15-3tahreek December 2011

1
gvwmK AvZ-ZvnixK wWmî 2011 15Zg el 3q msLv

2

15Zg el : 3q msLv

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gvbyli Reew I eywewi mgw^Z I DbxZ icK
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Dbqb nq, Zvnj H Dbqb ne Yvqx Ges ZvZ
am bvgZ eva| eZgvb mgvR bwZK Aeq
hfve i nqQ, ZvZ cyiv wek mfZv GLb
gwKi my Lxb| cwievi, mgvR, ag, iv-me bZ
chvq AatcZb nq DVQ| mB mv_ ZYg~j
chvq fvOb i nqQ| cev` AvQ h, Avjgi
cZb RMZi cZb| GKBfve ivbZvi cZb
ivi cZb| Dciv KviY weMZ hyM cw_exi 6wU
RvwZ Avjvn&i Mhe m~Y asm nq MQ| m
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gv`Bqvb I KIg divEb| GQvov KIg Beivnxg
I Abvb RvwZ GK mevB asm bv njI
AwaKvsk wbw nq wMqwQj| cZK KIgi
asmi c avb KviY wQj g~jZt bZvì bwZK
AatcZb| ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-Gi `vAvi eiKZ
gymwjg Dvn GK asm ne bv| Ze `k I
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hw` fe _vwK h, Avgvì cviwiK wnsmv-
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wZwb `LZ cvQb bv, Zvnj gvivZK fyj ne|
GB fyj KiB weMZ RvwZwj asm nqwQj| Avgiv
hb m fyj bv Kwi| bvbv aiv BU w`q Mov Kvb
ma hgb wUK _vKZ cvi bv, bwZKZvnxb gvbyl
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nj bwZKZv Moe wK w`q?
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02

03

14

18

22

25

29

32

33

34

35

39
40
43
44
45
49

3
mLvb wMq ZvK Zvi mviv Rxebi wnmve w`Z
ne| mgZ Zvi RvbvZ I Rvnvbvg wbavwiZ ne|
Avi GLvbB Abvb cvYxi mv_ gvbyli cv_K|
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gvbyl Rxeb _K cvwjq wMq bxie KQZv mvabi
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gvbyl `ynvZ jyU-cyU mewKQz fvM Kivi gaB
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gvbyli bB| GUv gnvb mviB mw Kkj|
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KiZ ne| Zuvi cwiZ Av n`vqvZK wbRi
wekvm I Kg wbq AvmZ ne| gvbyli
Intrinsic I Extrinsic Value Z_v gbvRvMwZK I
ewnRvMwZK g~jevaK Avjvn&i weavbi AbyMZ
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mZ, myì I KjvYi cZvkx cZK gvbyli Rb
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gymwjg bvixi Bh&hZ euvPvbvi Rb QzU GmwQj Zviv
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gyKvwejv Kijb GK g n xK| BqvigyKi gq`vb
gZzKvZi gymwjg mwbK gyL cvwb Zzj wbq diZ
w`jb AviK AvnZ mwbKi Rb| ZvB eje,
gvbemev I gbylZi gaB gvbyl euP _vK,
cZi ga bq| Avi gbylZ wUK _vK Avjvn I
AvLivZ wekvmi KviY| D wekvm I Kgi
AvjvK Mo IV DbZ bwZKZv| bwZKZvi
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4

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(25/18 wKw)
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Igvqi , _ , . , ivm~jK nZvi myhvM LuyRZ
_vK| ZvIqvd Kvjxb mgqKB m Dg myhvM ej ai
bq| mgZ m wbRI ZvIqvdKvix nq ivm~ ji
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wewZ I fxZ nq m `Z Bmjvg Keyj Ki bq| G
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1

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ci wZwb ejb, . = - ` ` , , ,` ,
` ,` _ ` ` , ` ,` , . , ` ` ` . ,` ` ,` - ` ,. , . , ` ,` -
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n xIqvjvì cwZiva KiwQjb Ges Zvi Dci wZwb
Zuvi ivm~j I gywgbì weRqx KiQb| AvR Zvi igZ
wdi GmQ, hgb MZKvj wQj| AZGe Dcw Z
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AviI ejb, n RbMY! Avjvn GB gvK nvivg mve
KiQb mw`b, hw`b wZwb Avmgvb I hgxb m w Kib|
GwU wKqvgZ ch nvivg _vKe| AZGe Avj vn I
AvLivZ wekvmx Kvb ewi Rb GLvb i c evwnZ
Kiv nvjvj bq| GLvbKvi e KZb KivI nvjvj bq|
Avjvn Zuvi ivm~ji Rb hyi KviY (weRq) wèmi
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w`qwQjb| AvR _K Zvi igZ I cweZv c~ e i bvq
wdi GmQ| AZGe hviv DcwZ AvQ, Zviv Abycw Z

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!, : :/::, !<!, ^|
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eYbvq GmQ, wZwb GK_vI ejb h, nvivg GjvKvi
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Kvb nvivbv e KD Kz ove bv| Ze D welq c Pvi
Kiv hve| Kvb Nvm KD KvUe bv| G mgq nhiZ
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, ,- , Nvm KvUvi evcvi Aby gwZ Ìqv nq|
GB w`b ivm~ji wg eby LvhvAvn Mvi jvKiv eby
jvBQ , .., ,., , Mvi RbK ewK nZv Ki
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bq| GK_v RvbZ ci ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) Zvì WK
ejb, , ` , ` - , , ` _ ` , ' ` , , ` , ` ` , .
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kvnK K_vwj wjL `vI|
2
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi G wb` ki
ga Zuvi Rxekvq nv`xQ msKjbi `jxj cvIqv hvq|
v|| ||$< |< -||$< <| (v|:)-=< -|'|
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ZLb AvbQviMY Avcvl ejvewj KiZ _vKb, nqZev
Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) gvZB _K hveb| Avi g`xbvq
wdi hveb bv| Kbbv gv Zu vi kni, Zu vi `k I Zu vi
Rbf~wg , ` ` , ` ` ~ , , ` ` . ` , , , | `vAv _K dviM nq
Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) AvbQviì WK ejjb, Zvgiv wK
ejwQj? Zviv ejjb, Zgb wKQz bq| wK ivm~ ji
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2. <!< ~:, : l !/:: !<! !/~:
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5
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PvB| Avgvi Rxeb Zvgvì mv_ I Avgvi giY
Zvgvì mv_|
3

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Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) Qvdv cvnvoi kxl ùvwoq c v_ bv
kl Dcekb Kijb Ges Igi (ivt) Zuvi bxP emjb
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evqAvZ bb mvagZ keY I AvbyMZi Dci , ,,
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ivm~ji K_vwj Zvì wbKU cuQ `b| DjL h,
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mv_ Kvb wKQzK kixK Kiv bv| Igi (ivt) GK_vi
Dci gwnjvì AxKvi wbjb|
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Pzwi Kie bv| GK_v b wn`v ej DVjb, Avey
mywdqvb GKRb KcY jvK| Avwg hw` Zvi gvj _K
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3. <! < l! ~/:: l: <!, :/:>> |
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ewfPvi bv Ki| wn`v ej DVjb, ' , ` , . .` - ` ,
Kvb ^vaxbv bvix wK hbv Ki?
(4) ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejjb, , . , ` ' ` , . ` ` Zviv hb
wbR m vbì nZv bv Ki| wn`v ejjb, _ ` , ` , . ` ` ,
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Zvì jvjb KiwQ, Avcbviv heb Zvì nZv
KiQb| GLb G welq Avcbviv I ZvivB fvj Rvbb|
DjL h, Zvi cy nvbhvjv web Avey my wdqvb eì hy
gymjgvbì nvZ wbnZ nqwQj| wn`vi GK_v b Igi
(ivt) nm wPr nq cojb Ges ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) g `y
nvmjb|
(5) Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) ejjb, , . , ' ` , , ` ` , . . Zviv
hb KvDK wg_v Acev` bv `q| wn`v ejjb,
Avjvn&i Kmg! Acev` AZ RNb KvR , ,. _,. , |
Avcwb AvgvìK ev weKB myc_ I Dg Pwii
wb`kbv c`vb KiQb|
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Avgiv gRwjm ewmwb| AZtci wn`v evox wdi wMq
wbR nvZ evoxZ iwZ g~ wZ wU f djb Avi ejb,
` ` : ` . ` , ` , _ Avgiv Zvi evcvi GZw`b au vKvi
ga wQjvg|
4

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w`Z _vKb| Avey Dmvq` Avj-LvhvCK w`q nvivg
kixdi bZzb mxgvbv mg~n Lvov Kib| Bmjvgi
cPvii Rb Ges g~ wZ mg~ n f djvi Rb Pviw`K
QvU QvU mbv`j c iY Kib| GQvov NvlKi gvag
gvi Awj-MwjZ NvlYv cPvi Ki `b h, ` . .
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4. !<-<! > :|

6
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Zvi evoxZ iwZ g~wZ f dj|
5

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25k ivgvhvb ZvwiL Lvj` Beb Iqvjxì bZ Z 30
Rbi GKwU Akvivnx `j bvLjvq cwiZ nq Dhhv g~ wZ
P~Y Kivi Rb| GB g~wZwU wQj Kzivqk I mg eby
Kbvbvn Mvi c~wRZ mePq eo g~wZ| Lvj` Beb
Iqvjx` (ivt) g~wZwU f w`q Pj Gjb| ivm~jyjvn
(Qvt) ejjb, _ ' ` , . ` , wKQz `LQ wK? ejjb,
bv| ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) Zvnj Zzwg fvvwb| Avevi hvI IUv
f Gmv| Gevi Lvj` DwRZ nq Kvlgy Zievwi
wbq QzUjb Ges mLvb hZB GK Kv I wem Pzj
wewk bM gwnjvK Zvì w`K ewiq AvmZ `Lb|
GK `L gwì cnix wPrKvi w`q DVjv| wK Lvj`
ZvK GK Kvc wLwZ Ki djjb| Zvici ivm~ ji
KvQ wdi Gm wicvU Kij ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejjb, nu v|
GUvB nj Dhhv| GLb m Zvgvì `k c~ Rv cvevi
evcvi wPiw`bi Rb wbivk nq Mj|
(2) myIqv , _, , g~wZ P~Y : Avgi Bebyj AvQ (ivt)-K
GK`j mbmn ivgvhvb gvmB cvVvbv nq hvqj , ,,
,. , Mvi c~wRZ myIqv bvgK eo èg~ wZ wU fvvi
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Zvgiv? Avgi ejjb, Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) GUvK
fvvi Rb AvgvK wb`k w`qQb| m ejj, Zvgiv
mg ne bv| Avgi ejjb, Kb? m ejj, Zvgiv
(^vfvweK wbqg) evavcv ne| Avgi ejjb, - ` _ ..
' ` . _ ~ . , . , ` ` _ ' ` , , .` . ` , Zzwg GLbv
evwZji Dci iqQ? m wK bZ cvq bv `LZ cvq?
ejB wZwb IUvK uwoq w`jb| cnixK ejjb, Gevi
Zvgvi gZ wK? m ej DVjv, .' = Avwg Avjvn&i
Rb Bmjvg Keyj Kijvg|
(3) gvbvZ , . , g~wZ P~Y : GKB gvmi ga 20 Rb
Akvivnx mn mv` web hvq` AvknvjxK cvVvbv nq
AviKwU cwm g~wZ gvbvZ-K P~Y Kivi Rb| =(= l
!>!< > !< l! <! ! !!! l <<
!! l, << !! : :~~)| hv wQj Kv`xì , , ,

5. !<-<! : > ! !! :/::|
wbKUeZx gykvjvj , . , bvgK vb Aew Z Ges hv
wQj AvDm, LvhivR, Mvmmvb I Abvb Mvi c~ wRZ
èg~wZ| mv` g~wZ wUi w`K AM mi nZB GKwU bM,
Kv I wew Pyj wewk bvixK ey K PvcovZ PvcovZ
ewiq AvmZ `Lb| GB mgq m Kej nvq nvq
, , ,,, , KiwQj| mv` ZvK GK AvNvZ LZg Ki
w`jb| AZtci g~ wZ I fvvi M n f u woq w`jb|
(4) eby Rvhxgvn , .- ,., , Mv ZvejxMx Kvdjv
ciY : 8g wnRixi kvIqvj gvm Lvj` web Iqvjxì
bZZ gynvwRi, AvbQvi I eby my jvqg Mvi mg^ q
350 Rbi GKwU `jK eby Rvhxgv Mv cvVvbv nq
ZvìK Bmjvgi `vIqvZ èvi Rb, jovB Kivi Rb
bq| wK hLb ZvìK Bmjvgi `vIqvZ Ìqv nj,
ZLb Zviv .' Avgiv Bmjvg Key j Kijvg bv ej
.'.. '.. Avgiv agZvMx nqwQ Avgiv ag ZvMx
nqwQ ejj| GZ Lvj` ZvìK nZv KiZ _vKb
I e`x KiZ _vKb Ges ci c ZKi wbKU a Z
ewK nZv Kivi wb` k `b| wK eby myjvqg eZxZ
gynvwRi I AvbQvi QvnvexMY KD GB wb` k gvb
Kibwb| nhiZ Avy j vn Beb Igi (ivt) I Zu vi mv_xMY
wdi Gm ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-K me NUbv Lyj ejj wZwb
LyeB ggvnZ nb Ges Avj vn& i ìevi nvZ DwVq `yevi
ejb, ` , ` , ` ' ` , , ' ` , : ` . . _ - . ` n Avj vn!
Lvj` hv KiQ Avwg Zv _K Zvgvi wbKU wbRK
gy NvlYv KiwQ|
6

xe| |<<< <
6 wnRixZ nv`vqweqvn& i mwK Avj vn dvZg gy exb
ev weRq AwfwnZ Ki h AvqvZ bvwhj KiwQjb
(! /:), 8g wnRixZ gv weRq wQj Zvi ev e ic|
cKZ A_ gv weRq wQj Kz di I Bmjvgi ga
dvqQvjvKvix weRq, hv gy kwiK bZvì AnsKvi P~Y Ki
`q Ges gv I Avie Dcxc _K wkiK wbw Ki
`q| hv A`vewa mLvb Avi wdi Avmwb| BbkvAvj vn
wKqvgZ ch Avi wdi Avme bv|
(2) gv weRqi dj gy mjgvbì kwgv Ges mB
mv_ ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi AZzjbxq ivRbwZK c v I
`~i`wkZvi LvwZ PZz w` K Qwoq co| hv mKjK gv_v
bZ KiZ eva Ki|

6. <!< !/::> =, l! !/:>: l>!' <!-:>,
<< :' -|

7
(3) gv weRqi dj Bmjvg KeyjKvixi msLv Ki
eo hvq| dj gv 19 w`b ci nvbvqb hy Mgbi
mgq gv _KB bZzb `ynvhvi mb gymwjg evwnbxZ
hy nq| hvì ga gvi eo eo bZviv kvwgj wQjb,
hviv wKQzw`b AvMI Bmjvgi wei mb cwiPvjbv
KiQb|
(4) gv weRqi dj mgM Avie Dcxci agx q I
ivRbwZK bZZ gymjgvbì nvZ Gm hvq, hv GZw`b
Kzivqkì GKQ AwaKvi wQj|
(5) gv weRqi dj Avie Dcxc g`xbvi Bmjvgx
LjvdZ AcwZx ivRbwZK kw wnmve Avwef ~ Z nq|
dj evBii civkw KvqQvi I wKmiv Z_v ivgK I
cviwmK kw eZxZ ZrKvjxb wek g`xbvi Zz jbxq Kvb
kw Avi Aewk iBj bv| ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi fwelvYx
Abyhvqx D `yB civkw LjvdZ ivk`vn& i hy M
gymwjg kwi wbKU chy` nq Ges g`xbvi Bmjvgx
LjvdZ GKgv wekkw wnmve Avwef~Z nq| !l!-
l !|
||< |<<< x
1| mZ I wg_vi wPi b| wK Aekl wg_v
civwRZ nq|
2| mZmexMYi mv_ Avjvn _vKb| hLb wZwb Zvì
`ywbqvex weRq `vb KiZ BQv Kib, ZLb Zvi Rb
wZwb KviY mw Ki `b| hgb `k eQii mwPz w
`yeQii ga f nq wg_vi c~Rvixì nvZB Ges Zvi
dj mnR gv weRq Zivw^Z nq|
3| Bmjvg Zvi A wbwnZ Cgvbx kwi Rvi c wZv jvf
Ki, Akwi Rvi bq| mKviY evwnKfve nxbZv
^xKvi KiI Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) nv`vqweqvi mwPz w
KiwQjb| hvZ kvw i cwiek Bmjvg cPvi Kiv m e
nq| `Lv Mj ZvZ Bmjvg KeyjKvixi msLv GZ e w
cj h, nv`vqweqvi mv_xì msLv hLvb 1400 wQj,
gv `yeQii gv_vq gv weRqi mdi mLvb 10,000
nj|
4| cwZkva MnYi gvag bq, D`viZvi gvagB
kK vqxfve civf~Z Kiv me| gv weRqi ci
kì cwZ mvaviY gv NvlYvi gvag Avj vn& i ivm~ j
(Qvt) Zvi Dj `v Kvqg Kib| GRbB ejv Pj
h, gv weRq Ai gvag nqwb| eis D`viZvi gvag
nqwQj|
5| mvgvwRK kvw I ksLjvi ^v_B Kej Bmjvg nZvi
e`j nZv mg_b Ki| bBj Bmjvgi g~ jbxwZ nj
mvac icvZ I nZvKvK Gwoq Pjv| hgb gv
weRqi wZxq w`b Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) eby LvhvAvnK
Dk Ki ejb h, nZvKvi gvag Kvb DcKvi
mvwaZ nq bv| Aby icfve evby Rvhxgvn& i c wZ nZvKvi
wb`k Ìqvq Lvjì wei Avj vn& i wbKU Aby hvM
Ki ejb, n Avj vn! Lvj` hv KiQ, Avwg Zv _K
Zvgvi wbKU wbRK gy NvlYv KiwQ|
|-|<- <+ , - _- , x |<|< |<| x|
|x gymjgvbì AvKwK gv weRqK Kz ivqk I
Zvì wg`jwj gb wbjI wbKU c wZekx eby
nvIqvhb I Zvi kvLv Z vqdi eby QvK xd Mv GUvK
gb wbZ cviwb| Zviv gb Kij, gy mjgvbiv Gici
mg bMix Zvqd nvgjv KiZ cvi| AZGe AvMB
hw` Avgiv gymjgvbì civwRZ KiZ cvwi, Zvnj
Avgvì m` hgb iv cve Zgwb Z vqd
gvevmxì hZ evM-evwMPv I RvqMximg~ n iqQ, me
Avgvì `Lj Gm hve|
7
GQvov gymjgvbì KvQ
_K g~wZ fvvi e`jv bIqv hve| G Dk Zviv
gv I Zvqdi gaeZx eby gy hvi I eby njvj Ges
Abvb Mvi jvKìK wbRì `j wfwoq wbj|
Ze eby nvIqvhb-Gi `ywU kvLv Mv eby Kve I eby
Kjve GB Awfhvb _K c_K _vK| Zviv ej h, c~ e
_K cwg ch mgM `ywbqv hw` gy nvvì wei
GKwZ nq, Z_vwc wZwb mKji Dci weRqx neb|
AZGe Avgiv Gjvnx kwi wei hy KiZ cvie bv|
G mI gymjgvbì wei hy Kivi Dk
nvIqvhb bZv gvjK web AvId bvQixi , : .,
, ,` .` , bZZ Pvi nvhvi mbi GK `ya l evwnbx
bvqb-Gi mwbKU AvIZ vm , ..~,' , DcZKvq
AeZiY Kij| hv wQj nvIqvhb Mvi GjvKv fy |
Zvì bvix-wk, Mevw`-c I mg ab-m` Zviv mv_
wbq Avm GB Dk h, Gwji gneZ KD hy i
gq`vb Qo cvjve bv| eis c vYcY hy Ki Zviv hy
Rq Dy ne| Zvì c exY bZv I ` hvv `y ivB`
web Qvvn , .. , ,_ , GwjK m Avbvq vf
cKvk Ki ejb, Zvgiv GwjK `~ i msiwZ vb
cvwVq `vI| hy Zvgiv weRqx nj Iiv Gm
Zvgvì m wgwjZ ne| Avi civwRZ nj Iiv eu P
hve| wK ZiY mbvcwZ gvjK web AvId Zvi G
civgkK ZvwQjfi Dwoq `q Ges mevBK hy i
gq`vb Rgv Ki| g~ jZt `y ivBì civgk gZ KvR
Kij Zvi mybvg ne, GwelqwU gvjK ei`vkZ KiZ
cviwb| Avey nvìv` Avmjvgx (ivt)-K Mvcb cvwVq

7. Zvdmxi gvAvidzj KziAvb, ct 561|

8
Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) Zvì me Lei Rb wbq ejjb,
: , ' . . . = GmeB AvMvgxKvj
gymjgvbì MYxgZ cwiYZ ne BbkvAvjvn|
#|x| <||-| |-|<--=<
8g wnRixi 6B kvIqvj kwbevi gv _K 2,000
bIgymwjg mn 12,000 mbv`j wbq Avjvn&i ivm~ j (Qvt)
nvbvqbi Dk iIqvbv nb|
8
GUv wQj ivm~j (Qvt)-
Gi gvq AvMgbi EwbkZg w`b| GB mgq Avve web
Avmx`K gvi ckvmK wbhy Kiv nq|
<| |-<|
nvbvqb nj gv I Zvqdi gaeZx GKwU vbi
bvg, hv gv nZ AvivdvZi iv v ai 10 gvBji wKQz
, , , ., , `~i AewZ GKwU cvnvo ewZ
DcZKv| 10B kvIqvj eyaevi fvi ivZ gymwjg evwnbx
nvbvqb DcwZ nq| hvIqvi c_ Zviv GKwU eo
mZR-meyR Kzj MvQ `LZ cvb| hvK hvZz AvbIqvZ
, ,' . , ejv nZ| gy kwiKiv GwUK gj e gb
KiZ| GLvb Zviv c hen KiZ, Gi Dci A-k
Szwjq ivLZ, GLvb c~Rv w`Z I gjv emvZ| Zv `L
KD KD ej DVjv, ` - . ,` ' ` ,` , ` .
,` ' Avgvì Rb (n ivm~j) GKwU hvZ AvbIqvZ
w`b, hgb Iì iqQ| ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) weqi mv_
ej DVjb, = ' ` , . ` ,` ` , ` , , ` ` ,
` ,` _ Avjv AvKei! mB mvi Kmg hvi nvZ Avgvi
Rxeb wbwnZ, Zvgiv wVK mBic K_v ejQ, hic g~ mvi
KIg ejwQj, ` - , ` , ` , , Avgvì Rb
GKwU Dcvm w`b, hgb Zvì e Dcvm iqQ| Avi
g~mv Zvì RIqve ejwQjb, ` ` , ` , ` ` - , ` , .
Zvgiv g~L RvwZ (!<! /::)| wZwb ejjb, ` ,
' .` ` , ` ` ` ` . ` ` , GUvB nj ixwZ|
Zvgiv c~ei jvKì ixwZ AekB Aej^b Kie|
9

|x<| +-|# <|| < -|
G mgq wbRì mbmsLv ekx `L KD KD ej
DVb, ` . ` ` ,, . ` . k msLv Kg nIqvi

8. !<< <, =< < l< l>!< l
<! l !! :/:~|
9. < l<! !/:: l<l !/~: =, l!
!/ l!' <!; !! !/~>~|
KviY AvR Avgiv KLbvB civwRZ ne bv| GK_vq
Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) eoB K cvb|
<+ < x|x <||-|< |<<<
fvi ivZ gymwjg evwnbx nvbvqb cu Qj| kci
QvKxd I nvIqvhb Mvi ` Zxi`vhiv AvMB Iur
cZ wQj| Zviv wMwimsKUi msKxY c_ gy mwjg
evwnbxi AMMvgx `jK bvMvji ga cvIqv gvB
Zxiew i Ki w`j| Zvì G AvKwK AvgY
gymwjg evwnbx Qf nq Mj| mevB w`wM w`K vbnviv
nq QzU cvjvZ jvMj| wewfb eY bv gvZveK G mgq
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi wbKU wQjb 9, 10, 12 A_ev 100
Rbi Kg msLK jvK|
10
G `k `L bIgy mwjg
Kzivqk bZv Avey my wdqvb web nvie ej IVb, . ,
,,, ., ,- ,.~. jvwnZ mvMi cu Qbvi AvM
ch Gì cvjvbvi MwZ kl ne bv| AviK Rb
ew Rvevjvn A_ev Kvj`vn Beby j Ry bvq` PxrKvi w`q
ej IVj, .' =, ` ,` -` ,., `L Rv`y AvR evwZj
nq Mj| A_vr c_g avvZB Gì Cgvb kl nq
hvevi Dcg nj Ges c~ e i Awek vm wdi hZ D`Z
nj|
GB msKUc~Y mgq ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi exiZ I ZRw^ Zv
wQj AZzjbxq| wZwb ^ xq LPiK Kvdi evwnbxi w`K
GwMq hvevi Rb DwRZ KiZ _vKb I ejZ
_vKb, ' ' _ ` . ` . ' ' ` ` , ` ` . =` Avwg
bex| wg_v bB| Avwg Avy j gy vwjei cy |
11
A_ vr
Avwg h mZ bex Zvi c gvY hy Rq-civRqi Dci
wbfi Ki bv| G mgq ivm~ j (Qvt) Wvbw`K wdi WvK
w`q ejb, ` ,' ` ,,' ` . ' _ ` ` , .= ' ` - ` `
` , ` ` = . Avgvi w`K Gmv n jvKiv! Avwg Avj vn& i
ivm~j| Avwg Avy j vn& i cy gy nvv`|
12
Gmgq Zu vi
wbKU A msLK gy nvwRi I Zu vi cwievii wKQz jvK
eZxZ KD wQj bv| ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi PvPvZv fvB
bIgymwjg Avey mywdqvb web nviQ web Avy j gy vwje
ivm~ji LPii jvMvg Ges PvPv Avevm web Avy j
gyvwje LPii iKve Ub ai iLwQjb, hvZ m
ivm~jK wbq mvgb eo hZ bv cvi| Gici
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) LPi _K bvgjb I `vAv Kijb,
` , ` , ' ` , ` . , n Avjvn! Zvgvi mvnvh bvwgq `vI|

10. !: <!< /~>-: :|
11. <!< !/~:, ~|
12. !<-<! : :: !<!, l: <! :> :,
|

9
AZtci wZwb PvPv AvevmK wb`k w`jb QvnvexMYK
EPtî Avnvb Kivi Rb| Kbbv Avevm wQjb
AZ ìvR Ki gvbyl| wZwb mekw w`q DPt^ i
WvKjb, | ` , ` . -` . ' ,` ` . evqAvZ wihIqvbi
mv_xiv Kv_vq? Zu vi GB AvIqvh cvIqvi mv_ mv_
Mvfxi WvK `yai evQzi QzU Avmvi gZ jvevqK
jvevqK awb w`q Pviw`K _K QvnvexMY Qz U
Gjb|
13
Kvi Kvi Ggb Aev nqwQj h, ^ xq DUK
wdivZ mg bv nq md Xvj-Zjvqvi wbq jvwdq
co QzU ivm~ji wbKU Pj Avmb|
Gici nhiZ Avevm (ivt) . , , .` _ ..` ' n
AvbQviMY! ej AvbQviì Avnvb Kijb| Aekl
`Lv Mj h, h MwZZ gymjgvbiv wdi wMqwQj, Zvi
Pq `Z MwZZ Zviv hy cZveZb Kij| dj
gyn~Zi gaB Dfqc Zzgyj hy i nq Mj| G mgq
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) GK gyw evjy DwVq Kvwdiì w`K
wbc Ki ejjb, . ` ,.` -` , ` Pnvivjv weKZ
nK|
14
GB GK gyVv evjy kci cZKi `yPvL
fi hvq Ges Zviv cvjvZ _vK| dj hyi MwZ w wgZ
nq hvq| G mgq ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejb, ` . _ , ` ,` , ,`
` -` gynvvì cfyi Kmg! Iiv civwRZ nq MQ|
15

wbtm`n GUv wQj Avjvn&i Mvqex g``, hv wZwb
dikZvMYi gvag mb Kib|
< |-|< <|<
a~wj wbci ciciB kì civRqi aviv m~ wPZ nq
Ges mii AwaK jvk dj Zviv hyi gq`vb _K
cvjvZ i Ki| Zvì bZv gvjK web AvId eo
`jwU wbq ^xq x-cwiRb Qo cvwjq wMq Z vqdi
`yM Avkq bb| AviKwU `j Zvì bvix-wk I Mevw`
c wbq AvIZvm NuvwUZ Pj hvq| AviKwU `j bvLjvi
w`K cjvqb Ki|
c_gv `ji cvvebi Rb 1000 mbmn Lvj`
web Iqvjx`K cvVvbv nq| wZxq `jwUi Rb Avey
Avgi Avj-AvkAvixK GKwU mbv`j mn cvVvbv nq|
wZwb Zvì Dci Rqjvf Kib| wK Zvì wbw
Zxii AvNvZ wZwb kvnv`vZ eiY Kib| Z Zxq `jwUi
wcQb GK`j AkvivnxK cvVvbv nq| hvì nvZ Zviv

13. l !/: :! ' l! !/|
14. l, l! !/>: !! !!' <!-~>,
>!' -|
15. l, l! !/|
civf~Z nq Ges Zvì c exY bZv `y ivB` web Qvvn
wbnZ nq|
<+ |< ti|
gvbQ~icyixi wnmve gZ nvbvqb hy gy mwjg c
knxì msLv wQj 6 Ges Kvwdi c wbnZi msLv
wQj 71|
|< |x |
AvIZvm NuvwUZ kci wbKU _K h wecy j MYxgZ
jvf nq, Zvi cwigvY wQj wbg ic:
<-| 6,000 bvix-wkmn, < 24,000, --|-<+<|
40,000-Gi AwaK, <i 4,000 DwKqv| Avj vn& i ivm~ j
(Qvt) me m` GKwZ Ki wRi vbvn , .,- , bvgK
vb Rgv ivLb Ges gvmE` web Avgi MdvixK Zvi
ZveavqK wbhy Kib| Z vqd _K c ZveZ b Ges
Aemi bv nIqv ch wZwb MYxgZ eb Kibwb| e`xì
ga nvjxgvi Kbv ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi `yaevb kvqgv webZz j
nviQ , ,. ._- ., ., , Avm-mvw`qvn wQjb|
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ZvK wPbZ ci wbRi Pvì wewQq ZvZ
emZ w`q ZvK mvwbZ Kib| AZtci ZvK Zvi
BQvbyhvqx Zvi KIgi wbKU dir cvVvb|
eZt GUvB wQj mB Iqv`vi ev eZv, h welq Avj vn
ejwQjb,
` ` , , . = ` ~ , ` , , ` , , , ` , ` - ` , ` -` '
` , ` , ` , ` ` ` , ` ` , ` . . , ` , ` , ` ` _ ' ,
` . ` - _ ` , ` ,` ` , , ` , , ,` ` ` , ,` ' = ` , ` _ ` ,` _
_ , ` , ` ,` ,` ' , ` ,` ` - ` , ` , , . , ` , ` ,` ,
: , . , - ` , , ` , ` ,` , ` . = ` ` , : _ `
, . = , ` , ` _ _ ` , - ` , , ,, ~ ,
Abyev` : Avjvn Zvgvì mvnvh KiQb AbK vb,
wekl Ki nvbvqbi w`b| hLb Zvgvì msLvwaK
Zvgvì MweZ Ki djwQj| wK Zv Zvgvì KvbB
KvR Avmwb| eis c k hgxb Zvgvì Rb msKxY
nq wMqwQj| AZtci Zvgiv wcV wdi cvwjq
wMqwQj| AZtci Avj vn Zu vi wekl c kvw mvKxbv
AeZxY Kib ^xq ivm~ j I gy wgbì Dci Ges bvwhj
Kib Ggb mbv`j, hvì Zvgiv `Lvwb Ges
Kvwdiì wZwb kvw c`vb Kib| Avi GwU wQj Zvì
Kgdj| (G NUbvi ci) Avj vn hvì c wZ BQv Kib,
ZIevi ZvIdxK `b| e Zt Avj vn AZxe gvkxj I
`qvevb (<! >/~-~)|

10
klv AvqvZ h ZIevi K_v ejv nqQ, ZvZ BwZ
iqQ kci bZv gvjK web AvId I Zvi mv_xì
cwZ| hviv ci mevB Bmjvg Keyj Ki wdi Avmb| -
!l!l !
|< <+ , - .=| ,
GwU wQj g~jZt nvbvqb hyiB ewaZ Ask| nvbvqb
hy nZ cvwjq hvIqv mbvcwZ gvjK web AvId
bvQix Zvi `jej wbq Zvqd `yM Avkq wbqwQjb|
BwZc~e Zvi cvvebi Rb GK nvhvi mbmn Lvj`
web Iqvjx`K cvVvbv nqwQj| AZtci Avj vn& i ivm~j
(Qvt) nvbvqb-Gi MYxgZ mg~n wRivbvnZ Rgv Ki
iL wbRB Zvqd AwfgyL iIqvbv nq hvb| cw_ga
wZwb bvLjv, Bqvgvwbqvn, Kvibyj gvbvwhj, wjqvn , ., ,
cfwZ Aj AwZg Kib Ges wjqvnZ Aew Z gvjK
web AvIdi GKwU mbvNuvwU uwoq `b| AZtci
Zvqd wMq `yMi wbKUeZx vb wkwei vcb Kib
Ges `yM Aeiva Kib| GB Aeivai mgqKvj 10,
15, 18, 20 I 40 w`b ch ewYZ nqQ| Aeivai
c_g w`K `yMi ga nZ ewi gZ Zxi wbw nq|
ZvZ gymwjg evwnbxi 12 Rb knx` nb| AbK AvnZ
nb| ci Zvì Dci Kvgvbi Mvjv wbc Kiv nq,
hv Lvqei hyi mgq gymjgvbì nMZ nqwQj|
kiv cvv D jvnvi L wbc Ki| ZvZI ek
wKQz gymjgvb knx` nb|
G mgq ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi c nZ GKwU NvlYv c Pvi
Kiv nq h, ` _ , - ` , ` , ,.` , ,.` - hme
Mvjvg Avgvì wbKU Gm AvZmgcY Kie, m gy
nq hve| GB NvlYvq fvj dj nq| GK GK 23 Rb
xZ`vm `yM cvPxi UcK ewiq Avm Ges mevB
gymjgvbì `jfy nq hvq|
16
Gì gaKvi GKRb
wQjb weLvZ Qvnvex nhiZ Avey evKivn (ivt)| bvix
bZZi AKjvY mwKZ Qnxn eyLvixZ ewY Z nv`xQi
whwb eYbvKvix| Avey evKivn bvgwU wQj ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi
Ìqv Dcbvg| Kbbv evKivn , ,., , A_ Kqv _K
cvwb Zvjvi Pvw| hvi mvnvh wZwb `yMc vPxi _K
evBi bvgZ mg nqwQjb| ci Zvi gy wbei c
_K ZvK dir `vbi `vex Kiv nj ivm~ j (Qvt)
ejb, = ` ` , ~ ,` , ` ,.` _ ` ` , ~ m Avjvn&i gy `vm,
AZtci Zuvi ivm~ji gy `vm|
17

16. !! !/~~~>, !! ^!l<-!<!|
17. !! !/::, ! !! :/:|
Mvjvgì cjvqb `yM evmxì Rb wZi KviY njI
AvZmgcYi Kvb jY `Lv Mj bv| Kbbv Zvì
KvQ GK eQii Rb Lv` I cvbxq gIRy ` wQj| Dci
Zvì wbw Zxi I D jvnv Li AvNvZ
gymjgvbì wZ nZ _vKj| G mgq Avj vn& i ivm~ j
(Qvt) bIdvj web gyAvweqv `xjxi , ` , ., .,,
,` , wbKU civgk PvBjb| wZwb ZvK AZ my ì
civgk w`q ejjb, , . .,-- . .' ,
-' ., ., , .,.., Iiv MZi wkqvj| hw`
Avcwb Gfve `vqgvb _vKb, Ze ai djZ
cvieb| Avi hw` Qo hvb, Zvnj Iiv Avcbvi Kvb
wZ KiZ cvie bv|
18

ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) Zvi civgk M nY Kijb Ges Igi
(ivt)-Gi gvag ciw`b gvq c ZveZ bi NvlYv Rvwi
Ki w`jb| wK GZ QvnvexMY m nZ cvijb bv|
Zviv ejjb, weRq Amgv iL Avgiv Kb wdi hve?
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejjb, wVK AvQ| Kvj Zvnj Avevi
hy i Ki| dj Zviv hy Mjb| wK wKQz jvK
AvnZ nIqv eZxZ Kvb jvf nj bv| Gevi ivm~ jy j vn
(Qvt) ejjb, ., . . .. = AvMvgxKvj
Avgiv iIqvbv nwQ BbkvAvj vn| Gevi Avi KD
wiw bv Ki Lykx gb c wZ wbZ jvMj| G ` k `L
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) nvmZ jvMjb|
G mgq ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-K ejv nj, Avcwb eby QvK xdì
Dci e` `vAv Kib| wK ivm~ j (Qvt) Zvì n`vqvZi
Rb `vAv Ki ejjb, ` , ` , .` ` , . , ' . , . , ` , n
Avjvn! Zzwg QvKxdì n`vqvZ Ki Ges ZvìK wbq
Gmv|
19
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi `vAv Keyj nqwQj Ges
mbvbvqK gvjK web AvIdmn nvIqvhb I QvK xd Mvi
mevB gymjgvb nq g`xbvq Avm|
DjL h, GB mB Z vqd, hLvb `kg beex el gv
_K 60 gvBj cvq nU Gm Avj vn& i ivm~ j (Qvt)
QvKxd bZvì KvQ Bmjvgi `vIqvZ w`qwQjb|
wewbgq cqwQjb Zvì gg vw K hyjyg I AeY bxq
`wnK I gvbwmK wbh vZb| A_P AvR kw _vKv mI
wZwb Zvì gv Ki n`vqvZi `vAv Kijb|

18
. ! !!, :/: !<-<!, : :> !<! <<l<
^ <, l: <!, : :>)
19. !! !/::, l!, -!<! l<l
!/:>~, !<! <, !l< l< !!
l =l !< <!< = <l ll !l' -l!
!/>:-=< !, !!l<' <!-:, -:

11
|< ti| Zvqd hy gymwjg c 12 Rbi
AwaK knx` nb Ges AbK msLK jvK AvnZ nb| Ze
Kvdiì nZvnZi msLv Rvbv hvqwb|
|-|<- <+< |x <9-
nvbvqb hyi MYxgZ eb bv KiB Avj vn& i ivm~ j
(Qvt) Zvqd wMqwQjb| BQvKZfve GB wej^ i KviY
wQj nvIqvhb Mvi bZviv gvcv_x nq Avmj
Zvì e`xì I Zvì gvj-m`vw` diZ wèb|
wK GB `xN myhvM cqI nZfvMvì KD Avmjv bv|
ZLb wZwb hyRqi ixwZ Abyhvqx MYxgZ eb i
Kijb|
<9- -||
ebi ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) gyIqvjvdvZzj Kz j~ e A_ vr
gvi bIgymwjg Kyivqk bZeì Ges Abvb Mv
bZvì gyL e Kivi bxwZ Aej^b Kib| hvZ Zvì
A i Bmjvgi cfve kfve em hvq| mgZ
ZvìKB eo eo Ask Ìqv nq| MYxgZi GK
cgvsk iL evKx me eb Ki Ìqv nq| eo eo
bZvì ga Avey mywdqvb Beby nvieK 40 DwK qv
ic Ges 100 DU Ìqv nq| ci Zvi `vex gZ Zvi
`yB cy Bqvhx` I gyAvweqvK 100wU Ki DU Ìqv
nq| nvKxg web nhvgK c_g 100wU DU ci Zvi `vex
Abyhvqx Aviv 100wU Ìqv nq| QvdIqvb web
DgvBqvK c_g 100 ci 100 ci AviI 100 gvU
300 DU Ìqv nq| nviQ web Kvj`vnK 100 DU Ges
Abvb Kzivqk bZvKI GKk GKk Ki DU Ìqv
nq| AbìK ghv`v Abyhvqx cvk, Pwj k BZvw`
msLvq DU w`Z _vKb| GgbwK Ggb K_v iU hvq h,
gynvv` (Qvt) GZ ekx `vb KiQb h, Kvi Avi Afve
_vKe bv| Gi dj e`yCbiv Gm Ggb wfo Rgvjv h,
GK chvq ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) GKwU MvQi KvQ KvbVvmv
nq cojb| hvZ Zuvi Mvqi PvìUv Rwoq Mj| ZLb
wZwb ej DVjb ,,' .. ` _ ' ` , . ` _ . n
jvKiv! PvìUv AvgvK wdwiq `vI| hvi nvZ
gynvvì Rxeb, Zvi Kmg Ki ejwQ, hw` Avgvi wbKU
Znvgvi eivwR MYxgZ wnmve _vKZ, ZvI Avwg
Zvgvì ga eb Ki w`Zvg| ZLb Zvgiv AvgvK
KcY, Kvcyil ev wg_vev`x wnmve cZ bv| Zvici
^xq DUi `n _K GKwU jvg DwVq nvZ Du Pz Ki
ai ejjb, ' ' , , ` ` : , = _ .` _ .` _ . , .
` ` ` - ` ` ` - , ` ,` ` , ` , , n RbMY! Avjvn&i Kmg! dvB
ev MYxgZi wKQzB Avgvi KvQ Avi Aewk bB| GgbwK
GB jvgwUI bB, GK cgvsk eZxZ| hv Aekl
Zvgvì KvQB wdi hve|
20

GBfve bIgymwjg gyIqvj vdvZz j Kz j~ eì Ìqvi ci
evKx MYxgZ Qvnvevq Kivgi ga eb Kiv nq|
hvq` web QveZ (ivt)-K wnmve Kivi `vwqZ Ìqv
nq| ZvZ `Lv hvq h, c wZRb c`vwZKi gv PviwU
DU I PwjkwU eKix Ges Ak vivnxi 12wU DU I 120wU
Ki eKix fvM coQ| GB hrmvgvb MYxgZ wbqB
ZvìK Lykx _vKZ nq|
ZYfvRx ci my L GK MvQv Nvmi Au u vwU aij hgb
m QzU Avm, gvby li ga Aby ic GK`j gvby l AvQ,
hvìK `ywbqvi jvf `wLqB KvQ UvbZ nq| m`
`j AvMZ jvKì ivm~ j (Qvt) AbKi Rb
D bxwZ Aej^ b Kib wK Qvnvevq Kivg Zv
cixwZ gvbyl| `ywbqv Zvì KvQ Zz Q welq| AvLivZ
Zvì wbKU gyL| ZvB Zvì evcvi ivm~ ji Kvb
DM wQj bv|
|-v|<< |<x<| <| (v|:)-=< |<
gvi bIgymwjgì ga MYxgZi e n`vsk eb Ki
Ìqvq AvbQviMYi ga wKQz Uv wegl Zv `Lv `q|
KD KD ej emb, , = _ ` ` , = . _ = .` ,
, , ` , . ` Avjvn&i Kmg! ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) Zu vi KIgi
mv_ wgk MQb| KD KD ejj, ` , . ` .
` ,` , ` , _ =` ` , , _ ` ` ` ` - hLb KwVb mgq Avm,
ZLb Avgvì WvKv nq| Avi MYxgZ Ìqv nq
Abì| LvhivR bZv mv` web Iev`vn& i gvag G
Lei RvbZ ci ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) ` Z Zvì KvQ Mgb
Kib Ges mgeZ AvbQviì Dk Ìqv fvlY
nvg` I Qvbvi ci ejb, , , ` _ .` ' ` ` ,
` , ` - , ` ,` ` ` - , ` ` ` , ` ' n AvbQviMY!
Zvgvì wKQz K_v Avgvi wbKU cu QQ| Zvgvì
A i Avgvi Dci wKQz Am w `vbv eu aQ| ` , ' ` ,
` . . ` , , = , ` , ' = . ` ' , . ' = ` , ,
` , ` , , Avwg wK Zvgvì wbKU Ggb Ae vq Avwmwb
hLb Zvgiv c_ wQj? AZtci Avj vn Zvgvì myc_
c`kb Kib| hLb Zvgiv AfveM wQj, AZtci

20. !! !/:~>, !!^ !/::, !< !, !/~:>
l! !/~

12
Avjvn Zvgvì mQjZv `vb Kib? Zvgiv cii
k wQj, AZtci Avjvn Zvgvì gvS fvjvevmvi
eb mw Ki `b? Zviv ejjb, nuv| ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt)
ejjb, n AvbQviMY! Zvgiv wK Reve wè bv? Zviv
ejjb, Avgiv Avi wK Reve è n Avj vn& i ivm~ j!
GmeB Zv Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~ji AbyMn| ZLb ivm~ jy j vn
(Qvt) ejjb, `L Zvgiv BQv Kij GK_vI ejZ
cvi Ges mUv ejj, Zvgiv Aek mZ K_vB eje-
mUv GB h, Avcwb Avgvì KvQ GmwQjb Ggb
mgq hLb AvcbvK wg_vev`x ejv nwQj, wK Avgiv
AvcbvK mZ ej RbwQ| hLb Avcwb wQjb Ac`,
ZLb Avgiv AvcbvK mvnvh KiwQ| hLb Avcwb wQjb
weZvwoZ, ZLb Avgiv AvcbvK Avkq w`qwQ| hLb
Avcwb wQjb AfveM, ZLb Avgiv Avcbvi c wZ
mnvbyf~wZ `wLqwQ|
AZtci wZwb ejb, ` ,` ` - , ' , , ` _ .` ' ` ` , ` '
` ' ,` . ' , , ` , ` ,` ` ` , . ` , ` , , _.
.` ` , n AvbQviMY! `ywbqvi GK MvQv Nvmi Rb
Zvgiv gb K wbqQ, hvi gvag Avwg jvKì A i
AvKlY mw KiZ PqwQ, hvZ Zviv AbyMZ nq? Avi
ZvgvìK mvc` KiwQ Zvgvì Bmjvgi Dci
(A_vr Zvgvì Rb BmjvgB h_)| . ' .` , .` , , , `
_ .` ' ' . . , ` ` ` , ` , , , ` ,` -` , , ` ,.` , , =
_. ` , . - _ n AvbQviMY! Zvgiv wK PvI bv h,
jvKiv eKix I DU wbq Pj hvK, Avi Zvgiv Avj vn& i
ivm~jK wbq wdi hvI? . ' .` , .` , . ' . , ` ` . ,` ' ,
= ` ,` , , .` ,` , . _ = ` , , , _. ` ` ,` _` ,` - ,
` , ` ,.` ,` , Zvgiv wK PvI bv h, jvKiv `ywbqv wbq Pj
hvK| Avi Zvgiv Avjvn&i ivm~jK wbq Pj hvI I Zu vK
Zvgvì evoxZ Avkq `vI? AZGe mB mvi Kmg,
huvi nvZ iqQ gynvvì Rxeb, hw` wnRiZ bv _vKZ,
Zvnj Avwg nZvg AvbQviì gaKvi GKRb| hw`
jvKiv wewfb Mv eQ bq, Ze Avwg AvbQviì
Mv cek Kie| ` ,` , ` , -` _ . _ .` ' . ` , ' , _ ..` ' .
. ` , ' , . ` , ' _ .` ' n Avjvn! Zzwg AvbQviì Dci ing
Ki| AvbQviì m vbì Dci ing Ki Ges Zvì m
vbMYi m vbì Dci ing Ki|
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi D `qkx fvlY b Ku v`Z Ku v`Z
mKji `vwo wfR Mj Ges Zviv mevB ej DVj, ` , . _
` ,` , , = ` . . = - , Avgiv mevB Avjvn&i ivm~ ji
fvM-eb m|
21

|<|<- ||-|< -< |x- <-|-< < -|-
MYxgZ eb mb nevi ci hvnvqi web Qvi` , __
,.. ., , -Gi bZZ nvIqvhb Mvi 14 m`mi
GKwU cwZwbwa `j gy mjgvb Ae vq AvMgb Ki| GB
`j ivm~ji `ya PvPv Avey eyiKvb , ,,' .. ` ,` , , wQjb|
Zuviv Abyiva Kijb h, AbyM n c~ e K Zvì e`xì I
gvj-m`vw` dir Ìqv nK| Zvì K_v-evZ vq
GZB KvKzwZ-wgbwZ wQj h, `q Mj hvq| Zvì
ee gZ e`xbxì ga ivm~ ji `y mwK Z Lvjv-
dzdzivI wQjb| hvì e`x ivLv wQj wbZv AegvbbvKi
welq|
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) gvi I Abvb Mvi bI gy mwjgì
cwZ BwZ Ki ejjb, . ..,, ... ,,,'
,,, .-' ,, ' ,,' Avgvi m hviv AvQ,
Zvgiv Zv Zvì `LZB cvQ (A_ vr gvj-m` Zviv
dir wè bv)|... GY Zvgvì m vbvw` I bvixMY
Zvgvì wbKU AwaK wc q, bv Zvgvì ab-m`?
Reve Zviv ejjb, .-., ` , Avgiv
Kvb wKQzKB esk gh v`vi Zz jbxq gb Kwi bv| ZLb
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) Zvì ejjb, hvnii RvgvAvZ kl
Zvgiv ùvwoq eje, _ , ,, = _. = ,
,, .,' _, ,', ,_ = _.
= , ,, .' ,, , , Avgiv ivm~jK gy wgbì
wbKU Ges gywgbìK ivm~ ji wbKU my dvwikKvix
evbvwQ Avgvì e`xìK Avgvì wbKU wdwiq
èvi Rb|

21. < l! ~/>>- !! !/:: <!< !/::
l<^' <!-:, ! ' -:|

13
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi K_vgZ Zviv hvnii QvjvZ kl
mKji Dk D Abyiva ck Kij| ZLb ivm~ jy j vn
(Qvt) ejjb, Avgvi I eby Avyj gyvwjei Ask hv
AvQ, meB Zvgvì| GY Avwg Zvgvì Rb
jvKì wbKU mIqvj KiwQ , '' , , | ZLb
gynvwRi I AvbQviMY ejjb, Avgvì Aski mewKQz
Avgiv ivm~jK w`q w`jvg| Gevi AvKiv web nvwem
ejjb, Avgvi I eby Zvgxgi Ask w`jvg bv|
GKBfve DIqvqbv web wnQb ejjb, Avgvi I eby
dvhvivn&i AskI bq| Avevm web wgi`vm ejjb,
Avgvi I eby myjvqg-Gi AskI bq| wK Zvi Mv eby
mvjvqg ej DVj, bv Avgvì Aski meUz Kz Avgiv
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-K w`q w`jvg| wgi`vm ZLb Zvi
MvK Dk Ki ejjb, ` ` ,` ` ` , Zvgiv AvgvK
Ac` Kij?
AZtci ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) mKji Dk ejjb, `L
GB jvKwj gymjgvb nq GLvb GmQ| D
DkB Avwg Zvì e`x eb ìx KiwQjvg| Avwg
ZvìK GLwZqvi w`qwQjvg| wK Zviv Kvb wKQz KB
Zvì e`xì mgZzj gb Kiwb| AZGe hvi wbKU
e`xì KD iqQ mwP ZvK diZ w`j mUvB
Dg cv ne| Avi hw` KD AvUK ivL, Ze mUv
Zvi GLwZqvi| Ze hw` m dir `q, Ze AvMvgxZ
AwRZ c_g MYxgZ ZvK GKwUi wewbgq QqwU Ask
Ìqv ne| ZLb jvKiv mgî ej DVjv, ` ~ ` , `
: , ` ` , = . _ = ` , , , Avgiv ivm~j (Qvt)-
Gi Rb mewKQzB wP diZ w`Z cZ AvwQ| ZLb
ivm~j (Qvt) ejjb, Zvgiv K K ivhx I K K ivhx
bI, mUv Avwg wVK eySZ cviwQ bv| AZGe Zvgiv
wdi hvI Ges Zvgvì `j bZvì gvag
AvgvìK Rvwbq `vI|
22
ZLb mevB Zvì e`x bvix-
wkì diZ w`j| Kej eby dvhvivn bZv DIqvqbv
web wnQ&b evKx iBj| Zvi Ask GKRb ev gwnjv wQj|
ci wZwb ZvK wdwiq `b| GBfve 6,000 hy e`xi
mevB gyw cq hvq| gyw `vbi mgq cZK e`xK
Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) GKwU Ki g~jevb wK eZx Pvì
Dcnvi îc c`vb Kib| ivm~ji GB D`vibxwZ wQj

22
<!< !/~: !< ! !/~:>
ZrKvjxb mgqi hy bxwZZ GKwU evcK cwieZ bi
m~Pbv|
x<| |- x-|-|< i|< -
wRBivbvnZ MYxgZ eb mb nIqvi ci Avj vn& i
ivm~j (Qvt) Igivn cvjbi Rb Bnivg eu vajb|
AZtci gv Mgb Ki Igivn cvjb Kijb| AZtci
Avve web Avmx`K gvi c kvmK wnmve envj iL
g`xbvi Dk iIqvbv nb Ges 24k hy jK v`vn g`xbvq
cZveZb Kib|
|-|<- <+< <
1. GB hy weRqi dj Avie e`y Cbì eo aibi
mKj we`vni mvebv wZivwnZ nq hvq| Kbbv GB
hyi ci 9g wnRixi iRe gvm Avj vn& i ivm~ j (Qvt)
Zuvi Rxebi kl hy Ask bb ivgKì wei Zvey K
Awfhvb|
2. GB hy weRqi dj `v`y jgvb AbK bI gy mwjgi
gb Bmjvgi AcivRq kwgv mK ` p wek vm
Rb| Zviv Avi KLbv Bmjvgi weivwaZv Kivi wP v
Kiwb| hgb gvi kvqev web IQgvb, bhi web nviQ
cgyL ew nvbvqb hy Ask wbqwQj my hvM gZ
ivm~jK nZv Kivi Rb| hy i c_gve vq gy mjgvbì
cvjvbvi wnwoKi ga kvqev ivm~ ji wbKUeZx nqwQj
ZuvK AZwKZ nZv Kivi Rb| wK ivm~ j (Qvt) ZvK
KvQ Ub wbq eyK nvZ w`q `vAv Kib, n Avj vn!
Zzwg Gi _K kqZvbK `~ i Ki `vI! mv_ mv_
kvqevi gbvfvei Avg~ j cwieZ b NU I Bmjvgi c
exihvv eb hvb| bhi web nviQiI GKB Ae v nq|
3. GB hy weRqi dj gy mwjg kw Avie Dcxc
AcwZx kwic cwiMwYZ nq| GgbwK ZrKvjxb
wekkw ivgKMY eZxZ gy mwjg kwi Kvb c wZx
iBj bv|
||< |<<< x
1. msLv kw bq, Kej Cgvbx kwB Bmjvgx weRqi
g~j PvwjKvkw| GK_vi AbZg ev e cgvY nj
nvbvqb hy weRq|
2. wkiKi cwZ AvKlY h gvby li mnRvZ kqZvbx
civPbv, mK_viI c gvY cvIqv hvq nvbvqb hvvc_
gykwiKì c~wRZ Kz jMvQ , ,' . , `L Aby ic

14
GKwU c~Rvi e wbRì Rb wbaviYK wKQz bI
gymwjgi Ave`vii ga| A_P wkiKx PZbvi Uz wU Pc
ai ZvInx`x PZbvi Dbl NUvbvi gaB gvbeZvi my z
weKvk I gvbevwaKvii wbqZv weavb Kiv me|
3. Kej ZviYi DQvm w`q bq eis hy i Rb
cexYi `~i`wkZvi g~jvqb AwaK hiix| kci
cexY bZv `yivB` web Qvvn&i civgk AMvn Ki ZiY
mbvcwZ gvjK web AvIdi nVKvix wmv i KviYB
nvbvqb hy eby nvIqvhb Zvì wecyj mìvwR Ges
Qq nvhvii gZ bvix-wk I e`xì nvivq| ci
ivm~ji e`vbZvq bvix-wk I e`xMY gyw cvq|
4. AnsKvi cZbi g~j- GK_viI cgvY wgjQ
nvbvqbi hy| hLb wKQz gymwjg mbi gyL w`q
ewiq wMqwQj, ` .. ` ` . , ` , AvR Avgiv KLbvB
civwRZ ne bv| hyi iZB Zvì cjvqb `kvi
gvag Avjvn Zvì GB AnsKvi P~Y Ki `b|
5. bZvi cwZ Kej AvbyMZ bq- `qi Mfxi
fvjvevmv I AvKlY _vKv cqvRb| bBj eo Kvb
weRq jvf Kiv me bq| hgb nvbvqb wechqKvj
ivm~ji I Zuvi PvPv Avevmi Avnvb b QvnvexMY
Mvfxi WvK evQzii QzU Avmvi bvq jvevqK jvevqK
ejZ ejZ Pw^K MwZZ QzU GmwQjb|
6. P~ov cPvi ciB Kej Avjvn&i mvnvh bg Avm
hgb QvnvexMY hy wdi Avmvi ciB Avj vn& i ivm~ j
(Qvt) kci w`K evjy wbc Kib Ges Gi ci
Zvì civRqi aviv m~wPZ nq|
7. mevevq gvbeZvK DP vb w`Z ne| ZvB `Lv
hvq hyMi wbqg Abyhvqx wewRZ ci bvix-wk I
e`xì eb Ki èvi ciI Avjvn&i ivm~ j (Qvt)
ZvìK dir w`jb| GgbwK QqY wewbgq g~j w`q
Abi wbKU _K Pq wbq ZvìK ^ ^ Mv dir
cvVvjb| G wQj mhyMi Rb GK Abb mvaviY NUbv|
ejv Pj h, GB D`viZvi djkwZZB eby nvIqvhb I
eby QvKxd `Z Bmjvg Keyj Ki g`xbvq Avm|
8. weRqi PvBZ n`vqvZ cvwB me`v gyL Dk
nIqv DwPZ| mKviY Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) QvK xd Mvi
Rb e``vAv bv Ki n`vqvZi `vAv Kib Ges
Avjvn&i ingZ Zviv mevB gymjgvb nq hvq|
9. `ywbqv c~Rvixì AbyMZ Kivi Rb ZvìK
AwaKnvi `ywbqvex my hvM Ìqv wekl wm- Zvi
cgvY cvIqv hvq- Avey mywdqvb, nvKxg web nhvg,
QvdIqvb web DgvBqv c gyLK Zvì Pvwn`vgZ wecy j
MYxgZ Ìqvi ga| A_P AvLivZ wcqvmx AvbQvi I
gynvwRiMYK bvg gv MYxgZ c `vb Kiv nq|
10. Avgxi I gvg~ i DfqK Dfqi c wZ wbj vf mZZv
I wbw wekvm ivLZ nq| m mZZv I wek vm mvgvb
wPo `Lv w`jB DfqK AMYx nq Zv ` Z wgwUq
djZ nq| hgb ivm~ ji MYxgZ eb AvbQviì
Amwi Lei Zvì bZv mv` web Iev`vn& i gvag
RvbZ ci ivm~jy j vn (Qvt) ` Z Zvì KvQ cu Q hvb
Ges Zvì m`ni wbimb NUvb| dj Am wi Avb
gneZi AkZ wfR wbg~j nq hvq|
(:)

15
<| <, <|-|<| |<+|
-l!<~ !!
(5g wKw)
|<|< <x|- <|< <|
Bmjvgi K`f~wg gv gyKviivgvn nZ my `~ i c v
Aevb KijI gahyM _KB fviZxq Dcgnv`k
Bmjvgx vb-wevbi AbZg iZc~Y cv`cxV cwiYZ
nq| gymwjg wek xbx vbPPvi weKvk A Aji
AvjgMY h iZc~Y f~wgKv iLQb Zv Ab^ xKvh|
711 wnRixZ ZiY gymwjg mbvcwZ gy nvv` web
Kvwmgi wmz weRqi gvag Dcgnv`k gy mjgvbì
ivRbwZK weRq m~wPZ nq| AZtci 1206 mvj Mhbxi
myjZvb gynvv` Nvixi Di-c~e fviZ weRq Ges
w`jxZ ivRavbx vcbi gvag Dcgnv`k gy mwjg
kvmb mycwZwZ nq| Gici chvqg Avie I ga
Gwkqv _K AvMZ gyevwjMì gvag G `k Bmjvgx
vb-wevbi PPv weKvk nZ _vK| axi axi fviZ
Dcgnv`ki AvbvP KvbvP meB GB xbi `vIqvZ
cuQ hvq| GKBfve xb wkv`vbi Rb miKvix I
emiKvix D`vM `vimMvn I LvbKvn vwcZ nZ
jvMj| weklZ G mgq w`jx, Ìe`, KivPx I
evsjv`ki PMvg, mvbviMuv cfwZ Aji xbx
cwZvbwj DjLhvM f~wgKv cvjb KiQ| G mKj
cwZvbi gvag Dcgnv`k wdKn I drIqvi
cvwZvwbK PPv i nq| GY Avgiv Dcgnv`ki
hmKj Ijvgvq Kivg wdKn I drIqv PPvq DjLhvM
Ae`vb iLQb Ges Zvì drIqvmg~n wbq hmKj
msKjbM cKvwkZ nqQ Zvi msw cwiwPwZ ck Kie|
<x|- <|< |<+|
Dcgnv`k wdKn I drIqv PPvi BwZnvm ch vjvPbvq
h welqwU c_gB vZe Zv nj, gynvv` Nvixi
mvgwiK weRqi ci h gymwjg kvmKMY fviZ kvmb
KiwQjb Zviv wQjb bIgymwjg ZzKx Ges nvbvdx
gvhnvefy| dj A Aji mybx AvjgMY wQjb
g~jZt nvbvdx|
23
G KviY Dcgnv`k drIqvi PP v Ges
Drcw I weKvk ejv hvq GKPwUqvfve nvbvdx
gvhnvei DciB wfwkxj wQj| hwÌ gyjZvb, w`j x,

l=.l ^<, !<< l<!^, <!>! l<l<!
~:. !<! < !! l !, << !< <!< ,
<!, !^!, !^ =l l! <: !!-!<
l l !!<! <! !! !<
!! !< ! =+< !-!! !<!<
!< !!-! l<< ! l<* : !!
!!, ~~>-~: :
wenvi, Kvkxi, evsjv`ki mvbviMu vI c f wZ Aj
nv`xQwfwK wdKn I drIqv PP vi kwkvjx K` wQj|
wK kvmKì c cvlKZvq nvbvdx gvhnvewfwK
drIqvB gvbyli gvS mve Rbxb c vavb we vi Ki|
gvbyli `bw`b mgmv mgvavbi c qvRb drIqvi PP v
AbK c~eB i njI wjwLZ AvKvi drIqv msKjbi
KvR i nq Ag wnRix kZvxZ| fviZ Dcgnv`k
mec_g h drIqv msKjbi mvb cvIqv hvq Zvi bvg
dvZvIqv ZvZviLvwbqv| Dcgnv`ki c wm GB
dvZvIqv MwU evsjv`ki mvbviMu vIqi kvmK Lvb-B-
Avhg evnivg Luv Iid ZvZvi Lvbi wb` k 1331
Lv (777 wnt) LvZbvgv Avjg Beby j Avjv Avj-
Av`vwiZx Avj-nvbvdx msKjb Kib|
24
Gici
dvZvIqv nvvw`qvi gZ wKQy drIqv msKjb c Kvk
cjI ivxq D`vM Dcgnv`ki me e nr h drIqv
msKjbwU cKvwkZ nq Zvi bvg dvZvIqv AvjgMxix, hv
dvZvIqv wnw`qv bvgI LvZ| gvNj mg vU
kvnRvnvbi Rcy AvIiRei my `xN Aa kZ eQii
(1658-1707 Lt) kvmbvgj GwU iwPZ nq, hv GLbI
ch Dcgnv`ki me e nr drIqv msKjb| ìek
mgvU LvZ AvIiRei HKvw K AvMni c wZ
Ges gvjv wbhvgi my hvM Z veavb drIqvi GB e nr
AuvKiMwU iPbv m e nqwQj| A`vewa Dcgnv`kmn
gacvPI nvbvdx Avjgì wbKU GwU GKwU ej
mgv`Z M| wb GB msKjbwUmn Dcgnv`ki
Acivci drIqvM jvi msw cwiwPwZ c `vb Kiv
nj|
||<|< |x|<| dvZvIqv AvjgMxix iwPZ
nqwQj nvbvdx wdKni wfwZ| GK nvbvdx gvhnvei
ZrKvjxb mgq ch cKvwkZ I cwiwPZ M mg~ ni
mviwbhvmB ejv Pj| ^ qs mg vU AvjgMxii wekl
AvMn wQj hvZ mKj gy mjgvb H mgy `q gvmAvjvi Dci
Avgj KiZ cvi, hv nvbvdx gvhnvei AvjgMY Aek
cvjbxq gb Ki _vKb| wK mgmv wQj h, Ijvgv I
dzKvnvì gZf` nvbvdx gvhnvei M mg~ n Ggbfve
wgwkZ nq wMqwQj h, GKRb jvK hZY ch wdKn
kv cwic~Y cvi`wkZv jvf KiZ bv cvi Ges
AbKwj myeenr M msM n KiZ mg_ bv nq, ZZY
ch Kvb gvmAvjv mK c~Y AeMwZ jvf Kiv Zvi
c Ame wQj| mg vU AvjgMxi Zu vi c ej AvM ni
cwZB Dcgnv`ki wewfb Aj nZ wdKn kv
cvi`kx AvjgMYK GK Kijb| Zuvi wb`k gvZveK

~. >: l>< = ^l : < <<!
!!< ^l ! !l<' ! l<l

16
Zuviv wewfb cy Kvwì mvnvh Ggb GKwU c~YZi M cYqb
Kib hvZ we vwiZfve mg gvmAvjv mwbewkZ nq|
AvIiRe MLvwb cYqb KiZ cvq 500 dKxnK
AvgY KiwQjb| hvì ga 300 Rb Dcgnv`ki
Ges 100 Rb BivK I 100 Rb nRvh _K AvMgb
KiwQjb| GwU cYqb gvU AvU eQi mgq jMwQj
Ges ZrKvjxb mgq `yB j UvKv eq nqwQj| kvnx
MvMvii 130-Gi AwaK wKZvevw` nZ mvnvh M nY
Kiv nqwQj| dvZvIqvq AvjgMxix msKjbi KvR Pvi
fvM wef Ki cwm I hvM PviRb Avwjgi Dci AcY
Kiv nq| hvì GKKRbi mvnvhi Rb `k `kRb Avwjg
wbhy Kiv nq| Aek mvgwMKfve cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ b
wQj kvqL wbhvgyxb eyinvbcyixi Dci|
Aviex fvlvq wjwLZ 6 L mgv GB drIqv M wUi D`~ ,
dvmxmn ek KqKwU fvlvq Abyev` cKvwkZ nqQ|
ZrKvjxb Dcgnv`ki meB wePvivjqmg~n GB M wU
AbymZ nZ|
25

||<| ||-|<| wek mwKZ wRvmvi RIqve mg
dvZvIqv-B Rvnuv`vix g~jZ ivRbwZK welq m^ wjZ
M| MwUi iPwqZv fviZxq Dcgnv`ki weLvZ
BwZnvmwe` whqvDxb evivbx (1285-1357 Lt)| Aek
GLvb wZwb drIqv kK wKQzUv wfb A_ eenvi
KiQb| wZwb ewMZfve ivRbxwZK ag nZ c_K I
^Z KvbI welq ej weePbv KiZb bv; eis Zu vi
AvKvsLv wQj h, ivRbwZK I mvgvwRK mgmvejxi
mgvavb LuyR ei Kivi Rb hb cvPxb Rxeb-weavbi
AbymiY Kiv nq| ZvB GB M wZwb KziAvb, nv`xQ I
Lyjvdvq ivk`xbi c_wb`ki AvjvK mgvR I
ivbxwZ wePvi-weklY Kivi Pv KiQb| fviZxq
Dcgnv`ki ivRbxwZ I mvgvwRK mgmvi mgvavb GwU
GKwU iZc~Y M|
26

||<| -|<||<<| kvqLyj Kzj wdj Kzj I iCmy j
gynvwQxb Iqvj gydvmwmixb Iqvj dzKvnv DcvwaZ LvZ
wgquv bvhxi mvBb `njfxi Abe` iPbv nj dvZvIqv
bvhxwiqv| hv Zuvi mvivRxebi mvabvi Bjgx dmj| wgquv
mvnei gZzi ci Z`xq LvwZgvb Qv gvIjvbv kvgmy j
nK Avhxgvev`x (1857-1911 Lt) I gvIjvbv Avy i
ingvb gyeviKcyix (1885-1935 Lt)-Gi mskvabx I
gvIjvbv kvidzxb `njfx (gt 1961 Lt) KZ K msw
mshvRbxmn 1915 Lv `yL dvZvIqv bvhxwiqvn

25. ! l<! :/-: , l !!<
l! (!! !l ! <!!, ~),
: :
26. ! l<! :/:-:
mec_g cKvwkZ nq| ci w`j x _K 1988 mvj 3
L dvZvIqv bvhxwiqv c KvwkZ nq, hvZ gvU Aavq
iqQ 59wU Ges drIqv 806wU| dZvIqv bvhxwiqvi
c_g ewk nj GwU Kvb Avnjnv`xQ Avjg iwPZ
mec_g drIqv msKjb| dj ^ vfvweKfveB GLvb
gvhnvex wdKni cwieZ me cwe Kz iAvb I nv`xQ
nZ `jxj c`vb Kiv nqQ| mv_ mv_ Qvnvevq
Kivg, ZveC I c wm BgvgMYi gZ c Kvk Kiv
nqQ| Ze Kvb Kvb mgq drIqv wRmKvixi
gvhnve AbycvZI drIqv c `vb Kiv nqQ| D`~ fvlvq
iwPZ GB drIqv msKjbwU AvRI drIqvi Avwbvq
GKwU iZc~Y idvi wnmve mgv` Z|
27

||<| |x||-<| Dcgnv`ki GKRb LvZbvgv
Avwjg, gydZx I dKxn Avj vgv nvgx` Beby gy nvv` Kz b~ ex
(gt 985 wnRix)| dvZvIqvq nvgxw`qv bvgK drIqv
MLvwb Zuvi Agi Ae`vb|
||<| |-|||-<| cLvZ gydZx kvqL Avey j dvZvn
iKb Beb m&mvg bvMvix| GB gnvb ewi Agi Ae`vb
nj- dvZvIqv nvvw`qv|
||<| | |# LvZbvgv nvbvdx Avjg Avy j nvB
jvLbfx (gt 1304 wnt)-Gi c` 880wU drIqv wbq
1 L GB MwU msKwjZ nqQ| 1989 mvj Ìe`
_K GwU c_g M vKvi c KvwkZ nq| n`vqvi Aavq
webvmi AvjvK Gi welqm~ wP c Z Kiv nqQ|
||<| -|< <x dvZvIqvq `vij Dj~ g fviZxq
Dcgnv`ki GKwU DjLhvM drIqv M | GwU
msKjb Kib gydZx Avhxhy i ingvb IQgvbx| 1382
wnRix mb GwU c_g c KvwkZ nq|
=x-|- <| Gg`v`yj drIqv MLvwb fviZxq
Dcgnv`ki LvZbvgv nvbvdx Avjg nvKxgy j Dvn
LvZ gvIjvbv Avkivd Avjx _vbex KZ K msKwjZ|
1327 wnRix mb KivPx nZ GwU c KvwkZ nqQ|
Dcgnv`ki nvbvdxì wbKU GwU GKwU AekcvV
drIqv M|
||<| |<||<<| fviZi kvn IqvjxDj vn `njfxi
Rcy kvn Avy j Avhxh (gt 1239 wnRix) fviZxq
Dcgnv`k ZrKvjxb mgq GKRb weLvZ Avjg I
gydZx wQjb| dvZvIqv Avhxwhqv Zu vi Agi KxwZ|

27. !!! !l<! (l < ^! !, :>), :
!<!l> !! ! l, : :> !! !!,
: ::-:

17
||<| <||-<| Avj-Avidzk kvhxi jLK wZiwghxi
evLvKvi LvZbvgv nvbvdx Avjg gvIjvbv ikx` Avng`
Mvvnx (gt 1905 Lt) GB dvZvIqv ikxw`qv iPbv Kib|
||<| |x||-<| Dcgnv`ki wewk gy dZx
gvng~`yj nvmvb Mvynx| wZwb dvZvIqv Avngvw`qv bvgK
g~jevb drIqv M iPbv KiQb|
|'|x #|x |+|<| x| gydZx
wKdvqvZyjvn (gt 1952 Lt) w`jxi gydZxq Avhg wnmve
LvZ wQjb| Zuvi drIqv Bmjvgx weki e `ki
AvwjgMYi wbKU mg_b jvf KiQ| Zu vi iwPZ
Zvjxgyj Bmjvg Ges wKdvqvZzj gydZx Dcgnv`ki
nvbvdx mgvR wecyj mvov RvwMqQ|
||<| |-<||x<| gydZx wbhvgyxb wQjb `vij Dj~ g
Ìeì cavb gydZx| AvaywbK hyM-wRvmvi RIqve
I mgvavb Zuvi dvZvIqv wbhvwgqv GK Ag~j M |
||-| x|-|||-<| |'|x #|x gvIjvbv Avey
eKi wmxK wQjb LvwZgvb Avwjg| Zuvi ccvlKZvq
drIqv kvi ek wKQy M iPbv Kiv nqQ| Zu vi
DjLhvM M nQ Avw`jvZzj gynvvw`qv I Zvjxgy j
Bmjvg|
|-<| |-#<|x||-<i| | |+||x |x||-<i|
gvIjvbv nvdh Avyj AvDqvj Rbcyix (gt 1939 Lt)
wQjb GKRb DuPy ii gynvwQ I nvbvdx dKxn|
drIqv I wdKnx welq Zuvi h_ Ae`vb iqQ| Avj-
dvZvIqv Avj-Bqvgvwbqv wdj AvnKvwgm mvgvwbqv
drIqv welq Zuvi GKwU DjLhvM M|
28

||<| v|-|#<|
Dcgnv`ki weLvZ Avnjnv`xQ gbxlx dvZn Kvw`qvb
ki cvve LvZ gvIjvbv QvbvDjvn AgZmix (1287-
1367 wnt) iwPZ `ywU L mgv GKwU c~Y v drIqv
M| 44 eQi wjwLZ Ges m~Y wdKnx avivq my web
Bev`Z I gyAvgvjvZ msv welq mvweK gvmAvjv
mshvwRZ GKwU c~Yv drIqv M GwU| Gi msKjb I
mv`bv KiQb cvwK vbi LvwZgvb Avnjnv`xQ
Avjg gvIjvbv `vD` ivh| GZ cqvRbxq UxKv
mshvRb KiQb kvqLyj nv`xQ gvIjvbv Avey mvC`
kidzxb `njfx| G drIqv MwUi 1g L me gvU
wZbwU Aavq I GKwU cwiQ` iqQ Ges 2q L 6wU
Aavq I mvZwU cwiQ` iqQ| KLbI KLbI
dvZvIqvq bvhxwiqvn _KI Di mwbewkZ nqQ|

28. l !!< l! , : -|
dvZvIqvq QvbvBqvn-Gi ewk eYbvq Avj vgv Bnmvb
Bjvnx hnxi ejb, dvZvIqvq QvbvBqvn D`~ fvlvi
drIqv Mi ga me vwaK welqe mg I we Ges
mnR mij wbqg cwZZ wjwLZ, hv mvaviYi Rb
mnReva Ges GUvI ejv hvq h, dvZvIqv QvbvBqvn
mekYxi gvbyli Rb DcKvix M |
29

||<| <|<-| x<|<+<|
Ebwesk kZvxi cLvZ Avnjnv`xQ gbxlx wgkKvZ-
Gi fvlM wgiAvZz j gvdvZxn-Gi jLK Ievq`y j vn
gyeviKcyix (1909-1994Lt)| w`jxi ingvwbqv gvìvmvq
wkKZvKvjxb mgq Ges Aemi Rxeb gy nvwQ,
ZRygvb, AvLevi Avnjnv`xQ, b~ i ZvInx`, Avm-
wmivR, Avj-dvjvn cfwZ c-cwKvq Ges cy w Kv-
wjdjUi gvag h mKj drIqv c `vb KiwQjb Zv
mcwZ msKwjZ AvKvi c KvwkZ nqQ| en`vKvi `y B
L dvZvIqv kvqLyj nv`xQ gy eviKcyix wkivbvg GB
MwU cKvwkZ nqQ 2010 mvj| msKjb KiQb
ZuviB c dvIqvh web Avy j Avhxh gy eviKcy ix| Gi
ewk nj Avnjnv`xQi gvmjvK Aby hvqx h_vixwZ wZwb
KziAvb I Qnxn nv`xQK `jxj wnmve M nY KiQb|
cKvwkZ `yL eZxZ Zu vi AviI AbK drIqv Qwoq
wQwUq iqQ, hv GKwZ Kiv nj msKjbwU Aviv
KqKwU L cwiYZ ne|
30

<||< x||< GwU RvgvAvZ Bmjvgxi c wZvZv
gvIjvbv gI`y`xi iwPZ e n`vKvi drIqv msKjb| 1932
mvj ZiRygvbyj KziAvb bvgK cwKvi gvag wZwb
wewfb gvmAvjv-gvmvqji Di w`Z _vKb| hv 1950
mvj D`~Z msKjb AvKvi c KvwkZ nq| ci 1988
mvj Zv evsjv fvlvq 7 L c KvwkZ nq| evby y ev`
Kib Avyk knx` bvwmg| GZ `bw`b gvmAvjv-
gvmvqj QvovI Avay wbK hyM-wRvmv Ges RvZxq-Av
RvwZK bvbv welq RIqve c `vb Kiv nqQ| Avay wbK
`wfwZ iwPZ GB MwUi h_ Bjgx g~ j iqQ|
hwÌ wewfb gvmAvjvq Kz iAvb-nv`xQi bxwZweivax
RIqve MwUK weZwK Z KiQ| ZvQvov ivRbwZK
`wfw cvavb cvIqvq AbK kviC welq wkw_jZvI
`Lvbv nqQ|

29. ! !!! (l !!<! !<>!, ~~), ~ ,
: :|
30. !!! ! ! <!<<, !! !+
! (l !!<! !<>!, ~:), ~ , : ~-
~ < !, <!! <!<<', !l !-!<,
:/~ !, < ~:, : :~|

18
GQvov dvZvIqv inxgxqv, dvZvIqv nvvwbqv,
dvZvIqv gvng~w`qv, Avnmvbyj drIqv cf wZ drIqv
msKjb Dcgnv`ki nvbvdx gnj ek c wmw AR b
KiQ| Avnjnv`xQ Avjgì ga wguqv bvhxi mvBb
`njfx, QvbvDjvn AgZmix, Ievq`yjvn gy eviKcy ixi
drIqv MB mevwaK cwm|
fviZxq Dcgnv`k DjwLZ drIqv M I gydZx Qvov
AviI e Avjg, gydZx, dKxn drIqv welq vb, Kvj,
cvf` AMYx f~wgKv iLwQjb| Zuvì ga
DjLhvM njb- kvn IqvjxDjvn gynvwQ `njfx (gt
1176 wnt), gydZx Avyjvn UzbKx wenvix, kvqLy j wn`
gvng~`yj nvmvb Ìe`x cgyL|
fviZ-cvwK vbi gZ evsjv`ki gydZx I gynvwQMYI
drIqvi f~wgKv iLQb| Zuvì msKwjZ wKQy
drIqv Mi bvg wb c` nj :
||<| |+||+<i| gvIjvbv wbQvixb Avngv` (gt
1952 Lt) wQjb wcivRcyii `vim mybvn QviQxbv Avwjqv
gvìvmvi cwiPvjK| wZwb we Ijvgvq Kivgi mg^ q
GKwU `vij BdZv Kvqg Kib Ges cavb Z veavqK
wnmve `vwqZ cvjb Kib| GB KwgwUi c ` drIqv
dvZvIqv wmxwKqv bvg msKwjZ nqQ|
||<| <<+|<i| RvZxq gmwR` evqZzj gy Kviigi
mveK LZxe mvBq` gydZx gynvv` Avgxgyj Bnmvb (gt
1394 wnt) GKRb weLvZ gydZx I dKxn wQjb|
mvwnZ, wdKn, Dj~j wdKn Ges nv`xQ cm wZwb e
M iPbv KiQb| Zuvi mePq eo msKjb 20 nvhvi
dvZvIqvi mwbewkZ M dvZvIqvq eiKwZqv| Ze
GwU GLbI AcKvwkZ iqQ|
GQvovI huviv drIqv welq wekl Ae`vb iLQb
Zuvì AbZg njb- gydZx gynvv` Beivnxg, gy dZx
wejvqZ mvBb, gydZx gveviK Djvn, gydZx gy nvv`
Avjx, gydZx Avyj Iqvwn` (gZ 1401 ev), gy dZx
gvIjvbv Avyi ingvb (gZ 1968 Lt), kvgmy j nK
dwi`cyix cgyL| Aek G mKj Ijvgvq Kivg mKjB
wQjb nvbvdx gvhnvefy| Avnjnv`xQ Avjgì gvS
Avjvgv Avyjvwnj Kvdx Avj-Kzivqkx, gvIjvbv Avngv`
Avjxmn ek wKQy Avnjnv`xQ Avjg eB, c-cwKvi
gvag drIqv c`vb KijI mjvi Kvb msKjbM
A`vewa cKvwkZ nqwb|
/<}

19
+<|- - |< ||+ |+|-
< !
(2q wKw)
|+|- +|< -i << +|< -i <<
gnvb Avj vn KyiAvb I Qnxn nv`xQ hveZxq wewa-weavb
`vbi gvag xb BmjvgK cwicY Ki w`qQb|
ivmjyj vn (Qvt)-Gi QvnvexMY Bmjvgi weavb gvbvi
ivmjyj vn (Qvt) eZxZ Ab Kviv ZvKjx` KiZb
bv| Abyicfve ZveCMYI wbw` Kvb ewi ZvK jx`
bv Ki Kejgv KyiAvb I mybvn& i Bev KiZb| wK y
`ytLi welq nj, eZgvb hyM gymjgvbMY Bmjvgi
weavb _K AbK `~i mi MQ| G gvbyl wZb
fvM wef :
1- DP vbmb ew, hu viv gyRZvwn` bvg LvZ|
Zu vì Rb Ab Kviv ZvKjx` Kiv ea bq|
2- gag vbmb ew, huviv Zvdmxi, nv`xQ, wdKn
Ges AvKx`vq h_ vb ARb KiQb Ges `jxj
MnYi Qnxn I hCd nv`xQi ga cv_ K KiZ
mg, Zu vì RbI Ab Kviv ZvKjx` Kiv ea bq|
3- mvaviY gvbyl, hvì KyiAvb I mybvn&i Kvb vb
bB, Zvì Rb Dciv `yB cKvii A fy hKvb
Avjgi wbKU wRm Kiv ea| KviY Avj vn ejQb-
` ' , '` . , ` . ` ,` ` ,.` ` . . Zvgiv hw` bv
Rvb, Zvnj vbxìK wRm Ki (! :)| Ze
G wbw` Kvb ewi gZ A_ev wbw` Kvb
gvhnvei ZvKjx` ev AvbymiY Kiv ea bq|
|-|-f +|- x|<|<< |+|- +<|< +x
Kvb gymwjg ewi Rb (m wkwZ nvK ev g~LB nvK)
wbw` Kvb GK ewi ZvKjx` Z_v webv `jxj Zvi
_K mKj gvmAvjv MnY Kiv Rvqh bq| cv i Pvi
gvhnvei hKvb GKwUi AbymiY Kiv dih gg cPwjZ
K_vwU wfwnxb Ges KyiAvb I mybvn cwicx| KviY
Avj vn ZvAvjv Kvb ewi AvbymiY bv Ki ay
KyiAvb I mybvn AbymiY Kivi wb`k w`qQb| Avj vn
ZvAvjv ejb- ` ,` ` ` ' , ` , ` , ` ` ` ,` _ . , ` , ` ,` `
` ` ,` . , ` , ' ` ,. ` ,` , . .` . . Zvgvì wbKU
Zvgvì cwZcvjKi c nZ hv AeZxY nqQ,
Zvgiv Zvi AbymiY Ki, Avi Zvgiv Avj vnK Qo
Ab KvDK eyic AbymiY Ki bv| Zvgiv Lye AB
Dc`k MnY Ki _vK (!<! :)|
l!, ! ! l<l<!, !<<
Avi Avj vn ZvAvjv cwiZ weavb ey Svi Rb hvM
Avjgi wbKU wRm Kivi wb`k w`q ejb-
Zvgiv hw` bv Rvb Ze vbxMYK wRm Ki (!
:)| AZGe kixAvZi ARvbv welq mg n Avjgì
wbKU _K Rb wbZ ne| Gi A_ GB bq h, wbw`
Kvb GK ewi ZvK jx` KiZ ne|
ZvKjx` GKwU e c vPxb Rvnjx c_v| weMZ DZwji
AatcZbi g~j ZvK jx` wQj me vcv wqvkxj
Dcv`vb| Zviv Zvì bexì ci DZi wevb I mvay
ewì AvbymiY Ki Ges fwi AvwZkh ZvìK
ie-Gi Avmb w`q mvb c ` kb KiZ _vK| hgb
Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb, ` , -` ` ,` _ ` - ' ` ,` , ` ` _ , , ,` _ ' `
` ,` . = ` , , _ ` , , ,` , , ` ,` , ' . ` ,` ` ` , , - ,
. . ,` ` -` ` ` ` , ,` ` , . . Zviv AvjvnK Qo
Zvì cwZMY I msmvi-weivMxì ie wnmve M nY
KiQ Ges gvwiqvgcy gvmxnKI| A_P Zviv GK
Bjvni Bev`Z Kivi RbB Avw` nqQ, wZwb eZxZ
Kvb (nK) Bjvn bB| Zviv h kixK Ki wZwb Zv _K
cwe (<! ::)|
Bgvg ivhx (544-606 wnt) ejb, AwaKvsk gy dvmwmii
gZ D AvqvZ Dj wLZ Avieve A_ GUv bq h,
B`x-bvQvivMY ZvìK wek PivPii ie gb KiZ|
eis Gi A_ nj GB h, Zviv Zvì Av`k I wbla
mg~ni AvbyMZ KiZ| hgb Bmjvg M nYi Dk
bvQviv wevb Av`x web nvwZg ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt)-Gi ìevi
nvwhi njb| ZLb ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) m~ ivq ZIev
cowQjb| wKQzYi ga Dciv (ZIev 31) AvqvZ
cuQ Mjb| Av`x ejjb, Avgiv Zvì Bev`Z Kwi
bv| ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) RIqve ejjb, Avj vn ZvAvjv
hme e nvjvj KiQb Zv wK Zviv nvivg KiZ bv?
AZtci ZvgivI ZvK nvivg MY KiZ| Ggwbfve
Avjvn ZvAvjv hme e nvivg KiQb Zv wK Zviv
nvjvj KiZ bv? AZtci ZvgivI ZvK nvjvj MY
KiZ| Av`x ejjb, nu v| ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) ejjb,
mUvBZv Zvì Bev`Z nj|
31

Ab Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb, , ` , ` ,` , ` ,` ` ,` '
= ` , , ` _ ` ` , ' ` , . , ` , , ' . ` ,` ` ,. , .
` , ` , . ` , . , ` ,` . ` , , . . Avi hLb ZvìK ejv nq
Avjvn hv bvwhj KiQb, Zvgiv Zvi AbymiY Ki, Zviv
ej, eis Avgiv Aby miY Kie Avgvì wcZ-cyilìK

::. ! <!, !< !<< ::/~ : !|! !!!
!-^!l<, !! !! l l<! l
=l!< l, : ::

20
hvi Dci cqwQ| hw` Zvì wcZ-cyiliv wKQy bv eyS
Ges n`vqvZcv bv nq, ZvnjI wK? (<!!<! :)
A AvqvZi evLvq Bgvg ivhx ejb, Avj vn ZvAvjv
ZvìK wb`k w`Qb hb Zviv Zuvi bvwhjK Z c Kvk
`jxj mg~ni AbymiY Ki| wK Zviv ej h, Avgiv
Imei AbymiY Kie bv, eis Avgiv Avgvì evc-`v`v
I c~e cyilì AbymiY Kie| Zviv hb ZvK jxì
gvag `jxjK cwZiva KiQ|
Bgvg ivhx ejb, hw` gyKvwj` ewwUK ejv nq h,
Kvb gvbyli cwZ ZvKjx` wm nevi kZ nj GK_v
vZ nIqv h, H ew nK-Gi Dci AvQb, GK_v Zy wg
^xKvi Ki wK-bv? hw` ^xKvi Ki Zvnj wRm Kie
Zywg wKfve Rvbj h jvKwU nK-Gi Dci AvQb?
hw` Zzwg Abi ZvKjx` Kiv `L ZvKjx` Ki _vK,
Zvnj Zv MZvbyMwZK evcvi nq Mj| Avi hw` Zz wg
Zvgvi vb viv Dcjw Ki _vK, Zvnj Zv Avi
ZvKjxì ìKvi bB, Zvgvi vbB h_| hw` Zz wg
ej h, H ew nKcx wK-bv Zv Rvbv ev bv Rvbvi
Dci ZvKjx` wbfi Ki bv, Zvnj Zv ejv ne h, H
ew evwZjcx njI Zywg Zvi ZvKjx`K wm Ki
wbj| GgZvevq Zzwg RvbZ cvi bv Zzwg nKc x bv
evwZjcx| Rb ivLv fvj h, c~ei AvqvZ (evK vivn
168-170) kqZvbi c`vsK AbymiY bv Kivi Rb
KVvi uwkqvix DPviY Kivi ciB GB AvqvZ eY bv Ki
Avjvn cvK G welq BswMZ w`qQb h, kqZvbx au vKvi
AbymiY Kiv I ZvKjx` Kivi ga Kvb cv_K bB|
AZGe GB AvqvZi ga gheyZ cgvY wbwnZ iqQ
`jxji AbymiY Ges wPv-MelYv IqvwRe nIqvi
evcvi I `jxjwenxb Kvb welqi w`K wbRK mgcY
bv Kivi evcvi|
32

kvqLyj Bmjvg Bgvg Beb Zvqwgqvn (int) ejb,
gvbyli Dci Avj vn, ivmjyj vn (Qvt) Ges Avgxii
AvbyMZ Kiv IqvwRe| Avj vn ZvAvjv ejb, . ,' , ' ,
` , ` ,` ` , ~ ' ` , ~ ' , = ,` ` ,` ` , ,` ` , ' , ` . ,` ' ` ,
. , ` ` ,` ` _ ` ,' ` , .` ` ,.` ` , , = _ ` . .` ` ,`
` ,` ` ,` , - ` , , , = , . ` , ` ,` , - : ` , , '. ` ` - ' n
gywgbMY! Zvgiv AvbyMZ Ki Avj vn& i, AvbyMZ Ki
ivmji Ges AvbyMZ Ki Zvgvì Avgxii hw` Zvgiv
Avj vn I ciKvj wekvm Ki| Kvb welq Zvgvì
ga gZf` NUj wdi Pj Avj vn Ges Zu vi ivmji
w`K| GUvB Dg Ges cwiYvg cKZi (l! >)|
myZivs Avj vn Ges Zu vi ivmji AvbyMZ Kivi jB

:~. !< !<< / !! !! l
l<! l =l!< l, : ::-:
Avgxii AvbyMZ KiZ ne| AZtci cii gZf`
`Lv w`j wdi hZ ne Avj vn I Zvui ivmji w`K|
Avi hLb Kvb bZy b welq Avme ZLb Ggb Avjgi
wbKU wRm KiZ ne, whwb Ky iAvb I Qnxn nv`xQ
hvPvB Ki drIqv c `vb Kib| G gvhnvex
Mu vovwgK KLbvB vb `qv hve bv| A_vr GKRb
hvM Avjg- m h gvhnveiB Aby mvix nvK bv Kb,
Zu vi KvQB wRm KiZ ne| hw` Kvb gvby l wbw`
Kvb gvhnvei AbymiY Ki Avi `L h, wKQy
gvmAvjvi `jxj M nYi Zvi gvhnve _K Ab
gvhnveB kwkvjx, Zvnj Zvi Dci gvhnvex Mu vovwg
cwiZvM Ki kwkvjx `jxj MnY KivB IqvwRe| Avi
hw` KyiAvb I Qnxn nv`xQi Dci gvhnvex Mu vovwgKB
cvavb `q, Zvnj m c_ì A fy ne|
33

GK`v kvqLyj Bmjvg Beby Zvqwgqv wRvwmZ njb
Ggb GK ew mK, h wbw` Kvb GK gvhnvei
Abymvix Ges gvhnve mK ^Q aviYv ivLb| AZtci
wZwb nv`xQ MelYvq wj nb Ges Ggb wKQy nv`xQ Zvi
mvgb Avm h nv`xQMy jvi bvmL, LvQ I Aci nv`xQi
weivax nIqvi evcvi wZwb wKQy B Rvbb bv| wK y Zvi
gvhnve nv`xQMyjvi weivax| GLb Zvi Dci wK
gvhnvei AbymiY Kiv Rvqh, bv Zvi gvhnve weivax
Qnxn nv`xQMyjvi Dci Avgj Kiv IqvwRe?
RIqve wZwb ejb, KyiAvb, mybvn I BRgv viv
cgvwYZ nq h, Avj vn ZvAvjv gvbyli Dci Zu vi I Zu vi
ivmji AvbyMZ Kiv dih KiQb| ivmjyj vn (Qvt)
eZxZ cw_exi Kvb gvby li AvbyMZ Z_v Zvi c wZwU
Av`k-wbla gvb KivK dih Kibwb, hwÌ m ew
ivmjyj vn (Qvt)-Gi ci cw_exi k gvby l nq| Avi
mKj HKgZ cvlY Kib h, ivmjyj vn (Qvt) eZxZ
cw_exi Kvb gvby l gvQ~g ev wbvc bq, hvi c wZwU
Av`k-wbla PvL e Ki M nY Kiv hZ cvi| Avi
BgvgMY A_vr Bgvg Avey nvbxdv (int), Bgvg gvjK
(int), Bgvg kvdC (int) I Bgvg Avngv` web nv^ j
(int) mKjB Zu vì ZvKjx` KiZ wbla KiQb|
34

Bgvg Bebyj KvBwqg (int) ejb, Kviv DciB wbw`
Kvb gvhnvei ZvK jx` Kiv wm bq| GgbwK kviC
welq A ewì Kvb gvhnve bB| Kbbv gvhnve
Zvì Rb hviv gvhnvei wKZvec coQ Ges Aby miYxq
gvhnvei Bgvgì drIqv mK vb ivL| cv i hviv
gvhnve mK vbvR b bv KiB wbRìK nvbvdx,
kvdC, gvjKx I nv^ jx ej `vex Ki Zvì K_v H ewi

::. < !l!, !> !!!, ~/~-~>
:. =, ~/~:-~::

21
bvq h bv bv co wbRK bvwe` `vex Ki, wdK n bv co
wbRK dKxn `vex Ki|
35

Beby Avwej Bhh nvbvdx (int) ejb, hw` Kvb ewi
mvgb Ggb Kvb welq DcwZ nq, h welqi `jxj ev
Avj vn& i weavb mK Zvi Rvbv bv _vK Ges weivax
Kvb gZI Rvbv bv _vK, Zvnj Zvi Dci Kvb Bgvgi
ZvKjx` Kiv Rvqh| wK y hw` Zvi mvgb `jxj
nq, Avi m wbw` Kvb Bgvgi ZvKjx`K Rjvjx
w`q D `jxjKB MnY Ki, Zvnj m gyKvwj ` Z_v
Kvb ewi Avbymvix bv nq gyvwe Z_v Ky iAvb I
mybvn&i Abymvix wnmve cwiMwYZ ne|
Avi hw` Zvi mvgb `jxj nIqvi ciI Zvi
weivPiY Ki A_ev `jxjK eySvi ciI ZvK Dcv
Ki wbw` Kvb ewi ZvKjx` Ki, m Avj vn
ZvAvjvi A evYxi A fy ne, , ` ` _ ' :
` : ` ` ,` , ` ` , ` . , ` , ,` ` _ . , ` - , `
` , ` ' ` ,` ' , _ _ ` . GBfve Zvgvi c e Kvb
Rbc` hLbB Avwg Kvb mZKKvix ciY KiwQ, ZLb Zvi
mgkvjx ewiv ejZ, Avgiv Zv Avgvì cecy ilìK
cqwQ GK gZv`ki Abymvix Ges Avgiv ZvìB c`vsK
AbymiY KiwQ (< ~:)| hLb ZvìK ejv nq, Avj vn
hv AeZxY KiQb Zvgiv Zvi AbymiY Ki, ZLb Zviv
ej, bv; eis Avgiv Avgvì wcZcyilìK hvi Dci
cqwQ Zvi AbymiY Kie| GgbwK Zvì wcZcy ilMY
hwÌ wKQyB eySZ bv Ges Zviv mrc_I cwiPvwjZ wQj bv,
Z_vwcI? (<!!<! :)|
36

mveK mE`x Mv gydZx, wekeiY Avjg ievbx kvqL
Avyj Avhxh web Avyjvn web evh (int) ejb, Pvi
gvhnvei Kvb GK gvhnvei ZvKjx` Kiv IqvwRe gg
cPwjZ K_vwU wbtm`n fyj; eis Pvi gvhnvemn
Abì ZvKjx` Kiv IqvwRe bq| Kbbv Kz iAvb I
mvbvn-Gi Bev Kivi gaB nK wbwnZ AvQ, Kvb
ewi ZvKjxì ga bq|
37

AZGe wbw` Kvb gvhnvei AvbymiY Kiv wbK
weÀvZ, hv AbymiY Kivi Av`k Kvb BgvgB `bwb
hviv Avj vn I Zuvi ivmj (Qvt) mK Zvì Aby mvixì
Pq ekx AeMZ| myZivs wbw` Kvb gvhnvei Avby miY
bv Ki GKgv KyiAvb I Qnxn nv`xQi AbymiY KiZ
ne| hLbB Qnxn nv`xQ cvIqv hve ZLbB Zv
wbtkZfve AebZg K gb wbZ ne|
/<}

:. < !l, ! !l+^, :/~:-~
::. < !l< !!, !-l<!, : >-
:. !+ ! l< !+! l< <!, !> !!!, :/~
|<|< x|<<x
!-!<
<|
1. Avey ivqiv (ivt) nZ ewY Z ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) ejb, .. '
.` , , ` , ` . . ' , ` ` , -` = ` ,` , . . _ ` , ,` .
.` , . , ivgvhvbi ci me vg wQqvg nj gy nviig gvmi
wQqvg A_ vr Avk~ ivi wQqvg Ges dih QvjvZi ci me vg
QvjvZ nj ivZi bdj QvjvZ A_ vr Zvnvy ì QvjvZ|
1

2. Avey K vZv`vn (ivt) nZ ewY Z, ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) ejb, ` , . ,
. ' = _ ` . ` - ' . _` ,` ` , , .` . ` ` _. ` , ' , Avk~iv ev
10B gy nviigi wQqvg Avwg Avkv Kwi Avj vn& i wbKU ev`vi weMZ
GK eQii (QMxiv) Mvbvni Kvddviv wnmve MY ne|
2

3. Avqkv (ivt) ejb, Rvnjx hy M Kz ivqkMY Avk~ ivi wQqvg
cvjb KiZ| ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt)I Zv cvjb KiZb| g`xbvq
wnRiZi ciI wZwb cvjb KiQb Ges jvKìK Zv cvjb
KiZ ejQb| wK (2q wnRix mb) hLb ivgvhvb gvmi wQqvg
dih nj, ZLb wZwb ejjb, h ew BQv Ki Avk~ ivi wQqvg
cvjb Ki Ges h ew BQv Ki Zv cwiZvM Ki|
3

4. gyAvweqv web Avey my wdqvb (ivt) g`xbvi gmwR` beexZ
Lyrev `vbKvj ejb, Avwg ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt)-K ejZ bwQ
h, ` , . ' , ` , . ` , ` , = .` , ` , , . _` ,` ` ` , , .
` ,. = ` , .. ` . , ` ,` . , . ` AvR Avk~ ivi w`b|
Gw`bi wQqvg Zvgvì Dci Avj vn dih Kibwb| Ze
Avwg wQqvg iLwQ| GY Zvgvì ga h BQv Ki wQqvg
cvjb Ki, h BQv Ki cwiZvM Ki|
4

5. (K) Avy j vn web Avevm (ivt) ejb, ivm~ jy jvn (Qvt)
g`xbvq wnRiZ Ki B`xìK Avk~ ivi wQqvg ivLZ `L
KviY wRm Kij Zviv ejb, GwU GKwU gnvb w`b| Gw`b
Avj vn cvK g~ mv (Avt) I Zu vi KIgK bvRvZ w`qwQjb Ges
divAvEb I Zvi jvKì Wy weq giwQjb| Zvi Kwiqv
wnmve g~ mv (Avt) G w`b wQqvg cvjb KiQb| AZGe
AvgivI G w`b wQqvg cvjb Kwi| ZLb ivm~ jy jvn (Qvt)
ejjb, Zvgvì PvBZ AvgivB g~ mv (Avt)-Gi (Av`ki)
AwaK nK`vi I AwaK `vex`vi| AZtci wZwb wQqvg ivLb I
mKjK ivLZ ejb (hv c~ e _KB Zu vi ivLvi Afvm
wQj)|
5

(L) Avey g~ mv AvkAvix (ivt) nZ ewY Z nqQ h, Avk~ ivi
w`bK B`xiv Cì w`b wnmve gvb KiZ| G w`b Zviv
Zvì xì AjsKvi I Dg cvlvKvw` cwiavb KivZv|
6
(M) Beby Avevm (ivt) nZ Ab eY bvq GmQ h, jvKiv
ejj, n Avj vn& i ivm~ j! B`x I bvQvivMY 10B gy nviig
Avk~ ivi w`bwUK mvb Ki| ZLb ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) ejjb,
AvMvgx eQi eu P _vKj BbkvAvj vn Avgiv 9B gy nviig mn

wQqvg ivLe| ivex ejb, wK cii eQi gy nviig Avmvi

AvMB Zu vi g Zz nq hvq|
7
:. l, l! !/~:> l!' =, <>!<! !/:>:
~. l, l! !/~ =, <>!<! !/:>:
:. <!< !: <!< (!<!: :/:>), !/~~ ' <!
. <!<, ! !/~: l, !/::~> l!' <!
. l !/::: :. l !/:::: <!< ! !/~
. l !/:::

22
6. Avyjvn web Avevm (ivt) nZ ewYZ Ab GK nv`xQ
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) Gikv` Kib, , . - , . _` ,` ` , , ` ,` ` ,` .
. ` , , ` ` , ` , ' ` , , ` ` ` ,` ` ,` ., ` ,` , , Zvgiv Avk~ ivi w`b
wQqvg ivL Ges B`xì Ljvd Ki| Zvgiv Avk~ ivi mv_
Zvi c~e GKw`b ev ci GKw`b wQqvg cvjb Ki|
8

Dciv nv`xQ mg~n ch vjvPbv Kij KqKwU welq nq
DV| hgb-
(1) Avk~ivi wQqvg diAvEbi Kej _K bvRvZ g~ mvi
(Avt) Kwiqv wnmve cvwjZ nq|
(2) GB wQqvg g~mv, Cmv I gynvv`x kixAvZ Pvjy wQj|
AvBqvg RvnwjqvZI Avk~ ivi wQqvg cvwjZ nZ|
(3) 2q wnRixZ ivgvhvbi wQqvg dih nIqvi AvM ch GB wQqvg
mKj gymjgvbi Rb cvwjZ wbqwgZ wQqvg wnmve MY nZ|
(4) ivgvhvbi wQqvg dih nIqvi ci GB wQqvg HwQK
wQqvg cwiYZ nq| Ze ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) wbqwgZ GB wQqvg
HwQK wnmveB cvjb KiZb| GgbwK gZzi eQiI cvjb
KiZ PqwQjb|
(5) GB wQqvgi dhxjZ wnmve weMZ GK eQii Mvbvn
gvdi K_v ejv nqQ| GZ ekx bKx Avivdvi w`bi bdj
wQqvg eZxZ Ab Kvb bdj wQqvg bB|
(6) Avk~ivi wQqvgi mv_ mvqb web Avjx (ivt)-Gi Rb ev
gZzi Kvb mK bB| mvqb (ivt)-Gi Rb g`xbvq 4_
wnRixZ Ges gZz BivKi Kdv bMixi wbKUeZx Kvievjvq
61 wnRixZ ivm~jyj vn (Qvt)-Gi gZzi 50 eQi ci nq|
9

gvU K_v Avk~ivq gy nviig GK ev `yw`b md bdj wQqvg
eZxZ Avi wKQyB Kivi bB| kvnv`Z mvqbi wbqZ
wQqvg cvjb Kij QIqve cvIqv hve bv| KviY Kvievjvi
NUbvi 50 eQi c~eB Bmjvg cwic~YZv jvf KiQ Ges Awn-
i AvMgb e nq MQ|
|<|< |<-'| x
Avk~ivq gynviig Avgvì `k kvKi gvm wnmve AvMgb
Ki| kxAv, mybx mKj wgj AMwYZ wki&K I weÀvZ wj
nq| KvwU KvwU UvKvi AcPq nq wewfb Abyvbi bvg|
miKvix QywU NvwlZ nq I miKvixfve wewfb Abyvbvw` cvwjZ
nq| mvqbi f~qv Kei Zix Ki iv vq Zvwhqv ev kvK
wgwQj Kiv nq| H f~ qv Kei mvqbi in nvwhi nq aviYv
Ki ZvK mvjvg Kiv nq| Zvi mvgb gv_v Sz Kvbv nq|
mLvb wmR`v Kiv nq, gbvevv c~iY Kivi Rb c v_ bv Kiv
nq| wg_v kvK c`k b Ki ey K Pvcovbv nq, ey Ki Kvco
wQuo djv nq| nvq nvmb nvq nvmb ej gvZg Kiv
nq| ii bvg jvj is wQUvbv nq| ivv-NvU is-eis mvR
mvRvbv nq| jvwV-Zxi-ejg wbq hyi gnov Ìqv nq|
mvqbi bvg KK I cvDiwU evwbq eiKZi wcVv ej
ekx `vg wew Kiv nq| mvqbi bvg gviM cy Kz i Qu y o
dj hyeK-hyeZxiv cyKzi Suvwcq co H eiKZi gviM
aivi cwZhvwMZvq gZ IV| my mwZ Akvivnx `j wgwQj
Ki Kvievjv hyi gnov `q| Kvjv cvlvK cwiavb ev
Kvjv evR aviY Kiv nq BZvw`| GgbwK AbK kvKi
gvm fe GB gvm weevn-kv`x Kiv Abvq gb Ki _vKb|
H w`b AbK cvwb cvb Kiv GgbwK wki `ya cvb
KivbvKI Abvq fveb|
. <!! ~ : <l = <!!l <' l!< , <
' l!< ' : !l! < !! !/~>, ~/~> : =<
>, : <! :, :: 'l l! <!! l < >, : 'l <!! <!
Aciw`K DM kxAviv Kvb Kvb Bgvg evovZ Avqkv (ivt)-
Gi bvg eu a ivLv GKwU eKixK jvwVcUv Ki I A vNvZ
iv Ki e`jv bq I Dj vm dU co| Zvì aviYv gZ
Avqkv (ivt)-Gi civgk gB Avey eKi (ivt) ivm~ jy jvn (Qvt)-
Gi Amy Li mgq RvgvAvZ BgvgwZ KiwQjb I ci Ljxdv
wbe vwPZ nqwQjb| mKviY Avjx (ivt) Ljxdv nZ cvibwb
(bvEhy wej vn)| Igi, IQgvb, gyAvweqv, gyMxiv web kvev (ivt)
c gyL Rjxjy j K ì QvnvexK G mgq wewfb fve Mvwj Ìqv nq|
G QvovI iwWI-wUwf, c-cwKv, KjR I wek we`vjq mg~n
wewfb Aby vbi gvag GK_v ey SvZ Pv Ki h, Avk~ ivq
gy nviigi g~ j welq nj kvnv`vZ mvqb (ivt) ev Kvievjvi
gg vw K NUbv| Pv Kiv nq GUvK nK I evwZji jovB wnmve
c gvY KiZ| Pv Kiv nq mvqbK gvQ~ g I Bqvhx`K
gvjEb c gvY KiZ| A_P c K Z mZ Gme _K AbK `~ i|
Avk~ iv Dcj c PwjZ Dciv weÀvZx Aby vbvwì Kvb
Aw Z Ges A AvK x`v mg~ ni Kvb c gvY Qvnvevq
Kivgi hy M cvIqv hvq bv| Avj vn eZxZ KvDK wmR`v Kiv
hgb nvivg, Zvwhqvi bvg f~ qv Kei hqviZ KivI Zgwb
gy wZc~ Rvi kvwgj| hgb ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) Gikv` Kib, _ _ `
. , ` . ` ' _` ,` , ,` h ew jvk QvovB f~qv Kei
hqviZ Kij, m hb g~ wZ c~ Rv Kij|
10

GZZxZ Kvbic kvKMv_v ev gwm qv Aby vb ev kvK wgwQj
Bmjvgx kixAvZi cwic x| Kvb Kei ev mgvwama, knx`
wgbvi ev wZ ma, wkLv Awbe vY ev wkLv wPi b BZvw`Z
k vwj wbe`b KivI GKB ch vq co|
Aby icfve mePq eo Kexiv Mvbvn nj Qvnvevq KivgK
Mvwj Ìqv| ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) Gikv` Kib, ` _ , -` . ' ,' ` .
` - ' ` ' ` , - ' . ' ` , .` ` , . . , ` , - ' ` ` _ ,
Zvgiv Avgvi QvnvexMYK Mvwj w`qv bv| Kbbv (Zuviv Ggb
DP gh v`vi AwaKvix h,) Zvgvì KD hw` Inv` cvnvo
cwigvY mvbvI Avj vn& i iv vq eq Ki, ZeyI Zu vì GK gy`
ev Aa gy ` A_ vr wmwK Qv ev Zvi Aa K cwigvY (he LiP)-Gi
mgvb QIqve ch cu QZ cvie bv|
11

kvKi bvg wèm cvjb Kiv, ey K Pvcovbv I gvZg Kiv
Bmjvgx ixwZ bq| ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) Gikv` Kib, ` ` ` ,
.` , - ,` . , , .` ,` ,` - ` , ` ,` ` - . , . H ew
Avgvì `jfy bq, h ew kvK wbR gyL gvi, Kvco wQuo
I Rvnjx hy Mi bvq gvZg Ki|
12

Ab nv`xQ GmQ h, Avwg H ew nZ `vwqZ gy , h ew
kvK gv_v gyb Ki, DPt^ i Ku v` I Kvco wQu o|
13

AwaK Hme kvK mfv ev kvK wgwQj evovevwo Ki m w I
m wKZ vi cv_ K wgwUq w`q mvqbi Kei ini AvMgb Kbv
Kiv, mLvb wmR`v Kiv, gv_v Su y Kvbv, c v_ bv wbe`b Kiv BZvw`
cwivifve wkiK| Avj vn Avgvì ndvhZ Kib- Avgxb!!
>. < !>!<, !-!<! !- !< (!<!: !!<! < !l!,
: <, ::>/:>:>), ~ , : ~, ~:
:. <!!, !<!<! ^: !! !! !> l<!! ! l
!-' <<!: !!:~ ! !<< >! !'
(!!<: :: l:), : :
::. !! !!, l! !/>> !!<^< !!' =,
<>!<! !/
:~. <!< l, l! !/:~ >!!!' <!
::. <!< l, l! !/:~:

23
|| <| (v|:) -1+ +|<
=| |+ |-|
! !+
|x+|
Avjvn gvbe RvwZK mw KiQb GKgv Zu vi Bev`Z
Kivi Rb (!l<! :)| Avi Bev`Z Key j nIqvi
AbZg `ywU kZ nj- (1) hveZxq Bev`Z ay gv Zu vi
RbB wbew`Z nZ ne| hgb- QvjvZ, wQqvg, n-
hvKvZ, bhi-wbqvh, hen, Kzievbx, fq-fxwZ, mvnvh,
PvIqv-cvIqv BZvw`| (2) ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-Gi AbyKiY,
AbymiY KiZ ne Ges wZwb hfve Bev`Z KiZ
ejQb mfveB Zv mv`b KiZ ne| Dciv kZ
`ywUi mv_ AvKx`v-wekvm we nIqv AZxe hiix| A
ce Avjvn I ivm~j (Qvt) mwKZ KqKwU v
AvKx`v AvjvPbv Kiv nj-
AbKi wekvm AvQ h, (1) || < |<<|x|-|
A_P gnvb Avjvn ejQb, wZwb Aviki Dci mgvmxb|
G gg cwe KziAvb 7wU AvqvZ ewYZ nqQ|
38

ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)I ejQb h, Avjvn Avmgvb AvQb|
Qvnvex (ivt) Ges ZveCMY mKjB ejQb Avj vn
Avmgvb AvQb| ZvQvov mKj BgvgB ejQb, Avj vn
Avmgvb AvQb| GiciI hw` ejv nq, Avjvn me
weivRgvb Zvnj wK Cgvb _vKe Ges Avgj Key j ne?
Avjvn me weivRgvb- GK_v wVK bq, eis cwe Kz iAvb
ejQ, Avjvn Avik mgvmxb| G gg ewYZ `jxjjv
wbgic-
(1) Avjvn ejb, = ` , ` , _ . ` . , ` . . -
, ` ` _ ' ` ,. _. , ` ` , ` , ' ` . wbqB
Zvgvì cwZcvjK nQb mB Avjvn whwb Avmgvb I
hgxbK Qq w`b mw KiQb, AZtci wZwb Avik
mgvmxb nb (!<! /)|
(2) wbqB Zvgvì cwZcvjK Avjvn, whwb
AvKvkgjx I cw_ex Qq w`b mw KiQb| AZtci
wZwb Avik mgvmxb nb ( :/:)|
(3) AvjvnB Ea`k AvKvkgjx vcb KiQb
eZxZ- Zvgiv GUv `LQ| AZtci wZwb Avik mgvmxb
njb (<! ::/~)|
(4) `qvgq (Avjvn) Avik mgvmxb (-! ~/)|

=.= (<<), ! ! l<l<!, !<<
38. ! < !l!, !> !!! :/::|
(5) wZwb AvKvkgjx, c w_ex Ges GZ`y fqi gaeZx
mg wKQz Qq w`b m w Kib; AZtci wZwb Avik
mgvmxb nb| wZwbB ingvb, Zu vi m^ h AeMZ AvQ
ZvK wRm Ki `L (<! ~/>)|
(6) Avjvn wZwb, whwb AvKvkgjx, c w_ex I GZ`y fqi
A eZx mewKQz mw KiQb Qq w`b| AZtci wZwb
Avik mgvmxb nb (!>! :~/)|
(7) wZwbB Qq w`b AvKvkgjx I c w_ex m w KiQb,
AZtci Avik mgvmxb nqQb (! /)|
DjwLZ AvqvZjv viv c Zxqgvb nq h, Avj vn
ZvAvjv Avik mgvmxb AvQb| wKfve mgvmxb AvQb,
GK_v ejZ wbla Kiv nqQ| Bgvg gvjK (int)
ejb, .,. , .,, ,,- ., , ..-,
,, , . BmZIqv ev mgvmxb nIqv evaMg,
Gi cKwZ AvZ, Gi c wZ Cgvb Avbv IqvwRe Ges G
mK ck Kiv weÀvZ|
39

Avjvn ZvAvjv Avmgvbi Dci AvQb| G gg gnvb
Avjvn ejb,
` ,` ` ' ' ` ` . . ' ` , . ` - ` , , ` _ ' , ` ,` ` _ .
` ' ` ,` ` ' ` . ` . ' ' , ` , ` , ` , . - ` ,` ` .
.` , ` , ,
Zvgiv wK (G welq) wbivc` nq MQ h, whwb
AvKvki Dci iqQb wZwb Zvgvì mn f~ wgK awmq
wèb bv? Avi ZLb IUv AvKwKfve _i_i Ki
KuvcZ _vKe| A_ev Zvgiv wK wbivc` nq MQ h,
AvKvki Dci whwb iqQb wZwb Zvgvì Dci cv_i
elYKvix evevqy c iY Kieb bv? ZLb Zvgiv RvbZ
cvie wKic wQj Avgvi mZK evYx? ( :/ ::-:)|
2. Avjvn ZvAvjv Zuvi wKQz m wK Dci DwVq
wbqQb| Avjvn ejb, = ` ` _ , ` , eis Avj vn ZvK
(CmvK) wbRi w`K DwVq wbqQb (l! /:)|
Avjvn ZvAvjv Ab ejb, = .` , , ` .` _
` , , ` ` :` _ , : . iY Ki, hLb Avj vn ejjb, n
Cmv! Avwg Zvgvi Kvj c~Y KiwQ Ges Avgvi wbKU
ZvgvK Zzj wbwQ (! <! :/)|
3. Avjvn ZvAvjv Aviki Dci AvQb, Gi c gvY
Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi nv`xQ-

39. ! ! < !l!, !<-l<!! !-!!|l<!,
: ~|

24
` ` , ' ,` , ,` . _ = ` ` ` ,` _ = _ . =
` , , , ` _ . = - . ` , . ,` , ` `
` , ` , . ` ` - _ ` . ` .
Avey ivqiv (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, ivm~ jy j vn
(Qvt) ejQb, hLb Avjvn gvLj~K mwi BQv cvlY
Kijb, ZLb Zuvi KvQ Aviki Dci iwZ GK wKZve
wjwce Kib- AekB Avgvi KiYv Avgvi vai Dci
Rqjvf KiQ|
40

4. Avgiv `vAv Kivi mgq `ynvZ Dvjb Ki Avj vn& i
wbKU PvB| GZ my cgvwYZ nq h, Avj vn Aviki
Dci AvQb| ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejb,
` . ` _ ` ` _ . = ` , , , .
= , - ` , , ` , ` ,` - ` , _ _ ` -` , ` , ` , , . ' ` ` ` , ,
, . ` , -
mvjgvb dvimx (ivt) ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) _K eY bv Kib,
wZwb ejb, wbqB Avjvn jvkxj I gnvby fe| hLb
Kvb ew Zuvi wbKU `ynvZ Dvjb Ki `vAv Ki,
ZLb ZvK k~b nvZ e_ gbvi_ Ki diZ w`Z wZwb
jveva Kib|
41

5. cZK ivZ Avjvn ZvAvjvi `ywbqvi Avmgvb bg
Avmv myfve cgvY Ki h, wZwb Aviki Dci
mgvmxb| Gi cgvY ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi wbgv nv`xQ :
` , ' ` ,` , ,` . ' ` ,` _ = _ . = ` , , , ,` ,
' , _ _ , _ ` , _ ` . ,` ' - ` , _ ` , .
` , ` , - ` , , ` ` , ` ,` ` ` ` , - ` ' . ` . ` ` , ` '
` , =` ' . ` ` ` , ` ` , , ' ` -
Avey ivqiv (ivt) nZ ewYZ wZwb ejb, ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt)
ejQb, cwZ ivZi kl ZZxqvsk gnvb Avj vn `y wbqvi
AvKvk AeZiY Kib Ges ejb, K AvQ h AvgvK
WvKe Avi Avwg Zvi WvK mvov wè? K AvQ h Avgvi
KvQ wKQz PvBe Avi Avwg ZvK Zv `vb Kie| K AvQ
h Avgvi KvQ gv Pve Avi Avwg ZvK gv Ki
wè|
42

40. <!< !/::> l*< !' <!, -: l!
!/~:: !!' <!, !!< << !' |
41. l<l !/::, < !>! !/::, ! |
42. <!< !/:: l !/ !<! !/::: <
!>! !/:::: l! !/:~~: !!' <!, !!<
l !l<' |
6. gyAvweqv web Avj-nvKvg Avm-myjvgx (ivt) _K
ewYZ, wZwb ejb,
` ` . , _ - _ ` , ` _ ` - ' ` , ` , - , ` .` ~
. ` , , , ` . ` . , ` , ' , ` - _ `
` _ , ` . ` , ' , . ` _ ,` . . ` .` , '
, , ` , = _ . = ` ,` _ , = : ` . ` . ,
` ,` _ = ' , ` ' ` , , ` , ' ` ` , , . ,
` , ' = ` . . ` . ` ' ` . .` ' ` ,` _
= . , ` ' ,` , ` ,`
Avgvi GKRb `vmx wQj| I` I RvIqvwbqvn (Iì
wbKUeZx GKwU vb) bvgK vb m Avgvi QvMj PivZ|
GKw`b `wL, bKo Avgvì GKwU QvMj ai wbq
MQ| Avwg GKRb Av`g m vb (mvaviY gvbyl)| Zviv
hfve nq AvwgI mfve nB| wK Avwg ZvK
GK _vo gvwi| AZtci ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi wbKU Avmj
GK Avwg mvsNvwZK (Abvq) KvR ej MY Kwi| ZvB
Avwg ewj h, n Avj vn& i ivm~ j (Qvt)! Avwg wK ZvK
Avhv` Kie bv? wZwb ejjb, ZvK Avgvi wbKU wbq
Avm| Avwg ZvK Avj vn& i ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi wbKU wbq
Avmjvg| ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ZvK wRm Kijb, Avj vn
Kv_vq? m ejj, Avmgvb| wZwb (Qvt) ZvK wRm
Kijb, Avwg K? ZLb m ejj, Avcwb Avj vn& i ivm~ j
(Qvt)| ZLb bex Kixg (Qvt) ejjb, ZvK gy w w`q
`vI, KviY m GKRb Cgvb`vi bvix|
43

7. we`vq ni fvlY Avj vn& i ivm~ j (Qvt) QvnvexMYK
Dk Ki ejwQjb, Zvgiv Avgvi mK wRvwmZ
ne, ZLb wK eje? H mgq Dcw Z QvnvexMY ejwQjb,
Avgiv mv wè h, Avcwb Avcbvi `vwqZ mwVKfve cvjb
KiQb| GK_v bvi ci Avj vn& i ivm~ j (Qvt) Zu vi nvZi
Avyj Avmgvbi w`K Dvjb Ki ejwQjb, n Avj vn!
Zvì K_vi Dci mvw _vK|
44

8. Avbvm web gvjK (ivt) ejb,
` . ` . ` , _ ` , - _ _ ,` _ ' ` ` _ . = ` , , ,
` , ` -` , _ ` , ' ` -` , _ , = _ ` ` , _`
. , .

43. l !/: l> !!< !'
|
44. l !/:~: ' <!, -:>|

25
hqbe (ivt) bex Kixg (Qvt)-Gi Abvb xMYi Dci
Me Ki ejZb h, Zuvì weq Zuvì cwievi w`qQ,
Avi Avgvi weq Avjvn m Avmgvbi Dci _K
mv`b KiQb|
45

9. Bmiv I wgivR-Gi NUbvq Avgiv j Kwi h,
Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt)-K hLb GKi ci GK m Avmgvb
wbq hvIqv nqwQj, ZLb Zuvi mv_ mvvr nqwQj bex-
ivm~jMYi Ges Avjvn&i mvwbai Rb m Avmgvbi
Dci wbq hvIqv nqwQj| Gici hLb Avj vn& i ivm~ j
(Qvt) cvk Iqv QvjvZ wbq g~mv (Avt)-Gi mv_
mvvr Kib, ZLb g~mv (Avt) ivm~j (Qvt)-K ejwQjb,
Zvgvi DZ 50 Iqv QvjvZ Av`vq KiZ mg ne
bv| hvI Avjvn&i wbKU QvjvZ Kwgq bvI| Gici KgvZ
KgvZ cuvP Iqv nq| Gici g~mv (Avt) AviI KgvZ
ejwQjb, wK ivm~j (Qvt) jveva KiwQjb|
46
G
mgq Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) QvjvZ Kgvbvi Rb m
AvKvki Dci DVZb| Avevi wdi AvmZb g~ mv (Avt)-
Gi wbKU l Avmgvb| G viv eySv hvq h, Avjvn
ZvAvjv Aviki Dci AvQb|
10. divEb wbRK Avjvn `vex KiwQj| m Kvdi
nIqv mI Zvi wekvm wQj h, Avjvn Aviki Dci
AvQb| divEb ejj, n nvgvb! Zzwg Avgvi Rb GK
myDP cvmv` Zix Ki, hvZ Avwg Aej^b cvB Avmgvb
AvivnYi, hb Avwg `LZ cvB g~mv (Avt)-Gi
gve~`K (l /:-:)|
mvjvd Qvjnxb _K Avgiv hv cvB Zv nQ, Avj vn
Avmgvbi Dci Avik Aevb KiQb| Avey eKi (ivt)
_K Avyjvn Beby Igi (ivt) eYbv Kib, wZwb ejb,
hLb Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi IdvZ nq, Avey eKi (ivt)
Gm Zuvi (Qvt) Kcvj Pzgy Lq ejb, Avgvi wcZv-gvZv
Avcbvi Rb Kzievb nvK| Avcwb Rxeb I giY Dg
wQjb| Gici Avey eKi (ivt) ejb, n gvbe RvwZ!
Zvgvì ga hviv gynvv` (Qvt)-Gi Bev`Z KiZ,
Zviv Rb ivL h, gynvv` (Qvt) gZzeiY KiQb| Avi
Zvgvì ga hviv Avjvn&i Bev`Z Ki Zviv Rb ivL
h, Avjvn AvKvki Dci (Avik)| wZwb wPixe|
47

Bgvg Avey nvbxdv (int) ejb, . ,' __
. ' _. , .. = ,, ~,.
_ , , ,, , _ .,- . h eje h,

45. <!< !/~ !' <!, -~|
46. !! !! l! !/:~|
47. <!<, !-!<, : , : ~~ < !l, >l!
>l !l!, : :- !<-<! !, : |
Avjvn Avmgvb AvQb, bv hgxb Zv Avwg Rvwb bv, m
Kzdix Kie| Kbbv Avj vn ejb, ingvb Avik
mgvmxb| Avi Zvi Avik m AvKvki Dci|
48

Bgvg gvjK (int) ejb, = . , .
. . ,- . Avjvn AvKvki Dci Ges Zu vi
vbi cwiwa meevcx we Z| Kvb vbB Zuvi vbi
AvIZvi ewnf~Z bq|
49

Bgvg kvwdC (int) ejb,
, _ ' ,, .,'_, ,-.' ,, '
.,- , ,,,'_ .-', ,, ., :,
_, _,. ,, .' . . = .', - ,_
= .', = _ , - .,, - .,
. .', = , .- , ., .
mybvn mK Avgvi I Avwg hmKj Avnjnv`xQ
wevbK `LwQ Ges Zvì wbKU _K M nY KiwQ
hgb mywdqvb, gvjK I Abvbiv, Zvì gZ nj G
K_vi mv c`vb Kiv h, wbqB Avj vn Qvov Kvb
(nK) Dcvm bB Ges gynvv` (Qvt) Avj vn& i ivm~ j| Avi
Avjvn AvKvki Dci Zu vi Avik mgvmxb| wZwb hgb
BQv Zuvi mwi wbKUeZx nb Ges hgb BQv Zgb
bxPi AvKvk AeZiY Kib|
50

Bgvg Avngv` web nv^ j (int)-Gi cy Avyjvn ejb,
, _. ,_ _ , , . , _ ,
, - _, , , . , . ,-
. .
Avgvi evevK wRm Kiv nj h, Avj vn Zu vi m w
_K `~i mg AvKvki Dci Zu vi Avik mgvmxb|
Zuvi gZv I vbi cwiwa me we Z| Gi Di wZwb
(Bgvg Avngv`) ejb, nu v! wZwb (Avjvn) Aviki Dci
mgvmxb Ges Zuvi vbi ewnf ~ Z wKQz B bB|
51

/<}

48. >l! >l !l!, : >>|
49. =, : ::|
50. =, : :~~|
51. =, : :~-::|

26

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Gic Kb cw_exi eyK GUvB c_g| f~wgKc eY `k
Rvcvbi Kuvcywb wekK Kuvwcq w`j bvwK? bv, GwU
mvBevi Iqvi Z_v Z_hyi Avjvob| GKwU
IqemvBU DBwKwjKmi `vjv| KD KD ejb,
1945 mvji 9 AvM Rvcvbi bvMvmvwKZ AvUg
evgvwU covi ci GZ eo weviY Avi `Lwb
wekevmx| GKwU IqemvBU GwU wKfve cvi?
IqemvBUwUB ev Kvi? Zvi Dk wK? Gme AvjvPbvi
RbB Avgvì GB Dcvcbv|
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kwU `ywU wekli mg^q MwVZ| GKwU nQ Wiki,
AciwU Leaks. Wiki ki A_ GK K_vq ejZ Mj,
Z_i gvag cwieZbkxj IqemvBU| Oxford
Advanced Learners Dictionary-Z ejv nqQ, A
website that allows any user to change or add to
the information it contains. Ggb GKwU IqemvBU,
hv hKvb eenviKvixK ZvZ A fy welqjvK
Z_i gvag cwieZb ev mshvRbi AbygwZ `q (P.
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QvU wQ` w`q Zij wKsev evqexq c`v_ AvMgb-wbMgb
nZ `qv (P. 875)|
myZivs WikiLeaks ki A_ ùvovq, cwieZbkxj Ggb
GKwU IqemvBU, hv _K Z_ duvm nq hvq| gvUK_v
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Ikwbqv gnv`ki iZc~Y iv Awjqvi Kz Bjv
AivRi UvDwfj bvgi Qv kni RbM nY Kib
GB Iqv mvBevi Awiqi| Avi `kwU wki gZ i
nqwb Avmvi wkv Rxeb| gv wwb K qvi gb
!<!, <l$, l!
KiZb, aiveuvav c vwZvwbK wkv Rxeb gvby li
KZ~njx gbUvK gi dj| gv Zvi xc ey w`x GB
wkK ZvB Kvb c wZvb `bwb| wZwb wbRB wQjb
Zvi wkK| wZwb ZvK co kvbvZb M xK mvwnZi
M, Dcbvm, bvUK| Avmvi Kkvii KqK eQi
KvU Qv xc gvMbwUK AvBmjv| eqm hgb `y i
wKkvi, Zgwb xci cwiek! mB mv_ wQj GKwU
Nvov| Avi VKvq K? Nvovq Po mviv xc `vwcq
eovZb `vcyU exii gZ| iv` cy oZb, e wZ
wfRZb| mvMi gvQ aiZb| G hb Kkvii
DQjZvi c~Y Av^ v`b|
wZwb gjevY wekwe`vjq MwYZ I c`v_ we`v coQb|
wK wWwM ARb Kiv ch ah aiZ cvibwb| ZvZ wK?
BwZnvm, f~Mvj, `k b, wevb, evwYR cfwZ welq wQj
Zvi AZxe AvMn| Gme welq evcK covbv Kib
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cvnvomg MvcbxqZv wbq| Kvb msv ev gZvai
ewi Awdwmqvj evcvi Kvb MvcbxqZv _vKZ cvie
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lohcivqY nq IV| AvgRbZvi ^ v_ Zviv gZv
fvM Kie, A_P Zvì KvQ Kvb Revew`wnZv _vKe
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cvij GKUv ^Q c w_ex Mov m e ne| Ggb c w_ex
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ciKvjxb Revew`wnZvi fq I Cgvbx PZbvB Kejgv
gvbylK `ybxwZ _K wdwiq ivLZ cvi| G c m
Avjvn ZvAvjvi evYx, ` , ` , ` , ` , ` = ` ` - ,
` ` ` ` ` _ ` , ` ` ,` . GUv Avgvi wKZve (iKW),
hv Zvgvì wei mv wè mZZv mnKvi| Zvgiv hv
KiZ Zv Avwg wjwce KiZvg (>!l! ~>)|

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31
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mvMiewZ b`xgvZK Avgvì G`k cvK wZK `y h vM
cvq jMB _vK| N~wYSo, nvwiKb, UbWv, RjvQ vm,
ebv BZvw` cvKwZK `yhvM Ni-evox, MvQ-cvjv,
dmjvw`, Mev`xc BZvw` wZM nq| cwievii
DcvRbg m`mi AKvj gZzZ cwievi bg Avm
`vwiì wbKlKvjv Auvavi| b`x fvb c wZ eQi
b`xMf wejxb nq hvq nvhvi nvhvi ni Rwg, f~ wgnxb
wbt^ `wi` nq gvbeZi Rxeb-hvcb Ki AmsL eby
Av`g| gyn~ZB wbt^ nq c_i wfLix nq co AbK
wekvjx cwievi| G mg cvKwZK `yhvM Dcj `k-
we`k _K h mvnvh Avm Zvi AaKI cvq bv
wZM iv| wmsnfvMB Pj hvq miKvix Avgjv,
ivRbwZK bZv I vbxq RbcwZwbwaì cKU|
g~jZt Bmjvgx Abykvmb bv gvbvq, Abvq-AwePvi, ewfPvi,
AkxjZv-envqvcbv ew cvIqvq Avjvn ev`vK mZK Kivi
RbB gvS gvS cvKwZK `yhvM w`q _vKb| G mK
Gikv` nQ, ` , ' ` . , ,` - , ` , ` , , ~
` , ` , ` ` ,` , ` ` , ` , ` ,` -` , , ` ,` , . Rj I
j gvbyli KZKgi ìY wechq Qwoq coQ|
Avjvn ZvìK Zvì Kgi kvw Av^v`b KivZ Pvb,
hvZ Zviv wdi Avm (< :)|
gnvb Avjvn Aviv ejb, ` , ` , _ ` '. . ` ,` ,`
` ,` ` ,.` -` , , ` ,.` , , '. . . . i kvw i c~e
ZvìK Avwg AekB jNy kvw Av^v`b Kive, hvZ
Zviv wdi Avm (!>! ~:)|
:. <+|<
`vwi` mgmvi AbZg KviY eKviZ| Kvb mgvRB
eKviZ _vKvevq `vwi` wbimb me bq| GRbB
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) mKj gvbyli Kgmsvbi AwaKvii
Kej ^xKwZB `bwb; eis Zv wbwZI KiQb| e Z
G AwaKvii mKj gvbylB mgvb Ges GwU GKwU
gvbevwaKviI eU|
g`xbvi KjvY iv ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) G AwaKvi jvfi
myhvM mKji Rb mgvbfve AevwiZ KiwQjb| Gi
mKj gvbylB `Zv ej DcvRb Ki weevb nZ
cviZ| Aek wbRi AgZvi KviY AbK mQjZv
nvivZ| wK ZvB ej Kvb jvKKB Zvi gwjK
cqvRb _K ewZ Kiv nZ bv| ^xq `Zvi cixvq
KD e_ nj m ivxqfve Zvi gwjK Pvwn`v c~ iYi
eevw` cvKvcv `LZ cZ| dj KviiB `vwi` i
KlvNvZ RRwiZ nIqvi mvebv wQj bv|
:c. || -||
BsiRxZ GKwU cev` AvQ, Education is the
backbone of a nation. A_vr wkvB RvwZi gi`|
gi`nxb cvYx hgb gv_v Du Pz Ki mvRv nq ù vovZ
cvi bv, wVK Zgwb wkv Qvov Kvb RvwZ `vwi` gy
Z_v ^vej^x nZ cvi bv| h RvwZ hZ ekx wkwZ,
m RvwZ ZZ ekx Db Z| Avi h RvwZ hZ ekx
AwkwZ, m RvwZ ZZ ewk `wi`| Avi Awkv `vwi`
mgmvi AbZg cavb KviYI eU|
Bmjvg hnZz ^ vej^ x, ^ wbf i, Db ZRvwZ nZ
AbyciYv hvMvq, ZvB Bmjvgi mec_g wb` k nj, ',
co| ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) Gikv` KiQb, ` . ~ , ` , , .
_ . , ` .` wkvRb Kiv cZK gy mwjgi Dci
dih|
58
Bmjvgi weavb gb 100% bvMwiK wkwZ
nj evsjv`k 100% `vwi` gy ^ vej^ x Db Z RvwZ
wnmve AvZcKvk Kie BbkvAvj vn|
:e. <, <i< |<|||
AcPq-Aceq, wejvwmZv Gjv `vwi` mgmvi KviY|
G`ki wekvjxMY AcPq-Aceq I wejvwmZvq h A_
eq Ki Zv w`q nvhvi nvhvi fyLv-bvv eby Av`gi
`vwi` wegvPb Kiv m e| Bmjvg gvby lK wgZeqx nZ
wkv `q| AcPq-Aceq I wejvwmZvq A_ eq bv Ki
wbKUvZxq, dKxi-wgmKxb I gymvwdiK mvnvh-
mnhvwMZv KiZ wb` k w`qQ| Gikv` nQ, . ,
` , ` , ` - _ ,` , ` , ` . ` , , ` , .` ` _ . ` . , , .
` , _ ` ` ,` ` , ~ ,` . ,` - ` ,. ` , , . =` ,` . , _
AvZxq-^RbK Zvì cvc w`q `vI Ges AfveM I
gymvwdiKI Ges wKQzZB Aceq Kiv bv| wbqB
AcPqKvixiv kqZvbi fvB| Avi kqZvb Zvi c fy i
Aeva (< <!^ ~:-~)| Bmjvgi D weavb gb
Pjj AekB `vwi` we`~ wiZ ne BbkvAvj vn|
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bvbvwea LwbR m` ficy i Avgvì G evsjv`k|
Zj, Mvm, Kqjv, BDiwbqvg mn c vq mKj aibi
LwbR m` iqQ G `k| wK `ytLRbK njI mZ
h, Gjv Dvjbi Rb Avgvì wbR^ Kvb c hy w
bB| `ki Mvm jv we`kx Kvvbxi KvQ
BRviv `qv nqQ| GLb Zvì KvQ _K wbRì
Mvm Av RvwZK evRvi ì ewk `vg wKbZ nQ|
GZ jvf Zv `~i _vK, c wZ eQi 2500 KvwU UvKv
jvKmvb w`Z nQ| Ggb Amg Pz wZ Mvm-Kqjv
Dvjb Kiv nQ, hvZ G`ki jvfi Pq wZB
nQ ewk| D`vniY ^ ic dz jevox KqjvLwb| Pz w
gvZveK G Lwb _K evsjv`k cve gv 6% Avi
ewUk Kvvbx Gwkqv GbvwR cve 94%| 6% Mvm
eve` evsjv`k eQi cve 1500 KvwU UvKv| wecixZ

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32
eQi wZ ne 1800 KvwU UvKv| dj 30 eQi wZ
ne 9 nvhvi KvwU UvKv|
8

Bmjvg gvbylK vb-wevb, DbZ chyw wkv M nYi Rb
wb`k w`qQ Ges `ki kvmKMvxK `ki AwffveK
wnmve Zvi mg m` ndvhZ Kivi RbI wb` k w`qQ|
hw` Bmjvgi D weavb cwic~Yfve gvbv nZ Ze G
cwiwwZ mw nZ bv Ges AcwiwgZ m` _vKv mI
`vwiì wbgg KkvNvZ wbcwlZ nZ nZ bv|
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evsjv`ki `vwi` mgmvi Rb ^v_v cwZekx Kg `vqx
bq| evsjv`kK wZb w`K w`q eb Ki AvQ c wZekx
`k fviZ| G `kwU giYduv` dvivv, MRjWvev eviR,
wUcvBgyL euva, mvwi b`xi DRvb euva I Abvb mKj b`xZ
euva w`q fvwUi `k wnmve G `kK Kbv gmy g wKq
I elv gmyg Wyweq gvivi Pv wj iqQ| djk wZZ
`ki Di-cwgvj gif~wgZ cwiYZ nZ hvQ|
cwqvaxb wUcvBgyL euva GUvK AviI Zivw^Z Kie| GQvov
`wY Zvjcw, eievox, `nMvg-AvicvZv wQUgnj,
gixi Pi cfwZ `Lj Ki wbqQ| cwZw`b weGmGd-Gi
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bvMwiKiv XyK g~jevb m` cvPvi I Pz wi Ki wbq MjI
mxgvi AZ`cnix wewWAvii (eZ gvb wewRwe) wj Kivi
AbygwZ ch bB| Zviv hb mxgv i mvx Mvcvj|
Bmjvg D`viZv, cigZmwnz Zvi ag| Abi AwaKvi
h_vh_ msiYi MvivwU GKgv BmjvgB iqQ|
Acii AwaKvi n c, `Lj, Pzwi BZvwì wei
Bmjvg KVvi uwkqvix DPviY KiQ| Acii 1 Bw
f~wg `Lj Ki wbjI mvZ eK Rwg nvkii gvV
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nqQ|
9
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cwiwwZ mw nZ bv|
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chvjvPbv _K wèvjvKi bvq my fve c gvwYZ nq
h, `vwiì Awfkvc _K gy wi MvivwU GKgv
BmjvgB iqQ| Bmjvgi c wZwU weavb h_v_ fve gb
Pjj wKQzZB `vwi` _vKe bv Ges evsjv`k ^ wbf i
mgkvjx, DbZ RvwZ wnmve weki gvS gv_v Du Pz Ki
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mywkvi gvag gvbe m` Dbqb I mg RvwZ MVbi j 1991 mvj _K Diei k we`vcxV Avj-gviKvhyj Bmjvgx Avm-
mvjvdxi hvv i nq| `k cPwjZ gvìvmv I mvaviY wkv eevi w-gyLx avivK mgw^Z Ki bZzb avivi wmjevm Abyhvqx cwe
KziAvb I Qnxn mybvn wfwK GKwU mvgwMK I mymgw^Z c~Yv Bmjvgx wkv Avgvì j| aygv fvj djvdjB bq; eis wkvi
gvag GKRb Av`k gvbyl Zix KivB Avgvì Kvg|
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1. DbZgvbi wkv eev| mKj welq hvM, ` I Awf wkK gjx viv cvV`vb|
2. AvevwmK QvìK wkK gjxi Z veavb cvV`vb|
3. gavex Qvì Rb Qvbyweqv (Avwjg) cvki ci g`xbv Bmjvgx wekwe`vjq Aaqbi myeY myhvM|
4. cwZ ermi `vwLj Ges Avwjg kYxi cvki nvi wRwcG-5 mn 100%|
5. cg I Ag kYxi mgvcbx cixvq AwaK msLK ew c vw|
6. wk-wKkviì gav weKvki Rb gavex Qvì D`vM `qvwjKv cKvk|
7. ivRbxwZ I mvmgy gbvig cwiek|
8. wbR^ wPwKrmKi gvag mKj Qvì mywPwKrmvi eev|
9. wbqwgZ Ljvayjv, mvswZK Kvhg I wkv mdii eev|
10. AvevwmK Qvì DbZgvbi _vKv I LvIqvi eev|
|<| <i
|-x|<+|< #|x| |-|||
bI`vcvov (wegvbeì ivW), cvt mcyiv, ivRkvnx|
gvevBjt 01717-088967, 01711-578057, 01726-314441|

| |<|

33

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mZx-mvax bvixi mg niY Kiv hvq bv| Zvi mvb b Kiv
hvq bv| mZxZ I m g ivi ^ v_ cqvRb m Rxeb w`ZI
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GKwU NUbv DjL KiQb, hv wbg ic-
Pwjk eQi c~e evM`v` GK KkvB wQj| dRii AvMB m
`vKvb Pj hZ| m QvMj-gl hen Ki AKvi _vKZB
evox wdi hZ| GK`v QvMj hen Ki evwo wdiwQj| ZLbv
ivZi Auvavi KvUwb| mw`b AbK i jMwQj Zvi Rvgv-
Kvco| cw_ga m GK Mwji wfZi _K GKUv KvZi
MvOvwb bZ cj| m MvOvwbUv j Ki `Z GwMq Mj|
nVvr m GKUv `ni mv_ avv Lq co Mj| GKRb
AvnZ jvK co AvQ gvwUZ| hLg iZi| eu vPvZ nj
`Z wPwKrmvi cqvRb| ZLbv ìì Ki i eiQ|
ZvK QzwiKvNvZ Kiv nqQ| Qz wiUv ZLbv `n Mu _ AvQ|
`Z m QzwiUv SUKv Uvb ei Ki djj| Zvici jvKwUK
Kuva Zzj wbj| wK jvKwU c_ Ges Zvi KuvaB gviv Mj|
Gi gaB jvKRb Rov nj| KkvBqi nvZ Qz wi| m` g Z
jvKwUi Mvq ZvRv i| Gme `L jvKRbi w i aviYv
nj h, mB NvZK| AMZv ZvK n viK wnmve Awfhy
nZ nj Ges ZvK g Zz ` Ìqv nj|
hLb ZvK wKQvQ-Gi RvqMvq Avbv nj Ges g Zz hLb
AeavwiZ, ZLb m mgeZ RbZvi Dk ej DVj, n
DcwZ RbZv! Avwg GB jvKwUK gvUB nZv Kwiwb| Ze
AvR _K wek eQi AvM Avwg Aci GKwU nZvKv msNwUZ
KiwQjvg| AvR hw` Avgvi g Zz ` KvhKi Kiv nq, Zvnj
GB ewi nZvi KviY bq, eis mB nZvKvi Rb nZ
cvi|
AZtci m wek eQi AvMi nZvi NUbvwU ejv i Kij-
AvR _K wek eQi AvM Avwg wQjvg GK UMeM hy eK|
bKv PvjvZvg| jvKRbK cvivcvi KiZvg| GKw`b GK
abeZx hyeZx Zvi gvK wbq Avgvi bKvq cvi nj| ciw`b
Avevi ZvìK cvi Kijvg| Gfve cwZw`bB Avwg ZvìK
Avgvi bKvq cvi KiZvg|
G cvivcvii myev` hy eZxwUi mv_ Avgvi Av wiKZv Mo
DVj| axi axi Avgiv GK AciK Mfxifve fvjem
djjvg| GK mgq Avwg Zvi wcZvi wbKU weevni c ve wbq
Mjvg| wK Avgvi gZ `wi` GK gvwSi KvQ gq w`Z
wZwb A^xKvi Kijb| Gici Avgvì hvMvhvM wewQb nq
Mj| mI Gw`K Avi AvmZ bv| meZ gqwUi evev wbla
Ki w`qwQj| Avwg AbK Pv KiI ZvK fyjZ cvijvg
bv| Gfve KU Mj 2/3 eQi| GKw`b Avwg bKv wbq
hvxi Acv KiwQjvg| Ggb mgq GK gwnjv QvU GKwU
gqK wbq NvU Dcw Z nj Ges AvgvK b`x cvi Ki
w`Z Abyiva Kij|
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Zvi Pnvivi w`K| wPbZ ìx nj bv h, G Avgvi mB
cqmx| Gi wcZv Avgvì gvS weQì c`v Ub bv w`j
m AvR Avgvi x _vKZ|
Avwg ZvK `L Ly wk njvg| wewfb gay gq wZi Wvwj GK
GK Zvi mvgb gj aiZ jvMjvg| m c wZ Di KiwQj
Ly e mZK Zvi mv_ Ges webqi mv_| ciYB m Rvbvj h,
m weevwnZv Ges mi wkwU ZviB m vb| Avgvi gb eo
Aw i nq Mj| Avwg wbRK wbqY KiZ cvijvg bv|
GKUv Af BQv AvgvK Zvov Kij| GK ch vq hb wccvmv
wbe Kivi Rb Avwg Zvi Dci PvcvPvwc i Kijvg| m
AvgvK wgbwZ Ki ejj, Avj vnK fq Ki! Avgvi me bvk
Ki, bv|
Avwg gvbjvg bv| Avwg wdijvg bv| ZLb Amnvq bvixwU
kixii mg kw w`q AvgvK c wZivai Pv KiZ
jvMj| Zvi wk KbvwU wPrKvi KiZ jvMj| Avwg ZLb Zvi
wk KbvwUK k nvZ ai ejjvg, Zz wg Avgvi Avnvb
mvov bv w`j Zvgvi m vbK Avwg cvwbZ Wy weq gvie| ZLb
m Ku ` DVj| nvZ Rvo Ki wgbwZ RvbvZ jvMj| wK
Avwg GgbB Agvby l cwiYZ njvg h, bvixi Ak I Kvb v
wKQz B Avgvi c e wK PwiZv_ Kivi Pq g~ jevb gb nj bv|
Avwg wbz ifve wk KbvwUi gv_v cvwbZ Pc aijvg| givi
Dcg nZB Avevi ei Ki Avbjvg| ejjvg, Rjw` ivhx
nI, bBj GKUz ciB Gi jvk `Le| wK hyMcr m vbi
gvqvq Ges mZxZ i fvjevmvq wejvc Ki Ku v`Z jvMj, hv
Avgvi KvQ wQj A_ nxb, g~ jnxb|
Avwg Avevi gqwUK cvwbZ Pc aijvg| wkwU nvZ-cv
bvowQj| Rxebi ejvf~ wgZ Aviv AbK w`b nu vUvi ^ c
` Z nvZ-cv Qu y owQj| wK Ii Rvbv wQj bv Kgb wnsm i nvZ
coQ m| Gevi Avwg Zvi gv_vUv Zz j Avbjvg bv| dj hv
nevi ZvB nj| wKQz Yi gaB wkwU wb_i wb nq Mj|
Avwg Gevi ZvKvjvg Zvi w`K| wK gqi KiY g ZzI ZvK
big KiZ cvij bv| m Zvi wmv Abo, AwePj| Zvi `w
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gvb è bv| wK Avgvi gvby l mv nvwiq wMqwQj| weeK-
mv Ny wgqwQj Mfxi my wi Kvj| Avgvi gvS ivRZ KiwQj
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aijvg| ejjvg, fe `L Rjw`; Rxebi gvqv hw` Ki Ze
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ivLjvg| GK mgq Avgvi nvZ K v nq Gj| mv_ mv_ Zvi
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whwb ev`vK my hvM `b| wK Qz o dj `b bv| GB KiY
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wkiv` Kiv nj|
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bvixiv KZ Avcvlnxb? wbRi gqUv wbRi PvLi mvgb
Rxeb w`j ZeyI m Avcvl Kij bv| wbRi Rxeb w`j| ZeyI
wbRi gvb m wewjq w`j bv| Zvi mZxZ I m gi Mvq
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34

v|$| -||<+| <|- |< -<
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KiQb| GZ evvi djbi mvebv `Lv w`qQ|
wSKiMvQv Dchjvi cvwbmviv BDwbqbi ivRvcy i eUZjv
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bvwiKv avbi Pvl Kib| Dchjv Kwl Awa`dZi _K
wZwb G avbi exR msMn KiQb| Pvivi eqm 10 w`b
nj exRZjv _K Pviv DwVq RwgZ ivcY KiZ nq|
Gici 60 w`bi ga avb MvQ m~Y eo avbi dz j
`ya Avm| Gici 20 _K 25 w`bi gaB G avb KvUv
hvq|
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AvwdKv _K Avg`vwbKZ bvwiKv avb Avgvì `k h
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gv_vq Ni Zvjv hvq| G avb Pvl Zgb Kvb cwiPh v
jvM bv| mP, mvi ev KxUbvkK eenviiI c qvRb nq
bv| G avb Rjvf~wg I Wvvq Pvl Kiv hvq| bZz b G avb
MvQ gvUv I j^v AvKwZi| Ze vbf` AvK wZZ
cwieZb NU| Rjvf~wg ev wbPz RwgZ cvwb e wi m
m MvQI evoZ _vK| A mgq I webv cwiPh vq G
avb cvIqv hvq| ZvQvov Ab RvZi Pq bvwiKv avbi
djbI ewk| KlKì wekl Ki `yh vMKewjZ
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hvq|
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bqv|
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GKB Ni avb, evM`v, Mj`v I mv`v gvQi Pvl Ki
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cvo ay`j, eiewU, Ij, cuci Pvl Ki GjvKvq ek
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cqvRbxq gvQ, ZiKvwi evRvi _K wKbZ nq bv| eis
Zviv GLb Zvì `bw`b cqvRb wgwUq gvQ I ZiKvwi
evRvi wew Ki A_bwZKfve jvfevb nQb| Zvì
`L GjvKvq Nicvo G aibi mey R ebx m^ wjZ
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mxZvKz KuvKivji c Pz i djb nq| AwZwi djb
nIqvq GLvb Drcvw`Z Ku vKivj vbxq Pvwn`v wgwUq
idZvbx nQ `ki wewfb kni| Rvbv hvq, Ku vKivj
mxZvKzi AwZ c vPxb mewR| my `xN Kvj ai Pvlxiv GB
dmj Drcv`b Ki evRvi mewRi NvUwZ c~ iYi
cvkvcvwk wbRì A_ bwZK mQjZv ai ivLb|
Dchjvi 1bs mq`cy i BDwbqb _K 10bs mwjgcy i
ch meB KuvKivji Pvl nq _vK| Ze mePq
ewk cwigvY KuvKivj Pvl nq mq`cy i, eviqvXvjv,
gyiv`cyi, cimì, eu vkevwoqv I Kz wgiv BDwbqb| mgM
Dchjvi cvnvo _K mvMi DcK j ch me B
KuvKivj Pvl Kib vbxq K lKiv| GQvov ij jvBb I
XvKv-PMvg gnvmoKi `yavi cwiZ miKvix RvqMvq
mvwi mvwi KuvKivji evMvb Mo Zz jQb Pvlxiv|
gnvècyi GjvKvi Pvlx gy nvv` bhij Bmjvg cvnvo
40 kZK, Kwl RwgZ 10 kZK I ij jvBbi cwiZ
3/4 kZK RwgZ Ku vKivj, Kijv, eiewU, cu c, wS
cfwZ dmj Pvl KiQb| Gi ga KuvKivj I Kijvi
cPzi djb nqQ| gmy gi iZ c wZKwR Ku vKivj
cvBKvix 40/45 UvKvZ wew KiQb| gmy gi
klw`K cwZ KwR Ku vKivj 13/14 UvKvq cvBKvix
Ges LyPiv g~j 18/20 UvKv KwRZ wew nq| Gme
Rwg _K gvm cvq 20 nvhvi UvKvi Ku vKivj wew nq|
eviqvXvjv QvU `vivMvi nvUi K lK gy nvv` Avjx
KqK cKvi dmj Drcv`b Kib| Ze mePq ewk
Pvl Kib KuvKivj| wZwb ejb, Avgvi Avqi cavb
DrmB nQ GB mewR| ay QvU `vivMvi nvU
GjvKvZB Kgc kZvwaK Pvlx Ku vKivj wew Ki
msmvi mQjZv ai ivLb| KuvKivj Pvl mK
mxZvKz Dchjv K wl Kg KZ v ejb, GLvb 70 ni
RwgZ 450 Rb Pvlx Ku vKivj Pvl Kib| Gevi djb
LyeB fvj nqQ| wZwb Aviv ejb, GLvb Drcvw`Z
KuvKivj `ki Abvb Aji Pq wfb isqi
(nj`-meyR) nq _vK| GwU fvj wm nq Ges Ly eB
my^v`y| njy` nIqvq GZ KvivwUbi cwigvYI ewk|
myì is I AvKwZi KviY AvKlYxq nIqvq gvby l GB
KuvKivj wKbZ cm` Kib| dj PvlxivI jvfevb
nQb|
: l :

-|x|<

35

|-< <
!! !+ !>
!!, <!><!$
kvbi ZiY hyeK `j
Rvi K`g GwMq Pj
mwVK c_i evwRq welvY
wbkvb ai Kl|
Avme c_ kZK fq
fqK Zviv Kiwe Rq
RqK Rvwbm mywbq
_vwKmb Avi em|
mvbvi Qj awixi
Pj iL me DP wki
K wjjvn ZvKexi
Avjv AvKevi|
Qwoq ì wekZj
Anx-i evYx mywbgj
exi gyRvwn` GwMq Pj
`yi `yevi|
mvR wRnv`x mvR AvR
hvK am hvK hyjygevR
Rvim PvjvI KzPKvIqvR
ai KziAvb Kl|
n wbq m kgki
bvBev AvmyK Igi di
Lvwj` Beb Iqvjx` bvwn
GB aiYx gvS|
ZvB wKi AvR hyeK `j
Bmjvg hve imvZj
bB wK Zvì eyKi ej
mvRi AvwR mvR|
wjjvn ZvKexi ie
DVyK wek Kjie
wek hZ hvwjgkvnxi
Avmb hvK am|
+|< <
!+! !-!<
!!$! !<!!, <!>!
MvQi kvL cvZv bvP
cvL-cvLvjxi Kjie,
Kvi cik kvcjv nvm
bxj meyRi mivei|
wbSzg ivZ `~i AvKvk
em Zvivi gjv,
kkx cj Kvi `qvZ
gy Kiv cfv|
Kvi gwngvq m~h nvm
wbwki kl Nvmi WMvq,
KzmygevM cy dvU
Zcb iwki Kvgj Qu vqvq|
w`bi kl eKi mvwi
Do wdi bxoi w`K,
wK eM K v gvwS
c fy i bvg Zvmexn Rc|
m A^ i k wMwi
K m wRj A Y
Zu vi cwiPq cvB Avwg
wbwLj fy eb AejvKb\
|-+<|-
!|! < !
!!$! !<!!, <!>!
gnv M Avj-Kz iAvb
bvwhj KiQb c fy
Gi ci Avi Kvb M
Avme bvKv Kfy|
GKwU nid coj Zvnvi
cve `kwU cyY,
GB my hvMwU w`qQb c fy
ay Kz iAvbi Rb|
my ì Rxeb MoZ gvì
c wiZ Avj-Kz iAvb
G wKZvei c wZwU evYx
gnvb Avj vn& i digvb|
me mgmvi mgvavb
Avj-Kz iAvb `L,
Avj vn& i weavb KiZ Kvqg
Rxeb evwR iL|
mwVK c_ _vKZ AUj
co Avj-Kz iAvb,
mB AvjvZ ivwOq Zvj
wbRi G Rxeb|
|< <-
! <
!l<, !
MYdu vwK w`qI hviv
wcUb-cvUvb LvQ bv,
Zvì fq MYgvby l
wbivcv cvQ bv|
gy iwM Pz wi KiQ hviv
ZvivB ay LvQ wKj,
eo eo Pvii w`K
KD Qu vo bv g wXj|
Mi PviK aij mevB,
ej Ii avjvB `,
cy Kz iPz wi KiQ hviv
Zvì mvBR Kie K?
Kjv-KPz Pz wii `vq
Pvii Avi iv bB,
aiZ cvij ZvK ai
gviZ cvi AbKB|
jNy cvci i`
nQ hLb `kUvZ,
Kgb Ki ivNe evqvj
coe aiv klUvZ?
***
+|<|

36

-|<|< |<+|< x<|-|< #|x
>l l< >!
|x+|
gnvb Avjvn&i wbKU BmjvgB GKgv gbvbxZ xb (!
<! :>)| Avi GB xb gnvb Avjvn bvixi ghv`vK
Ea Zzj aiQb| bi-bvixi mg^qB gvbe RvwZ|
bvix RvwZ nj gnvb Avjvn&i GK wekl bgZ| Avj vn
ZvAvjv bvixK cyili Rxeb mwbx wnmve gvbe Rxeb
cwiPvjbvi Rb cviwiK mnhvMx KiQb| Bmjvg
ghv`vi w`K w`q bvixK cyili _K wfb Ki
`Lwb| eis Bmjvgi AvMgbB wbhvwZZ, wbcxwoZ,
AenwjZ bvix mgvR cqQ gywi mvb| mviv
`ywbqvZ hLb bvixiv wb`viY Aevq KvjvwZcvZ KiwQj,
Avie, BDivc I Abvb `k ZvìK R-Rvbvqvi
ej gb Kiv nZ Ges gvbyl wnmve Zvì Kvb gh v`v
I AwaKvi ^xKvi Kiv nZ bv, ZLb Bmjvg bvixi h_vh_
AwaKvi I ghv`v c`vb Ki bvix RvwZK mvbi my DP
Avmb AwawZ KiQ| hgb Avjvn ZvAvjv cy ilì
cwZ BwZ Ki ejb, ` ' , ` , ` ` ` ` .` , ` . ` ,`
Zviv Zvgvì cvkvK Ges Zvgiv Zvì cvkvK
(<!!<! :)| wZwb Aviv ejb,
` ` , ` , _ , ` ` ` ,' , ' , . - , . ` ` , -
` ,` . , , , -` , _ ,` - , ` , . - _ . , , ,. ` ,
` . ` , ` , _ ` , ` , . . -` _ . , , .
n gvbe mKj! Zvgiv Zvgvì ^xq cwZcvjKK fq
Ki, whwb ZvgvìK GKB AvZv (Av`g) nZ m w
KiQb Ges H AvZv nZ Zuvi Rvov (nvIqv)-K mw
KiQb Ges GZ`yfq nZ e bi I bvix we vi
KiQb| Avi Zvgiv AvjvnK fq Ki, hu vi bvg
Zvgiv ciii wbKU (^xq nKi) `vex Ki _vK Ges
AvZxqZv (Gi nK web Kiv) nZI fq Ki| wbqB
Avjvn Zvgvì mKji Lei ivLb (l! :)|
#|x -|<|< |<+|< x<|-|
ghv`v A_- Mie, mg, mvb, g~j BZvw`| Avi bvixi
ghv`v ejZ bvixi bvq-mZ AwaKviK ey Svq| Avi
AwaKvi A_ cvc, cvIbv BZvw`| Kviv AwaKvi
c`vbi A_ nQ Zvi cvc ev cvIbv h_vh_fve c `vb
!l!, !!, !! <!<^&
Kiv| Avi G cvc ev cvIbv ejZ Zvi AwaKvii
^xKwZ, KZei mwVK wek lY I mvgvwRK Rxeb Zvi
Ae`vbi h_v_ g~jvqbB ey Svbv nq| my Zivs bvix AwaKvi
ejZ cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK, A_bwZK, RvZxq
I Av RvwZK Z_v mKj bvixi h_v_ g~ jvqbKB
eySvbv nq| AZGe hw` Kviv bvh AwaKvi ^ xKvi bv
Kiv nq, A_ev Zvi KZ e evav `vb ev Zvi mvg_ i
AwaK Kvb `vwqZ-KZe Zvi Dci Pvwcq Ìqv nq,
wKsev Zvi Ae`vb mg~ ni mwVK g~ jvqb bv Kiv nq,
Zvnj Zvi AwaKvi I gh v`v Le Kiv ne Ges Zvi c wZ
AwePvi Kiv ne| Avi hLb Zvi AwaKvi mg~ n ^ xKvi
Kiv nq, Zvi mvg_ Aby mvi ZvK `vwqZ-KZe Av`vq
Kivi c~Y myhvM `vb Kiv nq Ges mvgvwRK Rxeb Zvi
Ae`vb mg~ni g~jvqb Kiv nq, ZLb Zvi Dchy gh v`v
`vb Kiv nqQ ej ai bIqv hvq|
#|x < < -|<|< <^ |-
Bmjvg c~e hyM bvix wQj mePq AenwjZ, jvwZ,
ewZ, wbhvwZZ Ges AwaKvi nviv RvwZ| m mgq
bvixK fvM-wejvmi DcKiY Ges evRvii cY wnmve
MY Kiv nZ| mB mgq bvixìK gvby l wnmve
h_vhvM ghv`v `qv nZ bv Ges Zvì Kvb mvgvwRK
AwaKvi ^xKZ wQj bv| GgbwK gvbe RvwZi GKwU
AweQ` Ask wnmve mgvR eu P _vKvi AwaKviUz KzI
wQj bv| Zvì c wZ Ly eB KVvi AvPiY Kiv nZ| m
hyM bvixìK gb Kiv nZ `vmx Ges fvievnx c
wnmve| hvìK q-weq Kiv nZ| m Avgj ^ vgx
hZ Lywk x MnY KiZ Ges BQv Kij Zvi xK Acii
KvQ wew Ki w`Z cviZ wKsev xK w`qB KD FY
cwikva KiZ| Avevi KD Dcnvi wnmve KvDK
GgwbB w`q w`Z| Zviv Kbv m vb RbK jvRbK
gb Ki ^xq wbvc Kbv m vbK Rxe Kei w`ZI
KywZ nZ bv| Zvì Ggb weeK ewR Z Kg mK
gnvb Avjvn ejb, ` ,` ,` , , ` . ` . ` ` ' , ` . . .
Avi hLb Rxe mgvwa KbvK wRm Kiv ne, wK
Aciva ZvK nZv Kiv nqwQj? (!< ->)|
mhyM Zviv wcZv-gvZv ev ^vgxi g Zz i ci cwiZ
mw _KI ewZ nZ| wcZ nxbv my ìx-abeZx
evwjKvi AwffveK h_vh_ gvni `vb ZvK weevn KiZ
mZ nZ bv| Avevi Ab weevn w`ZI AmwZ c Kvk
KiZ| myìx euv`x viv `n eemv Kwiq A_ DcvR b
Kiv nZ| G Mwn Z KvR nZ weiZ ivLvi Dk
Avjvn ZvAvjv G AvqvZ AeZxY Kib, . , ` ,.` , `
_ ` , , . ` ,` ` ' . - .` _ ' . . , - ,.
x||-< ||

37
,` ' . . Avi Zvgiv `ywbqvi ab-m` jvfi Dk
Zvgvì hyeZx `vmxìK ewfPvi wj nZ eva
Kie bv| hLb Zviv cvcgy _vKZ Pvq (< ::)|
DwjwLZ hyM GKi AwaK bvix weevn Ki Zvì bvh
cvIbv nZ ewZ Kiv nZ| ZvìK ZvjvK w`q
Ab ^vgx MnYi AeKvkI Ìqv nZ bv| G RvZxq
AgvbweK I AgvbywlK hyjyg AZvPvi bvix RvwZi Dci
Kiv nZ|
|<|- <x i|< -|<|
wewfb ag I mfZvq bvixì Aevb wbg Zzj aiv nj-
|- <x bvixìK ejx Ìqv nZ Ges G ag
mZx`vn c_v cPwjZ wQj| GQvovI G ag bvixiv wcZvi
mw _K ewZ| wn`y ag bvixì AZxe nxb I bxPz
ii cvYx gb Kiv nZ| G w`K BwZ KiB
Professor India M ejv nqQ, There is no
creature more sinful than woman. Woman is
burning fire. She is the sharpedge of the razor
she is verily all there in a body. A_vr bvixi bvq
GZ cvc-cwjZvgq cvYx RMZ Avi bB| bvix
cwjZ AwM îc| m zii avivjv w`K| GB mg B
Zvi `n mwbwe|
59
bvixì cwZ NYvfi ejv nqQ,
Men should not love their A_vr bvixìK fvjevmv
cyilì DwPr bq|
60

<+ <x e ag bvixK mKj cvci Rb `vqx Kiv
nZ| G mK HwZnvwmK IqgvK ejb, Woman are
of all the snares which the tempter has spead for
man, the most dangerous; in woman are embodied
all the powers of infatuation which blined the mind
of the world. A_vr gvbyli Rb cjvfbi hZwj du v`
we vi Ki iLQ, Zba bvixB mevcv wecbK|
bvixi ga mKj gvwnbx kw Axf~Z nq AvQ, hv mg
weki gbK A Ki `q|
61

#-| <x G ag bvixi cKwZ mK ejv nqQ,
mZx bvixi Pq cvwc cyilI kZY fvj|
62
Zviv
bvixK hveZxq cvc I gì g~j KviY wnmve MY
KiQ|

>. !+ !, !< (!! !<l, l !
:>>>), :
:. ! >!!~ !!< <, ! <!* !<<
l<!<, <! !!! !<! ! l>! (!!
!!l~ <<, ! :>> ), : ~~
::. Nazhat Afza and khurshid Ahmad, The position of womanin
Islam, Kuwait Islamic Book publishers, 1982), p. 9-10.
:~. !!l !<!!, < :>>> , : :
f|- <x Lag gZ bvixivB biKi c ek vi|
m`k kZvxZ KvDwj Ae `v IqvBR-Gi Awaekb
memwZg GB wmv MnxZ nq 'Woman has no
soul' bvixi Kvb AvZv bB|
63

|- i|< Pxb `ki bvixì Ae vi weeiY w`Z
wMq RbKv Pxbv bvix ejb, gvbe mgvR bvixì vb
mewbg| Aì wK wbg g cwinvm! bvix me vcv
nZfvM cvYx| RMZ bvixi gZ wbK Avi wKQz bB|
64

|+ i|< wekLvZ MxK `vk wbK mwUm ejb,
'Woman is the greates source of chaose and
disruption in the world' bvix RMZ weksLj I
fvbi mek Drm|
65

<|x i|< ivg mfZvq cwievii bZv I cwiPvjK
wcZv ev ^vgx wbRi x I m vbì Dci wbizk gZvi
AwaKvix wQj| Zviv hLb BQ ZLbB bvixK Ni _K
ewnvi Ki w`Z|
66

<x|- |< -|<|< |<+|< x< |-|
eZgvb wekI bvixi h_vh_ AwaKvi Ìqv nQ bv|
Zvì bvqmZ AwaKvi nZ ZvìK ewZ Kivi
gvag Zvì Dci AZvPvi Kiv nQ| cvvZev`xiv
bvix ^vaxbZvi bvg bvixìK NiQvov KiQ| Bmjvg
bvixìK ghv`vi h DP Avmb AwawZ KiwQj,
cvvZev`xiv Zv yY Ki bvixì Avevi AbvPvi Avi
`ygi ksLj e`x Ki djQ|
cvvZev`xiv cvwievwiK ebK f bvixìK
wbRì A_ DcvR bi gvag wnmve Mo Zz jQ|
AvgwiKv I BDivcxq `kjvZ GgbwK Avgvì
`kI 85% bvix abZ evì mevq wbRì wewjq
`q| cvvZ mfZv AvR bvixìK Acii BQvi
cyZzj evwbq ZvìK evRvii cY I dvkbi c ZxK
wnmve eenvi KiQ Ges Liì ` w AvKlY Kivi
Rb bvixì wewfb fve Dcvcb KiQ| hgb- bvixì
bM I Akxj Qwe, bvix welqK bvbvb Ak xj M, KweZv,
Dcbvm, Akxj wmbgv BUvibU mn wewfb c Pvi gvag
mviv wek Qwoq w`qQ| dj hy e mgvR GgbwK
eìI gvbwlK weK wZ NUQ| Gfve cvvZ mfZv
bvixìK Zvì Db Z gh v`vi Avmb _K Ub bxP
bvwgq AvbQ| A K_vq, bvixi gh v`v `vbi cwieZ

::. !<, : >
:. =, :
:. =, : ~
::. ! <!* !<< l<!<, : ::

38
bvix RvwZi cwZ w`b w`b Aghv`v I AegvbbvB e w
cvQ|
-|<|< |<+|< x<|-| <|< #|x< |x+|
gvbe mwi c_g w`K Avjvn ZvAvjv Avw` wcZv Av`g
(Avt)-K mw Kivi ci Zuvi mnawgbx wnmve ZuviB evg
cuvRii GKwU nvo nZ Avw` gvZv nvIqv (Avt)-K
mRb Kib| AZtci Zuvì nZ AmsL bi-bvix mw
KiQb| G cm gnvb Avjvn Gikv` Kib, . ,' , ' ,
` ` , - ` ` ` ` ' , ,. _. n gvbeRvwZ! Avwg
ZvgvìK GKRb cyil I GKRb bvix nZ m w
KiwQ (:><! ::)|
gnvb Avjvn G wek RMZ AmsL gvLj~KvZi ga
gvbe RvwZK k RvwZ wnmve ghv`v `vb KiQb|
Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb,
` , ` ` , ` , ` ,` _ _ , ,` - , ` , ` ,` - , `
` , _ ` ,` ` . , . ` , = ` , . - ` ` ` ,
Avi Avwg ebx Av`gK mvwbZ KiwQ Ges ZvìK
Rj I j AvivnY KwiqwQ Ges Dg emg~n c `vb
KiwQ| Avi Avwg ZvìK Avgvi e mwi Dci k Z
`vb KiwQ (< <!^ )|
Avjvn ZvAvjv bvix-cyil DfqKB mvb w`qQb,
cyili _K bvixK wfb fve `Lbwb| eis hyM hyM
ai AenwjZ I DcwZ bvix mgvRK cy ili
mgghv`v Ges Kvb Kvb Zvi Pq AwaK gh v`v
`vb KiQb| G cm gnvb Avjvn ejb, . ` ` , ,
` ` ,` ,` , ` ,` , . - _ ` ,` , -` , , xìI
cyilì Dci bvq mZ AwaKvi iqQ| Avi bvixì
Dci cyilì kZ iqQ (<!!<! ~~)|
Bmjvg bvixi cwZ mKj cKvi AZvPvi, AwePvi wbwl
NvlYv KiZt bvixK me AwaKvi I gh v`v c`vb
KiQ| Bmjvg wewfb bvixi h AwaKvi I ghv`v
c`vb KiQ mjv wbg AvjvPbv Kiv nj-
(+) |<<|< x|<ix -|<|+ |<+|< x<|-| -|-
Rvwnjx hyM eevwnK bvixì Kvbic AwaKvi
wQj bv| Zviv ay cyili fvMi mvgMx wQj| Bmjvg
Gnb NwYZ c_vi g~jvrcvUb KiZt bvix I cy ili
eevwnK mK vcbi wb`k w`qQ| G gg Avj vn
ZvAvjv Gikv` Kib,
` . ` ` , . ~ ,` - . ,. _ ,` _ , . , _
. ' _ ` ' : ` , ` ` , ' ` . ` , ' - , , ` . ' ` ,` -
` ,` ,
Ze hme bvix Zvgvì cm` nq, Zvì ga _K
`yB `yB, wZb wZb, Pvi Pvi RbK weevn Ki| wK
Zvgvì gb hw` AvksKv RvM h, Zvgiv Zvì mv_
Bbmvd KiZ cvie bv| Zvnj GKRb x M nY Ki
A_ev Zvgvì `vmxìK x wnmve M nY Ki| AwePvi
nZ euvPvi Rb GUvB AwaK mwVK KvR ' :|
() ^|x| |-< |-< ^ |<|-|< -|<|+ |<+|< x< |-| -|-
Bmjvgi Avwefvei c~ e bvixì cm`gZ ^ vgx M nYi
Kvb AwaKvi wQj bv| hLb-ZLb ZvìK cv Kiv
nZ| wK Bmjvg bvixK ^ vgx wbe vPbi ^ vaxbZv
w`qQ| h KD BQv Kij ejc~ e K Kvb bvixi ^ vgx
nZ cvie bv| Avj vn ZvAvjv ejb, ` , ` .` . ' ` `
` . , ` - n cyiliv! Zvgiv gwnjvìK (^ xq ^ vgx
wbevPb Ki) weq KivZ evav c `vb Kiv bv (<!!<!
~:~)|
nv`xQ Gikv` nqQ,
` , ' ` ,` , ,` ` ,` _ = _ . = ` , , . , .
` _ ` ` ` ,` , ' _` - , ' ` ` . , ` _ ` ` ` , _` - . ' ` ` ` ,
, ` ,` _ = .` , , ,` . ' . `
Avey ivqiv (ivt) nZ ewY Z wZwb ejb, ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt)
ejQb, ^vgxnxbv bvixi weevn Zvi Aby gwZ eZxZ
Ìqv hve bv| Kzgvixi weevn Zvi mwZ eZxZ Ìqv
Pje bv| Zviv (Dcw Z Qvnvevq Kivg) wRm
Kijb, n Avjvn& i ivm~ j (Qvt)! Kz gvixi mwZ wKic
(bIqv hve)? Di wZwb ejjb, Zvi bxieZvB
mwZ|
67

() ^| ||< -|<|+ |<+|< x< |-| -|-
Bmjvg cvwievwiK Rxeb bvixK w`qQ Zvi bvh
AwaKvi| msmvi Rxeb bvix-cyil ciii cwic~ iK|
Kvb GKRbi GKK c Pvq msmvi Rxeb c~Y Zv jvf
KiZ cvi bv| gnvb Avj vn Gikv` Kib, ` , ` ` `

:. <!< l, l! !/::~:

39
` ' , ` .` , ` . ` ,` Zviv Zvgvì cvkvK Ges Zvgiv
Zvì cvkvK (<!!<! :)|
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejb, Zvgvì ga mB Dg Pwii
AwaKvix, h Zvi xi KvQ Dg| Avi Avwg Zvgvì
ga wbR xì KvQ Dg|
68

ay ZvB bq bex Kixg (Qvt) Zuvi eevwnK Rxeb ev e
`v ck Ki cyilì wkv w`qQb h, xi mvb
I AwaKvi wKfve c`vb KiZ ne| Avi xì c wZ
m`vPiY cm Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb, ` ,` ,.. , ` `
` ,` ,` , Zvgiv Zvì mv_ mve Rxeb-hvcb Kiv
(l! :>)|
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||<| dvb : 0471-62544 gvevBj : 01716-181345,
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40

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<< <<

43
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46

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47
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48
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49

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|+|x|+ ||< -<|< -i - |< x| |+
x| +< |-- :< ||- +|x| $-
^|||<+|< xi<< +<- < -|< i|
||-< <||< +<<-

-!!! !^< <!
!<< !$, <!>!
<< NUbvwU Avyjvn Beby Avex AvIdv (ivt)-Gi bvg
ewYZ nqQ| NUbvwU Rvj ev gIh~ (!<!, ^ >!
!/:::)|
(/) <|t|- <|< + ||<| - |-
|< +<| <v <, | | < |< + <| + -<|<
+<<< x<|-| -+ <| < <<i |+ |+z
-^!! <!
<!<!, !<!!, !<!
<< eewU evbvIqvU I wfwnxb|
(c/c) x| x <| ||< |< '
<x|- =| <|||i+ ||< |< +<| v |+|< =<
<|+| |-|< +< <z
-!!
!<!<, ^!!^!$, <!>!
<< UgUv mewRi A fy| Avi kvK-mewRi Kvb
Iki bB| KvRB G aibi kmi Iki Ìqvi
cqvRb bB (l: !, : , : ~)| Ze G
aibi kmi weqj A_ hw` bQve cwigvY nq Ges
ZvZ GK eQi AwZevwnZ nq, Zvnj Zvi hvKvZ w`Z
ne|
(e/e) |-| x|- <i| -i +|- x|-
v<|<< <+i =x +<| <|< -| |+ -+ <|<
|< '<| -' x|-, ||# -<|<a< '|-|
x|-' -+ x|- - <|- =| |+ <|'|
-|z
-!< !l
<!!<, <!^!<!, <!>!
<< AwaK QIqve cvIqvi Dk bv _vKj D wZb
gmwR` QvovI Ab mdi Kiv ea (!!< ~)|
(/) x|-||- (v|:)-=< t-< -|x |+ |vz
t- <|t|- |v |+z |+ |< -|x |+z -|
|+ +|- t- <| |- <z
-!!< <!
!, l>!<
<< msMVb ejZ RvgvAvZK ey Svq| GK`j
Cgvb`vi gvbyl hLb Avj vn& i weavb mg~nK wbR wbR
|<
!< !
! ! <!!

51
Rxeb I mgvR ev evqbi j GKRb Avgxii
Aaxb HKe nq, ZLb H `jwUK Bmjvgx RvgvAvZ
ev msMVb ejv nq| cv i Bmjvg weivax Av`k i
wKsev Kvb wkiK I weÀvZi cPvi-cmvi hw` j
nq Ges Zv hw` gymjgvbì vivI MwVZ nq, Zey ZvK
evwZj ev RvnwjqvZi msMVb ejv nq| hv _K `~ i
_vKvi Rb nv`xQ KVvi wb`k GmQ (!!, l<l,
l! !/::>)| RvgvAvZ ev msMVbi Acwinvh Zv
welq wewfb nv`xQ ewYZ nqQ| hgb ivm~jy j vn (Qvt)
ejb, Avwg ZvgvìK cuvPwU welq wb`k w`wQ t (1)
RvgvAvZe Rxeb hvcb Kiv (2) Avgxii Av`k k eY
Kiv (3) ZuvK gvb Kiv... (!!, l<l, ,
l! !/::>)| ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) Aviv ejb, KD
RvgvAvZ ev msMVb nZ ei nq Mj, GgZve vq
Zvi gZz nj, m RvnwjqvZi gZzeiY Kij (!!
!!, l! !/:::)| wZwb AviI ejb, Zvgvì
Rb RvgvAvZe Rxeb hvcb Kiv Acwinvh Ges wewQb
_vKv wbwl| Kbbv kqZvb GKRbi m _vK Ges
`yBRb _K m `~i _vK| AZGe h ew Rvb vZi
gaj _vKZ Pq, m hb RvgvAvZK Acwinvh Ki
bq (l<l !/~::)| ivm~j (Qvt) ejb, RvgvAvZi
Dci Avjvn&i nvZ _vK (l<l !/~:::)|
Dciv nv`xQ mg~n viv eySv hvq h, ivm~jy j vn (Qvt)-
Gi hyM RvgvAvZ wQj| Ze m RvgvAvZi bvg
c_Kfve Ìqvi cqvRb cowb| KviY m mgq
gymwjg I Kvdi gv `ywU `j wQj| wK cieZx Z
hLb gymwjg Dvn&i ga wdrbv `Lv w`j, ZLb wewfb
`ji De nj| mKjB wbRìK Bmjvgc x ej
`vex KiZ jvMj| ZLb v dKvwj nZ cv_ K
eySvbvi Rb Qvnvexì hyM nZ nKcxì ewkMZ
bvg nq Avnjym mybvn ev Avnjyj nv`xQ (l :/:: :)|
cLvZ Qvnvex Avey mvC` Lyìx (ivt) ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi
AwQqZ Abyhvqx hyeKì Drmvn w`Zb ejZb, , ` ` ,
` - ` , , ' ` - ` , . , .` Kbbv ZvgivB Avgvì
cieZx eskai I cieZx Avnjyj nv`xQ (<!!, !<
^! !/:: ll! ! !/~)| D RvgvAvZ ev
msMVb evsjv`k mn wewfb `k AvQ, hv wK qvgZ ch
_vKe (l !/:>~) BbkvAvjvn| evsjv`kI m
msMVb AvQ I Zvi Avgxi AvQb| AZGe Avcwb
wbtm`n ZvZ hvM w`Z cvib|
(/) |<|, <|<|, |'|, x<|<|, x'||<|
#i||- <|| +|< |+-< |v- v|| |-|< +<|
<|< |+z
-l! !
-!< , ! l!l l l
l<, ^!<
<< hme AvKx`vi KviY gvby l Bmjvg _K ei
nq hvq, mme AvK x`vavix gvby li wcQb QvjvZ Av`vq
Kiv Rvqh bq| c k Dj wLZ `jjvi c ZKB Ggb
AvKx`v cvlY Ki, hv ZvìK c_ Ki `q|
gyZvwhjv GKwU v `j, hviv Avjvn&i wQdvZK A^ xKvi
Ki (! !'< /: :)| ivdhxiv AwaKvsk QvnvexK
Kvdi gb Ki| kxAviv Avey eKi I Igi (ivt)-Gi
LjvdZK A^xKvi Ki| Zviv gyAvweqv (ivt) I Zu vi
AbymvixìK Mvwj `q| Avi LviRxiv Avjx (ivt)-Z
evovevwo Ki c_g Zu vK Avj vni Avmb ewmqwQj|
ci Zviv `j _K ewiq wMq Zu vi mv_ hy KiwQj|
gyiwRqvì AvKx`v nj Avgji KviY Cgvb evo bv ev
Kg bv Ges Avgj Cgvbi Ask bq| G Rb Zviv
Avnj mybvZ Iqvj RvgvAvZ bq| Ze evBii jevm
`L hnZz KvDK Pbv hvq bv, ZvB bv Rb Gì
wcQb QvjvZ Av`vq Kij, Zv wm ne (: !!< l!<
)|
: (o/o) |< +<|-< <| +| =< :-t
|<| <| <v '| | <|+ -|- |
|< =<t ||- <|+ =f +<- |x +-| |<
--+|<| |< -|' < |<| <| x <|- <
|+z |x|-< =|+|< |+v |< | |+ = |<|<
< +< <, |<-x<|- -| << |+ |<|
<|< -| |<| < <, <|-< |< -# |<| |- <
-|<| |+ |+z
-!|! <!< <!<
l<!, !<!, <!>!
<< gyiwk` ki A_ c_ c `k bKvix| D AvqvZ
gyiwk` ejZ Avj vnK ey Svbv nqQ| Avj vn gvby li
c_ c`kbKvix| wZwb hvK c_ `Lvb mB Kej c_
cv nq| cv i wZwb hvK c_ Kib ZvK KD
c_ c`kb KiZ cvi bv| cxi-dKxiì D `vex
mwVK bq| ZvìKI hw` Avj vn mwVK c_ bv `Lvb
Zvnj ZvivI mwVK c_ cve bv| A_ vr mKj gvby li
gyiwk` Avjvn| Avj vn ZvAvjv Zu vi ivm~ jK ejb,
Avcwb hvK cm` Kib ZvK mrc_ AvbZ cvieb
bv; eis Avjvn hvK BQv ZvK mwVK c_ c `k b Ki
_vKb (!! :)|
: (:/o) |f< -| < |+|<z x |f |+
||< -< <|z <x- <|, |-, -<|, x|- <
+ |f
-!+ !<
<!<^&, l!><
<< mwi m~Pbv mK Avj vnB me vwaK AeMZ|

52
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejb, Avjvn ZvAvjv wQjb| Zu vi c~ e
wKQzB wQj bv| cvwbi Ici Zvi Avik wQj| AZtci
wZwb Avmgvb I hgxb mw Kib| cwZwU e B jvIn
gvnd~h wjwce wQj (<!<, l! !/:>)|
b~i viv dikZvìK, AwMwkLv viv wRbìK Ges
gvwU viv gvbylK mw Kiv nqQ (l, l!
!/:)| bex-ivm~jMY Ges klbex gynvv` (Qvt)
gvwUi mw (l! : ! ::)|
Avjvn mec_g Zuvi b~i nZ gynvv` (Qvt)-Gi b~i mw
Kib| Avi mB b~i _KB Avik mn mg RMr mw
Kib (! !! !/~) ej h K_v Pvjy AvQ, Zv
wg_v I evbvqvU (!+ ! ! !!, !-!!<
!<! l !<!l< !!, : :)|
(::/o:) - v|| |-|< +< =<t + <|-
|<| +< x <i|< -|x < -<| |+ -|
-|z
-l!<! <^
!<^&, <<
<< : Gjv agi bvg Pvjy nIqv mvgvwRK Kz msvi
gv| G c_v cwiZvR|
(:>/o>) || +i|-1 -+ || v|< <- <,
|+<|x< x| =+- || - x|-<+ ||<
+< |-| |-< <|< =+| |+ |+z
-< <!
>!^!, ^!<, <$!
<< D gg Kvb nv`xQ cvIqv hvq bv|
(:/o) <| (v|:)-=< < |< + <|-
<|< t< <| ||<+ +<| <|v, | +|-
<+ | <<, <<<, |v -| |<-|< < |--
#|x |<| | +< |+ vx|- (<|:) < |
|+|< ||<+ +<- |< < <+ ||-| <
=| |+ | |-< x<i -- t<|- -<z
-= !< !
<, ^!<
<< mec_g AveyeKi (ivt) KziAvb GKwZ Kib|
AZtci IQgvb (ivt)-Gi hyM D KziAvbi KqKwU
Kwc Ki wewfb GjvKvq cvVvbv nq| GZ Kvb
cwieZb I cwieab nqwb| wZwb Kej GKwZ KiQb
gv (<!<, l! !/~~~ ~~~:)| Abyicfve ZvZ
niKZ mshvRb KiZI Kvb cwieZb Avbv nqwb|
KviY niKZ wenxb KziAvb hfve cov nq niKZ wewk
KziAvbI mfve cov nq| eis GUv Avie I Abvie
mKji Rb DcKvix nqQ|
(:/o) |<N |#- x<|-< xi- -<| |+
x|-<||<+|< t- -<z
-!< <!
!<<
<< eZgvb wek Kvb ew Zvi `ki Kvb AvBbi
weivwaZv Kij iv ` vnx mve nq Ges Zvi Rj ev
duvwm nq| wbRì Zwi Kiv AvBbi weivwaZv Kij
hw` Gaibi kvw nq, Zvnj mwKZ v Avj vn& i AvBbi
weivwaZv Kij Kgb kvw nIqv DwPZ? h ew
Avjvni AvBbi weivwaZv Kij Ges mgvR weksLjv
mw Kij, Abì AvK x`vq wevw Gb w`j, Zvi kvw
Kg ne Kb? Gici ZvK wZbw`b ZIev Kivi my hvM
w`Z ne| Gi ga ZIev Kij m eu P hve| Aek
Bmjvgx AvBb Pvjy AvQ Gic Bmjvgx iv i ay gv
Bmjvgx Av`vjZi gvagB Kej GB kvw ev evqb
KiZ ne|
(:c/oc) '|x|| |<|+x #<<||x|, <|
|-||+x xx|-' |<||< |+z -+ ||
||+ <-, #< ||x (|:) |<<-< ||, +
x|x< || -- < <<i |+ |+z
-! !!
!!l!, ^!
<< ,` , ` , , , ' , ` ` ` ` , ` ,` ,,
Abyev` : Zvgvì wcZv Beivnxgi wgj vZ (Aby miY
Ki)| (Avjvn) Zvgvì bvg iLQb gy mwjg c~ e i
wKZvemg~n Ges GB wKZve (Kz iAvb) (! ~~/)|
Avyi ingvb Beby hvq` web Avmjvg qv me bvg viv
Beivnxg eySQb| wK bvn& nvm ejb, GB K_v DZi
k wevbì evLvi wecixZ| Kbbv nhiZ Avy j vn
Beby Avevm (ivt) Gi A_ Avj vn ejQb| GZZxZ
gyRvwn`, AvZv, hvnnvK, my x, K vZv`vn, gy K vwZj web
nvBqvb mKj GKB K_v ejQb| Beby Rvixi weq
cKvk Ki ejb, GUv Rvbv K_v h, Beivnxg GB
DZK KziAvb gy mwjg ejbwb| eis Avj vn ejQb,
c~eKvi KZve mg~ n Ges GB wKZve| Beby KvQxi
ejb, GUvB mwVK| GLvb Zvgvì wcZv A_
gywgbì wcZv| Kbbv gy mjgvbì Dci Beivnxgi
mvb m vbi Dci wcZvi mvbi bvq (<<, <
!<)| DjL h, m~iv nv g`xbvq bvwhj nqQ|
mLvb gynvwRi-AvbQvi I Avie-Abvie me aibi
gymjgvb wQjb| AZGe GLvb Kz g ejZ mKj
gymwjgK eySvbv nqQ|
(:e/oe) +|<||x x+< +|< x |-<
|< -+ <| - |# = -+ |<=|
v = -1+ ||-< <||< +<<-
-!>

53
!<<
<< KvqvUvg g_W cwZi gvag wn`y Ges e
agi ixwZ I Av`kK me`jxq agxq bxwZ wnmve ù vo
Kivbvi Pv PjQ| GUv mgvU AvKeii evbvbv
RMvwLPox xb Gjvnxi gZ| A_P Ab agi mv`k
Aej^b Kiv Bmjvg KVvifve wbwl (!<!
!/::)| GUv Awfbe cwZZ gymwjg mgvR wkK Pvjy
Kivi gvag| hgb- Avjvn&i Dci fimv ev` w`q wbRi
Dci ^qsm~Y nIqv, Zzwg PvBj mewKQzB KiZ cvi,
BQv KijB ivMgy nZ cviv, Kgv mUvii gvag
Mvqex vb jvf KiZ cviv, Ai KjvY ev
AKjvYi gZv ivLb BZvw` meB wkiKx K_v|
AvjvnK iY Kivi Rb Zviv h wekl cwZ Avwevi
KiQ, Zv wn`y I e agi cwZ| hv mivmwi wkK|
KvqvUvg g_W me agKB mZ ej cPvi Ki| Giv
KziAvb Ges nv`xQi AcevLv Ki Ges Abì
Dcvmbv cwZK Bmjvgx cwZi mv_ m`k Kbv Ki|
weÀvZxiv hgb weÀvZ cwZvi Rb KziAvb-nv`xQi
AcevLv Ki, GivI ZvB KiQ (= ! l<!l< >!
^!^ <!! !! ! <)|
(:/o) - |+z =| +- #|x <|i -<z
<|- || -|f +i|+<
-!
l<>, !<
<< m~` dvimx k| hvi A_ FY w`q mB UvKvi
Dci Av`vqKZ jfvsk| AviexZ GK wiev , ,, , ejv
nq| hvi A_ nj, ew| kviC cwifvlvq ,- ,
,,_ ,, cZK FY hv jvf Avbqb Ki, mUvB
wiev| GwU Rvnjx Avie Pvjy wQj| Bmjvg Gm hv
nvivg Ki| m~` nj cyuwRev`x A_bxwZi cavb nvwZqvi|
cw_exi Avw`Kvj _K m~`x c_v Pj AvmQ| hvi g`
ciYv nj FY MnxZvK evM cq kvlY Kiv| Gi
dj wec`M gvbylK FY w`q DcKvi Kivi gvbweK
ZvKx` asm nq hvq| m~` viv FY MwnZvi c wZ hy jy g
Kiv nq| Avi hyjyg Bmjvg wbwl| GQvov m~ ` gvby lK
wbgv Ki| A_P Bmjvg gvbylK Kg KiZ DrmvwnZ
KiQ ( !-!<^< !/:~)| Bmjvg webv ^v_ FY
`qvi evcvi h Drmvn w`qQ m~` ZvZ evav c `vb
Ki| GQvov mvaviYZ m~` MnYKvix Aviv abx nq, Avi
m~` `vZv Aviv `wi` nq| G me KviY m~` nvivg| m~ `
weMZ mKj Bjvnx ag wbwl wQj| Bmjvgx kixAvZi
`wZ m~` Ggb GK cvc, hvi 70wU ii mewbg i
nj gvqi mv_ hbv Kiv (< !>! !/~~)| Ab
nv`xQ GmQ Qwk evi hbv Kivi PqI eo cvc
(!!, !<!, l! !/~~)| AZtci m~ì 25wU
Kzdj Rvbvi Rb cvV Kib nv,dv,ev, c KvwkZ eB m~ `
(~ < ~:) : :-:|
(:/o) v||< x<i -|'| x|v <|< | <|
(v|:) |< |+ |+ -|'| $-z
->!<
!l<!
<< h `vAv nv`xQ viv c gvwYZ m `vAvKB
`vAvq gvQ~ivn& ejv nq| Zvkvn& ` I ì` cvVi ci
_K mvjvg divbvi AvM ch KziAvb I Qnxn nv`xQ
nZ BQvgZ h Kvb `vAv cov hvq (<!< !/:
l! !/>>)|
(:o/oo) ||x |<|+ | +| +|< <|-
-|<|-<< =+||< +| +< +< |+x| |<|+
| +< |++ |< <i<^ | |v |x|< <
|+<| |+ || <z
-< !
<!, !!!
<< dZbvq covi Avkv AvQ, Ggb vb KvR Kiv
hve bv, hwÌ m KvR ea nq| ivm~ j (Qvt) cy ilì
Rb bvixìK mePq wZKi wdrbv wnmve DjL
KiQb (<!< !/>: l! !/:)| Avcbvi Kg wU
hw` nvivg Drcv`b ev nvivg e i mv_ RwoZ bv _vK,
Zvnj DcvRb AekB nvjvj ne| Ze dZbvq covi
Avkv _vKj cwieZ b KiZ ne| GUvI m e bv nj
mva gZ AvjvnK fq KiZ ne ... (!^!< :/::)|
(>/:) |# <+ +-| <|< |+z =< <^|<
+<| |+ <<z
-!!
!!>!< l !<!!, 1^!
<< cvBR e Kbv hve bv| hw` jvBMv hvq GB
iwOb Avkvq GUv q Kiv nq| AZGe GUv Ry qv|
Avjvn ejb, n gy wgbMY! wbqB g`, Ry qv, g~ wZ i e`x
I f-Af wbYqi Zxi Mwn Z e I kqZvbx KvR|
AZGe Zvgiv Gme _K weiZ _vK| hvZ Zvgiv
mdjKvg nZ cvi (!! />)|
(>:/::) <|<|| +|z '<|<||' |+
x|x-+ Nx|--i +< |<z =< <|^ <| -1+
|- |#
-!+ !
<!l, !!
<< IqvmIqvmv ki AvwfavwbK A_ Mvcb k I
gbi LUKv (l! !<<)| Avi kvixAvZi cwifvlvq
gbi ga IqvmIqvmv viv KygYv Ges gbi ga
Lvivc aviYv Ges Lvivc Kg Kivi gvbwmKZv m w

54
nIqvK eySvbv nq| GUv kqZvbi c _K nq Avevi
gvbyli wbRi _KI nZ cvi| Gi viv Cgvb k~ b nq
bv| Ze Cgvbi wZ nq| G Rb kqZvbi IqvmIqvmv
_K Avjvn ^xq bex (Qvt)-KI cvbvn PvIqvi wb`k
w`qQb (<! ! <!< !/:~:)|
(>>/:>) -| =-|-=< +|#<#<< -<|
+|- <|< +<| <|< |+z <|- ||< -<
|' +<|< |+z
-<!<
^!, <<
<< m~`x Kvb e KvbfveB MnYhvM bq|
KviY GwU GKwU RNb nvivg c_v| cwe KziAvbi 7wU
AvqvZ I 40wU nv`xQ m~`K nvivg Kiv nqQ| AZGe
m~`Lvii nvw`qv MnY bv Ki diZ w`Z ne|
(>/:) <|t|-< +|- <i|t+ |+ |< |<
<|'| -< +<vz < x|- <i|t|+t |x |+
<|'| -|z = +< +<| |+ <<z
-! !
!|!, !<<
<< evsjv`k miKvixfve m~`x A_bxwZ Aby miY Kiv
nq| GLvbKvi evsK eev cyivcywi m~` wfwK| Bmjvgx
evsK I exgvwj m~`gy ej `vex Kiv nq| wK mwj
cyivcywi kvixAvn wfwK Kiv me bq ej Awfgnji
wekvm| Kbbv ivxq A_bxwZ nj m~` wfwK Ges
cuywRev`x| ZvB Bmjvgx evsK I Abvb Avw_ K c wZvb
mg~ni hgb iqQ wbR^ mxgveZv, Zgwb iqQ bvbv
AvBbx cwZeKZv . - s|
AZGe evaMZ KviY Gme evsK mq KijI jvfi
UvKv `vb Ki Ìqv Dg|
(>/:) |x|-< =|+|< |<| |x|<
x||<| =+| ^|-+ |-|-f +< |- x||-<
|'|x -< =<t < <, =# -|- |-|< <||-
^< <|<| =|- -<< || |<|v< <v =<t
|<| |-|-< v|< |-<v = + <+ <|<|
<|< |+z
-!! <^
!l!, <<
<< ZvejxM RvgvAvZ GKwU weÀvZx `j| G `ji
mv_ ei nIqv Ges Zvì Kvb Abyvb Ask M nY Kiv
hve bv| ZvìK ckqI `qv hve bv| KviY
weÀvZxìK ckq w`Z ivm~j (Qvt) KVvifve wbla
KiQb (<!< !/::)| Zviv evbvqvU wKQv-Kvwnbx
Ges evbvqvU nv`xQ eYbv Ki _vK| Avevi Dc vcbi
mgq evbvqvUK my ì Ki c Pvi Ki| Kz iAvbi AvqvZ
Ges Qnxn nv`xQi Aby ev`jvI Ny wiq Ki| A_P
nv`xQ GmQ h, h ew ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi Dci
wg_vivc Kij m Zvi vb Rvnvb vg evwbq wbj
'' /-.:s. -... -..s| AZGe Gì _K mveavb nZ ne
AbìI mveavb KiZ ne|
(>c/:c) x| | |v '|x |<| +<
<i<| +< -||+ | <<+ < -| =< i| |+z
-< '|x<| --1|< | |+ f <| -|, |
|x|-<+ -|-<|x| +< <' = +||+ |+z
-< !
<!, !!!
<< c_gwU v wekvm gv| gvby l Zvi vb-ey w
LvwUq, Avjvn&i Dci fimv Ki eafve DcvR b Kij
BbkvAvjvn ZvZB Avj vn eiKZ wèb| Zv Rwg wew
Ki nvK ev Ab Kvb ea c vq nvK|
wZxq K_vwU g~jZt nv`xQ . , -` ` ,` . ,` ` , _
,` ' Zvgiv f~-mw ARb gM nqv bv| Kbbv Zv
ZvgvìK `ywbqvi wcQb wj Ki dje (l<l
!/~:~ =, l! !/: l< !' <!)| GLvb ,.
A_ f~-mw, evM-evwMPv, eemv-evwYR mewKQz KB
eySvbv nqQ, hv gvby lK Avj vn& i Bev`Z I ciKvji
Rb KvR Kivi evav nq ù vovq (l<!, !)|
RvbvZx gywgbì PvwiwK ewk wnmve Avj vn ejb,
Zviv nj Hme gvby l, hvìK eemv-evwYR I q-
weq Avjvn&i iY nZ Ges QvjvZ Kvqg I hvKvZ
c`vb nZ Mvdj KiZ cvi bv| Zviv fq Ki
mw`bK, hw`b Zvì A i I `w mg~n wech nq
coe (< ~/:)| Ab Avjvn ejb, QvjvZ kl nevi
ciB Zvgiv cw_exZ Qwoq co Ges Avj vn& i AbyM n
mg~n mvb Ki... (>! :~/:)| ivm~j (Qvt) ejb,
Zvgiv myìfve mrKg mv`b Ki Ges Avj vn& i
bKU Abymvb Ki| Kbbv Rvb vZx ew Rvb vZx
Avgji DciB g Zz eiY Kie, BwZc~ e h KvRB m
KiK bv Kb.. (l<l !/~:: =, l! !/>:)|
Dciv eYbvmg~ni AvjvK GK_v nq hvq h,
`ywbqvK wbRi Mvjvg evbvZ ne, wbRK `y wbqvi
Mvjvg evbvbv hve bv| AvLivZi RbB `y wbqv KiZ
ne, `ywbqvi Rb AvLivZ wew Kiv hve bv|
(>e/:e) <|-<|- < |<|< |x+|< < +<|
<v <, #x|x <|<| (<:) < |<| |-|v < +<|<
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55
< || |-|v x|<|+|<|< x|<ix -<| (v|:)-=<
-|| | +<v- < -|< i| -1+ |-
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!!, ><!
<< ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi mwZ jvf Kiv K_vwU mwVK bq|
Abyic ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi cwe iIhv GK_v ejv gvivZK
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gvSi vbK RvbvZi iIhv ejv nqQ (<!< !/::>
l! !/:>)|
ck DjwLZ welq Di GB h, Bgvb eyLvix ejb,
Avwg Avgvi GB wKZve gmwR`yj nvivg em iPbv KiwQ
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fvlKvi Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx ejb, Gi A_ GB nZ
cvi h, wZwb c_g `k em GwU msKjb Kib|
AZtci GwUi iPbv I AbyQ` mg~n web Kib
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(!: <!<< l!' (!<! !<< <!! ~ <
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Avgvi A i b~i `vI, hevb, keY, `wZ, Wvb, evg,
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l !/:~)| gynvwQMYi KD Gi A_ KiQb,
`vl-wU _K GB AjvK gy ivLvi Rb Avj vni
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mybvZx `vAv| h KD GUv Avgj KiZ cvib|
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ivKAvZ weZ&i| mE`xì AvgjK G nv`xQi A fy
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(ivt) weZi QvjvZi 2q ivKAvZ mvjvg wdivZb|
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wQjb| wZwb ZvKexi w`q 3q ivKAvZ DV hZb|
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m~h DV bv| G GjvKvjvZ QvjvZ-wQqvg wKfve
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mK ewYZ nv`xQ wZwb ejQb, , ,_' A_ vr
Zvgiv ZLb w`b I ivZi mgq cwigvc Ki QvjvZ
Av`vq Kie (l<l !/~~)|
Aviex ZvwiLi wewfb Zvi KviY Pu v` `Lv Avi bv `Lvi

56
mv_ m| wmwiqvi Puv` `Lv g`xbvi Rb h_ gb
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, _.= , Abyhvqx Aviex gvmi MYbv ^ ^ `k Aby hvqx
ne (l !/~)|
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!<, <!<^&, l!><
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Qv`vKvn, hv abxiv LZ cvi bv (l<l !/:~ <!
:)| Ze Kvb wbw` w`b-ZvwiL I Abyvb QvovB ay
`wi`ìK BdZvi Kivbv hve|
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hLb BQv Kzievbxi c q KiZ cvie|
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-| +< x|<| <|<, | |< <||<v |< +
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^!l<^&, ^!<!T!
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!/:)| Ze e`jx nKvixK Zvi wbRi n AvM
KiZ ne (!<! !/:::)|
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|vz
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<< Kvhv QvjvZ Av`vq Kivi mgq mybvZ Av`vq KiZ
cvi| KviY nv`xQ dRii QzU hvIqv my b vZ covi
wb`k `qv nqQ ( l<l !/~:)| ivm~ j (Qvt)
hvnii c~ei QzU hvIqv Pvi ivKAvZI ci Av`vq
KiQb ( l<l !/~:)| Avi dih QvjvZi cii
mybvZi evcviI Aby ic nv`xQ GmQ ( !<!
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Kbbv GwU dih bq|
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-|<| +<| <|< |+z
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bB| AZGe D Aby vb hvM`vb Kivi c k B DV bv|
(c/::c) ||- |-< x< | ||- |
||- |- +<| |+ |<|xz ||-< <||< +<<-z
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mybvZ weivax KvR (!! !!, l! !/~:)| hv
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Kvb wblavv ewY Z nqwb|
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l<!<!$, >!!<
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(/::) +|- x|x+ ||< +||x |-<
|$-+ +<| <|< |+z
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!!, !<!

57
<< Avjvn&i Kvjvg viv AgymwjgK Svo-dzuK Kiv
hve (<!< !/::)|
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|< < |<- |+z x| -# <| |- <| v||
< < xx +|- |<<|- |v |+z
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emeb (!! !!, l! !/>)| gv `yB ev wZb
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cvIqv hvq bv| GUv mybvZi eiLjvd|
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x <i| |v- +z
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gZ ew wQjb Av`g (Avt) (< !<, !-l<!! !
l!! :/>: ! !! !/~:~, , !<!,
ll! ^! !/~~-=< !!! *<)|

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1989, 90, 93, 94, 95, 97 I 2000 mvj mE`x I Kz qZx
`vZv ms vi A_ vqb gvìvmv I `ywU gmwR` c wZvi ci
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Zjvi Qv` XvjvB Dvab Kib gy nZvivg Avgxi RvgvAvZ
< +: x |-||- ||- | |-||<| Dvabi c~e
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mvbvgwY-i bZv-Kgx ì Dk wZwb ejb, Zvgiv
Iqv`v Ki, Avgvì g Zz i ciI Zvgiv GB gvìvmvK
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mKj Avgxb ejb| AZtci wemwgj vn ej wZwb XvjvB
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gvIjvbv Avy j LvjK mvjvdx, gvIjvbv e`xDhhvgvb,
gvIjvbv dhjy j Kixg, gvdvvi nvmvqb I Abvb wkK
I Qve ` Ges Av`vjb-Gi K` xq mvsMVwbK mv`K W.
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Bgvgy xb I Abvb bZ e `|

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mivmwi ev cwZwbwai gvag bM` UvKv ciY Ki A_ev gvwb AW vi/W vdU-Gi gvag UvKv cvwVq M vnK nIqv hvq|
Kvb AevZB PK MnYhvM bq| MvnKi bvg I cwKv cvVvbvi wVKvbv vi wjLZ ne|
wf.wc.wc. hvM cwKv wbZ PvBj 50% UvKv AwM g Rgv w`Z ne|

|<|-< |< <||<+ |+ |-|< |<
kl cQ` t 15,000/= (iwOb) `ki bvg iwRt WvK mvaviY WvK
wZxq cQ` t 12,000/= (iwOb) evsjv`k 250/= (lvbvwmK 130/=) -
ZZxq cQ` t 12,000/= (iwOb) mvK fy `k mg~ n 1300/= 650/=
mvaviY c~Y cv t 6,000/= Gwkqv gnv`ki Abvb `k 1600/= 950/=
mvaviY Aa cv t 3,500/= BDivc I Avwd Kv gnv`k 1850/= 1200/=
mvaviY wmwK cv t 2,000/= AvgwiKv I A wjqv gnv`k 2150/= 1500/=
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+ | ||-|< -i =+|< -- <
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|+ = <|< |-<x|<|

44
gvwmK AvZ-ZvnixK wWm^ i 2011 15Zg el 3q msLv

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