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Nomenclatura:
y[n] =
k =0
bm (k ) x[n k ]
b (k ) 0 k m h[n] = m ; bm (0 ) = 1 0 resto
k1 = b1(1)
x[n] = f 0 [n] = g0 [n] f [n] = f [n] + k g [n 1] 0 1 0 1 g1[n] = k1 f 0 [n] + g0 [n 1] y[n] = f [n] = f [n] + k g [n 1] 2 1 2 1 g 2 [n] = k2 f1[n] + g1[n 1]
y[n] = f 2 [n] = x[n] + k1(1 + k 2 ) x[n 1] + k 2 x[n 2] g 2 [n] = k 2 x[n] + k1(1 + k 2 ) x[n 1] + x[n 2]
b2 (1) = k1 (1 + k2 ) b2 (2) = k 2
b2 (1) k1 = 1 + b2 (2 ) k = b (2 ) 2 2
bM (k ) x[n k ]
k m : coeficientes de reflexin
f 0 [n] = g 0 [n] = x[n] f [n] = f m m1[n] + k m g m1[n 1] g m [n] = km f m1[n] + g m1[n 1] y[n] = f M [n]
; m = 1,2,..., M ; m = 1,2,..., M
bm (0) = 1
Transformada z
F0 ( z ) = G0 ( z ) = X ( z ) 1 Fm ( z ) = Fm1( z ) + k m z Gm1( z ) ; m = 1,2,..., M Gm ( z ) = k m Fm1( z ) + z 1 Gm1( z ) ; m = 1,2,..., M Y ( z ) = FM ( z )
Fm ( z ) 1 G ( z ) = k m m
m f m [n] = bm (k ) x[n k ] k =0 m g m [n] = bm (m k ) x[n k ] k =0
km Fm1( z ) 1 z 1 Gm1( z )
m Fm ( z ) = X ( z ) bm (k ) z k = X ( z ) Pm ( z ) k =0 m Gm ( z ) = z m X ( z ) bm (k ) z k = z m Pm z 1 X ( z ) k =0
bm (0 ) = 1
( )
bm (0) = 1
Fm ( z ) = X ( z ) Pm ( z ) Gm ( z ) = z m Pm z 1 X ( z )
( )
P0 ( z ) = 1 Pm ( z ) = Pm1( z ) + k m z m Pm1 z 1
( )
m = 0,1,2,..., M
Aplicando recursividad:
Y ( z ) = PM ( z ) X ( z )
PM ( z ) bM (k ) ; 0 k M
Ejemplo: Los coeficientes de reflexin de un filtro FIR en celosa de tres etapas son:
1 1 1 k1 = ; k 2 = ; k3 = 4 2 3
Obtener los coeficientes del filtro FIR para estructura en forma directa
P0 ( z ) = 1 1 P ( z ) = P0 ( z ) + k1z 1P0 z 1 = 1 + z 1 1 4 3 1 P2 ( z ) = P ( z ) + k 2 z 2 P z 1 = 1 + z 1 + z 2 1 1 8 2 P ( z ) = P ( z ) + k z 3 P z 1 = 1 + 13 z 1 + 5 z 2 + 1 z 3 2 3 2 3 24 8 3
( ) ( ) ( )
5 1 13 Y ( z ) = P3 ( z ) X ( z ) = 1 + z 1 + z 2 + z 3 X ( z ) 8 3 24
b3 (0 ) = 1; b3 (1) =
13 5 1 ; b3 (2 ) = ; b3 (3) = 24 8 3
m coeficientes ki
( )
k =0
bm (k ) z k =
m 1 k =0
bm 1(k ) z k + k m bm 1(m k ) z k
k =1
Comparando:
bm (0 ) = 1
bM (k ) x[n k ]
Y ( z ) = X ( z ) PM ( z )
H ( z ) = PM ( z )
F ( z ) = F ( z ) + k z 1 G m m 1 m m 1 ( z ) Gm ( z ) = km Fm 1( z ) + z 1 Gm1 ( z )
F ( z ) k m Gm ( z ) Fm1( z ) = m 2 1 km
Pm1( z ) =
Pm ( z ) k m z m Pm z 1
2 1 km
( )
m = M , M 1,...,1 km 1
P3 ( z ) = H ( z ) = 1 +
13 1 5 2 1 3 z + z + z 24 8 3
k3 = b3 (3) =
1 3
k 2 = b2 (2 ) = 1 2
Pm1( z ) =
Pm ( z ) k m z m Pm z 1
2 1 km
( )
P ( z ) k3 z 3 P3 z 1 3 1 P2 ( z ) = 3 = 1 + z 1 + z 2 2 8 2 1 k3
( )
P (z ) = 1
P2 ( z ) k 2 z 2 P2 z 1
2 1 k2
( ) = 1 + 1 z 1
4
k1 = b1(1) =
1 4
b (k ) bm (m ) bm (m k ) bm 1(k ) = m 2 1 bm (m )
m = M ,...,2 1 k m 1
a N (k ) z k
PN ( z )
y[n] = x[n]
k =1
a N (k ) y[n k ]
f N [n] = x[n] f m 1[n] = f m [n] k m g m 1[n 1] g m [n] = k m f m 1[n] + g m 1[n 1] y[n] = f 0 [n] = g 0 [n]
; ;
m = N , N 1,...,1 m = N , N 1,...,1
FIR de orden 2
f 2 [n] = x[n] f [n] = f [n] k g [n 1] 2 2 1 1 g 2 [n] = k2 f1[n] + g1[n 1] f 0 [n] = f1[n] k1 g 0 [n 1] g1[n] = k1 f 0 [n] + g 0 [n 1] y[n] = f 0 [n] = g 0 [n]
Inversa
Generalizando:
( )
Pm ( z ) =
k =0
am (k ) z k
am (0 ) = 1
- Las estructuras en celosa tanto FIR como IIR se caracterizan por los mismo coeficientes de reflexin, ki, diferencindose nicamente en su interconexin. - Los algoritmos de conversin de parmetros entre el sistema en forma directa bm(k) de un sistema FIR y los parmetros de la estructura en celosa, ki, se aplican tambin a la estructura slo polos. - El sistema slo polos ser estable si sus polos se encuentran en el interior de la circunferencia de radio unidad lo cual implica que |km| < 1 para todo m.
H (z ) = k =0 N
bM (k ) z k
F.Directa II
Para N = M
f N [n] = x[n] f [n] = f m [n] km g m 1[n 1] m 1 g [n] = k f m m 1[n] + g m 1[n 1] m N y[n] = vk g k [n] k =0
; ;
m = N , N 1,...,1 m = N , N 1,...,1
( )
H (z ) =
Y (z ) = X (z )
BM ( z ) k = 0 = PN ( z ) FN ( z )
vk Gk (z )
=
k =0
vk F k (z ) = vk Gk (z ) F 0 (z ) = k =0
N k =0 0 N
G (z )
G (z ) F (z )
vk z k Pk (z 1 )
M
PN ( z )
BM ( z ) =
k =0
vk z k Pk z 1
( )
PN ( z ) BM ( z )
ki vj
i = 1,2,..., N j = 0,1,...M
k =0
m
vk Ck (z ) = vk Ck (z ) + vm Cm (z ) = Bm 1(z ) + vm Cm (z )
k =0
k =0 m
m 1
Sea:
Bm ( z ) =
bm (k ) z
y
m 1 k =0
Cm ( z ) =
k =0
k
cm (k ) z k
+ vm
m
cm (m ) = 1
Entonces:
k =0
bm (k ) z
bm 1(k ) z
k =0
cm (k ) z k
bm (m ) = vm
Identificando para k = m:
bm (m ) = vm cm (m )
Calculo de los polinomios Bm(z) de forma recursiva en sentido inverso, es decir para m=M,M-1,...2:
Bm 1( z ) = Bm ( z ) vm Cm ( z ) bm (m ) vm
ESTRUCTURA EN CELOSA PARA FILTROS IIR Ejemplo: Obtener los parmetros de la estructura celosa en escalera para el siguiente sistema:
H (z ) = 1 + 3 z 1 + 4 z 2 1 + 2 z 1 + 5 z 2 2 z 3
M k 1 2 M =2 BM ( z ) = bM (k ) z = 1 + 3 z + 4 z k =0 P ( z ) = N a (k ) z k = 1 + 2 z 1 + 5 z 2 2 z 3 N = 3 N N k =0
a (k ) am (m ) am (m k ) am 1(k ) = m 2 1 am (m )
k m = am (m ) am 1(0 ) = 1
m = N ,...,2 1 k m 1
k3 = a3 (3) = 2 a (0 ) = 1 2 a2 (1) = 4 a (k ) a3 (3) a3 (3 k ) a2 (k ) = 3 2 1 a3 (3) a2 (2 ) = 3 k2 = a2 (2 ) = 3 a (0) = 1 1 a (1) a2 (2) a2 (1) =2 a1(1) = 2 2 1 a2 (2 ) k1 = a1(1) = 2
Polinomios Pm(z):
Polinomios Cm(z):
( )
Polinomios Bm(z):
bM ( M ) = v M BM ( z ) Bm 1 ( z ) = Bm ( z ) vm C m ( z ) bm (m ) = v m
1 + 3 z 1 + 4 z 2 1 + 2 z 1 + 5 z 2 2 z 3
Celosa
a3 (k ) = [1, 2, 5, 2] b2 (k ) = [1, 3, 4]
; k = 1,2,..., N ; k = 0,1,..., M