HEAT TRANSFER Sixth Edition J. P. HOLMAN Professor of Mechanical Engineering ‘Southern Methodist University oe l McGraw-Hill Book Company New York St, Louis San Francisco Auckland ‘Bogoté Hamburg Johannesburg London Madrid Mexico Montreal New Delhi Panama Paris Sao Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoHEAT TRANSFER, INTERNATIONAL STUDENT EDITION Copyright © 1986 Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hill Book Co. - Singapore for manufacture and export. This book cannot be #€-exported from the country to which itis consigned by MeGraw Fil Ist printing 1986 oF retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ‘This book was set in Times Roman by General Graphic Services ‘The editors were Anne Murphy, Madelaine Eichberg, and Steven Tenney; ‘The designer was Elliot Epstein; ‘The production supervisor was Phil Galea New drawings were done by J & R Services, Ine. rary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Date Holman, J. P. (Jack Philip) Heat Transfer Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Heat~Transmission, I. Title Qecs20.HGs 1986 5362 85-13783 ISBN 0-07-029620-0 When ordering this title use ISBN 0-07-Y66459. ned by KIN KEONG PRINTING CO, TE LED ~ Rep SgtHEAT a aera eee 72eho Stet ab: gil Sol SoS ssibigle Feoe : jhe WPA aikel sole Shs VAde : Gaeé Sslos Bl eSylie | Samer obitl sle tee gb lee su yT AYaaaF Gab —yABOUT THE AUTHOR Dr. JACK P. HOLMAN received the Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from Oklahoma State University in 1958. After two years active duty as a research scientist in the Air Force Aerospace Research Laboratory, he joined the faculty of Southern Methodist University, where he is presently Professor of Me- chanical Engineering. During his tenure at Southern Methodist University he has eight times been voted the Outstanding Engineering Faculty Member by the student body in a poll conducted annually. His planning activities have included membership on the University Master Plan committees for engineering and for graduate edu- cation, and Chairman of the faculty planning committees for the Doctor of Engineering and Environmental Systems degrees. He has been active as a faculty representative to the Board of Trustees, member of Tenure and Ethics committees, Trustee of the SMU Retirement Plan, and Councils on Continuing. Education and Management Review. He has held administrative positions as Director of Thermal and Fluid Sciences Center. Head of the Civil and Me- chanical Engineering Department, and Assistant Provost for Instructional Media, |AS a principal investigator for research sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission, National Science Foundation, NASA, and the Environmental Protection Agency, he has published extensively in such journals as Industrial and Engineering Chemisty, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, and others He is also the autho of three widely used textbooks: Heat Transfer, 1963 (6th edition 1986), Expe. mental Methods for Engineers, 1966 (4th edition 1984). and Thermodynamics, 1969 (3rd edition 1980), all published by the McGraw: Hill Book Company. These books have been translated into Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Portugese and have received world-wide distribution through International Student Editions Printed in Japan. Dr. Holman is theAbout he authors consulting editor for the McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering, and Senior Consulting Editor for the McGraw-Hill/Hemisphere Advanced Series in Thermal/Fluids Engineering, Dr. Holman also consults widely for industry in the fields of energy conservation and energy systems. A member of the American Society of Engineering Education, he is past Chairman of the National Mechanical Engineering Division and past Chairman of the A.S.M.E. Region X Mechanical Engineering Department Heads. Dr. Holman is a registered professional engineer in the state of Texas, and received the “Mechanical Engineer of the Year'’ award by the North Texas Section of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1971 In 1972 Dr. Holman was recipient of the George Westinghouse Award from the American Society of Engineering Education for distinguished contributions to Engineering Education. r1 12 13 14 18 16 17 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 210 an Preface List of Symbols Introduction Conduction Heat Transfer ‘Thermal Conductivity Convection Heat Transfer Radiation Heat Transfer Dimensions and Units Computer Solution of Heat-Transfer Problems Summary Steady-State Conduction—One Dimension Introduction ‘The Plane Wall Insulation and K Values Radial Systems—Cylinders The Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient Critical Thickness of Insulation Heat-Source Systems Cylinder with Heat Sources Conduction-Convection Systems Fins ‘Thermal Contact Resistance CONTENTSse conten at 32 a4 35 36 38 39 310 at 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 St 52 53 Bs 55 56 87 58 59 510 S11 5412 513 et 62 Steady-State Conduction—Multiple Dimensions Introduction Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction Graphical Analysis, ‘The Conduction Shape Factor ‘Numerical Method of Analysis, Numerical Formulation in Terms of Resistance Elements Gauss-Seidel Iteration ‘Accuracy Considerations Electrical Analogy for Two-Dimensional Conduction Summary Unsteady-State Conduction Introduction Lumped-Heat-Capacity System Transient Heat Flow in a Semi-Infinite Solid Convection Boundary Conditions Multidimensional Systems Transient Numerical Method ‘Thermal Resistance and Capacity Formulation Graphical Analysis—The Schmidt Plot ‘Summary Principles of Convection Introduction Viscous Flow Inviscid Flow Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate Energy Equation of the Boundary Layer ‘The Thermal Boundary Layer The Relation between Fluid Friction and Heat Transfer Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Heat Transfer ‘Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Thickness Heat Transfer in Laminar Tube Flow ‘Turbulent Flow in a Tube Heat Transfer in High-Speed Flow Summary Empirical and Practical Relations for Forced-Convection Heat Transfer Introduction Empirical Relations for Pipe and Tube Flow n n n 6 8 98 100 16 n7 BE br 13 136 39 132 158 166, 186, 189 207 207 21 25 m 25 25 27 246 6 250 253 259 aT am 2B63 ea 65 66 70 mo 742 743 Flow across Cylinders and Spheres Flow across Tube Banks Liquid-Metal Heat Transfer Summary Remarks Natural-Convection Systems Introduction Free-Convection Heat Transfer on a Vertical Flat Plate Empirical Relations for Free Convection Free Convection from Vertical Planes and Cylinders, Free Convection from Horizontal Cylinders Free Convection from Horizontal Plates Free Convection from Inclined Surfaces Nonnewtonian Fluids ‘Simplified Equations for Air Free Convection from Spheres Free Convection in Enclosed Spaces Combined Free and Forced Convection ‘Summary Radiation Heat Transfer Introduction Physical Mechanism Radiation Properties Radiation Shape Factor Relations between Shape Factors Heat Exchange between Nonblackbodies Infinite Parallel Planes Radiation Shields Gas Radiation Radiation Network for an Absorbing and Transmitting Medium Radiation Exchange with Specular Surfaces Radiation Exchange with Transmitting, Reflecting, and Absorbing Media Formulation for Numerical Solution Solar Radiation Radiation Properties of the Environment Effect of Radiation on Temperature Measurement ‘The Radiation Heat-Transfer Coefficient ‘Summary Ccononts be 288 299 30s 310 323 323 323 330 339 339 342 33 Ms 34s 346 MT 354 358 373 373 373 375 384 393 400 407 409 4B 24 430 436 492 439 470 a ax Contents ot o2 Sete o7 10 101 10-2 103 10-4 105 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 "1 4 112 143, 14 115 116 42 124 122 123 124 125 126 Condensation and Boiling Heat Transfer Introduction Condensation Heat-Transfer Phenomena ‘The Condensation Number Film Condensation inside Horizontal Tubes Boiling Heat Transfer ‘Simplified Relations for Boiling Heat Transfer with Water ‘Summary and Design Information Heat Exchangers Introduction ‘The Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient Fouling Factors ‘Types of Heat Exchangers ‘The Log Mean Temperature Difference Effectiveness-NTU Method ‘Compact Heat Exchangers Analysis for Variable Properties ‘Heat-Exchanger Design Considerations Mass Transfer Introduction Fick's Law of Diffusion Diffusion in Gases Diffusion in Liquids and Solids ‘The Mass-Transfer Coefficient Evaporation Processes in the Atmosphere ‘Special Topics in Heat Transter Introduction Heat Transfer in Magnetoftuidynamic (MED) Systems Transpiration Cooling Low-Density Heat Transfer Ablation ‘The Heat Pipe Appendixes Tables 1 41 491 498 S13 si 525 525 526 331 $32 613 2 04contents B_ Exact Solutions of Laminar-Boundary-Layer Equations 653 © Analytical Relations for the Heisler Charts 659 Index 667PREFACE This book presents an elementary treatment of the principles of heat transfer. AS a text it contains sufficient material for a one-semester course which may be presented at the junior level. or higher, depending on individual course objectives. A background in ordinary differential equations is helpful for proper understanding of the material. Although some familiarity with fluid mechanics will aid in the convection discussions, it is not essential. The concepts of thermodynamic energy balances are also useful in the various analytical de- velopments. Presentation of the subject follows classical lines of separate discussions for conduction, convection, and radiation, although itis emphasized that the phys- ical mechanism of convection heat transfer is one of conduction through the stationary fluid layer near the heat transfer surface. Throughout the book em- phasis has been placed on physical understanding while, at the same time, relying on meaningful experimental data in those circumstances which do not permit a simple analytical solution. Conduction is treated from both the analytical and the numerical viewpoint, ‘so that the reader is afforded the insight which is gained from analytical solutions, as well as the important tools of numerical analysis which must often be used in practice. A similar procedure is followed in the presentation of convection, heat transfer. An integral analysis of both free- and forced-convection boundary layers is used to present a physical picture of the convection process. From this physical description inferences may be drawn which naturally lead to the presentation of empirical and practical relations for calculating convection heat- transfer coefficients. Because it provides an easier instruction vehicle than other methods, the radiation-network method is used extensively in the introduction of analysis of radiation systems, while a more generalized formulation is given later. Systems of nonlinear equations requiring iterative solutions are also dis- cussed in the conduction and radiation chapters.tv Preace ‘The log-mean-temperature-difference and effectiveness approaches are pre- sented in heat-exchanger analysis since both are in wide use and each offers its own advantages to the designer. A brief introduction to diffusion and mass transfer is presented in order to acquaint the reader with these processes and to establish more firmly the important analogies between heat, mass, and mo- ‘mentum transfer. ‘A number of special topics are discussed in Chapter 12 which give added flavor to the basic material of the preceding chapters. Problems are included at the end of each chapter. Some of these problems are of a routine nature to familiarize the student with the numerical manipu- lations and orders of magnitude of various parameters which occur in the subject of heat transfer. Other problems extend the subject matter by requiring students, to apply the basic principles to new situations and develop their own equations, Both types of problems are important. The subject of heat transfer is not static. New developments occur quite regularly, and better analytical solutions and empirical data are continuously made available to the professional in the field. Because of the huge amount of information which is available in the research literature, the beginning student could easily be overwhelmed if too many of the nuances of the subject were displayed and expanded. The book is designed to serve as an elementary text, 30 the author has assumed a role of interpreter of the literature with those findings and equations being presented which can be of immediate utility to the reader. It is hoped that the student's attention is called to more extensive works in a sufficient number of instances to emphasize the greater depth which is available on most of the subjects of heat transfer. For the serious student, then, the end-of-chapter references offer an open door to the literature of heat transfer which can pyramid upon further investigation. A ‘textbook in its sixth edition obviously reflects many compromises and evolutionary processes over the years. This book is no exception. While the basic physical mechanisms of heat transfer have not changed, analytical tech- niques and experimental data are constantly being revised and improved. One objective of this new edition is to keep the exposition up to date with recent information while still retaining a simple approach which can be understood by the beginning student. ‘The computer is now the preferred vehicle for solution of many heat-transfer problems. Personal computers with either local software or communication links offer the engineer ample power for the solution of most problems. Despite the ready availability of this computing power I have resisted the temptation to include specific computer programs for two reasons: (I) each computer installation is somewhat different inits input-output capability and (2) a number of programs for microcomputers in a menu-driven format are already on the scene or soon to be available. The central issue here has been directed toward problem setup which can be adapted to any computational facility. For those persons wishing to exploit the convenience and utility of the microcomputer a separate software package, developed by Professor Alan D.Kraus of the Naval Postgraduate School, is available from McGraw-Hill. This package contains a diskette with programs as well as documentation illustrating their use. “The SI (metric) system of units is the primary one for the text. Because the Btu-ft-pound system is still in wide use, answers and intermediate steps to ‘examples are occasionally stated in these units. A few examples and problems fare completely in English units. Some figures have dual coordinates that show both systems of units. These displays will enable the student to develop a “pilingual” capability during the period before full metric conversion is achieved. For this edition examples and problems oriented toward numerical (com- puter-generated) solutions have been expanded for both steady state and tran- vient conduction in Chapters 3 and 4. New convection correlations have been added in Chapters 5, 6, and 7, and summary tables have been provided for convenience of the reader. New examples have also been provided in the radiation, convection, and heat exchanger material and over 250 new problems have been added throughout the book. Over 200 of the previous problems have been restated so that they are “*new’” for student work. In addition, all problems have been reorganized to follow the sequence of chapter topics. A total of over 850 problems is provided. With a book at this stage of revision the list of people who have been generous with their comments and suggestions has grown very long indeed. Rather than risk omission of a single name, I hope that a grateful general acknowledgment ‘will express my sincere gratitude for these persons” help and encouragement. J.P. HolmanLocal velocity of sound ‘Attenuation coefficient (Chap. 8) ‘Area Albedo (Chap. 8) = Fin profile area (Chap. 2) “Magnetic field strength © Specific heat, usually ki/kg * °C © Concentration (Chap. 11) Co Drag coefficient, defined by Eq. GB) G__ Friction coefficient, defined by Eq. (5-52) Specific heat at constant pres- sure, usually kW/kg * °C pase > cc, Specific heat at constant volume, usually Kkg * °C 4 Diameter Depth or diameter D__ Diffusion coefficient (Chap. 11) Dy Hydraulic diameter, defined by Eq. (6-14) € Internal energy per unit mass, usually kJ/kg E Internal energy, usually ky E _Emissive power, usually W/m? (Chap. 8) Es, Solar constant (Chap. 8) LIST OF SYMBOLS En =a a als. ho Blackbody emmissive power per unit wave- Tength, defined by Ea. @12) Electric field vector Friction factor, defined by Eq, (5-107) or Eq, (10-29) Force, usually N Radiation shape factor for radiation from sur- face m to surface ‘Acceleration of gravity Conversion factor, de- fined by Ea. (1-14) Mass velocity Irradiation (Chap. 8) Heat-transfer coefficient, usually Wim? «°C Mass-transfer coeffi: cient, usually nvh Enthalpy of vaporiza- tion, Ki/kg, Radiation heat-ransfer coefficient (Chap. 8)