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1999
539.3\8 (075.8)
.., .. : . I. - M.: , 1999 - 128.
,
.
.
" " ;
.
, ( ), .
:
..
020407 12.02.97.
. 6090/16
. . . 7,75
500
.-. . 8,25
385
. .
. 1999., 1-07
, 109280, , , 16
ISBN 5-276-00003-4
.. , .. , 1999
, 1999
, 1999
...................................................................................................... 5
1. .................................................................................. 6
1.1. ................................................. 6
1.2. . ................................................ 10
1.3. ...................................................................................... 11
1.4. .......................................................... 13
1.5. . .................................................. 14
2. ................................................... 17
2.1. - .................... 17
2.2. .............................................................. 20
2.3. ...................................................................... 26
2.4.
....................................................................................... 28
2.5. . .................................. 31
3. ........................................................................... 34
3.1. ....................................................... 35
3.2. ...................................... 37
3.3. ..................................................... 38
3.4. , .......... 40
3.5. ......................................................... 42
3.6. ................................... 43
3.7. ............................... 47
4. ................................................................................................ 51
4.1. ................................................................................... 51
4.2. ................................................. 54
4.3. ....................... 58
4.4. ........................................ 58
4.5. ........................................................... 61
4.6. ......................... 64
4.7. .................................... 65
4.8. .............. 66
4.9. ............. 67
5. .......................................... 70
5.1. ................................................. 72
5.2. ............................................................ 73
5.3. .............................................................. 77
6. ..................................................................................................... 78
6.1. .. 78
6.2. .................................. 80
6.3. ............................................ 83
6.4. ........................ 84
6.5. ............................................ 85
6.6. .................................................... 88
6.7. ............................................... 90
6.8. ........................................... 99
7. .............................. 102
7.1. ................................................................. 102
7.2. .................................................................. 102
7.3. ................................................................. 109
8. .......................................................... 113
8.1. .................................................................................... 113
8.2. () ....................................... 116
8.3. () .......................................... 117
8.4. ........ 120
1.......................................................................................... 121
2.......................................................................................... 122
.................................................... 125
( - ) - . (-)
, , .
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
. -
, . -
() (). -
,
.
,
( ,
, ,
, .).
, ..
.
( ),
. , ,
, ,
.
5
1.
1.1.
() , . (),
, .. ( ).
, : , , .
:
,
. ,
, .
, , , . - . , (
)
(, ),
. - . - . - (
) .
() .
,
. (, ) (, , . . .). , . (), 6
, . ( ) ().
(, , , ,
.).
(, , ),
(, , ) . - , - , , , .
: (), () .
- , . (. 1.1): ) , ) , )
; (. 1.2): ) , ) , ) . , ,
. ,
( ),
.
. 1.1
. 1.2
- , . ,
, (,
7
, . .),
.
, ..
(, , , ) .
( ),
. , ,
. .
.
.
,
, .
() . ,
.
, ( , , ).
( ,
..).
( ), () .
(. 1.3,) ,
( ).
,
,
. 1.3,. q (. 1.3,)
( ).
.
. 1.3
()
(), .. : /, /; /, /; q //, //.
. .
. 1.4 . -
(. 1.4,) (
). , (. 1.4,), () . -
(. 1.4,),
. (. 1.4,) . , - ,
(. 1.4,).
. 1.4
9
, .
( ),
. , - (. .
1.4,) ; (. . 1.4,) - .
(), .
, .
. ,
.
, . : ,
-, .
, ,
.
1.2. .
, . .
. , (. 1.5,),
p p,
(. 1.5,). (
.)
(.0),
R M .
0xyz, z ,
x y .
10
. 1.5
R M x, y, z
( ). : N - ; Qx, Qy - ; M x , M y -
x y; M - (. 1.5,). , .
,
: 1) ; 2)
( ); 3) ; 4)
, . . .
-
.
1.3.
. F .
R
(. 1.6,). p
p ,
:
p = R
F
p = lim
F 0 F
dR
dF
(1.1)
11
p
(. 1.6,): (
n ) ( ).
, - . p
n , :
2
2
= p cos; = p sin; p = + .
(1.2)
. 1.6
. 1.7
. , , , .
, (1.1)
(. 1.7):
N = dF , Q x = xdF , Q y = ydF ,
F
ydF , M
F
F
y
= xdF ,
F
(1.3)
= ( y x x y)dF .
F
: 1 = 1 /2.
, (),
(), ():
1 = 103 ; 1 M = 106 ; 1 = 109 .
:
1 10 /2 = 0,1 /2.
12
1.4.
, .
. .
. , ( )
( ) , (. 1.8,). Oxyz
x, y, z
( u, v, w). ( ) (. . 1.8,). x, y, z.
( ).
. 1.8
- . S (. 1.8,) :
S1 S0
S
= lim
.
S 0 0
S 0 0 S 0
S0
s = lim
(1.4)
. 1.8,.
, x, y, z
() x, y, z.
(. . 1.8,)
CDE =
lim
CD 0, DE 0
(CDE C1D 1E 1 )
(1.5)
( ) .D
CD.
xy, yz, xz.
13
.
( ) , ( ) - , - ( ).
, ,
.
.
1. , , .
.
2. ,
. -, ( ). -, ; - , ,
, .
1.5. .
,
, . , =kP.
. k , .
.
. , .
(), , . , , . ,
( ),
. ,
- .
14
: ,
-.
,
, ()
. (. 1.9). 1
P
,
Fy = 0; 2Ncos - P = 0; N =
2cos
().
, , ,
.
. 1.9
. 1.10
( )
.
(, ..)
. , (vA)
1 2 (. 1.10,)
( 1.10,,):
vA (P1, P2) = vA (P1) + vA (P2).
,
.
- , , . , 15
(. 1.11,), , .
, (. . 1.11,), . ,
, . ,
-,
, . ,
: (. 1.11,). , ,
P,
(. . 1.11,).
. 1.11
- ,
. ,
,
(. 1.12).
. 1.12
, , ( ): , ,
. ,
, .
16
2.
, . - .
2.1. -
. 2.1, , .
l. , l=10d,
l=5d, .
, .
. 2.1,
. -
, . ,
. (l = l1 - l) (d =
d1 - d) . , .
( ).
.
-
.
S (. . 2.1,) = S/S
,
. ,
l
.
l
(2.1)
, - , .. .
17
. 2.1
, :
d
=
.
(2.2)
d
,
:
= -
,
(2.3)
- .
:
=
.
(2.4)
0 < < 0,5. , = 0,25 0,33.
:
v =
18
V1 V
V
F1l1
Fl
1,
V = Fl - ; F
; V1 = F1l1 -
; F1 - .
d1 = d + d, l1 = l + l (2.1) - (2.3), :
2
(d + d)
d
l+ l
1 = (1 ) (1 + ) 1 .
2 3
, :
(2.5)
v = (1 - 2
) .
, v > 0 > 0, 0,5.
.
() ( ). (. . 2.1,) .
p (. 2.1,). (. . 2.1,)
:
P
P
,
(2.6)
p=
= ;
Fa
F
F = F / cos - .
p (. . 2.1,) :
pF = F p = os.
(2.7)
p K (.2.1,,)
:
= p os ;
= p sin.
(2.7) :
1
= os2 ; = sin2.
(2.8)
2
(2.8) ,
= 0) (), (
= 45,
:
max = / 2.
(2.9)
19
( = 90) .
(2.8), ,
(. . 2.1,) :
+ +90 = ,
= +90.
(2.10)
, .
- : , ,
.
2.2.
(. . 2.1,). .
-
P l, . .2.2,
.
.
- (2.1),
(2.6):
P
;
F
l
,
l
F l .
, . 2.2, . , , -
,
. . 2.2, (
D DK).
20
. 2.2
.
- :
= ,
(2.11)
.. . (
(.
, ). = tg
. 2.2,). , = 190-210 .
, ,
:
P
.
F
(2.12)
P = P
, .. .
(2.6)
,
:
= / .
(2.13)
.
. .
() .
, , :
21
P
.
(2.14)
F
,
(. 2.3,), . () . max 45 (.
(2.9)).
. 2.3,. , ,
.
. 2.3
,
.
l . 22
, T .
- (. 2.3,).
,
0.5,
(2.5). ,
,
, . , (. 2.3,),
(. 2.3,):
0,2 =
P0,2
F
(2.15)
, 0,2%
( = 0,002 = 0,2%) .
P0,2 , ,
(. . 2.3,).
D . ,
, .
, , (. . 2.2). , ,
:
Pmax
.
F
(2.16)
D (D) .
- (. 2.4,).
. .
P (. . 2.2,). l = l + l, l -
, l - . ,
= + (. .
2.2,). () l, l .
23
. 2.4
P
D', .
,
" " (.2.4,).
(. 2.4,) ,
, t r . , ,
.
(. . 2.2,)
P
S = ,
(2.17)
F
P - (. . 2.2,);
F - .
(. 2.4,).
F 1, F (1 + ).
F = F (1 + )
F
F
1.
:
= y + = + +
=
24
S
E
F
F
1.
P
F
; = + =
, , , .
.
= l / l (.
. 2.2,), , :
% =
100% =
lK l
100% ,
l
(2.18)
lK - .
F F
100% .
(2.19)
F
% =
.
> 10%, = 5-10%, < 5%.
. . 2.5
.
, .
1. ,
, =
(. 2.5,).
2. , .
3.
(. 2.5,).
(. . 2.5,), (2.16).
25
. 2.5
2.3.
(. 2.6,)
h = (2-3)d.
. (. 2.6, ).
. 2.6
. 2.7, , . 2.7, - . , .
26
. 2.7
.
(. . 2.7,) . , Pmax.
,
(. . 2.2 . 2.7).
(2.3), .
() (T)
, ,
. ,
.
TC > TP ( ,
).
(. 2.8,) (. 2.5,),
.
max 45 .
c (. 2.8,). c > , ..
, . ,
= 2 - 5.
c/
27
. 2.8
2.4.
, .. 20
, .
,
.
2.4.1.
P > PT (. , .
. 2.2,), : ML, OA (. 2.9,).
l.
. 2.9,. , .. ly.
. ,
l (. . 2.9,), .
28
. 2.9
, , -.
( , ,
..), - (
.).
2.4.2.
.
,
. .
.
. . 2.10 .
>300 >
<0C)
. (<
, .
2.4.3.
,
,
(, ) . . 2.11
( 1)
( 2) . .
29
. 2.10
. 2.11
2.4.4.
, ..
.
. (t) . 2.12,.
0 t, ,
0,
0 ( ).
. , ( t1-t2, . .2.12,), ( ).
. 2.12
30
, .
, (, .).
(. . 2.12,).
.
(t) . 2.12,. t - t1,
. 0,
( ).
. ,
,
.
2.5. .
, .. , . ( , , .). .
2.5.1.
. ,
(, ), ( , ).
, ,
:
max [],
(2.20)
max - ;
[] .
max . 31
. ,
[]=T / nT,
(2.21)
T - ; nT -
.
:
p,max []p;
c,max []c;
(2.22)
p,max, c,max - ; []p, []c
.
:
[ ] p =
;
n
[ ] c =
(2.23)
n - .
, : .
. 2.13
() (, ) . (2.21), (2.23) ,
.
. 2.13
32
:
n [n],
(2.24)
n ; [n] .
n :
n=
,
max
(2.25)
T - (
).
:
1. ( ).
2. , .
3. , , , ( ).
2.5.2.
.
,
(, ). , , (,
). , . , .
1. . n , . ,
1,8-2,5, 5.
2. . , , n.
33
3. . n , .
,
.
4. . n , .
,
.
5. . , .
.
.
, ,
.
34
3.
.
() N. (. 3.1,)
(. 3.1,) .
. 3.1
,
(N>0) , (N<0) .
N = P (. 3.1,) N = - P
(. . 3.1,).
.
3.1.
N . qi = const (.
3.2,).
. 3.2
B N
(. 3.2,).
,
.
35
, .. .
:
Fz = 0 , -P1 + q1l1 qz + N = 0 N = P1 ql1 + qz.
(3.1)
N ,
: , :
n
N = Pi ,
(3.2)
i=1
Pi -
.
,
, , . , (3.1) 1 qz
z, q1l
(. . 3.2,).
z = 0 : NA = P1- q1l1.
z = l : N = P1- q1l1+ql.
N N ,
(. . 3.2,).
1 = 2, q1 = 2/ l, l1 = 0,5l, q = / l, NA = P, NB = 2P.
(3.1)
. . 3.3, () .
. 3.3
dz (. 3.3,):
-N qdz + (N + dN ) = 0.
:
dN
dz
36
= q.
(3.3)
, q = const
N (.. 3.3,).
(q=0),
, .. N = const (. 3.3,). , N 4P, .
: ,
N .
N.
3.2.
()
.
. , ,
( ).
( ).
( ).
.
dz (. 3.4,).
. 3.4
,
, w, - w + dw.
(dz) =(w + dw) w = dw.
= (dz)/dz :
37
dw
.
dz
(3.4)
, -
(. 3.4,),
= E.
(3.5)
dF
N (. 3.4,). :
N = dF .
(3.6)
F
,
. (3.4) :
=E
dw
.
dz
(3.7)
(3.6):
dw .
N = E
dF
dz
F
dw
= const ,
, =const =
dz
dF = F , :
F
N
dw
=
.
dz
EF
(3.8)
(3.8) .
(3.8) (3.7), :
N
= .
(3.9)
F
(3.6) ( = const, . . 3.4,).
, (2.6)
(3.9) N =
.
3.3.
(3.8):
38
w = w+
N dz
EF
(3.10)
wo - ( z=0).
, = /E = N/EF, (3.10)
:
w = wo + dz.
(3.11)
(3.4).
w () , w () .
, w , =N /EF = const (. 3.5,). (3.11) wo = w, :
w = w + z .
(3.12)
. 3.5
z = l :
w = w + l; l = l ,
(3.13)
l - .
l (2.1),
,
.
39
=N/EF, (3.13) :
Nl
l =
,
(3.14)
EF
EF - (
() ).
(3.14)
(3.5) (3.9) (2.1). (3.14)
.
q (. 3.5,), (N ) :
N = N qz .
(3.15)
z = l N = N - q l.
(3.15) (3.10), wo = w :
N z qz 2
w = w +
.
(3.16)
EF 2EF
, w (. . 3.5,)
(d2w/dz2< 0). N
, w (dw/dz = 0).
. 3.5, . z = l :
N l q l2
w = w +
.
EF 2EF
3.4. ,
: , , .
,
(. 3.6,) (3.14).
40
3.6
T ( ) (. 3.6,)
lT = T T l ,
(3.17)
T -5
. (, T =1,2510 1/.)
:
lT
= T T .
(3.18)
, :
l =
Nl
+ T T l ;
EF
+ .
(3.19)
,
, , T . . , < 300C (c. . 2.10).
,
,
o= l - lo (. 3.6,).
(o> 0), ,
(o< 0), - .
l =
Nl
+ l + 0 .
EF
(3.20)
41
3.5.
,
.
, , .
, .
:
max []; [] = / n [] = 0,2 / n .
(3.21)
max = (N/F)max
(), ().
. [] ,
(3.21) ( 0,2) n.
:
,max []; [] = / n,
,max []; [] = / n.
(3.22)
,
,max,
,max.
(3.21), (3.22) 2.5.
.
1. , .
2. , ( ).
3. , .
.
42
3.6.
(. 3.7) ( )
. , N . , , . (i =1, 2, 3, 4), .
N. N ,
. , DM , D .
. 3.7
(3.9)
( i)
Ni
Fi
i = 1, 2, 3, 4
(3.23)
, F1=F2=F3=F F4=2F.
,
3 4 . ,
4 ( ,
).
(3.5):
(i) =
( i)
E( i)
i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
(3.24)
43
(E(i) = E),
, .
w , ,
.
, w= 0.
(3.13), (3.14) , w =
w= 0, w = wD, D:
4Pl
2Pl
=
w D = l4 =
.
E 2F
EF
i- (i) = const,
li (3.13):
li = (i) li .
(3.25)
:
wC = wD +l3 =
wB = wC + l2 =
Pl
+ ( 2
) 1,5l =
Pl
EF
EF
EF
P l
P
Pl
) 1 ,5 l = 0 ,5
+ (
EF
EF
EF
; wA = wB.
, .
. . 4. (N4 > 0),
wD > 0 D . , , w > 0, , .
( ),
,
:
l
= l ,
i
i=1
(3.26)
m - .
l = wA = l1 +l2 + l3 + l4.
w ,
D (wmax = wD).
, (3.4) w.
z () (.
.3.7),
44
w. , (3.11). , w(z) 4
z (w(z) = 4 z).
.
1. :
F = 2 2, =10 , T = 320 , n = 2.
max (. .
3.7) (3.21):
3
max=
(2) = (3)= 2 , max= 2
F
[]=
320
= 160
10 10
2 10
=108 = 100 ;
, , (3.21) .
2. F :
= 20 ; [] = 160 M.
m = 2P/F, (3.21) :
2
P
[] .
F
F, :
F
2P
; Fmin = 2
[ ]
2 20 10
160 10
4 2
= 2,5 10 =2,5
2.
3.
, :
F = 2 2; =240 ; = 960 ; n = 4 .
, 3 (. . 3.7). p,max= 2P/F (3.22), :
2
P
[];
F
[] = 240/4 = 60 .
, :
[] F/ 2; P = 60 106 2 10 4/2 = 6 .
:
F = 2 2; P = 20 ; l = 1; E = 2 105 .
45
w (. . 3.7,), ,
wA > 0 ( ):
wA
= 0,5
20 10
11
2 10
1
4
2 10
= 2,5 10
= 2,5 .
. , . .
(. 3.8,), . ,
, (. 3.8,), , ( N
. 3.8,). , 1-1
.
. 3.8
(. 3.8,) ,
P, q = P/l. P = Fl,
, q = F. N
(. 3.8,) :
N = q (l - z) = F (l - z); = N/F = (l - z).
N .
l,
:
max = ; l = ; l = /.
46
, . ,
= 7,8104 /3 = 780 l= 104.
,
() /
(), .. , l=/.
(, .).
(3.18) w = 0 ( ):
2
ql z
qz
q z2 N z
+
=
+
w (z) =
.
2EF EF
2EF EF
w(z) .
( z = l c ql = P) :
w = Pl/2EF.
,
. 3.8,. ,
, N , w .
3.7.
(. 3.9). :
Fz = 0; RA + P 5P + RD = 0.
(3.27)
. , , .
X1=RA.
, ( ) .
, -
( ). (3.26) :
l1 + l2 + l3 = 0.
(3.28)
li (3.14) Ni :
N1 = X1; N2 = X1 + P ; N3 = X1 + P 5P = X1 4P .
(3.29)
47
( X1 + P ) l
E2F
( X1 4 P ) l
E2F
=0.
(3.30)
(3.27).
(3.30) :
2l
EF
X1
3 Pl
2 EF
=0.
(3.31)
1, . 1
1=1.
(3.31), 1 = RA = 3/4P, (3.29)
- . N, w,
. 3.9. w , D.
.
.3.9
.3.10
.
48
.
. ,
. , .
, .
(, 0 = l l0), .
, (. .3.9). ,
TC 0 (. 3.10).
T=TT.3l . 0 T,
. 0 < T,
RA RD,
:
RD RA = 0; RD= RA.
(3.32)
, .
X1 = RA. ,
( ) 0, :
l1 + l2 = 0.
(3.33)
:
N1 = N2 = - X1.
(3.34)
(3.19) li
Ni , (3.33) :
(
X1 l
EF
+ T Tl) + (
X 1 2l
EF
+ T T2l) = 0 .
(3.35)
, :
X1 =
EF
2l
( 0 ) ; 0 T,
(3.36)
T = 3TTl - .
49
T = 0, X1 = 0. . 3.10 N,
w. w D (wD = 0). :
w B = l 2 =
X 1 2l
E2F
+ T T2l ;
w A = w B + l 1 = w B
X1 l
EF
+ T T l .
(3.36) :
w = ( + TT l)/2 ; wA = 0.
. , .
,
, ,
(. . 3.9) (. . 3.10),
.
50
4.
(,
..). ,
, .
4.1.
, ,
, ,
(. 4.1, - ABCD).
(. 4.1,).
. 4.1
. 4.2
, , .
( )
(. .
4.1,).
. h,
(. 4.2,), (. 4.2,;
). ,
-
. 51
, ( n )
( t ) :
Fn = 0; ABh - BCh cos - AChsin = 0;
Ft = 0; ABh + BCh sin - AChcos = 0 .
(4.1)
BC=ABsin, AC=ABcos,
(4.1) :
= sin2, = cos2 .
(4.2)
= 0 = 90 : = 0, = .
sin2 = 1, .. =
45. = , = 0, .. , 45 ,
, - , - (. 4.3). .
. 4.3
. 4.4
(. 4.4,) .
BD
. ABCD A1B1C1D1, . . . =
B1A1K (. . 4.4,)
(A1K A1D1).
(. 4.4,).
52
:
= G,
(4.3)
G - .
. E :
G =
E
.
2(1 + )
(4.4)
=f().
.
. 4.5,, - n, , .
(. 4.5,);
0,3 - , 0,3%.
.
, 0,6 T.
< < ,
.
= (0,3 0,4)
. 4.5,.
. 4.5
53
4.2.
( ) (. 4.6,).
, , ,
, 4.6,. ,
, .
. 4.6
M (. 4.6,),
. M
: M n (. 4.6,).
4.2.1.
:
1) - ,
, ; , ;
2) - .
dz,
(. 4.7,).
- .
,
d
(. 4.7,).
( ). BB1 :
54
, '=
=
d
.
dz
(4.5)
. 4.7
.
M
(. 4.7,). dF . d M =dF,
:
dF .
(4.6)
(4.3) (4.5)
= G = G
,
- (4.6), :
= G 2 dF = G 2dF =
F
G Jp ;
(4.7)
Jp = 2 dF ,
F
Jp - ; GJp -
.
:
M
d
.
=
dz G Jp
(4.8)
(4.8) (4.7), :
55
M .
Jp
(4.9)
. 4.8 (
)
() () : (4.9) max = D/2,
.
Wp - :
W p =
Jp
m ax
(4.10)
(4.11)
m ax = M .
. 4.8
W p
z z (4.8):
M dz
(4.12)
z = 0 + = 0 + ,
G Jp
0 - ,
(z=0); - z.
M = const, GJp = const,
M z
(4.13)
z = o + z = 0 + z; = const .
G Jp
(4.13) ,
:
= + i ;
i =
M ili
,
G Jpi
(4.14)
- ; -
; i - i- li.
56
, (. . 4.7,)
(4.14) =0:
m ax =
M l
.
G Jp
(4.15)
, ( )
,
n
M (z)dz
z = + i ; i = l i
,
(4.16)
i G Jpi(z)
i= 1
n - .
M i Gjpi , (4.12) :
n
M ili
.
G
J
i
p
i= 1
z = o +
(4.17)
.
( ), (4.17)
(4.16), =0.
(z) (4.13), (4.14).
4.2.2.
, ), (
d
d
( . 4.9 dF=
).
2 D /2
J p = 2 dF =
F
. 4.9
3
d d
0 d /2
d4
D4
D 4
=
=
2 16
16
32
d
1
D
(d=0) :
Jp =
D 4
d
D 4
(1 4) 01
, D 4(1 4 ); = ; Jp =
0,1D 4 ,
32
D
32
(4.18)
57
= d/D - .
0)
(
=0) (4.15)
(
:
W
D 3
(1 4 ) 0,2D 3 (1 4 ) W
16
D 3
0,2D 3 . (4.19)
16
4.3.
(4.9) ,
,
. ,
.
, . ,
, (. 4.10).
)
)
(max
= (max
(4.11)
W p() = W p()
D = D 3 1 4 ,
=d/D. :
m c Fc
D 2c /4
=
=
=
m F D 2 (1 2 )/4
(1 + 2 )2
1 2
. 4.10
4.1
=d/D
Fc/F
0,1 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,9 1,01 1,09 1,28 1,63 2,58 (. 4.1).
4.4.
.
.
( 58
, .). , .
(
) N ()
n (/):
= 9550
/ /.
(4.20)
( )
.
, ..
.
. (4.11) (4.8),
(4.13)
(4.14).
max ( ,
max !).
:
M
max []
(4.21)
[ ],
W p
[ ] =
[ ] =
,
n
n
[] - ; nT, n ; M -
( max).
:
M
max [
]p, max = max
,
(4.22)
[ ]p , [ ]p =
n
Wp
- .
, .
0,6)[
]p,
[]=(0,5
59
- [] = (0,81,0)[[]p. n
1,5-2 , n .
, , , .
.
: 20, 30, 40, 45, 50,
20, 40, 30, 40 ., (5, 6, 20),
- (16, 6 .).
.
(4.21) :
M
16 M
D 3
.
(4.23)
[ ]
(1 4 )[ ]
(
) (4.20) :
M Wp[],
(4.24)
M .
/max, :
M
[ / ],
/max [
/]
(4.25)
G Jp
/] - .
[
/] [
2,0) /. , [/]=(0,25
/] /.
(4.25) [
,
, ..
. ,
(4.25)
(4.18):
W p
D
60
32 M
.
/
4
(1 )[ ]
(4.26)
, (4.23) (4.26), ,
, .. -
.
4.5.
.
, ,
.
. , 45 - ,
(. 4.11).
,
, : max =
max.
. 4.11
, ..
.
, 0,6 ,
.
. 4.5,,.
(. 4.12,),
( ). , .
,
( max=),
(4.11): M =Wp (. 4.12,). 61
. (1),
= , (2), < , (. 4.12,).
, (. 4.12,).
. 4.12
(4.6), , =:
D
D 3
2
= dF = 2 d =
= W , (4.27)
12
F
0
3
D /12 -
W=
.
M M , ,
M / M = 4/3. :
33%.
-
(n=1) .
(. 4.13,) - (
) ( ). . 4.13,,.
, ( /).
62
. 4.13
,
;
.
, , < < ,
. ,
45 (. 4.14,a).
. 4.14
. ,
(. 4.14,) (
, . 4.14,), .. .
, , . ,
, 45 .
63
4.6.
, ( )
( ) . ,
. .
(
)
, .
.
4.1.
,
M (. 4.15,).
M M
(. . 4.15,),
:
M z = 0; M - M + M = 0.
, . ,
(. 4.15,).
,
. 4.15
(4.17):
2 M
ili
= 0; = o +
.
i= 1 G Jpi
= = 0).
(
:
1l1 M 2l2
+
= 0.
G Jp1
G Jp 2
64
,
M 1 = M , M 2 = M - M . , l1
= l, l2 = 2l, GJp1=GJp2=GJp, :
2
l ( ) 2l
+
=0 = .
3
G Jp
G Jp
. : M 1 = 2 M /3,
M 2 = - M /3. M . 4.15,.
4.7.
,
. ,
. ( ), , , . ,
, .
: 1)
; 2)
. .
-
- , (4.11) (4.8):
M ,
M ;
(4.28)
m ax =
=
W
G J
J, W -
.
, , , (4.15):
M l .
(4.29)
=
G J
65
. 4.16.
( 1),
(. .1) :
= max; 1.
(4.30)
:
W = b2; J = b3; b . (4.31)
, ,
/b;
. 4.2.
. 4.16
(/b >10) =1/3, =1/3 .
4.2
a/b 1.0 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 4.0 8.0 10.0
0.208 0.231 0.239 0.246 0.258 0.267 0.282 0.299 0.307 0.313 0.333
0.141 0.196 0.214 0.229 0.249 0.263 0.281 0.299 0.307 0.313 0.333
1.0 0.859 0.820 0.795 0.766 0.753 0.745 0.743 0.742 0.742 0.742
4.8.
,
.
. ()
() (. 4.17). : s/t > 10, si/ti > 10, s, t
- ; si, ti - i-
(s=
si). .
.
.
1.
(. 4.17,), (4.28) - (4.31) =1/3, =1/3
(W=st2/3, J = st3/3):
3M ;
3M l.
3M ;
(4.32)
m ax =
=
=
2
3
3
G st
st
G st
66
. 4.17
.4.18
2. ,
(. 4.18), . n ,
M i .
n
1
siti3 ; W
3
1
siti2 ,
3
i= 1
:
J = J i ; Ji =
(4.33)
M l M 1l
M n l.
(4.34)
=
= ...=
G J
G J 1
G Jn
(4.34) , :
J i . i-
i =
im ax =
M
W
i
i
M J i
M .
ti
=
J W i
J
(4.35)
m ax =
M
tm ax .
J
(4.36)
, .. ( )
.
4.9.
.
, , , , .. , . ,
( -). . - -
67
(
= 8001000 ; = 9501600 ; B = 15001750 ; T = 6001000
; B=8501400 ).
,
.
.
M Q, .
(.4.19,):
D - ; d - ; t -
; n - .
(. 4.19,),
tg=t/
D.
5.
. 4.19
(. 4.19,),
Q M :
Q P;
1
= 2 PD.
(4.37)
( ), :
M
m ax =
W
d3
d2
Q
+ , W p =
; F=
.
F
16
4
(4.35) :
m ax
8PD
d 3
(1 +
d
).
2D
(4.38)
m ax =
8P D
d 3
(4.39)
,
(, ), (4.38),
, .
68
, L . (
=
L).
(
) .
1
2
A= P
( 1/2
) U
. (M)
(
) (
(4.8)):
dU
1
= M
2
M dz
.
d =
2G Jp
(), ..
U = dU
l
2l
=
.
2G Jp
l
Dn, Jp=
D4/32,
A=U:
8PD 3n
.
L = =
G d4
(4.40)
max L=
, J W.
(4.40) n
. ,
, 3/4
, .. n n - 1,5 ( ).
-
P(
) ,
.
c=
P
G d4
.
=
8D 3n
(4.41)
69
5.
.
, - F, - Jp (Jk). .
, f(x,y)dF (. 5.1,), . 5.1.
F
5.1
f(x,y) f ( x, y )dF
F
F = dF
Sx = y dF
Sy = x dF
y2
Jx = y 2dF
Jy = x 2dF
Jxy = xy dF
xy
=
Jp = 2dF
2
2
=x +y
F
2
x
y
x
y
-
c2
F> 0
Sx 0
Sx 0
c3
Sy 0
Sy 0
c4
Jx> 0
c4
Jy> 0
c4
Jxy 0
Jxy 0
c4
Jp> 0
() :
,
:
f(x,y)dF = f(x,y)dF ,
i =1 Fi
n - .
5.1.
Sx Sy .
(. 5.1,). F, Sx Sy 0XY Sx1, Sy1
x1, y1.
x1 = x - a, y1 = y - b, :
Sx1 = y1dF = ( y b )dF ; Sy1 = x1dF = ( x a )dF
F
Fi y ci
Fi x ci
xc = i =1
y c = i =1
F = Fi .
i =1
(5.4)
5.2.
. 5.2 , ( Jk).
D 4
64
5.2
Jx
Jy
Jp (J )
h3
h 3
h 3
12
12
0,05D 4
D 4
64
0,05D 4
D 4
32
01
, D4
D 4 (1 4 )
D 4 (1 4 )
D 4 (1 4 )
0,05D 4 (1 4 )
0,05D 4 (1 4 )
01
, D 4 (1 4 )
h3
_____
_____
64
64
32
36
, (. 5.2)
:
h
2
by 3
J x = y dF = y bdy =
3
h
F
2
. 5.2
h
2
h
bh
.
J x =
12
hb
: J y =
.
12
, Jx = Jy = 0,5Jp.
, 2 = x2 + y2 (. .5.1,), , Jp = J + Jy.
- .
, , J1
(x1 = x - a, y1 = y - b, . . 5.1,):
J x1 = ( y b )2 dF = y 2 dF - 2b ydF + b2 dF = J - 2bSx + b2F.
F
, :
J1 = J - 2bSx + b2F; Jy1 = Jy - 2aSy + a2F;
(5.5)
J1y1 = Jy - aSx - bSy + abF.
x y - , Sx = 0, Sy = 0,
(5.5) :
J1 = J + b2F; Jy1 = Jy + a2F; J1y1 = Jy + abF.
(5.6)
(5.6) ,
.
, , x1=xos+ysin, y1=ycosxsin (. 5.1,), :
Jx1 = Jx cos2 + Jy sin2 - Jxy sin2;
Jy1 = Jx sin2 + Jy cos2 + Jxy sin2;
(5.7)
Jx1y1 =
90. , :
Jx1 + Jy1 = J + Jy = Jp.
(5.8)
: .
,
Jx1 Jy1 .
dJx1/d = 0.
:
2J x y
.
(5.9)
tg 2 0 =
Jy Jx
(5.7) Jx1y1 = 0.
, ( - max, - min),
, ( x0, y0 . 5.1,).
(Jmax, Jmin). 1
2. J1
J2. , J1 = Jmax, J2 = Jmin. . 5.1, ,
Jx0 = Jmax x0 1.
. . 5.1,
Jxy . ,
.
. (5.9) 0,
(5.7) = 0 :
Jx0 = Jx os20 + Jy sin20 - Jxy sin20 ;
Jy0 = Jx sin20 + Jy cos20 + Jxy sin20 .
(5.10)
, Jx0 > Jy0 , Jx0 = Jmax, Jy0 = Jmin, .
, . (5.10):
Jx0 + Jy0 = Jx + Jy;
Jx0 - Jy0 = (Jx - Jy) cos20 - 2Jxy sin20 = (Jx - Jy) / cos20 .
(5.11)
2Jxy = - (Jx-Jy)/tg20
(5.9).
(5.11) :
Jx0 =
1
2
1
(( Jx + Jy) - (Jx - Jy)/cos20).
2
(5.12)
4Jxy
= 1+
1 + tg 2a0
2
(Jx J y )
cos2a0
(Jx J y ) + 4Jxy
(Jx J y )
(5.9), :
.
1
(( Jx + Jy)
2
1
Jy0 = (( Jx + Jy)
2
Jx0 =
( Jx Jy )
2
+ 4J xy );
# ( Jx Jy )
2
+ 4J xy ).
(5.13)
(5.13) :
J1,2 = Jm ax =
m in
Jx + J y
2
Jx J y 2
2
) + J xy .
2
(5.14)
x0,
y0 1, 2.
,
(. 5.1,)
(5.7) , Jx0y0 =0:
Jx = Jx0 cos2 + Jy0 sin2;
Jy = Jx0 sin2 + Jy0 cos2;
(5.15)
5.3.
F
, :
Jx = F ix2, Jy = F iy2,
(5.17)
ix , iy -
.
(5.17) , :
ix =
Jx
F
iy =
Jy
F
(5.18)
6.
(.
6.1,). ,
( ).
,
.
, , .
- M
Q, . , . 6.1,. ;
(
). (
.)
. 6.1
. ,
- .
6.1.
.
(. 6.2,), q(z)
. dz
q
(. 6.2,).
dz q , M Q
.
. 6.2
(
x
):
Fy = 0; Q + qdz - (Q+dQ) = 0;
dz
mx = 0; - M - Qdz - q dz
+ ( M +d M ) = 0.
2
, :
dQ
dM
d2M
= q;
=Q
=q
(6.1)
dz
dz
dz2
( ).
(6.1)
:
Q(z)= q(z)dz+Q0;
z
M (z) = Q (z)dz+ M 0,
(6.2)
Q0, M 0 -
.
(6.1), (6.2)
Q(z) M (z),
Q M .
1. , q=0, Q
, M - ( Q = 0,
M =const).
2. , q = const 0, Q
, M - .
3. q 0 M q.
4. , Q = 0 q 0, M :
max - q < 0, min - q > 0.
5. , ,
Q , M . , , M
.
6. M Q ( ).
6.2.
.
1. : , ,
.
2. :
, . . .
3.
.
.
(. 6.3,),
, : ) ,
; ) (. 6.3,).
: , - .
. 6.3
(y)
,
, - . , ,
- no-no (. .
6.3,,).
( CD . 6.3,).
(. 3.2) , .
(. 6.4) ab
y ( y
).
,
, d, k
dz = d :
1 d
. 6.4
k= =
,
(6.3)
dz
- .
ab
:
a1b1 ab
(ab)
.
=
=
ab
ab
d, a1b1 = (
+y) d
(. . 6.4), , ab = dz =
:
y
= = ky.
(6.4)
2 3 . ( ) :
y
= = = E ky .
(6.5)
(6.5) : , .
, (. 6.5).
, x , y ,
z - . N= 0, (6.5), (1.3) :
y
N = dF = 0; E dF = 0;
F
F
kE ydF = 0.
F
1
0
( ),
ydF = Sx = 0 , .. x , E 0, k =
. 6.5
.
.0 , , ,
, z - . .
M :
M = ydF = E ky2dF = kE y2dF = kEJx ; Jx = y2dF ,
F
Jx - .
( M .)
:
1
M
k= =
,
(6.6)
E Jx
EJx - .
6.3.
(6.6) (6.5), :
My
=
.
(6.7)
Jx
(6.7) -
(. 6.6,).
. 6.6
, :
m ax =
M ym ax
Jx
M ,
W
(6.8)
Wx - :
Jx
.
(6.9)
W x =
y m ax
(y) (.
6.6,,). M ( . 6.6,
).
,
(. . 6.6,).
Wx Jx (. ). ,
:
b h:
bh3
h
Jx =
; ym ax = ;
12
2
( =
bh2
Wx=
;
6
d
):
D
D 4
D
Jx =
(1 4 ) 0,05D 4 (1 4 ); ym ax = ;
64
2
3
D
Wx=
(1 4 ) 0,1D 3 (1 4 );
32
(d=0, = 0):
Jx =
D 4
D 3
0,05D 4 ; W x =
0,1D 3 .
64
32
6.4.
.
, . ,
.
- Wx F. , F Wx
( F
Wx). Wx/F: , .
, ..
. ,
.
( ) ( ). , .
(. 6.7). Wx/F
. , , , ; , .
. 6.7
. 6.8
, , , . ,
cmax = p/
pmax/
c. . , (. 6.8)
, . . cmax > pmax,
c > p.
6.5.
, . Q
: Q = dF .
F
, . , , q(z), . , ,
1 2, . ,
,
. (6.6)
(6.7), (6.8) - :
My
m ax =
.
Wx
Jx
3 ( = const )
.
(. 6.9,) ( , q = 0, ..
q ,
)
, y1 = const (. 6.9,).
. 6.9
+d
), , (
( M Q (. 6.9,):
(6.10)
F*
F - .
:
*
*
*
*
*
*
Fz = 0 ; - N1 + N + dT = 0 dT = N1 - N .
(6.10) ,
d =
dM y
(6.7), :
Jx
dM ydF dM
=
J
Jx
x
*
bdz= d dF =
F*
1 dM
*
ydF = bJ dz ydF .
x
F*
F*
, ydF = S*x ;
F*
dM
=Q,
dz
,
.. :
Q S *x
=
,
(6.11)
Jxb
. 6.10
- ; Q -
; Jx - ; b = b(y) - y, ( );
Sx*=Sx*(y) - ( y) (. 6.10).
Q .
b h
(. 6.11,). (6.11)
:
*
Sx = F y
h
b h2
bh3
1 h
2
= b( y ) ( + y ) = ( y1 ); Jx =
; b(y ) = b.
1
c
1
2
2 4
12
1 2 2
Q
bh3
b
12
b h2
6Q h2
3 Q
3Q
m ax
2
2
( y1 ) =
(
)
;
0
y
y
=
=
=
1
2 4
2 bh
2F
1
bh3 4
R, ,
:
(y 1 ) =
4Q
3R
(R y1 );
m ax =
4Q
3R
4Q
.
3F
. 6.11,
.
,
.
. 6.11
. . 6.11,.
. max = QS*x/Jxd,
Jx, S*x, d
. y , . .
, .
,
. , (. 6.12) :
Pl
6Pl
M
m ax = m ax = 2 = 2 ;
Wx
bh /6 bh
3Q
3 P
. 6.12
m ax =
=
.
2F
2 bh
m ax
l
= 4 ,
m ax
h
l/h>10, , ,
.
, (6.11) , (
).
6.6.
,
.
, .
:
m ax [ ] ;
m ax [] ;
[ ]=
[]=
;
n
.
n
(6.12)
(6.13)
, , (6.12)
:
mp ax [ ]p
Bp
=
; [ ]c = Bc .
[
]
(6.14)
c
p
m ax [ ]c
nB
nB
,
M max. (6.12)
:
m ax
[ ].
W x
(6.15)
(6.15) :
M m ax
W x
.
(6.16)
[ ]
(6.13) Q = Qmax.
(WxWx(z)
(6.15) :
x m
[ ].
(6.15*)
ax
. , :
)
. 6.13
1) ;
2) ,
(,
,
(. 6.13,);
3) (. 6.13,),
.
6.7.
,
.
,
( , ,
.).
,
.
Oyz (. 6.14),
- ,
z .
( ,
, .)
. 6.14
:
1) v(z) - (
) , ;
2) (z) - (
).