Assignment 19: Induced E fields and Displacement I

Due: 8:00am on Friday, March 23, 2012 Note: To understand how points are awarded, read your instructor's Grading Policy.

Electric Field Due to Increasing Flux

Learning Goal: To work through a straightforward application of Faraday's law to find the EMF and the electric field surrounding a region of increasing flux Faraday's law describes how electric fields and electromotive forces are generated from changing magnetic fields. This problem is a prototypical example in which an increasing magnetic flux generates a finite line integral of the electric field around a closed loop that surrounds the changing magnetic flux through a surface bounded by that loop. A cylindrical iron rod with cross-sectional area is oriented with its symmetry axis coincident with the z axis of a cylindrical coordinate system as shown. It has a uniform magnetic field inside that varies according to components. . In other words, the magentic field is always in the positive z direction, and it has no other

For your convenience, we restate Faraday's law here:

, where

is the line

integral of the electric field, and the magnetic flux is given by , where is the angle between the magnetic field and the local normal to the surface bounded by the closed loop. Direction: The line integral and surface integral reverse their signs if the reference direction of The right-hand rule applies here: If the thumb of your right hand is taken along or is reversed.

, then the fingers point along

. You are free to take the loop anywhere you choose, although usually it makes sense to choose it to lie along the path of the circuit you are considering. Part A Find , the electromotive force (EMF) around a loop that is at distance from the z axis, where is restricted to the region outside the iron rod as shown. Take the direction shown in the figure as positive. Hint A.1 Selecting the loop Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Find the magnetic flux

Hint not displayed Express ANSWER: Part B Due to the cylindrical symmetry of this problem, the induced electric field can depend only on the distance from the z axis, where is restricted to the region outside the iron rod. Find this field. Hint B.1 Calculate the line integral Hint not displayed Hint B.2 The z and r components of the electric field Hint not displayed Express in terms of quantities given in the introduction (and constants), using the unit vectors in the in terms of , = Correct , , , and any needed constants such as , , and .

cylindrical coordinate system, , , and . ANSWER: = Correct

Exercise 29.36
A long, thin solenoid has 950 turns per meter and radius 2.30 uniform rate of 58.0 Part A . from the axis of the solenoid? . The current in the solenoid is increasing at a

What is the magnitude of the induced electric field at a point 0.520 ANSWER: 1.80104 = Correct Part B What is the magnitude of the induced electric field at a point 1.50 ANSWER: 5.19104 = Correct

from the axis of the solenoid?

Exercise 29.39
A long, straight solenoid with a cross-sectional area of is wound with turns of wire per centimeter, and the windings carry a current of . A second winding of turns encircles the solenoid at its center. The current in the solenoid is turned off such that the magnetic field of the solenoid becomes zero in . Part A What is the average induced emf in the second winding? ANSWER: 9.50104 = Correct

The Ampre-Maxwell Law

Learning Goal: To show that displacement current is necessary to make Ampre's law consistent for a charging capacitor Ampre's law relates the line integral of the magnetic field around a closed loop to the total current passing through that loop. This law was extended by Maxwell to include a new type of "current" that is due to changing electric fields: The first term on the right-hand side, . , describes the effects of the usual electric current due to moving

charge. In this problem, that current is designated as usual. The second term, , is called the displacement current; it was recognized as necessary by Maxwell. His motivation was largely to make Ampre's law symmetric with Faraday's law of induction when the electric fields and magnetic fields are reversed. By calling for the production of a magnetic field due to a change in electric field, this law lays the groundwork for electromagnetic waves in which a changing magnetic field generates an electric field whose change, in turn, sustains the magnetic field. We will discuss these issues later. (Incidentally, a third type of "current," called magnetizing current, should also be added to account for the presence of changing magnetic materials, but it will be neglected, as it has been in the equation above.) The purpose of this problem is to consider a classic illustration of the need for the additional displacement current term in Ampre's law. Consider the problem of finding the magnetic field that loops around just outside the circular plate of a charging capacitor. The cone-shaped surface shown in the figure has a current passing through it, so Ampre's law indicates a finite value for the field integral around this loop. However, a slightly different surface bordered by the same loop passes through the center of the capacitor, where there is no current due to moving charge. To get the same loop integral independent of the surface it must be true that either a current or an increasing electric field that passes through the Amprean surface will generate a looping magnetic field around its edge. The objective of this example is to introduce the displacement current, show how to calculate it, and then to show that the displacement current is identical to the conduction current . Assume that the capacitor has plate area and an electric field permeability of free space and to be the permittivity of free space. between the plates. Take to be the

Part A First find , the line integral of around a loop of radius located just outside the left capacitor plate. This can be found from the usual current due to moving charge in Ampre's law, that is, without the displacement current.

Find an expression for this integral involving the current ANSWER: = Correct Part B

and any needed constants given in the introduction.

Now find an expression for , the same line integral of around the same loop of radius located just outside the left capacitor plate as before. Use the surface that passes between the plates of the capacitor, where there is no conduction current. This should be found by evaluating the amount of displacement current in the Ampre-Maxwell law above.

Hint B.1 Hint B.2

Find the electric flux Hint not displayed Express in terms of Hint not displayed , , the plate area , and any

Express your answer in terms of the electric field between the plates needed constants given in the introduction. ANSWER: = Correct A necessary consistency check Part C

We now have two quite different expressions for the line integral of the magnetic field around the same loop. The point here is to see that they both are intimately related to the charge find the displacement current in terms of Hint C.1 Find the flux using Gauss's law Hint C.2 Find the displacement current Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of , , and any needed constants given in the introduction. . on the left capacitor plate. First

Hint not displayed

ANSWER: = Part D Now express the normal current Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct , in terms of the charge on the capacitor plate . Correct

, and any needed constants given in the introduction.

Using Gauss's law, you have shown that the displacement current from the changing electric field between the plates equals the current from the flow of charge through the wire onto that plate. This means that the Ampre-Maxwell law can consistently treat cases in which the normal current due to the flow of charge is not continuous. This realization was a great boost to Maxwell's confidence in the physical validity of his new displacement-current term.

The Magnetic Field in a Charging Capacitor

When a capacitor is charged, the electric field , and hence the electric flux , between the plates changes. This change in flux induces a magnetic field, according to Ampre's law as extended by Maxwell:

. You will calculate this magnetic field in the space between capacitor plates, where the electric flux changes but the conduction current is zero. Part A A parallel-plate capacitor of capacitance with circular plates is charged by a constant current . The radius of the plates is much larger than the distance between them, so fringing effects are negligible. Calculate , the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the capacitor as a function of distance from the axis joining the center points of the circular plates. Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Hint A.3 Hint A.4 Hint A.5 What is the electric flux between the plates? Hint not displayed What is the rate of change of the electric flux? Hint not displayed Scaling for the area within the Amprian loop Hint not displayed Evaluate the integral Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of and given quantities.

ANSWER: = Correct

Exercise 29.42

A parallel-plate air-filled capacitor is being charged as in the figure . The circular plates have radius 4.05 , and at a particular instant, the conduction current in the wires is 0.276 . Part A What is the displacement current density ANSWER: 53.6 = Correct Part B What is the rate at which the electric field between the plates is changing? ANSWER: 6.051012 = Correct Part C What is the induced magnetic field between the plates at a distance of 2.10 ANSWER: 7.07107 = Correct Part D What is the induced magnetic field between the plates at a distance of 1.01 ANSWER: 3.40107 = Correct from the axis? from the axis? in the air space between the plates?

Problem 29.74
A rod of pure silicon (resistivity according to Part A , where 2300 = 0.480 ) is carrying a current. The electric field varies sinusoidally with time , , = 110 .

Find the magnitude of the maximum conduction current density in the wire. ANSWER: 2.09104 = Correct

Part B Assuming part A. ANSWER: Part C At what frequency would the maximum conduction and displacement densities become equal if not actually the case)? ANSWER: 7.82106 = Correct Part D At the frequency determined in part C, what is the relative phase of the conduction and displacement currents? ANSWER: 90 = Correct (which is , find the maximum displacement current density in the wire, and compare with the result of 2.94109 Correct