(Strategic Intervention Material)

Phases of Matter

GUIDECARD A.INTRODUCTION B.Solid C.Liquid D. Gas E. Plasma F. Definitions G. Pictures of: Solid (Different states of Solids) Liquid (Different states of Liquids) Gas Plasma I Summary II Activity Card Explanations III Assessment Card Jumbled Words IV. Enrichment Card Crossword Puzzle V. Reference Card Website VI. Key Answers

A. Introduction

The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter. Also, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states demarcated in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by a phase boundary on a phase diagram. Because phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as a change from liquid to solid or a more subtle change from one crystal structure to another, this latter usage is similar to the use of "phase" as a synonym for state of matter. However, the state of matter and phase diagram usages are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the intended meaning must be determined in part from the context in which the term is used.

The phases of matter represent 'classes' of the type of molecular motion found at different temperatures. When the temperature is low, the motion of molecules is dominated by the fact that they and the result is a phase of matter that is rigid and stick together,

dense. When the temperature is high, the motion of the molecules is dominated by their translational energy, so intermolecular forces can almost be ignored. At intermediate temperatures, molecules translate but still stick together.

B. Solid One of the main characteristics of solids is that they hold their own shape. Therefore, if you put a solid in a container, it will not change its shape. You can move the container all around and the solid will still not change its shape! Another characteristic of solids is that they are very difficult to compress. When you compress any type of matter, you are applying a force a certain amount of matter into a smaller space. If we take a closer look at the atoms of a solid, they are very close together and have very little energy. At low temperatures the nuclei of the atoms of a solid vibrate about an equilibrium position but are trapped in their lattice positions, unable to flow or diffuse. Other states of Solids Ionic solids-- These substances have a definite melting point and contain ionic bonds. An example would be sodium. Covalent solids -- This substance appear as a single giant molecule made up of an almost endless number of covalent bonds. An example would be graphite. Molecular solids-- are represented as repeating units made up of molecules. An example would be ice. Metallic solids-- are repeating units made up of metal atoms. The valence electrons in metals are able to jump from atom to atom.

A.

LIQUID

The forces of attraction between the molecules of a liquid are less than that in a solid and greater than that in a gas. A substance in liquid state does not have a defined shape; rather, its shape is defined by that of its container. When a liquid reaches its boiling point, it acquires a gaseous state. One of the main characters of liquids is that they hold the shape of the container it is placed in. In other words, it will fill up as much space of the container as it possibly can. Liquids are also difficult to compress. (Other states of Liquid) Viscosity --The resistance of a liquid to flow is called its viscosity Surface Tension -- The result of attraction between molecules of a liquid which causes the surface of the liquid to act as a thin elastic film under tension. Surface tension causes water to form spherical drops. Vapor Pressure -- The pressure that a solid or liquid exerts when it is in equilibrium with its vapor at a given temperature. Boiling Point -- when vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure.

B.

GAS

Gas molecules are in a state of random motion. They exhibit the least intermolecular forces of attraction and hence gases lack a definite shape. The intermolecular distances are very large due to which the particles of gases are widely separated from each other. The density and viscosity of a gas is less as compared to solids and liquids. One of the main characters of gases is that they fill a container of any size or shape. Therefore, gas is everywhere! In fact, the gas that surrounds the earth is called the atmosphere. The atoms of a gas are really spread out and are full of energy. As a result, they are always zipping around. A gas is matter in which the molecules are widely separated, move around freely, and move at high speeds. Examples of solids include the gases we breathe (nitrogen, oxygen, and others), the helium in balloons, and steam (water vapor).

Gases are described by the Kinetic Theory of Gases. In this limit, gas molecules have negligible size, have no appreciable intermolecular forces, and are in continuous, random motion.

Gases have mean free paths that are larger than molecular diameters, i.e. they are usually isolated but occasionally have collisions

The state of a gas is universally, if approximately, described by the Ideal Gas Equation of State.

C.

PLASMA

The fourth state of matter is plasma. Plasma is an ionized gas, a gas into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or molecules and to allow both species, ions and electrons, to coexist. In effect a plasma is a cloud of protons, neutrons and electrons where all the electrons have come loose from their respective molecules and atoms, giving the plasma the ability to act as a whole rather than as a bunch of atoms. Plasmas are the most common state of matter in the universe comprising more than 99% of our visible universe and most of that not visible. Plasma occurs naturally and makes up the stuff of our sun, the core of stars and occurs in quasars, x-ray beam emitting pulsars, and supernovas. On earth, plasma is naturally occurring in flames, lightning and the auroras. Most space plasmas have a very low density, for example the Solar Wind which averages only 10 particles per cubic-cm. Interparticle collisions are unlikely - hence these plasmas are termed collision less. This phase of matter is very similar to gases, but the atoms are different because they are made up of free elections and ions of the element. In fact, these electrons and ions have little or no order which why they are similar to gases. This is the most common phase of matter.

D.

Definitions

Surface is the edge or boundary of a material. Interface is the region of contact between two phases. Surface Tension is the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid (or solid) by a unit amount. Viscosity is the resistance to the flow of a liquid. Solids don't have viscosity. Cohesive Forces bind molecules of the same type together. Adhesive Forces bind unlike molecules. Kinetic Molecular Theory a gases describes a gas as a large number of small particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with each other and with the walls of the container. Amorphous solids a solid in which there is no long-range order of the positions of the atoms unlike those in crystalline solids.

E.

Pictures of ( Chemistry Graphics )

The simplest particle of an element the retains all of the properties of that element is an ATOM. BELOW is a model for an Atom showing the NEUTRONS and PROTONS in the NUCLEUS and the ELECTRONS moving around the Nucleus. Neutrons have NO CHARGE, Protons have a POSITIVE CHARGE, and Electrons have a NEGATIVE CHARGE. The electrical charges of the electrons offset those of the protons, making the Net Electrical Charge of an Atom ZERO.

BELOW shows a portion of the PERIODIC TABLE, All ELEMENTS are arranged on the Chart. Among the information provided in the periodic table are the ATOMIC NUMBER, the CHEMICAL NAME, CHEMICAL SYMBOL, and ATOMIC MASS.

BELOW show the THREE STATES OF MATTER - SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS, using Water as an Example.

BELOW shows BOTH IONIC BONDING AND COVALENT BONDING.

BELOW shows how individual WATER MOLECULES are made by COVALENT BONDING. One Oxygen Atom Share Electrons with TWO Hydrogen Atoms. The Sharing of Electrons Between Two Atoms.

BELOW shows 2 pictures of how Table Salt is Formed by IONIC BONDING The Transfer of Electrons Between Two Atoms.

I-Summary
All material must exist in one of the three forms of mattera solid, a liquid, or a gas. These are different physical states of being and each form has implications for the substance in question. When we consider chemical substances most can exist in any of the three states. Which state of matter is encountered depends upon the physical conditions that they are being studied under. If the conditions are not specified then standard temperature and pressure is assumed. As a result of this it can be said that sodium chloride (table salt) is a solid. What in fact should be said is that at a pressure of one atmosphere (1.013 x 105 Nm2 ) and a temperature of 273.15 K (32F or 0C) sodium chloride is a solid. The three states of matter have different ways of responding to changes in temperature and pressure. All three will show an increase in volume (expansion) when the temperature is increased and a decrease in volume (contraction) when the temperature is lowered. This effect is most noticeable with a gas and least noticeable with a solid, with a liquid being intermediate between the two extremes. The difference between the states of matter is due to the differences between the amounts of energy their molecules have. A solid has molecules that are relatively immobile. All the molecules comprising a solid are in close contact with their neighboring molecules. The molecules are not free to move away from each other. This means that a solid has a definite shape and definite volumes, neither of which change much as the conditions of the environment alter. As the

temperature increases the molecules are able to vibrate more vigorously. As the temperature decreases the molecules move more slowly and they become more aligned, this makes it easier for the transmission of electricity, if the solid is a conductor. A liquid is very similar to a solid in many respects. The molecules of a liquid are also in close proximity to their neighbors. The liquid molecules are vibrating faster than those of a solid. A liquid has a fixed volume although its shape is not fixed; it will flow to take on the shape of its container. The layers of molecules in a liquid are more capable of moving over each other. When a gas is considered the situation is very different. Within a gas the molecules have very high energy. The molecules of a gas are not touching any of their neighbors and they are free to act independently. This allows a gas to have neither a fixed volume nor shape. A gas will expand to fill the container into which it is placed. The properties of a gas are described by a series of equations known as the gas laws, these are Boyle's law, Charles's law, and the constant volume law.

The theory by which the physical properties of the three states of matter is explained by reference to the motion of the molecules making up the material is known as the kinetic theory of matter.

When a solid changes into a liquid it is by a process called melting. When a liquid changes into a gas it is by boiling. A gas changing to a liquid is condensation and a liquid changing to a solid is freezing.

Some substances are capable of going directly from a solid to a gas, this is a process known as sublimation.

The bonding that is present has a strong influence on the state of matter of a material. Strong intermolecular forces, van der Waals forces, are characteristic of a solid. It is these forces that strongly hold together the molecules of a solid. With a liquid the molecules are also held closely together by intermolecular forces, although not as strongly as in a solid. The intermolecular forces in a liquid are not strong enough to keep the molecules from slipping past one another. It is this characteristic that makes the pouring of liquids a practicality. With solids the intermolecular forces virtually lock the molecules in place. The molecules in a solid can take up and retain a regular structure, a lattice. Kinetic energy has the tendency to speed up the movement of particles and force them apart whereas intermolecular forces tend to draw molecules together and stop them from moving. The particles of a solid and a liquid are fairly close together compared to those of a gas, and solids and liquids are called the condensed states. By altering the kinetic energies, a solid can change to a liquid and then to a gas. The kinetic energy that is applied in a situation such as this has to be sufficient to overcome the various van deer Waals forces that are in operation within the molecule.

Activity Card Explanations

Direction: Read carefully the given questions and then write the answer on the blanks provided.

1. The molecules are closely bound to one another by molecular forces. A solid holds its shape and the volume of a solid are fixed by the shape of the solid. Ans. (osdil)

2The molecular forces are weaker than in a solid. It will take the shape of its container with a free surface in a gravitational field. In microgravity, it forms a ball inside a free surface. Ans. (iluqdi)

3. The molecular forces are very weak. It fills its container, taking both the shape and the volume of the container. Ans. (sag)

4. Boundary or edge of a material.

Ans (cefarus)

5. Resistance to the flow of a liquid. Solids don't have it.

Ans. (sivocsiyt) .

6. A force that bind molecules of the same type together. Ans.( hecovesi)

7. A theory that describes a gas as a large number of small particles all of which are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with each other and with the walls of the container. Ans. (citenik)

II

Crossword Puzzle

3 2 5

Enrichment Card

ACROSS:
1. The molecules are closely bound to one another by molecular forces. A solid holds its shape and the volume of a solid are fixed by the shape of the solid. 4 Boundary or edge of a material. 6. Bind molecules of the same type together. 7. A theory that describes a gas as a large number of small particles all of which are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with each other and with the walls of the container.

DOWN:
2 The molecular forces are weaker than in a solid. It will take the shape of its container with a free surface in a gravitational field. In microgravity, it forms a ball inside a free surface. 3 The molecular forces are very weak. It fills its container, taking both the shape and the volume of the container. 5 Resistance to the flow of a liquid. Solids don't have it.

III-

Jumbled Words

ASSESSMENT CARD

Direction: The words below are jumbled arrange it correctly then write it on the space provided.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

DILSO-_ _ _ _ _ UQILDI- _ _ _ _ _ _ SGA- _ _ _ LAPMSA- _ _ _ _ _ _ SRUCEAF- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ VSICSOIYT- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ INOIC- _ _ _ _ _ COAVELTN- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ MOELUCLRA- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

10. MEATLILC- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

V. Reference Card Websites:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter) www.enchantedlearning.com/physics/Phasesofmatter.shtml www.miamisci.org/af/sln/phases/index.html itl.chem.ufl.edu/2045_s00/lectures/lec_f.html students.ed.uiuc.edu/mrayon/phases.html www.splung.com/content/sid/6/page/phasesofmatter www.buzzle.com/articles/phases-of-matter.html www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.html www.yahoo.com

VI. Key Answers:

Activity Card Explanations 1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas 4. Surface 5. Viscosity 6. Cohesive 7. Kinetic

II

Enrichment Card Crossword Puzzle Across 1. Solid 4. Surface 6. Cohesive 7. Kinetic Down 2. Liquid 3. Gas 5. Viscosity

III- Assessment Card Jumbled Words 1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas 4. Plasma 5. Surface 6. Viscosity 7. Ionic 8. Covalent 9 Molecular 10.Metallic

GUIDECARD
The guide card enables you to understand much better the topic about phases of matter which includes solid, liquid, gas and plasma. By reading this, it gives you more valuable ideas about the topic and gives you more knowledge.