if the car is accelerating. Do not memorize
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values for the normal force valid in different problems -- you must determine .

from

Problem 2
A small box of mass is sitting on a board of mass and length . The board rests on a

frictionless horizontal surface. The coefficient of static friction between the board and the box is . The coefficient of kinetic friction between the board and the box is, as usual, less than . Throughout the problem, use for the

magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity. In the hints, use for the magnitude of the friction force between the board and the box.

Part A Find , the constant force with the least magnitude that must be applied to the board in

order to pull the board out from under the the box (which will then fall off of the opposite end of the board). Hint A.1 Condition for the board sliding out from under the box The board will slide out from under the box if the magnitude of the board's acceleration exceeds the magnitude of the maximum acceleration that friction can give to the box. Hint A.2 Find the acceleration of the box in terms of Assume that the coefficient of static friction between the board and the box is not known at this point. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the box in terms of the friction force ? Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct and .

Hint A.3 Find the largest acceleration of the box Now take the coefficient of static friction between the board and the box to be the largest possible magnitude of the acceleration of the box? Hint A.3.1 Maximum force on the box
Hint not displa ed
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. What is

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Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables ANSWER: =

, and

Correct

Hint A.4 Find the sum of horizontal forces on the board Write down the sum of all the horizontal forces acting on the board. Take the positive direction to be to the right. Hint A.4.1 Friction and Newton's 3rd law
Hint not displa ed

Give your answer in terms of ANSWER:

, and any constants necessary.

= Correct

Hint A.5 Find the acceleration of the board for large In Hint 4 you found the net horizontal force on the board. Now, find the acceleration of the board when the force of static friction reaches its maximum possible value. Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct , , , , and .

Hint A.6 Putting it all together Reread Hint 1. In Hint 3, you found the largest possible acceleration of the box, Hint 5, you found the acceleration of the board, constant force, , so that ? , , , , and . . In . What is the minimum value of the

Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables Do not include ANSWER: in your answer.

Correct

Problem 3
A sky diver of mass 80.0 (including parachute) jumps off a plane and begins her descent.

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Throughout this problem use 9.80

for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.

Part A At the beginning of her fall, does the sky diver have an acceleration? Hint A.1 Free fall
Hint not displa ed

ANSWER:

No; the sky diver falls at constant speed. Yes and her acceleration is directed upward. Yes and her acceleration is directed downward. Correct

This applet shows the sky diver (not to scale) with her position, speed, and acceleration graphed as functions of time. You can see how her acceleration drops to zero over time, giving constant speed after a long time. Part B At some point during her free fall, the sky diver reaches her terminal speed. What is the magnitude of the drag force due to air resistance that acts on the sky diver when she has reached terminal speed? Hint B.1 Dynamic equilibrium
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Express your answer in newtons. ANSWER: = 784 Correct

Part C
For an object falling through air at a high speed can be expressed as , where the coefficient depends on the shape and size of the falling object and on the density of is about 0.250 . , the drag force acting on it due to air resistance

air. For a human body, the numerical value for Using this value for

, what is the terminal speed

of the sky diver?

Hint C.1 Terminal speed

Hint not displa ed
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Express you answer in meters per second. ANSWER: = 56.0 Correct

Recreational sky divers can control their terminal speed to some extent by changing their body posture. When oriented in a headfirst dive, a sky diver can reach speeds of about 54 meters per second (120 miles per hour). For maximum drag and stability, sky divers often will orient themselves "belly-first." In this position, their terminal speed is typically around 45 meters per second (100 miles per hour). Part D When the sky diver descends to a certain height from the ground, she deploys her parachute to ensure a safe landing. (Usually the parachute is deployed when the sky diver reaches an altitude of about 900 --3000 .) Immediately after deploying the parachute, does the skydiver have a nonzero acceleration? Hint D.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displa ed

ANSWER:

No; the sky diver keeps falling at constant speed. Yes and her acceleration is directed downward. Yes and her acceleration is directed upward. Correct

Part E When the parachute is fully open, the effective drag coefficient of the sky diver plus parachute increases to 60.0 . What is the drag force acting on the sky diver immediately after she has opened the parachute? Hint E.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displa ed

Hint E.2 Find the speed of the sky diver when the parachute is deployed
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Express your answer in newtons. ANSWER: = 1.88 105 Correct

Part F
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What is the terminal speed

of the sky diver when the parachute is opened?

Hint F.1 How to approach the problem

Hint not displa ed

Express your answer in meters per second. ANSWER: = 3.61 Correct

A typical "student" parachute for recreational skydiving has a drag coefficient that gives a terminal speed for landing of about 2 meters per second (5 miles per hour). If this seems slow based on video or real-life sky divers you have seen, that may be because the sky divers you saw were using high-performance parachutes; these offer the sky divers more maneuverability in the air but increase the terminal speed up to 4 meters per second (10 miles per hour).

Problem 4
A small button placed on a horizontal rotating platform with diameter 0.320 the platform when it is brought up to a rotational speed of 40.0 a distance no more than 0.140 Part A What is the coefficient of static friction between the button and the platform? ANSWER: 0.251 Correct from the axis. will revolve with , provided the button is

Part B How far from the axis can the button be placed, without slipping, if the platform rotates at 65.0 ? ANSWER: 5.30 102 Correct

Problem 5
Two tugboats pull a disabled supertanker. Each tug exerts a constant force of 2.1 106 , one an angle 18 west of north and the other an angle 18 east of north, as they pull the tanker a distance 0.82 Part A What is the total work they do on the supertanker? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: 3.3 109
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toward the north.

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Correct

Problem 6
You are a member of an alpine rescue team and must project a box of supplies, with mass up an incline of constant slope angle distance present, with kinetic friction coefficient Part A Use the work-energy theorem to calculate the minimum speed at the bottom of the incline so that it will reach the skier. Hint A.1 How to approach the problem
Hint not displa ed

so that it reaches a stranded skier who is a vertical .

above the bottom of the incline. The incline is slippery, but there is some friction

that you must give the box

Hint A.2 Find the total work done on the box

Hint not displa ed

Hint A.3 What is the initial kinetic energy?

Hint not displa ed

Hint A.4 What is the final kinetic energy?

Hint not displa ed

Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables ANSWER: = Correct

, and

Problem 7
A block of weight sits on an inclined plane as shown. A force of magnitude is applied to pull the block up the incline at constant speed. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the plane and the block is .

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Part A What is the total work distance up the incline? done on the block by the force of friction as the block moves a

Hint A.1 How to start

Hint not displa ed

Hint A.2 Find the magnitude of the friction force

Hint not displa ed

Express the work done by friction in terms of any or all of the variables , , and .

ANSWER:

= Correct

Part B What is the total work distance up the incline? , , , , and . done on the block by the applied force as the block moves a

Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables , ANSWER:

= Correct

Now the applied force is changed so that instead of pulling the block up the incline, the force pulls the block down the incline at a constant speed.

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Part C What is the total work distance done on the block by the force of friction as the block moves a

down the incline? , , , , and .

Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables , ANSWER:

= Correct

Part D What is the total work done on the box by the appled force in this case? , , , , and .

Express your answer in terms of any or all of the variables , ANSWER:

= Correct

Problem 8
A particle of mass moves along a straight line with initial speed along the direction of its motion. . A force of magnitude pushes the particle a distance Part A Find , the final speed of the particle after it has traveled a distance .

Hint A.1 Find the final kinetic energy

Hint not displa ed

Express the final speed in terms of

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, and

.
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ANSWER: = Correct

Increase in mass For the next two parts, assume that the particle's mass is increased to parameters in the problem introduction remain the same. Part B
By what multiplicative factor factor does the initial kinetic energy increase, and by what multiplicative

, while all other

does the work done by the force increase (with respect to the case when the particle )?

had a mass

If one of the quantities doubles, for instance, it would increase by a factor of 2. If a quantity stays the same, then the multiplicative factor would be 1.

Hint B.1 Find the work done

Hint not displa ed

You should enter the two factors separated by a comma. ANSWER: , = 3,1 Correct

Part C The particle's change in speed over the distance when it had a mass equal to ANSWER: less than Correct . will be ______ the change in speed

Increase in initial velocit For the final two parts, assume that the initial speed of the particle is increased to the particle's mass once again equal to Part D By what factor with mass increase?
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, with

does the initial kinetic energy increase (with respect to the first situation, and speed ), and by what factor does the work done by the force

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Again, enter the two factors, separated by a comma. ANSWER: , = 9,1 Correct

Part E The particle's change in speed over the distance when it had an initial velocity equal to Hint E.1 Some math help
Hint not displa ed

will be ______ the change in speed

ANSWER:

less than Correct

Make sure you understand this result: The amount of energy needed to increase an object's velocity by a certain fixed amount increases the faster the object is already moving. An elegant way to see this is to take the derivative of kinetic energy with respect to velocity: ,

or
. This says that when the velocity of an object increases by an amount increases by , so if you have a very fast moving object (large , its kinetic energy ), it takes a large

amount of work or energy to increase its velocity even just a little bit!

Problem 9
A luggage handler pulls a suitcase of mass 16.9 above the horizontal by a force of magnitude 150 up a ramp inclined at an angle 24.0 that acts parallel to the ramp. The

coefficient of kinetic friction between the ramp and the incline is 0.254. The suitcase travels a distance 3.90 along the ramp. Part A Calculate the work done on the suitcase by the force ANSWER: = 585 Correct .

Part B
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Calculate the work done on the suitcase by the gravitational force. ANSWER: = -263 Correct

Part C Calculate the work done on the suitcase by the normal force. ANSWER: = 0

Correct

Part D Calculate the work done on the suitcase by the friction force. ANSWER: = -150 Correct

Part E Calculate the total work done on the suitcase. ANSWER: = 172 Correct

Part F If the speed of the suitcase is zero at the bottom of the ramp, what is its speed after it has traveled 3.90 along the ramp? ANSWER: = 4.52 Correct

Problem 10
Two blocks are connected by a very light string passing over a massless and frictionless pulley (Figure ). The 20.0- block moves 75.0 to the right and the 12.0- block moves 75.0 downward.

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Part A Find the total work done on 20.020.0block. = 5.62 Correct block if there is no friction between the table and the

ANSWER:

Part B Find the total work done on 12.020.0block. = 3.38 Correct block if there is no friction between the table and the

ANSWER:

Part C Find the total work done on 20.0the 20.0ANSWER: block. = 2.58 Correct block if =0.500 and =0.325 between the table and

Part D Find the total work done on 12.0and the 20.0ANSWER: block. = 1.54 Correct block if and between the table

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Problem 11
A box is sliding with a speed of 4.50 on a horizontal surface when, at point P, it encounters a rough section. On the rough section, the coefficient of friction is not constant, but starts at 0.100 at P and increases linearly with distance past P, reaching a value of 0.600 at 12.5 past point P. Part A Use the work-energy theorem to find how far this box slides before stopping. ANSWER: = 5.11 Correct past point P

Part B What is the coefficient of friction at the stopping point? ANSWER: = 0.304 Correct

Part C How far would the box have slid if the friction coefficient didn't increase, but instead had the constant value of 0.100? ANSWER: = 10.3 Correct past point P

Problem 12
Consider a spring that does not obey Hooke's law very faithfully. One end of the spring is fixed. To keep the spring stretched or compressed an amount , a force along the -axis with -component , and when it is compressed. Part A How much work must be done to stretch this spring by 0.050 length? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: = 0.11 Correct from its unstretched must be applied to the free end. Here . Note that , when the spring is stretched and

Part B How much work must be done to compress this spring by 0.050 length?
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from its unstretched

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Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: = 0.17 Correct

Part C Is it easier to stretch or compress this spring? ANSWER: to stretch to compress Correct

Problem 13
You are asked to design spring bumpers for the walls of a parking garage. A freely rolling 1300 car moving at 0.66 is to compress the spring no more than 8.1 102 before stopping. Part A What should be the force constant of the spring? Assume that the spring has negligible mass. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: = 8.6 104 Correct

Problem 14
A truck engine transmits 28.0 (37.5 ) to the driving wheels when the truck is traveling at ( 37.3 ) on a level road. a constant velocity of magnitude 60.0 Part A What is the resisting force acting on the truck? ANSWER: = 1680 Correct

Part B Assume that 65% of the resisting force is due to rolling friction and the remainder is due to air resistance. If the force of rolling friction is independent of speed, and the force of air resistance is proportional to the square of the speed, what power will drive the truck at 30.0 ? Give your answer in kilowatts . ANSWER: 10.3
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Correct

Part C Assume that 65% of the resisting force is due to rolling friction and the remainder is due to air resistance. If the force of rolling friction is independent of speed, and the force of air resistance is proportional to the square of the speed, what power will drive the truck at 30.0 ? Give your answer in horsepower. ANSWER: = 13.8 Correct

Part D Assume that 65% of the resisting force is due to rolling friction and the remainder is due to air resistance. If the force of rolling friction is independent of speed, and the force of air resistance is proportional to the square of the speed, what power will drive the truck at 120.0 ? Give your answer in kilowatts. ANSWER: = 115 Correct

Part E Assume that 65% of the resisting force is due to rolling friction and the remainder is due to air resistance. If the force of rolling friction is independent of speed, and the force of air resistance is proportional to the square of the speed, what power will drive the truck at 120.0 ? Give your answer in horsepower. ANSWER: = 154 Correct

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 92.9%. You received 130.08 out of a possible total of 140 points.

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